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Mekala JR, Nalluri HP, Reddy PN, S B S, N S SK, G V S D SK, Dhiman R, Chamarthy S, Komaragiri RR, Manyam RR, Dirisala VR. Emerging trends and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies. Gene 2024; 925:148607. [PMID: 38797505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being used to prevent, detect, and treat a broad spectrum of malignancies and infectious and autoimmune diseases. Over the past few years, the market for mAbs has grown exponentially. They have become a significant part of many pharmaceutical product lines, and more than 250 therapeutic mAbs are undergoing clinical trials. Ever since the advent of hybridoma technology, antibody-based therapeutics were realized using murine antibodies which further progressed into humanized and fully human antibodies, reducing the risk of immunogenicity. Some of the benefits of using mAbs over conventional drugs include a drastic reduction in the chances of adverse reactions, interactions between drugs, and targeting specific proteins. While antibodies are very efficient, their higher production costs impede the process of commercialization. However, their cost factor has been improved by developing biosimilar antibodies, which are affordable versions of therapeutic antibodies. Along with biosimilars, innovations in antibody engineering have helped to design bio-better antibodies with improved efficacy than the conventional ones. These novel mAb-based therapeutics are set to revolutionize existing drug therapies targeting a wide spectrum of diseases, thereby meeting several unmet medical needs. In the future, mAbs generated by applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) are expected to become a powerful tool in clinical therapeutics. This article describes the methods of mAb production, pre-clinical and clinical development of mAbs, approved indications targeted by mAbs, and novel developments in the field of mAb research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaki Ramaiah Mekala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
| | - Hari P Nalluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India
| | - Prakash Narayana Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. V.S. Krishna Government College, Visakhapatnam 530013, India
| | - Sainath S B
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore 524320, AP, India
| | - Sampath Kumar N S
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India
| | - Sai Kiran G V S D
- Santhiram Medical College and General Hospital, Nandyal, Kurnool 518501, AP, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008, India
| | - Sahiti Chamarthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
| | - Raghava Rao Komaragiri
- Department of CSE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522302, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
| | - Rajasekhar Reddy Manyam
- Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amaravati Campus, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India.
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2
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Bržezická T, Kohútová L, Glatz Z. Atypical applications of transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles methodology for in-capillary reactions in capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400157. [PMID: 38982555 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique offering quick and efficient analyses in various fields of bioanalytical chemistry. It is characterized by many well-known advantages, but one, which is perhaps the most important for this application field, is somewhat overlooked. It is the possibility to perform chemical and biochemical reactions at the nL scale inside the separation capillary. There are two basic formats applicable for this purpose, heterogeneous and homogeneous. In the former, one reactant is immobilized onto a particle or monolithic support or directly on the capillary wall, and the other is injected. In the latter, the reactant mixing inside a capillary is based on electromigration or diffusion. One of the diffusion-based methodologies, termed Transverse Diffusion of Laminar Flow Profiles, is the subject of this review. Since most studies utilizing in-capillary reactions in CE focus on enzymes, which are being continuously and exhaustively reviewed, this review covers the atypical applications of this methodology, but still in the bioanalytical field. As can be seen from the demonstrated applications, they are not limited to reactions, but can also be utilized for other biochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taťána Bržezická
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kohútová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Lu KP, Zhou XZ. Pin1-catalyzed conformational regulation after phosphorylation: A distinct checkpoint in cell signaling and drug discovery. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadi8743. [PMID: 38889227 PMCID: PMC11409840 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adi8743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common mechanisms regulating cellular signaling pathways, and many kinases and phosphatases are proven drug targets. Upon phosphorylation, protein functions can be further regulated by the distinct isomerase Pin1 through cis-trans isomerization. Numerous protein targets and many important roles have now been elucidated for Pin1. However, no tools are available to detect or target cis and trans conformation events in cells. The development of Pin1 inhibitors and stereo- and phospho-specific antibodies has revealed that cis and trans conformations have distinct and often opposing cellular functions. Aberrant conformational changes due to the dysregulation of Pin1 can drive pathogenesis but can be effectively targeted in age-related diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review advances in understanding the roles of Pin1 signaling in health and disease and highlight conformational regulation as a distinct signal transduction checkpoint in disease development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ping Lu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry
| | - Xiao Zhen Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
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Li D, Pucci F, Rooman M. Prediction of Paratope-Epitope Pairs Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5434. [PMID: 38791470 PMCID: PMC11121317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a central role in the adaptive immune response of vertebrates through the specific recognition of exogenous or endogenous antigens. The rational design of antibodies has a wide range of biotechnological and medical applications, such as in disease diagnosis and treatment. However, there are currently no reliable methods for predicting the antibodies that recognize a specific antigen region (or epitope) and, conversely, epitopes that recognize the binding region of a given antibody (or paratope). To fill this gap, we developed ImaPEp, a machine learning-based tool for predicting the binding probability of paratope-epitope pairs, where the epitope and paratope patches were simplified into interacting two-dimensional patches, which were colored according to the values of selected features, and pixelated. The specific recognition of an epitope image by a paratope image was achieved by using a convolutional neural network-based model, which was trained on a set of two-dimensional paratope-epitope images derived from experimental structures of antibody-antigen complexes. Our method achieves good performances in terms of cross-validation with a balanced accuracy of 0.8. Finally, we showcase examples of application of ImaPep, including extensive screening of large libraries to identify paratope candidates that bind to a selected epitope, and rescoring and refining antibody-antigen docking poses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.L.); (F.P.)
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Pucci
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.L.); (F.P.)
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marianne Rooman
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.L.); (F.P.)
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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De Diana E, Rizzotto E, Inciardi I, Menilli L, Coppola M, Polverino de Laureto P, Miolo G. Towards a better understanding of light-glucose induced modifications on the structure and biological activity of formulated Nivolumab. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123926. [PMID: 38401872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
In the last years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have rapidly escalated as biopharmaceuticals into cancer treatments, mainly for their target specificity accompanied by less side effects than the traditional chemotherapy, and stimulation of reliable long-term anti-tumoral responses. They are potentially unstable macromolecules under shaking, temperature fluctuations, humidity, and indoor and outdoor light exposure, all stressors occurring throughout their production, transport, storage, handling, and administration steps. The chemical and physical modifications of mAbs can lead not only to the loss of their bioactivity, but also to the enhancement of their immunogenicity with increasing risk of severe hypersensitivity reactions in treated patients because of aggregation. The photostability of Nivolumab, the active principle of Opdivo®, has been here studied. The chemical modifications detected by LC-MS/MS after the light stressor showed Trp and Met mono and double oxidations as primary damage induced by light on this mAb. The oxidations were stronger when the mAb was diluted in sterile glucose solution where 5-HMF, a major heat glucose degradation product, acted as singlet oxygen producer under irradiation. However, no significant changes in the mAb conformation were found. On the contrary, formation of a significant extent of aggregates has been detected after shining high simulated sunlight doses. This again took place particularly when Nivolumab was diluted in sterile glucose, thus raising a direct correlation between the aggregation and the oxidative processes. Finally, the biological activity under light stress assessed by a blockade assay test demonstrated the maintenance of the PD-1 target recognition even under high light doses and in glucose solution, in line with the preservation of the secondary and tertiary structures of the mAb. Based on our results, as sterile glucose is mostly used for children's therapies, special warnings, and precautions for healthcare professionals should be included for their use to the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta De Diana
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Rizzotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ilenia Inciardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Menilli
- IOV, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35 128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Coppola
- IOV, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35 128 Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Polverino de Laureto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Miolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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6
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Evans BR, Beck AG, Yeung L, Li A, Lee DH, Bateman KP, Chopra G. Automated Bioanalytical Workflow for Ligand Binding-Based Pharmacokinetic Assay Development. Anal Chem 2024; 96:488-495. [PMID: 38156369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The growth of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) continues to accelerate due to their success as treatments for many diseases. As new therapeutics are developed, it is increasingly important to have robust bioanalytical methods to measure the pharmacokinetics (PK) of circulating therapeutic mAbs in serum. Ligand-binding assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-IDs) targeting the variable regions of the therapeutic antibody are sensitive and specific bioanalytical methods to measure levels of therapeutic antibodies in a biological matrix. However, soluble circulating drug mAb targets can interfere with the anti-IDs binding to the therapeutic mAb, thereby resulting in an underestimation of total drug concentration. Therefore, in addition to a high binding affinity for the mAb, the selection of anti-IDs and the assay format that are not impacted by soluble antigens and have low matrix interference is essential for developing a robust PK assay. Standardized automated approaches to screen and select optimal reagents and assay formats are critical to increase efficiency, quality, and PK assay robustness. However, there does not exist an integrated screening and analysis platform to develop robust PK assays across multiple formats. We have developed an automated workflow and scoring platform with multiple bioanalytical assay parameters that allow for ranking of candidate anti-IDs. A primary automated indirect electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was utilized to shortlist the anti-IDs that were selected for labeling and screening in pairs. A secondary screen using an ECL sandwich assay with labeled-anti-ID pairings was used to test multiple PK assay formats to identify the best anti-ID pairing/PK assay format. We developed an automated assay using fixed plate maps combined with a human-guided graphical user interface-based scoring system and compared it to a data-dependent scoring system using Gaussian mixture models for automated scoring and selection. Our approach allowed for screening of anti-IDs and identification of the most robust PK assay format with significantly reduced time and resources compared with traditional approaches. We believe that such standardized, automated, and integrated platforms that accelerate the development of PK assays will become increasingly important for supporting future human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad R Evans
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Company Incorporated, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Armen G Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lai Yeung
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Company Incorporated, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Annie Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Company Incorporated, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Company Incorporated, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin P Bateman
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Company Incorporated, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Computer Science (by Courtesy), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institutes for Drug Discovery, Integrative Neuroscience, Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Baronaite U, Cachat E. Preparation of Chromobodies for the Detection of Cell Surface Epitopes. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2774:303-314. [PMID: 38441773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3718-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Chromobodies are nanobodies genetically fused to fluorescent proteins, which were developed to visualize endogenous intracellular antigens. These versatile bioimaging nanotools can also be used to detect cell surface epitopes, and we describe here how we use them as an alternative to conjugated antibodies. This way, we routinely test the binding efficiency of nanobodies for their cognate cell surface antigens, before integrating them as sensing domains into complex synthetic receptor architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugne Baronaite
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute for Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Cachat
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
- Institute for Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Zhou DD, Sun LP, Yu Q, Zhai XT, Zhang LW, Gao RJ, Zhen YS, Wang R, Miao QF. Elucidating the development, characterization, and antitumor potential of a novel humanized antibody against Trop2. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127105. [PMID: 37769779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop2) has emerged as a potential target for effective cancer therapy. In this study, we report a novel anti-Trop2 antibody IMB1636, developed using hybridoma technology. It exhibited high affinity and specificity (KD = 0.483 nM) in binding both antigens and cancer cells, as well as human tumor tissues. hIMB1636 could induce endocytosis, and enabled targeted delivery to the tumor site with an in vivo retention time of 264 h. The humanized antibody hIMB1636, acquired using CDR grafting, exhibited the potential to directly inhibit cancer cell proliferation and migration, and to induce ADCC effects. Moreover, hIMB1636 significantly inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-468 xenograft tumors in vivo. Mechanistically, hIMB1636 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by regulating cyclin-related proteins and the caspase cascade. In comparison to commercialized sacituzumab, hIMB1636 recognized a conformational epitope instead of a linear one, bound to antigen and cancer cells with similar binding affinity, induced significantly more potent ADCC effects against cancer cells, and displayed superior antitumor activities both in vitro and in vivo. The data presented in this study highlights the potential of hIMB1636 as a carrier for the formulation of antibody-based conjugates, or as a promising candidate for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Zhai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Wen Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Juan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Su Zhen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Fang Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Natesan R, Dykstra AB, Banerjee A, Agrawal NJ. Heterogeneity in Disulfide Bond Reduction in IgG1 Antibodies Is Governed by Solvent Accessibility of the Cysteines. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:83. [PMID: 38131805 PMCID: PMC10741012 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied unpaired cysteine levels and disulfide bond susceptibility in four different γ-immunoglobulin antibodies using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our choice of differential alkylating agents ensures that the differential peaks are non-overlapping, thus allowing us to accurately quantify free cysteine levels. For each cysteine residue, we observed no more than 5% to be unpaired, and the free cysteine levels across antibodies were slightly higher in those containing lambda light chains. Interchain and hinge residues were highly susceptible to reducing stresses and showed a 100-1000-fold higher rate of reduction compared to intrachain cysteines. Estimations of the solvent-accessible surface for individual cysteines in IgG1, using an implicit all-atom molecular dynamics simulation, show that interchain and hinge cysteines have >1000-fold higher solvent accessibility compared to intrachain cysteines. Further analyses show that solvent accessibility and the rate of reduction are linearly correlated. Our work clearly establishes the fact that a cysteine's accessibility to the surrounding solvent is one of the primary determinants of its disulfide bond stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Natesan
- Amgen Inc., Process Development, 360 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (R.N.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Akash Banerjee
- Amgen Inc., Process Development, 360 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (R.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Neeraj J. Agrawal
- Amgen Inc., Process Development, 360 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (R.N.); (A.B.)
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Miyajima R, Manaka H, Honda T, Hashii N, Suzuki M, Komeno M, Takao K, Ishii-Watabe A, Igarashi K, Toida T, Higashi K. Intracellular polyamine depletion induces N-linked galactosylation of the monoclonal antibody produced by CHO DP-12 cells. J Biotechnol 2023; 378:1-10. [PMID: 37922995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the N-linked glycan profile of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from animal cells affects therapeutic efficacy and, therefore, needs to be appropriately controlled during the manufacturing process. In this study, we examined the effects of polyamines on the N-linked glycan profiles of mAbs produced by CHO DP-12 cells. Normal cell growth of CHO DP-12 cells and their growth arrest by α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, was observed when 0.5% fetal bovine serum was added to serum-free medium, despite the presence of cadaverine and aminopropylcadaverine, instead of putrescine and spermidine in cells. Polyamine depletion by DFMO increased IgG galactosylation, accompanied by β1,4-galactosyl transferase 1 (B4GAT1) mRNA elevation. Additionally, IgG production in polyamine-depleted cells was reduced by 30% compared to that in control cells. Therefore, we examined whether polyamine depletion induces an ER stress response. The results indicated increased expression levels of chaperones for glycoprotein folding in polyamine-depleted cells, suggesting that polyamine depletion causes ER stress related to glycoprotein folding. The effect of tunicamycin, an ER stress inducer that inhibits N-glycosylation, on the expression of B4GALT1 mRNA was examined. Tunicamycin treatment increased B4GALT1 mRNA expression. These results suggest that ER stress caused by polyamine depletion induces B4GALT1 mRNA expression, resulting in increased IgG galactosylation in CHO cells. Thus, introducing polyamines, particularly SPD, to serum-free CHO culture medium for CHO cells may contribute to consistent manufacturing and quality control of antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Miyajima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hitomi Manaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Honda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Komeno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Takao
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kyohei Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Weidman J, Mathews L, Gokhale K. Quartz Crystal Microbalance as a Predictive Tool for Drug-Material of Construction Interactions in Intravenous Protein Drug Administration. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:3154-3163. [PMID: 37597752 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
As a growing number of protein drug products are developed, formulation characterization is becoming important. An IgG drug product is tested at concentrations from 0.0001-0.1 mg/mL for adsorption behavior to polymer surfaces polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polypropylene (PP) upon dilution in normal saline (NS) using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The studies mimicked IgG antibody interaction during IV administration with polymeric surfaces within syringes, lines, and bags. Drug product was characterized with excipients, with focus on surfactant. Drug solutions were run over polymer-coated sensors to measure the adsorption behavior of the formulation with emphasis on the behavior of each of the formulation's components. Over 60 sensorgram data sets were correlated with assayed protein solution concentrations in mock NS-diluted infusions of drug product in the equivalent concentrations to QCM experiments to build a preliminary predictive model for determining fraction of drug and surfactant adsorbed and lost at the hydrophobic surface during administration. These results create a method for reliably and predictively estimating drug product adsorption behavior and protein drug dose loss on polymers at different protein drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Weidman
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, A Johnson & Johnson Company 1400 McKean Rd, Lower Gwynedd Township, PA 19002, USA.
| | - Ligi Mathews
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, A Johnson & Johnson Company 335 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Kedar Gokhale
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, A Johnson & Johnson Company 335 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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12
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Xu AY, Blanco MA, Castellanos MM, Meuse CW, Mattison K, Karageorgos I, Hatch HW, Shen VK, Curtis JE. Role of Domain-Domain Interactions on the Self-Association and Physical Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies: Effect of pH and Salt. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8344-8357. [PMID: 37751332 PMCID: PMC10561141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) make up a major class of biotherapeutics with a wide range of clinical applications. Their physical stability can be affected by various environmental factors. For instance, an acidic pH can be encountered during different stages of the mAb manufacturing process, including purification and storage. Therefore, understanding the behavior of flexible mAb molecules in acidic solution environments will benefit the development of stable mAb products. This study used small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and complementary biophysical characterization techniques to investigate the conformational flexibility and protein-protein interactions (PPI) of a model mAb molecule under near-neutral and acidic conditions. The study also characterized the interactions between Fab and Fc fragments under the same buffer conditions to identify domain-domain interactions. The results suggest that solution pH significantly influences mAb flexibility and thus could help mAbs remain physically stable by maximizing local electrostatic repulsions when mAbs become crowded in solution. Under acidic buffer conditions, both Fab and Fc contribute to the repulsive PPI observed among the full mAb at a low ionic strength. However, as ionic strength increases, hydrophobic interactions lead to the self-association of Fc fragments and, subsequently, could affect the aggregation state of the mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y. Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Marco A. Blanco
- Discovery
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research
Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Maria Monica Castellanos
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Curtis W. Meuse
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Biomolecular
Measurement Division, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kevin Mattison
- Malvern
Panalytical, Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, United States
| | - Ioannis Karageorgos
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Biomolecular
Measurement Division, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Harold W. Hatch
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vincent K. Shen
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Joseph E. Curtis
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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13
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Beaumont VA, Liu L, Shi H, Rouse JC, Kim HY. Application of NMR and Chemometric Analyses to Better Understand the Quality Attributes in pH and Thermally Degraded Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2457-2467. [PMID: 37798537 PMCID: PMC10661726 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides the sensitivity and specificity to probe the higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for potential changes. This study demonstrates an application of chemometric tools to measure differences in the NMR spectra of mAbs after forced degradation relative to the respective unstressed starting materials. METHODS Samples of adalimumab (Humira, ADL-REF) and trastuzumab (Herceptin, TRA-REF) were incubated in three buffer-pH conditions at 40°C for 4 weeks to compare to a control sample that was left unstressed. Replicate 1D 1H and 2D 1H-13C HMQC NMR spectra were collected on all samples. Chemometric analyses such as Easy Comparability of HOS (ECHOS), PROtein FIngerprinting by Lineshape Enhancement (PROFILE), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to capture and quantitate differences between the spectra. RESULTS Visual and statistical inspection of the 2D 1H-13C HMQC spectra of adalimumab and trastuzumab after forced degradation conditions shows no changes in the spectra relative to the unstressed material. Chemometric analysis of the 1D 1H NMR spectra shows only minor changes in the spectra of adalimumab after forced degradation, but significant differences in trastuzumab. CONCLUSION The chemometric analyses support the lack of statistical differences in the structure of pH-thermal stressed adalimumab, however, it reveals conformational changes or chemical modifications in trastuzumab after forced degradation. Application of chemometrics in comparative NMR studies enables HOS characterization and showcases the sensitivity and specificity in detecting differences in the spectra of mAbs after pH-thermal forced degradation with respect to local and global protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Beaumont
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA.
- Pfizer, Inc. Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Analytical Research and Development, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9FF, UK.
| | - Lucy Liu
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Heliang Shi
- Pfizer, Inc. Global Product Development, Oncology & Rare Disease Statistics, New York City, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Jason C Rouse
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA.
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14
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Chung DY, Ryu JK, Yin GN. Regenerative therapies as a potential treatment of erectile dysfunction. Investig Clin Urol 2023; 64:312-324. [PMID: 37417556 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20230104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common sexual dysfunction disease in adult males. ED can be caused by many factors, such as vascular disease, neuropathy, metabolic disturbances, psychosocial causes, and side effects of medications. Although current oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors can achieve a certain effect, they cause temporary dilatation of blood vessels with no curative treatment effects. Emerging targeted technologies, such as stem cell therapy, protein therapy, and low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT), are being used to achieve more natural and long-lasting effects in treating ED. However, the development and application of these therapeutic methods are still in their infancy, and their pharmacological pathways and specific mechanisms have not been fully discovered. This article reviews the preclinical basic research progress of stem cells, proteins, and Li-ESWT therapy, as well as the current status of clinical application of Li-ESWT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Yong Chung
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ji-Kan Ryu
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Guo Nan Yin
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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15
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Waldenmaier HE, Gorre E, Poltash ML, Gunawardena HP, Zhai XA, Li J, Zhai B, Beil EJ, Terzo JC, Lawler R, English AM, Bern M, Mahan AD, Carlson E, Nanda H. "Lab of the Future"─Today: Fully Automated System for High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Biotherapeutics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37186948 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a state-of-the-art, integrated, multi-instrument automated system designed to execute methods involved in mass spectrometry characterization of biotherapeutics. The system includes liquid and microplate handling robotics and utilities, integrated LC-MS, along with data analysis software, to perform sample purification, preparation, and analysis as a seamless integrated unit. The automated process begins with tip-based purification of target proteins from expression cell-line supernatants, which is initiated once the samples are loaded onto the automated system and the metadata are retrieved from our corporate data aggregation system. Subsequently, the purified protein samples are prepared for MS, including deglycosylation and reduction steps for intact and reduced mass analysis, and proteolytic digestions, desalting, and buffer exchange via centrifugation for peptide map analysis. The prepared samples are then loaded into the LC-MS instrumentation for data acquisition. The acquired raw data are initially stored on a local area network storage system that is monitored by watcher scripts that then upload the raw MS data to a network of cloud-based servers. The raw MS data are processed with the appropriately configured analysis workflows such as database search for peptide mapping or charge deconvolution for undigested proteins. The results are verified and formatted for expert curation directly in the cloud. Finally, the curated results are appended to sample metadata in the corporate data aggregation system to accompany the biotherapeutic cell lines in subsequent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E Waldenmaier
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Elsa Gorre
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Michael L Poltash
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | | | - Jing Li
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - Bo Zhai
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eric J Beil
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Joseph C Terzo
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Rose Lawler
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | | | - Marshall Bern
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - Andrew D Mahan
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eric Carlson
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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16
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Gunawardena HP, Ai Y, Gao J, Zare RN, Chen H. Rapid Characterization of Antibodies via Automated Flow Injection Coupled with Online Microdroplet Reactions and Native-pH Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3340-3348. [PMID: 36656670 PMCID: PMC10492509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microdroplet reactions have aroused much interest due to significant reaction acceleration (e.g., ultrafast protein digestion in microdroplets could occur in less than 1 ms). This study integrated a microdroplet protein digestion technique with automated sample flow injection and online mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, to develop a rapid and robust method for structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that is essential to assess the antibody drug's safety and quality. Automated sequential aspiration and mixing of an antibody and an enzyme (IdeS or IgdE) enabled rapid analysis with high reproducibility (total analysis time: 2 min per sample; reproducibility: ∼2% coefficient of variation). Spraying the sample in ammonium acetate buffer (pH 7) using a jet stream source allowed efficient digestion of antibodies and efficient ionization of resulting antibody subunits under native-pH conditions. Importantly, it also provided a platform to directly study specific binding of an antibody and an antigen (e.g., detecting the complexes mAb/RSFV antigen and F(ab')2/RSVF in this study). Furthermore, subsequent tandem MS analysis of a resulting subunit from microdroplet digestion enabled localizing post-translational modifications on particular domains of a mAb in a rapid fashion. In combination with IdeS digestion of an antibody, additional tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) reduction and N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) deglycosylation reactions that facilitate antibody analysis could be realized in "one-pot" spraying. Interestingly, increased deglycosylation yield in microdroplets was found, simply by raising the sample temperature. We expect that our method would have a high impact for rapid characterization of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha P. Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA
| | - Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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17
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Alhazmi HA, Albratty M. Analytical Techniques for the Characterization and Quantification of Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:291. [PMID: 37259434 PMCID: PMC9967501 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a fast-growing class of biopharmaceuticals. They are widely used in the identification and detection of cell makers, serum analytes, and pathogenic agents, and are remarkably used for the cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, or malignancies. The successful application of therapeutic mAbs is based on their ability to precisely interact with their appropriate target sites. The precision of mAbs rely on the isolation techniques delivering pure, consistent, stable, and safe lots that can be used for analytical, diagnostic, or therapeutic applications. During the creation of a biologic, the key quality features of a particular mAb, such as structure, post-translational modifications, and activities at the biomolecular and cellular levels, must be characterized and profiled in great detail. This implies the requirement of powerful state of the art analytical techniques for quality control and characterization of mAbs. Until now, various analytical techniques have been developed to characterize and quantify the mAbs according to the regulatory guidelines. The present review summarizes the major techniques used for the analyses of mAbs which include chromatographic, electrophoretic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods in addition to the modifications in these methods for improving the quality of mAbs. This compilation of major analytical techniques will help students and researchers to have an overview of the methodologies employed by the biopharmaceutical industry for structural characterization of mAbs for eventual release of therapeutics in the drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Zacharias AO, Liu C, VanAernum ZL, Covey TR, Bateman KP, Wen X, McLaren DG. Ultrahigh-Throughput Intact Protein Analysis with Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:4-9. [PMID: 36468949 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The need for high-throughput intact protein analysis has been rising as drug discovery increasingly requires the analysis of large sets of covalent modifiers and protein therapeutics. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the primary analytical tool used to date to characterize proteins within the biopharmaceutical industry. However, the speed of LC-MS prevents the analysis of large-scale sample sets (>1000 within a day). Acoustic ejection mass spectrometry (AEMS) has recently been established as an electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS based platform with both fast analytical throughput and high data quality. Since its introduction, this technology has been applied in numerous fields with a primary focus on small-molecule analysis in high-throughput drug discovery and development. Here we explore the application of AEMS to high-throughput intact protein analysis for proteins ranging in molecular weight from 17 to 150 kDa on a prototype high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (HR QTOF) based AEMS system. Data quality obtained on this platform is comparable to LC-MS, while the analysis speed is significantly improved to one-second-per-sample. This ultrahigh-throughput intact protein analysis platform has the potential to be used broadly in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adway O Zacharias
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave. Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, OntarioL4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Zachary L VanAernum
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave. Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Thomas R Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, OntarioL4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Kevin P Bateman
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave. Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Xiujuan Wen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave. Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - David G McLaren
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave. Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
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19
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Klich JH, Kasse CM, Mann JL, Huang Y, d’Aquino AI, Grosskopf AK, Baillet J, Fuller GG, Appel EA. Stable High-Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Formulations Enabled by an Amphiphilic Copolymer Excipient. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2023; 6:2200102. [PMID: 36684707 PMCID: PMC9854243 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are a staple in modern pharmacotherapy. Unfortunately, these biopharmaceuticals are limited by their tendency to aggregate in formulation, resulting in poor stability and often requiring low concentration drug formulations. Moreover, existing excipients designed to stabilize these formulations are often limited by their toxicity and tendency to form particles such as micelles. Here, we demonstrate the ability of a simple "drop-in", amphiphilic copolymer excipient to enhance the stability of high concentration formulations of clinically-relevant monoclonal antibodies without altering their pharmacokinetics or injectability. Through interfacial rheology and surface tension measurements, we demonstrate that the copolymer excipient competitively adsorbs to formulation interfaces. Further, through determination of monomeric composition and retained bioactivity through stressed aging, we show that this excipient confers a significant stability benefit to high concentration antibody formulations. Finally, we demonstrate that the excipient behaves as an inactive ingredient, having no significant impact on the pharmacokinetic profile of a clinically relevant antibody in mice. This amphiphilic copolymer excipient demonstrates promise as a simple formulation additive to create stable, high concentration antibody formulations, thereby enabling improved treatment options such as a route-of-administration switch from low concentration intravenous (IV) to high concentration subcutaneous (SC) delivery while reducing dependence on the cold chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph L. Mann
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yaoqi Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea I. d’Aquino
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abigail K. Grosskopf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie Baillet
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gerald G. Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics – Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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20
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Borges R, Pelosine AM, de Souza ACS, Machado J, Justo GZ, Gamarra LF, Marchi J. Bioactive Glasses as Carriers of Cancer-Targeted Drugs: Challenges and Opportunities in Bone Cancer Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:9082. [PMID: 36556893 PMCID: PMC9781635 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of bone cancer involves tumor resection followed by bone reconstruction of the defect caused by the tumor using biomaterials. Additionally, post-surgery protocols cover chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or drug administration, which are employed as adjuvant treatments to prevent tumor recurrence. In this work, we reviewed new strategies for bone cancer treatment based on bioactive glasses as carriers of cancer-targeted and other drugs that are intended for bone regeneration in conjunction with adjuvant treatments. Drugs used in combination with bioactive glasses can be classified into cancer-target, osteoclast-target, and new therapies (such as gene delivery and bioinorganic). Microparticulated, nanoparticulated, or mesoporous bioactive glasses have been used as drug-delivery systems. Additionally, surface modification through functionalization or the production of composites based on polymers and hydrogels has been employed to improve drug-release kinetics. Overall, although different drugs and drug delivery systems have been developed, there is still room for new studies involving kinase inhibitors or antibody-conjugated drugs, as these drugs have been poorly explored in combination with bioactive glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Borges
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Agatha Maria Pelosine
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | | | - Joel Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 05508-070, Brazil
| | - Giselle Zenker Justo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-070, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Marchi
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
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21
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Kim JW, Min SW, Lee J, Shin HG, Choi HL, Yang HR, Lee JH, Cho YB, Shim H, Lee S. Development and Characterization of Phage-Display-Derived Novel Human Monoclonal Antibodies against the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123274. [PMID: 36552031 PMCID: PMC9775448 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an ongoing global pandemic crisis, caused by the life-threatening illness coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thus, the rapid development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to cope with COVID-19 is urgently necessary. In this study, we used phage display to develop four human mAbs specific to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. Our intensive in vitro functional analyses demonstrated that K102.1, an anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific mAb, exerted potent neutralizing activity against pseudoviral and live viral infection and the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Monotherapy with K102.1 also revealed the therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. Further, this study developed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a non-competing mAb pair, K102.1 and K102.2, that accurately detected the RBDs of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and variants with high sensitivity in the picomolar range. These findings suggest that the phage-display-based mAb selection from an established antibody library may be an effective strategy for the rapid development of mAbs against the constantly evolving SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Min
- Research Center, SG Medical, Seoul 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Jichul Lee
- Research Center, SG Medical, Seoul 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Gyeong Shin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Choi
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbo Shim
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukmook Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
- Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Major, School of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
- Antibody Research Institute, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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22
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Sakashita K, Tsumoto K, Tomita M. Advanced hybridoma technology for selective production of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies through B-cell receptors. J Immunol Methods 2022; 511:113384. [PMID: 36372268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In general, it is difficult to raise novel monoclonal antibodies against relatively low-molecular weight antigen, and particularly those with high homology for the mouse protein. The optimized B-cell targeting (BCT) technique can overcome this limitation. The point of this advanced technology is the selection of sensitized B lymphocytes by the antigen through B-cell receptors (BCRs). This strict selection by specific and strong interaction between antigen and antibody enables the efficient production of monoclonal antibodies with high specificity and affinity. It also offers the condensation of sensitized target B lymphocytes to selectively generate hybridoma cells secreting desired monoclonal antibodies. In this study, several kinds of biotinylated human myoglobin (hMyo) were prepared to select sensitized B lymphocytes via BCRs. Biotinylated hMyo prepared by a 3.75- and 7.5-fold molar excess of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-biotin provided high antigenicity of 68-88%. B lymphocytes selected by these biotinylated antigens had an ELISA-positive rate >17 times higher than that with usual biotinylated antigen. Monoclonal antibodies generated by the optimized BCT technology by preselecting sensitized B lymphocytes with the target antigen were identified to specifically recognize lower antigenic epitopes in hMyo with high affinity, while this would be impossible by the polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. Furthermore, combination of these high-affinity monoclonal antibodies gave the best binding rate in an epitope binning assay. These outcomes could be attributed to the unique characteristic that BCRs on sensitized B lymphocytes themselves can select the target epitopes in the antigen. The BCRs may act as a strict sensor of B lymphocytes to precisely select the target epitopes, even though the number of immunized B lymphocytes is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Sakashita
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu Mie 514-8507, Japan; Denka Company Limited, 1359-1 Kagamida Kigoshi Gosen-city, Niigata 959-1695, Japan.
| | - Kanta Tsumoto
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomita
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Bhimwal R, Rustandi RR, Payne A, Dawod M. Recent advances in capillary gel electrophoresis for the analysis of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Ai Y, Xu J, Gunawardena HP, Zare RN, Chen H. Investigation of Tryptic Protein Digestion in Microdroplets and in Bulk Solution. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1238-1249. [PMID: 35647885 PMCID: PMC10512443 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that ultrafast enzymatic digestion of proteins can be achieved in microdroplet within 250 μs. Further investigation of peptides resulting from microdroplet digestion (MD) would be necessary to evaluate it as an alternative to the conventional bulk digestion for bottom-up and biotherapeutic protein characterization. Herein we examined and compared protein tryptic digestion in both MD and bulk solution. In the case of MD of β-lactoglobulin B, the preservation of long peptides was observed due to the short digestion time. In addition, MD is applicable to digest both high- and low-abundance proteins in mixture. In the case of digesting NIST 8671 mAb antibody containing a low level of commonly encountered host cell protein (HCP) PLBL2 (mAb:PLBL2 = 100:1 by weight), MD produced lower levels of digestion-induced chemical modifications of asparagine/glutamine deamidation, compared with overnight digestion. No significant difference between MD and bulk digestion was observed in terms of trypsin digestion specificity based on examination of semi- and unspecific-cleaved peptides. Our study suggests that MD, a fast digestion approach, could be adopted for bottom-up proteomics research and for peptide mapping of mAbs to characterize site-specific deamidation and glycosylation, for the purpose of development of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Jeffrey Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Harsha P. Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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25
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Ladner Y, Liu D, Montels J, Morel J, Perrin C. Enzymatic Reaction Automation in Nanodroplet Microfluidic for the Quality Control of Monoclonal Antibodies. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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26
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Jakes C, Bones J, Carillo S, Martín SM. Multi-Attribute Monitoring and the Multi-Attribute Method: A Powerful Double Act for Supporting Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.lg6280u5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As biopharmaceutical manufacturers look towards implementing solutions for real-time process monitoring, the availability of simple, yet informative analytical methods is required. In this article, we discuss the combination of multi-attribute monitoring using Protein A affinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for rapid trending of product quality attributes (PQAs) during upstream processing, with the multi-attribute method (MAM) for site-specific analysis of PQAs and new peak detection to determine adherence to specifications. Working together, these multi-attribute approaches represent a powerful combination for advanced process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Jakes
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training
| | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training
| | - Sara Carillo
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Characterization and Comparability Laboratory
| | - Silvia Millán Martín
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Characterization and Comparability Laboratory
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27
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Javan Nikkhah S, Cazade PA, McManus JJ, Thompson D. Design Rules for Antibody Delivery by Self-Assembled Block-Copolyelectrolyte Nanocapsules. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sousa Javan Nikkhah
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Pierre A. Cazade
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jennifer J. McManus
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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28
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A rapid 2AB-UHPLC method based on magnetic beads extraction for N-glycan analysis of recombinant monoclonal antibody. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1192:123139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Suh K, Kyei I, Hage DS. Approaches for the detection and analysis of anti-drug antibodies to biopharmaceuticals: A review. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2077-2092. [PMID: 35230731 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutic agents and other biopharmaceuticals are now used in the treatment of many diseases. However, when these biopharmaceuticals are administrated to patients, an immune reaction may occur that can reduce the drug's efficacy and lead to adverse side effects. The immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals can be evaluated by detecting and measuring antibodies that have been produced against these drugs, or anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). Methods for ADA detection and analysis can be important during the selection of a therapeutic approach based on such drugs and is crucial when developing and testing new biopharmaceuticals. This review examines approaches that have been used for ADA detection, measurement, and characterization. Many of these approaches are based on immunoassays and antigen binding tests, including homogeneous mobility shift assays. Other techniques that have been used for the analysis of ADAs are capillary electrophoresis, reporter gene assays, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The general principles of each approach will be discussed, along with their recent applications with regards to ADA analysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungah Suh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Isaac Kyei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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30
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Magalhães ICL, Souza PFN, Marques LEC, Girão NM, Araújo FMC, Guedes MIF. New insights into the recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies employed to immunodiagnosis and control of Zika virus infection: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:139-150. [PMID: 34998869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An emergent positive-stranded RNA virus, transmitted by mosquitoes with its first case of vertical transmission confirmed in 2015 in Brazil. The Zika virus (ZIKV) fever has received particular attention, mainly related to neurological diseases such as microcephaly in newborns. However, the laboratory diagnosis for ZIKV still faces some challenges due to its cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses, requiring a correct and differential diagnosis, contributing to the good prognosis of patients, especially in pregnant women. Among these, for early diagnosis, the CDC considers the RT-PCR the gold standard, more sensitive and specific, but expensive. Serological tests for the diagnosis of ZIKV can also be found beyond the period when the viral components are detectable in the serum. Inputs to produce more sensitive and specific diagnostic kits and the possibility of viral detection in less invasive samples are among the objectives of recent research on ZIKV. This review outlines recent advances in developing recombinant antigen and antibody-based diagnostic tools for the main flaviviruses in Northeast Brazil, such as ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana C L Magalhães
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
| | - Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Lívia E C Marques
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Nicolas M Girão
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Izabel F Guedes
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
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31
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Younis MA, Tawfeek HM, Abdellatif AAH, Abdel-Aleem JA, Harashima H. Clinical translation of nanomedicines: Challenges, opportunities, and keys. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114083. [PMID: 34929251 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the massive interest and recent developments in the field of nanomedicine, only a limited number of formulations have found their way to the clinics. This shortcoming reveals the challenges facing the clinical translation of this technology. In the current article, we summarize and evaluate the status, market situation, and clinical profiles of the reported nanomedicines, the shortcomings limiting their clinical translation, as well as some approaches designed to break through this barrier. Moreover, some emerging technologies that have the potential to compete with nanomedicines are highlighted. Lastly, we identify the key factors that should be considered in nanomedicine-related research to be clinically-translatable. These can be classified into five areas: rational design during the research and development stage, the recruitment of representative preclinical models, careful design of clinical trials, development of specific and uniform regulatory protocols, and calls for non-classic sponsorship. This new field of endeavor was firmly established during the last two decades and more in-depth progress is expected in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Younis
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Hesham M Tawfeek
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A H Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Jelan A Abdel-Aleem
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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32
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Alghamdi S. The role of vaccines in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:7505-7510. [PMID: 34867055 PMCID: PMC8626314 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pathogens have developed an intrinsic capacity to thrive by developing resistance to antimicrobial compounds utilized in treatment. Antimicrobial resistance arises when microbial agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites alter their behaviour to make current conventional medicines inefficient. Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies to fight antimicrobial resistance. Vaccines, unlike drugs, are less likely to produce resistance since they are precise to their target illnesses. Vaccines against infectious agents such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae have already been shown to reduce tolerance to antimicrobial medications; however, vaccines against some antimicrobial-resistant pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, nosocomial infections, and pulmonary and diarrheal disease viruses require more research and development. This paper describes vaccine roles in combatting antimicrobial resistance, quantifies the overall advantages of vaccination as an anti-antimicrobial resistance approach, analyzes existing antimicrobial vaccines and those currently under development, and emphasizes some of the obstacles and prospects of vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicne Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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33
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Kamalzare S, Iranpur Mobarakeh V, Mirzazadeh Tekie FS, Hajiramezanali M, Riazi-Rad F, Yoosefi S, Normohammadi Z, Irani S, Tavakoli M, Rahimi P, Atyabi F. Development of a T Cell-targeted siRNA Delivery System Against HIV-1 Using Modified Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1463-1469. [PMID: 34673092 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the promising properties of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in the treatment of infectious diseases, safe and efficient siRNA delivery to target cells is still a challenge. In this research, an effective siRNA delivery approach (against HIV-1) has been reported using targeted modified superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Trimethyl chitosan-coated SPION (TMC-SPION) containing siRNA was synthesized and chemically conjugated to a CD4-specific monoclonal antibody (as a targeting moiety). The prepared nanoparticles exhibited a high siRNA loading efficiency with a diameter of about 85 nm and a zeta potential of +28 mV. The results of the cell viability assay revealed the low cytotoxicity of the optimized nanoparticles. The cellular delivery of the targeted nanoparticles (into T cells) and the gene silencing efficiency of the nanoparticles (containing anti-nef siRNA) were dramatically improved compared to those of nontargeted nanoparticles. In conclusion, this study offers a promising targeted delivery platform to induce gene silencing in target cells. Our approach may find potential use in the design of effective vehicles for many therapeutic applications, particularly for HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kamalzare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Maliheh Hajiramezanali
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Riazi-Rad
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Yoosefi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Normohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Tavakoli
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Rahimi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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34
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Nilvebrant J, Ereño-Orbea J, Gorelik M, Julian MC, Tessier PM, Julien JP, Sidhu SS. Systematic Engineering of Optimized Autonomous Heavy-Chain Variable Domains. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167241. [PMID: 34508727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous heavy-chain variable (VH) domains are the smallest functional antibody fragments, and they possess unique features, including small size and convex paratopes, which provide enhanced targeting of concave epitopes that are difficult to access with larger conventional antibodies. However, human VH domains have evolved to fold and function with a light chain partner, and alone, they typically suffer from low stability and high aggregation propensity. Development of autonomous human VH domains, in which aggregation propensity is reduced without compromising antigen recognition, has proven challenging. Here, we used an autonomous human VH domain as a scaffold to construct phage-displayed synthetic libraries in which aspartate was systematically incorporated at different paratope positions. In selections, the library yielded many anti-EphA1 receptor VH domains, which were characterized in detail. Structural analyses of a parental anti-EphA1 VH domain and an improved variant provided insights into the effects of aspartate and other substitutions on preventing aggregation while retaining function. Our naïve libraries and in vitro selection procedures offer a systematic approach to generating highly functional autonomous human VH domains that resist aggregation and could be used for basic research and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nilvebrant
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute and Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryna Gorelik
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Mark C Julian
- Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Departments of Chemical Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute and Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.
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35
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Jakes C, Füssl F, Zaborowska I, Bones J. Rapid Analysis of Biotherapeutics Using Protein A Chromatography Coupled to Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13505-13512. [PMID: 34585915 PMCID: PMC8515350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Monoclonal antibodies
(mAbs) and related products undergo a wide
range of modifications, many of which can often be directly associated
to culture conditions during upstream processing. Ideally, such conditions
should be monitored and fine-tuned based on real-time or close to
real-time information obtained by the assessment of the product quality
attribute (PQA) profile of the biopharmaceutical produced, which is
the fundamental idea of process analytical technology. Therefore,
methods that are simple, quick and robust, but sufficiently powerful,
to allow for the generation of a comprehensive picture of the PQA
profile of the protein of interest are required. A major obstacle
for the analysis of proteins directly from cultures is the presence
of impurities such as cell debris, host cell DNA, proteins and small-molecule
compounds, which usually requires a series of capture and polishing
steps using affinity and ion-exchange chromatography before characterization
can be attempted. In the current study, we demonstrate direct coupling
of protein A affinity chromatography with native mass spectrometry
(ProA-MS) for development of a robust method that can be used to generate
information on the PQA profile of mAbs and related products in as
little as 5 min. The developed method was applied to several samples
ranging in complexity and stability, such as simple and more complex
monoclonal antibodies, as well as cysteine-conjugated antibody–drug
conjugate mimics. Moreover, the method demonstrated suitability for
the analysis of protein amounts of <1 μg, which suggests
applicability during early-stage development activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Jakes
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Florian Füssl
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Izabela Zaborowska
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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Safety, Immunogenicity and Interchangeability of Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies and Fusion Proteins: A Regulatory Perspective. Drugs 2021; 81:1881-1896. [PMID: 34596876 PMCID: PMC8578115 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Biosimilars have been used for 15 years in the European Union (EU), and have been shown to reduce costs and increase access to important biological medicines. In spite of their considerable exposure and excellent safety record, many prescribers still have doubts on the safety and interchangeability of biosimilars, especially monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fusion proteins. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyse the short- and long-term safety and interchangeability data of biosimilar mAbs and fusion proteins to provide unbiased information to prescribers and policy makers. Methods Data on the safety, immunogenicity and interchangeability of EU-licensed mAbs and fusion proteins were examined using European Public Assessment Reports (EPARs) and postmarketing safety surveillance reports from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). As recent biosimilar approvals allow self-administration by patients by the subcutaneous route, the administration devices were also analyzed. Results Prelicensing data of EPARs (six different biosimilar adalimumabs, three infliximabs, three etanercepts, three rituximabs, two bevacizumabs, and six trastuzumabs) revealed that the frequency of fatal treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), TEAEs leading to discontinuation of treatment, serious adverse events (SAEs), and main immune-mediated adverse events (AEs) were comparable between the biosimilars and their reference products. The availability of new biosimilar presentations and administration devices may add to patient choice and be an emerging factor in the decision to switch patients. Analysis of postmarketing surveillance data covering up to 7 years of follow-up did not reveal any biosimilar-specific adverse effects. No product was withdrawn for safety reasons. This is in spite of considerable exposure to biosimilars in treatment-naïve patients and in patients switched from the reference medicinal product to the biosimilar. Analysis of data from switching studies provided in regulatory submissions showed that single or multiple switches between the originator and its biosimilar versions had no negative impact on efficacy, safety or immunogenicity. Conclusions In line with previous reports of prelicensing studies of biosimilar mAbs and etanercepts, this study demonstrated comparable efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity compared with the reference products. This is the first study to comprehensively analyze postmarketing surveillance data of the biosimilar mAbs and etanercept. An analysis of more than 1 million patient-treatment years of safety data raised no safety concerns. Based on these data, we argue that biosimilars approved in the EU are highly similar to and interchangeable with their reference products. Thus, additional systematic switch studies are not required to support the switching of patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40265-021-01601-2.
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Szöőr Á, Szöllősi J, Vereb G. From antibodies to living drugs: Quo vadis cancer immunotherapy? Biol Futur 2021; 72:85-99. [PMID: 34554498 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-021-00072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, monoclonal antibodies targeting various receptors and ligands have shown significant advance in cancer therapy. However, still a great percentage of patients experiences tumor relapse despite persistent antigen expression. Immune cell therapy with adoptively transferred modified T cells that express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) is an engaging option to improve disease outcome. Designer T cells have been applied with remarkable success in the treatment for acute B cell leukemias, yielding unprecedented antitumor activity and significantly improved overall survival. Relying on the success of CAR T cells in leukemias, solid tumors are now emerging potential targets; however, their complexity represents a significant challenge. In preclinical models, CAR T cells recognized and efficiently killed the wide spectrum of tumor xenografts; however, in human clinical trials, limited antitumor efficacy and serious side effects, including cytokine release syndrome, have emerged as potential limitations. The next decade will be an exciting time to further optimize this novel cellular therapeutics to improve effector functions and, at the same time, keep adverse events in check. Moreover, we need to establish whether gene-modified T cells which are yet exclusively used for cancer patients could also be successful in the treatment for other diseases. Here, we provide a concise overview about the transition from monoclonal antibodies to the generation of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. We summarize lessons learned from preclinical models, including our own HER2-positive tumor models, as well as from clinical trials worldwide. We also discuss the challenges we are facing today and outline future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Árpád Szöőr
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Davis RR, Suber F, Heller I, Yang B, Martinez J. Improving mAb capture productivity on batch and continuous downstream processing using nanofiber PrismA adsorbents. J Biotechnol 2021; 336:50-55. [PMID: 34118332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Improving productivity and decreasing costs for biotherapeutic agents has been a focal driving force in the manufacturing of biologics. Advances in upstream processes have been continuously outpacing the ability for downstream operations to purify biologics, especially monoclonal antibodies. Continuous chromatography has several benefits for biologic purification including automated control, decreased labor, improved productivity, and more consistent product attributes. The goal of this study was to improve productivity and decrease costs associated with batch-mode and continuous purification processes. Productivities using cellulose nanofibers with a protein A ligand offer greater than 30-fold higher productivities than their resin-based equivalents using periodic countercurrent technology with multiple column chromatography. The smaller columns needed for convective mass transfer, faster processing times, and decreased costs allow for a more efficient mAb capture step. Additionally, high throughput purification (grams of mAbs/day) can be achieved from the scale-down model developed using periodic countercurrent technology. These advancements will help drive the evolution of downstream operations to manage the higher workloads due to increased upstream titers in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Davis
- Ology Bioservices, Process Development, 13200 NW Nano Ct., Alachua, FL, 32615, USA
| | - Fletcher Suber
- Ology Bioservices, Process Development, 13200 NW Nano Ct., Alachua, FL, 32615, USA
| | - Ian Heller
- Ology Bioservices, Process Development, 13200 NW Nano Ct., Alachua, FL, 32615, USA
| | - Boxuan Yang
- Ology Bioservices, Process Development, 13200 NW Nano Ct., Alachua, FL, 32615, USA
| | - Juan Martinez
- Ology Bioservices, Process Development, 13200 NW Nano Ct., Alachua, FL, 32615, USA.
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Palte RL, Juan V, Gomez-Llorente Y, Bailly MA, Chakravarthy K, Chen X, Cipriano D, Fayad GN, Fayadat-Dilman L, Gathiaka S, Greb H, Hall B, Handa M, Hsieh M, Kofman E, Lin H, Miller JR, Nguyen N, O'Neil J, Shaheen H, Sterner E, Strickland C, Sun A, Taremi S, Scapin G. Cryo-EM structures of inhibitory antibodies complexed with arginase 1 provide insight into mechanism of action. Commun Biol 2021; 4:927. [PMID: 34326456 PMCID: PMC8322407 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Arginase 1 (hArg1) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea, and modulates T-cell-mediated immune response. Arginase-targeted therapies have been pursued across several disease areas including immunology, oncology, nervous system dysfunction, and cardiovascular dysfunction and diseases. Currently, all published hArg1 inhibitors are small molecules usually less than 350 Da in size. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of potent and inhibitory anti-hArg antibodies bound to hArg1 which form distinct macromolecular complexes that are greater than 650 kDa. With local resolutions of 3.5 Å or better we unambiguously mapped epitopes and paratopes for all five antibodies and determined that the antibodies act through orthosteric and allosteric mechanisms. These hArg1:antibody complexes present an alternative mechanism to inhibit hArg1 activity and highlight the ability to utilize antibodies as probes in the discovery and development of peptide and small molecule inhibitors for enzymes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Palte
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Veronica Juan
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Marc Andre Bailly
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kalyan Chakravarthy
- Department of Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- Ipsen Bioscience Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xun Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Cipriano
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ghassan N Fayad
- Department of Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Symon Gathiaka
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heiko Greb
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Synthekine Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Brian Hall
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mas Handa
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Hsieh
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Esther Kofman
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heping Lin
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Richard Miller
- Department of Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nhung Nguyen
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer O'Neil
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- Xilio Therapeutics, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Hussam Shaheen
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- Pandion Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Sterner
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corey Strickland
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Angie Sun
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shane Taremi
- Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giovanna Scapin
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
- NanoImaging Services, Woburn, MA, USA
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Savizi ISP, Motamedian E, E Lewis N, Jimenez Del Val I, Shojaosadati SA. An integrated modular framework for modeling the effect of ammonium on the sialylation process of monoclonal antibodies produced by CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100019. [PMID: 34021707 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies (mABs) have emerged as one of the most important therapeutic recombinant proteins in the pharmaceutical industry. Their immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy are influenced by post-translational modifications, specifically the glycosylation process. Bioprocess conditions can influence the intracellular process of glycosylation. Among all the process conditions that have been recognized to affect the mAB glycoforms, the detailed mechanism underlying how ammonium could perturb glycosylation remains to be fully understood. It was shown that ammonium induces heterogeneity in protein glycosylation by altering the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. Hence, understanding this mechanism would aid pharmaceutical manufacturers to ensure consistent protein glycosylation. METHODS Three different mechanisms have been proposed to explain how ammonium influences the sialylation process. In the first, the inhibition of CMP-sialic acid transporter, which transports CMP-sialic acid (sialylation substrate) into the Golgi, by an increase in UDP-GlcNAc content that is brought about by the augmented incorporation of ammonium into glucosamine formation. In the second, ammonia diffuses into the Golgi and raises its pH, thereby decreasing the sialyltransferase enzyme activity. In the third, the reduction of sialyltransferase enzyme expression level in the presence of ammonium. We employed these mechanisms in a novel integrated modular platform to link dynamic alteration in mAB sialylation process with extracellular ammonium concentration to elucidate how ammonium alters the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. RESULTS Our results show that the sialylation reaction rate is insensitive to the first mechanism. At low ammonium concentration, the second mechanism is the controlling mechanism in mAB sialylation and by increasing the ammonium level (< 8 mM) the third mechanism becomes the controlling mechanism. At higher ammonium concentrations (> 8 mM) the second mechanism becomes predominant again. CONCLUSION The presented model in this study provides a connection between extracellular ammonium and the monoclonal antibody sialylation process. This computational tool could help scientists to develop and formulate cell culture media. The model illustrated here can assist the researchers to select culture media that ensure consistent mAB sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Shahidi Pour Savizi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Motamedian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,School of Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Filep C, Szigeti M, Farsang R, Haberger M, Reusch D, Guttman A. Multilevel capillary gel electrophoresis characterization of new antibody modalities. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1166:338492. [PMID: 34023000 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary gel electrophoresis-based methods were applied to comprehensively characterize two development phase new modality monoclonal antibodies including a glycoengineered and a bispecific test compound. The samples were subjected to multilevel characterization at the intact (both by SDS-SGE and cIEF) as well as the reduced protein and the released N-glycan levels. SDS capillary gel electrophoresis analysis showed excellent separation of the light and heavy chains of both samples. The bispecific antibody required a special temperature gradient denaturation process and a longer capillary to resolve its two light chain fragments. Separation of PNGase F digested antibodies revealed migration time shifts, suggesting the presence of N-linked glycosylation on the corresponding subunits. For efficient glycan removal, the highly glycosylated glycoengineered monoclonal antibody was trypsin digested prior to the endoglycosidase treatment. The released glycans were profiled by capillary gel electrophoresis after APTS labeling and their oligosaccharide structures were identified by exoglycosidase based carbohydrate sequencing. Finally, capillary isoelectric focusing shed light on the charge heterogeneity of the test compounds, providing important complementary information. A flowchart was established for workflow optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csenge Filep
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Krt, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Marton Szigeti
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Krt, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, 10 Egyetem Street, H-8200, Veszprem, Hungary.
| | - Robert Farsang
- Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, 10 Egyetem Street, H-8200, Veszprem, Hungary.
| | - Markus Haberger
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Andras Guttman
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Krt, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, 10 Egyetem Street, H-8200, Veszprem, Hungary.
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Isozaki Y, Tsumoto K, Tomita M. Conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies recognizing the native structure of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107872. [PMID: 34182241 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is quite difficult to generate monoclonal antibodies that recognize the three-dimensional structures of the antigens of interest. To address this limitation, we developed a new hybridoma technology termed "optimized stereospecific targeting (SST)". Here we aimed at generating stereospecific monoclonal antibodies against a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The optimized SST technique enabled the efficient production of conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies against human corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (huCRHR1). Hybridoma cells secreting stereospecific monoclonal antibodies were selectively cloned by a limiting dilution method and the target monoclonal antibodies were purified by protein A column chromatography. They specifically cross-reacted with native huCRHR1 expressed on the surface of CHO cells, whereas they showed no affinity for MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, which abundantly express EphA2 on the cell surface. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that treatment of huCRHR1-expressing CHO cells with 4% paraformaldehyde led to a decrease in the affinity of purified monoclonal antibodies for intact huCRHR1 on the cell surface. In addition, purified monoclonal antibodies showed no cross-reactivity with huCRHR1 expressed on Sf9 insect cells. These results strongly suggest that monoclonal antibodies generated by the optimized SST technique feature specific binding to the intact form of the target GPCR on mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Isozaki
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Kanta Tsumoto
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomita
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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43
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McQuaid C, Halsey A, Dubois M, Romero I, Male D. Comparison of polypeptides that bind the transferrin receptor for targeting gold nanocarriers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252341. [PMID: 34086733 PMCID: PMC8177412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to target therapeutic agents to specific tissues is an important element in the development of new disease treatments. The transferrin receptor (TfR) is one potential target for drug delivery, as it expressed on many dividing cells and on brain endothelium, the key cellular component of the blood-brain barrier. The aim of this study was to compare a set of new and previously-described polypeptides for their ability to bind to brain endothelium, and investigate their potential for targeting therapeutic agents to the CNS. Six polypeptides were ranked for their rate of endocytosis by the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 and the murine line bEnd.3. One linear polypeptide and two cyclic polypeptides showed high rates of uptake. These peptides were investigated to determine whether serum components, including transferrin itself affected uptake by the endothelium. One of the cyclic peptides was strongly inhibited by transferrin and the other cyclic peptide weakly inhibited. As proof of principle the linear peptide was attached to 2nm glucose coated gold-nanoparticles, and the rate of uptake of the nanoparticles measured in a hydrogel model of the blood-brain barrier. Attachment of the TfR-targeting polypeptide significantly increased the rates of endocytosis by brain endothelium and increased movement of nanoparticles across the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McQuaid
- Department of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Halsey
- Department of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Maëva Dubois
- Department of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Romero
- Department of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - David Male
- Department of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Erfani A, Hanna A, Zarrintaj P, Manouchehri S, Weigandt K, Aichele CP, Ramsey JD. Biodegradable zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) microgel for sustained delivery of antibodies with extended stability and preserved function. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5349-5361. [PMID: 33954314 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00154j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many recent innovative treatments are based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other protein therapies. Nevertheless, sustained subcutaneous, oral or pulmonary delivery of such therapeutics is limited by the poor stability, short half-life, and non-specific interactions between the antibody (Ab) and delivery vehicle. Protein stabilizers (osmolytes) such as carboxybetaine can prevent non-specific interactions within proteins. In this work, a biodegradable zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine), pCB, based microgel covalently crosslinked with tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (TTEGDA) was synthesized for Ab encapsulation. The resulting microgels were characterized via FTIR, diffusion NMR, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and cell culture studies. The microgels were found to contain up to 97.5% water content and showed excellent degradability that can be tuned with crosslinking density. Cell compatibility of the microgel was studied by assessing the toxicity and immunogenicity in vitro. Cells exposed to microgel showed complete viability and no pro-inflammatory secretion of interleukin 6 (IL6) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Microgel was loaded with Immunoglobulin G (as a model Ab), using a post-fabrication loading technique, and Ab sustained release from microgels of varying crosslinking densities was studied. The released Abs (especially from the high crosslinked microgels) proved to be completely active and able to bind with Ab receptors. This study opens a new horizon for scientists to use such a platform for local delivery of Abs to the desired target with minimized non-specific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Erfani
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Abanoub Hanna
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Saeed Manouchehri
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Katie Weigandt
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20889-6102, USA
| | - Clint P Aichele
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Joshua D Ramsey
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Conner KP, Pastuskovas CV, Soto M, Thomas VA, Wagner M, Rock DA. Preclinical characterization of the ADME properties of a surrogate anti-IL-36R monoclonal antibody antagonist in mouse serum and tissues. MAbs 2021; 12:1746520. [PMID: 32310023 PMCID: PMC7188401 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1746520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision to pursue a monoclonal antibody (mAb) as a therapeutic for disease intervention requires the assessment of many factors, such as target-biology, including the total target burden and its accessibility at the intended site of action, as well as mAb-specific properties like binding affinity and the pharmacokinetics in serum and tissue. Interleukin-36 receptor (IL-36 R) is a member of the IL-1 family cytokine receptors and an attractive target to treat numerous epithelial-mediated inflammatory conditions, including psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, information concerning the expression profile of IL-36 R at the protein level is minimal, so the feasibility of developing a therapeutic mAb against this target is uncertain. Here, we present a characterization of the properties associated with absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a high-affinity IL-36 R-targeted surrogate rat (IgG2a) mAb antagonist in preclinical mouse models. The presence of IL-36 R in the periphery was confirmed unequivocally as the driver of non-linear pharmacokinetics in blood/serum, although a predominant site of tissue accumulation was not observed based upon the kinetics of radiotracer. Additionally, the contribution of IL-36 R-mediated catabolism of mAb in kidney was tested in a 5/6 nephrectomized mouse model where minimal effects on serum pharmacokinetics were observed, although analysis of functional mAb in urine suggests that target can influence the amount of mAb excreted. Our data highlight an interesting case of target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) where low, yet broadly expressed levels of membrane-bound target result in a cumulative effect to drive TMDD behavior typical of a large, saturable target sink. The potential differences between our mouse model and IL-36 R target profile in humans are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kip P Conner
- Department Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cinthia V Pastuskovas
- Department Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Soto
- Department Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Department Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mylo Wagner
- Department Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Dan A Rock
- Department Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Villacrés C, Tayi VS, Butler M. Strategic feeding of NS0 and CHO cell cultures to control glycan profiles and immunogenic epitopes of monoclonal antibodies. J Biotechnol 2021; 333:49-62. [PMID: 33901620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The control of glycosylation profiles is essential to the consistent manufacture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that may be produced from a variety of cell lines including CHO and NS0. Of particular concern is the potential for generating non-human epitopes such as N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and Galα1-3 Gal that may be immunogenic. We have looked at the effects of a commonly used media supplements of manganese, galactose and uridine (MGU) on Mab production from CHO and NS0 cells in enhancing galactosylation and sialylation as well as the generation of these non-human glycan epitopes. In the absence of the MGU supplement, the humanized IgG1 antibody (Hu1D10) produced from NS0 cells showed a low level of mono- and di-sialylated structures (SI:0.09) of which 75 % of sialic acid was Neu5Gc. The chimeric human-llama Mab (EG2-hFc) produced from CHO cells showed an equally low level of sialylation (SI: 0.12) but the Neu5Gc content of sialic acid was negligible (<3%). Combinations of the MGU supplements added to the production cultures resulted in a substantial increase in the galactosylation of both Mabs (up to GI:0.78 in Hu1D10 and 0.81 in EG2-hFc). However, the effects on sialylation differed between the two Mabs. We observed a slight increase in sialylation of the EG2-hFc Mab by a combination of MG but it appeared that one of the components (uridine) was inhibitory to sialylation. On the other hand, MG or MGU increased sialylation of Hu1D10 substantially (SI:0.72) with an increase that could be attributed predominantly to the formation of Neu5Ac rather than Neu5Gc. The increased level of galactosylation observed with MG or MGU was attributed to an activation of the galactosyl transferase enzymes through enhanced intracellular levels of UDP-Gal and the availability of Mn2+ as an enzymic co-factor. However, this effect not only increased the desirable beta 1-4 Gal linkage to GlcNAc but unfortunately in NS0 cells increased the formation of Galα1-3 Gal which was shown to increase x3 in the presence of combinations of the MGU supplements. Supplementation of media with fetal bovine serum (FBS) increased the availability of free Neu5Ac which resulted in a significant increase in the sialylation of Hu1D10 from NS0 cells. This also resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of Neu5Gc in the measured sialic acid from the Mab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Villacrés
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada; National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training (NIBRT), Fosters Avenue, Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.
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Sakaguchi A, Nakajima C, Sawano A, Tanaka Y, Kurihara Y. Rapid and reliable hybridoma screening method that is suitable for production of functional structure-recognizing monoclonal antibody. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 131:696-702. [PMID: 33745778 PMCID: PMC7972868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are extremely valuable functional biomaterials that are widely used not only in life science research but also in antibody drugs and test drugs. There is also a strong need to develop high-quality neutralizing antibodies as soon as possible in order to stop the rapid spread of new infectious diseases such as the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study has developed a membrane-type immunoglobulin-directed hybridoma screening (MIHS) method for obtaining high-quality monoclonal antibodies with high efficiency and high speed. In addition to these advantages, this paper demonstrates that the MIHS method can selectively obtain monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize the functional structure of proteins. The MIHS method is a useful technology that greatly contributes to the research community because it can be easily introduced in any laboratory that uses a flow cytometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsumi Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Chika Nakajima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sawano
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, College of Engineering Sciences, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Tanaka
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kurihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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48
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Rincon Pabon JP, Kochert BA, Liu YH, Richardson DD, Weis DD. Protein A does not induce allosteric structural changes in an IgG1 antibody during binding. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2355-2361. [PMID: 33640336 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography is widely used for antibody purification in biopharmaceutical production. Although there is evidence suggesting that affinity chromatography might induce structural changes in antibodies, allosteric changes in structure have not been well-explored. Here, we used hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) to reveal conformational changes in the NIST mAb upon binding with a protein A (ProA) matrix. HX-MS measurements of NIST mAb bound to in-solution and resin forms of ProA revealed regions of the CH2 and CH3 domains with increased protection from HX upon ProA binding, consistent with the known ProA binding region. In-solution ProA experiments revealed regions in the Fab with increased HX uptake when the ProA:mAb molar ratio was increased to 2:1, suggesting an allosterically induced increase in backbone flexibility. Such effects were not observed with lower ProA concentration (1:1 molar ratio) or when ProA resin was used, suggesting some kind of change in binding mode. Since all pharmaceutical processes use ProA bound to resin, our results rule out reversible allosteric effects on the NIST mAb during interaction with resin ProA. However, irreversible effects cannot be ruled out since the NIST mAb was previously exposed to ProA during its original purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Rincon Pabon
- Department of Chemistry and the Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Brent A Kochert
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry and the Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
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Zhao P, Gunawardena HP, Zhong X, Zare RN, Chen H. Microdroplet Ultrafast Reactions Speed Antibody Characterization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3997-4005. [PMID: 33590747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, microdroplet reactions have aroused much interest because the microdroplet provides a unique medium where organic reactions could be accelerated by a factor of 103 or more. However, microdroplet reactions of proteins have been rarely studied. We report the occurrence of multiple-step reactions of a large protein, specifically, the digestion, reduction, and deglycosylation of an intact antibody, which can take place in microseconds with high reaction yields in aqueous microdroplets at room temperature. As a result, fast structural characterization of a monoclonal antibody, essential for assessing its quality as a therapeutic drug, can be enabled. We found that the IgG1 antibody can be digested completely by the IdeS protease in aqueous microdroplets in 250 microseconds, a 7.5 million-fold improvement in speed in comparison to traditional digestion in bulk solution (>30 min). Strikingly, inclusion of the reductant tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine in the spray solution caused simultaneous antibody digestion and disulfide bond reduction. Digested and reduced antibody fragments were either collected or analyzed online by mass spectrometry. Further addition of PNGase F glycosylase into the spray solution led to antibody deglycosylation, thereby producing reduced and deglycosylated fragments of analytical importance. In addition, glycated fragments of IgG1 derived from glucose modification were identified rapidly with this ultrafast digestion/reduction technique. We suggest that microdroplets can serve as powerful microreactors for both exploring large-molecule reactions and speeding their structural analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Xiaoqin Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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50
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Jin KT, Chen B, Liu YY, Lan HUR, Yan JP. Monoclonal antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:83. [PMID: 33522929 PMCID: PMC7851946 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Besides common therapeutic approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, novel therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy, have been an advent in CRC treatment. The immunotherapy approaches try to elicit patients` immune responses against tumor cells to eradicate the tumor. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are two branches of cancer immunotherapy. MAbs demonstrate the great ability to completely recognize cancer cell-surface receptors and blockade proliferative or inhibitory pathways. On the other hand, T cell activation by genetically engineered CAR receptor via the TCR/CD3 and costimulatory domains can induce potent immune responses against specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Both of these approaches have beneficial anti-tumor effects on CRC. Herein, we review the different mAbs against various pathways and their applications in clinical trials, the different types of CAR-T cells, various specific CAR-T cells against TAAs, and their clinical use in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua, 312000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua, 312000, P.R. China
| | - H Uan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua, 312000, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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