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Li MY, Shen HH, Cao XY, Gao XX, Xu FY, Ha SY, Sun JS, Liu SP, Xie F, Li MQ. Targeting a mTOR/autophagy axis: a double-edged sword of rapamycin in spontaneous miscarriage. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116976. [PMID: 38906022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction is a primary culprit behind spontaneous miscarriage (SM). To address this, immunosuppressive agents have emerged as a novel class of tocolytic drugs, modulating the maternal immune system's tolerance towards the embryo. Rapamycin (PubChem CID:5284616), a dual-purpose compound, functions as an immunosuppressive agent and triggers autophagy by targeting the mTOR pathway. Its efficacy in treating SM has garnered significant research interest in recent times. Autophagy, the cellular process of self-degradation and recycling, plays a pivotal role in numerous health conditions. Research indicates that autophagy is integral to endometrial decidualization, trophoblast invasion, and the proper functioning of decidual immune cells during a healthy pregnancy. Yet, in cases of SM, there is a dysregulation of the mTOR/autophagy axis in decidual stromal cells or immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the potential benefits of low-dose rapamycin in managing SM. However, given mTOR's critical role in energy metabolism, inhibiting it could potentially harm the pregnancy. Moreover, while low-dose rapamycin has been deemed safe for treating recurrent implant failure, its potential teratogenic effects remain uncertain due to insufficient data. In summary, rapamycin represents a double-edged sword in the treatment of SM, balancing its impact on autophagy and immune regulation. Further investigation is warranted to fully understand its implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ying Li
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Shen
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cao
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yuan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Si-Yao Ha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510235, China
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Ping Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Xie
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Immunology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zwick D, Vo MT, Shim YJ, Reijonen H, Do JS. BACH2: The Future of Induced T-Regulatory Cell Therapies. Cells 2024; 13:891. [PMID: 38891024 PMCID: PMC11172166 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACH2 (BTB Domain and CNC Homolog 2) is a transcription factor that serves as a central regulator of immune cell differentiation and function, particularly in T and B lymphocytes. A picture is emerging that BACH2 may function as a master regulator of cell fate that is exquisitely sensitive to cell activation status. In particular, BACH2 plays a key role in stabilizing the phenotype and suppressive function of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-derived human forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3)+ inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs), a cell type that holds great clinical potential as a cell therapeutic for diverse inflammatory conditions. As such, BACH2 potentially could be targeted to overcome the instability of the iTreg phenotype and suppressive function that has hampered their clinical application. In this review, we focus on the role of BACH2 in T cell fate and iTreg function and stability. We suggest approaches to modulate BACH2 function that may lead to more stable and efficacious Treg cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zwick
- Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Mai Tram Vo
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Young Jun Shim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Helena Reijonen
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Jeong-su Do
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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3
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Zhang Y, Kong X, Liang L, Xu D. Regulation of vascular remodeling by immune microenvironment after the establishment of autologous arteriovenous fistula in ESRD patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1365422. [PMID: 38807593 PMCID: PMC11130379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred dialysis access for receiving hemodialysis treatment in end-stage renal disease patients. After AVF is established, vascular remodeling occurs in order to adapt to hemodynamic changes. Uremia toxins, surgical injury, blood flow changes and other factors can induce inflammatory response, immune microenvironment changes, and play an important role in the maintenance of AVF vascular remodeling. This process involves the infiltration of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune cells and the secretion of cytokines. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune cells include neutrophil (NEUT), dendritic cell (DC), T lymphocyte, macrophage (Mφ), etc. This article reviews the latest research progress and focuses on the role of immune microenvironment changes in vascular remodeling of AVF, in order to provide a new theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of AVF failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liming Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, Shandong, China
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4
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Sanidad KZ, Rager SL, Carrow HC, Ananthanarayanan A, Callaghan R, Hart LR, Li T, Ravisankar P, Brown JA, Amir M, Jin JC, Savage AR, Luo R, Rowdo FM, Martin ML, Silver RB, Guo CJ, Krumsiek J, Inohara N, Zeng MY. Gut bacteria-derived serotonin promotes immune tolerance in early life. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj4775. [PMID: 38489352 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota promotes immune system development in early life, but the interactions between the gut metabolome and immune cells in the neonatal gut remain largely undefined. Here, we demonstrate that the neonatal gut is uniquely enriched with neurotransmitters, including serotonin, and that specific gut bacteria directly produce serotonin while down-regulating monoamine oxidase A to limit serotonin breakdown. We found that serotonin directly signals to T cells to increase intracellular indole-3-acetaldehdye and inhibit mTOR activation, thereby promoting the differentiation of regulatory T cells, both ex vivo and in vivo in the neonatal intestine. Oral gavage of serotonin into neonatal mice resulted in long-term T cell-mediated antigen-specific immune tolerance toward both dietary antigens and commensal bacteria. Together, our study has uncovered an important role for specific gut bacteria to increase serotonin availability in the neonatal gut and identified a function of gut serotonin in shaping T cell response to dietary antigens and commensal bacteria to promote immune tolerance in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Sanidad
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie L Rager
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hannah C Carrow
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aparna Ananthanarayanan
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryann Callaghan
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lucy R Hart
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tingting Li
- Jill Roberts Institute for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Purnima Ravisankar
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julia A Brown
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohammed Amir
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jenny C Jin
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexandria Rose Savage
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryan Luo
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - M Laura Martin
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Randi B Silver
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chun-Jun Guo
- Jill Roberts Institute for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melody Y Zeng
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY 10065, USA
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5
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Inoue M, Tsuji Y, Kashiwada A, Yokoyama A, Iwata A, Abe Y, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI. An immunocytokine consisting of a TNFR2 agonist and TNFR2 scFv enhances the expansion of regulatory T cells through TNFR2 clustering. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 697:149498. [PMID: 38262291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are lymphocytes that play a central role in peripheral immune tolerance. Tregs are promising targets for the prevention and suppression of autoimmune diseases, allergies, and graft-versus-host disease, and treatments aimed at regulating their functions are being developed. In this study, we created a new modality consisting of a protein molecule that suppressed excessive immune responses by effectively and preferentially expanding Tregs. Recent studies reported that tumor necrosis factor receptor type 2 (TNFR2) expressed on Tregs is involved in the proliferation and activation of Tregs. Therefore, we created a functional immunocytokine, named TNFR2-ICK-Ig, consisting of a fusion protein of an anti-TNFR2 single-chain Fv (scFv) and a TNFR2 agonist TNF-α mutant protein, as a new modality that strongly enhances TNFR2 signaling. The formation of agonist-receptor multimerization (TNFR2 cluster) is effective for the induction of a strong TNFR2 signal, similar to the TNFR2 signaling mechanism exhibited by membrane-bound TNF. TNFR2-ICK-Ig improved the TNFR2 signaling activity and promoted TNFR2 cluster formation compared to a TNFR2 agonist TNF-α mutant protein that did not have an immunocytokine structure. Furthermore, the Treg expansion efficiency was enhanced. TNFR2-ICK-Ig promotes its effects via scFv, which crosslinks receptors whereas the agonists transmit stimulatory signals. Therefore, this novel molecule expands Tregs via strong TNFR2 signaling by the formation of TNFR2 clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Inoue
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan; Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kashiwada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Asahi Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Akane Iwata
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Abe
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan; Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
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6
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Yilmazer A, Zevla DM, Malmkvist R, Rodríguez CAB, Undurraga P, Kirgin E, Boernert M, Voehringer D, Kershaw O, Schlenner S, Kretschmer K. Selective ablation of thymic and peripheral Foxp3 + regulatory T cell development. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1298938. [PMID: 38164128 PMCID: PMC10757929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1298938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells of thymic (tTreg) and peripheral (pTreg) developmental origin are thought to synergistically act to ensure immune homeostasis, with self-reactive tTreg cells primarily constraining autoimmune responses. Here we exploited a Foxp3-dependent reporter with thymus-specific GFP/Cre activity to selectively ablate either tTreg (ΔtTreg) or pTreg (ΔpTreg) cell development, while sparing the respective sister populations. We found that, in contrast to the tTreg cell behavior in ΔpTreg mice, pTreg cells acquired a highly activated suppressor phenotype and replenished the Treg cell pool of ΔtTreg mice on a non-autoimmune C57BL/6 background. Despite the absence of tTreg cells, pTreg cells prevented early mortality and fatal autoimmunity commonly observed in Foxp3-deficient models of complete Treg cell deficiency, and largely maintained immune tolerance even as the ΔtTreg mice aged. However, only two generations of backcrossing to the autoimmune-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) background were sufficient to cause severe disease lethality associated with different, partially overlapping patterns of organ-specific autoimmunity. This included a particularly severe form of autoimmune diabetes characterized by an early onset and abrogation of the sex bias usually observed in the NOD mouse model of human type 1 diabetes. Genetic association studies further allowed us to define a small set of autoimmune risk loci sufficient to promote β cell autoimmunity, including genes known to impinge on Treg cell biology. Overall, these studies show an unexpectedly high functional adaptability of pTreg cells, emphasizing their important role as mediators of bystander effects to ensure self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acelya Yilmazer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitra Maria Zevla
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rikke Malmkvist
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carlos Alejandro Bello Rodríguez
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pablo Undurraga
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emre Kirgin
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie Boernert
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan Schlenner
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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7
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Gianessi L, Magini A, Dominici R, Giovagnoli S, Dolcetta D. A Stable Micellar Formulation of RAD001 for Intracerebroventricular Delivery and the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17478. [PMID: 38139306 PMCID: PMC10744130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence, replicated in many mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), supports the therapeutic efficacy of the oral mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTOR-Is). Our preliminary data show that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of everolimus (RAD001) soon after clinical onset greatly diminished cognitive impairment and the intracellular beta amyloid and neurofibrillary tangle load. However, RAD001 shows >90% degradation after 7 days in solution at body temperature, thus hampering the development of proper therapeutic regimens for patients. To overcome such a drawback, we developed a stable, liquid formulation of mTOR-Is by loading RAD001 into distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol 2000 (DSPE-PEG2000) micelles using the thin layer evaporation method. The formulation showed efficient encapsulation of RAD001 and a homogeneous colloidal size and stabilised RAD001, with over 95% of activity preserved after 14 days at 37 °C with a total decay only occurring after 98 days. RAD001-loaded DSPE-PEG2000 micelles were unchanged when stored at 4 and 25 °C over the time period investigated. The obtained formulation may represent a suitable platform for expedited clinical translation and effective therapeutic regimens in AD and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gianessi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy (S.G.)
| | | | - Roberto Dominici
- Department of Biochemistry, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy (S.G.)
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8
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Li C, Han Y, Luo X, Qian C, Li Y, Su H, Du G. Immunomodulatory nano-preparations for rheumatoid arthritis. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:9-19. [PMID: 36482698 PMCID: PMC9744217 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2152136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease (AD) caused by the aberrant attack of the immune system on its own joint tissues. Genetic and environmental factors are the main reasons of immune system impairment and high incidence of RA. Although there are medications on the market that lessen disease activity, there is no known cure for RA, and patients are at risk in varying degrees of systemic immunosuppression. By transporting (encapsulating or surface binding) RA-related self-antigens, nucleic acids, immunomodulators, or cytokines, tolerogenic nanoparticles-also known as immunomodulatory nano-preparations-have the potential to gently regulate local immune responses and ultimately induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. We review the recent advances in immunomodulatory nano-preparations for delivering self-antigen or self-antigen plus immunomodulator, simulating apoptotic cell avatars in vivo, acting as artificial antigen-presenting cells, and based on scaffolds and gels, to provide a reference for developing new immunotherapies for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, P.R. China,CONTACT Chenglong Li Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang618000, P.R. China
| | - Yangyun Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, P.R. China
| | - Xianjin Luo
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Can Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, P.R. China
| | - Huaiyu Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, P.R. China,Huaiyu Su Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang 618000, P.R. China
| | - Guangshen Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China,Guangshen Du Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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9
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Hou SJ, Zhang SX, Li Y, Xu SY. Rapamycin Responds to Alzheimer's Disease: A Potential Translational Therapy. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:1629-1639. [PMID: 37810956 PMCID: PMC10557994 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s429440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a sporadic or familial neurodegenerative disease of insidious onset with progressive cognitive decline. Although numerous studies have been conducted or are underway on AD, there are still no effective drugs to reverse the pathological features and clinical manifestations of AD. Rapamycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. As a classical mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin has been shown to be beneficial in a variety of AD mouse and cells models, both before the onset of disease symptoms and the early stage of disease. Although many basic studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of rapamycin in AD, many questions and controversies remain. This may be due to the variability of experimental models, different modes of administration, dose, timing, frequency, and the availability of drug-targeting vehicles. Rapamycin may delay the development of AD by reducing β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, inhibiting tau protein hyperphosphorylation, maintaining brain function in APOE ε4 gene carriers, clearing chronic inflammation, and improving cognitive dysfunction. It is thus expected to be one of the candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Hou
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sui-Yi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Halvorson T, Tuomela K, Levings MK. Targeting regulatory T cell metabolism in disease: Novel therapeutic opportunities. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250002. [PMID: 36891988 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for immune homeostasis and suppression of pathological autoimmunity but can also play a detrimental role in cancer progression via inhibition of anti-tumor immunity. Thus, there is broad applicability for therapeutic Treg targeting, either to enhance function, for example, through adoptive cell therapy (ACT), or to inhibit function with small molecules or antibody-mediated blockade. For both of these strategies, the metabolic state of Tregs is an important consideration since cellular metabolism is intricately linked to function. Mounting evidence has shown that targeting metabolic pathways can selectively promote or inhibit Treg function. This review aims to synthesize the current understanding of Treg metabolism and discuss emerging metabolic targeting strategies in the contexts of transplantation, autoimmunity, and cancer. We discuss approaches to gene editing and cell culture to manipulate Treg metabolism during ex vivo expansion for ACT, as well as in vivo nutritional and pharmacological interventions to modulate Treg metabolism in disease states. Overall, the intricate connection between metabolism and phenotype presents a powerful opportunity to therapeutically tune Treg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torin Halvorson
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karoliina Tuomela
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Wang J, Zhao X, Wan YY. Intricacies of TGF-β signaling in Treg and Th17 cell biology. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1002-1022. [PMID: 37217798 PMCID: PMC10468540 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt distinct functions to maintain tolerance and clear pathogens. Dysregulation of Th cell function often leads to maladies, including autoimmunity, inflammatory disease, cancer, and infection. Regulatory T (Treg) and Th17 cells are critical Th cell types involved in immune tolerance, homeostasis, pathogenicity, and pathogen clearance. It is therefore critical to understand how Treg and Th17 cells are regulated in health and disease. Cytokines are instrumental in directing Treg and Th17 cell function. The evolutionarily conserved TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) cytokine superfamily is of particular interest because it is central to the biology of both Treg cells that are predominantly immunosuppressive and Th17 cells that can be proinflammatory, pathogenic, and immune regulatory. How TGF-β superfamily members and their intricate signaling pathways regulate Treg and Th17 cell function is a question that has been intensely investigated for two decades. Here, we introduce the fundamental biology of TGF-β superfamily signaling, Treg cells, and Th17 cells and discuss in detail how the TGF-β superfamily contributes to Treg and Th17 cell biology through complex yet ordered and cooperative signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xingqi Zhao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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12
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Lan T, Zeng Q, Zhu Y, Zheng G, Chen K, Jiang W, Lu W. Xin-Li formula attenuates heart failure induced by a combination of hyperlipidemia and myocardial infarction in rats via Treg immunomodulation and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. J Tradit Complement Med 2023; 13:441-453. [PMID: 37693100 PMCID: PMC10491985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that represents the end result of several pathophysiologic processes. Despite a dramatic evolution in diagnosis and management of HF, most patients eventually become resistant to therapy. Xin-Li Formula (XLF) is a Chinese medicine formula which shows great potential in the treatment of HF according to our previous studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of XLF on HF induced by a combination of hyperlipidemia and myocardial infarction (MI) in rats and reveal the underlying mechanism. Experimental procedure A rat model of HF induced by hyperlipidemia and MI was established with intragastric administration of XLF and Perindopril. In vitro, CD4+ T cells from mouse spleen and LPS/ATP-stimulated THP-1 macrophages were employed. Results and conclusion XLF was shown to have markedly protective effects on MI-induced HF with hyperlipidemia in rats, including improvement of left ventricular function, reduction of left ventricular fibrosis and infarct size. Moreover, XLF administration significantly increased the number of Foxp3+ Tregs, and inhibited mTOR phosphorylation and NLRP3 signaling pathway. In vitro, we found that XLF had induced Treg activation via the inhibition of mTOR phosphorylation in CD4+ T cells. Additionally, XLF inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS/ATP-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Taken together, this study raises the exciting possibility that Xin-Li Formula may benefit HF patients due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects via Treg activation and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taohua Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
| | - Qiaohuang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
| | - Guangjuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
| | - Keji Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
| | - Weihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, PR China
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13
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Peng F, Han Z, Chen H, Zhang Q, Liu C, Liang X. The Effects of Treatment with Icariin on Immune Tolerance in the Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion Mice. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:2794-2804. [PMID: 36890410 PMCID: PMC10480255 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is the most common pregnancy-related complication, affecting 1-5% of pregnancies. Currently, immune imbalance at the maternal-fetal interface is one of the main causes of recurrent abortion. Icariin (ICA) can exert immunomodulatory effects in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, it has not been reported for use in recurrent abortion. In this study, to clarify the effects and mechanisms of ICA for recurrent abortion, female mice CBA/J were randomly divided into Normal group, RSA group and RSA + ICA group. From 0.5 days of pregnancy to 12.5 days, the RSA + ICA group was subjected to orally ICA (50 mg/Kg) daily, and the Normal group and the RSA group were given with an equal volume of distilled water. The results showed the amount of reabsorbed embryo in the RSA group was significantly higher than that in the normal-pregnancy group. However, ICA treatment showed a rescue effect on spontaneous abortion in RSA mice. ICA was able to increase the ratio of the labyrinth to total placental area in abortion-prone model. Further investigation showed that ICA treatment can expand the regulatory T cell (Treg) population in mice prone to abortion, significantly decrease the populations of Th1 cells, and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Additionally, ICA treatment was able to decrease the expression of mechanical target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the placenta. ICA may increase Treg cell expansion and reducing pro-inflammatory factors expression via the mTOR pathway, then reducing placental inflammation and improving pregnancy outcomes in abortion-prone mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Peng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyu Han
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinxiu Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Xin Liang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Li X, Xiao Z, Li C, Chen Q, Jia L. Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and the risk of infantile eczema during the first year of life: a cohort study in northeast China. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1641. [PMID: 37641073 PMCID: PMC10463679 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies on the relationship between diet during pregnancy and infantile eczema and the conclusions are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of dietary patterns during pregnancy on infantile eczema. METHODS A total of 495 mother-child pairs from a prospective cohort in Shenyang, China was recruited. Information on maternal dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed with a validated self-administered food frequency questionnaire. The data of infantile eczema was assessed using a structured questionnaire. Factor analysis to derive dietary patterns. The relationship between the dietary pattern and infantile eczema was examined by the logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of eczema in 6 months and 12 months in northeast China was 45.7% and 57.8%, respectively. Three dietary patterns were identified. There was a tendency for an expose-response relationship between the maternal high-protein dietary pattern during pregnancy and the risk of infantile eczema within 12 months (P for trend = 0.023): the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) in the Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 were 1.00 (reference), 1.63 (0.96-2.76), 1.81 (1.06-3.06), and 1.87 (1.09-3.20), respectively. No association between Western and plant-based patterns during pregnancy and infantile eczema within 12 months was found. Infantile eczema within 6 months was not associated with any of the three dietary patterns. CONCLUSION The maternal high-protein pattern during pregnancy may be a risk factor for infantile eczema during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhe Xiao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Lihong Jia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
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15
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Sorice M, Profumo E, Capozzi A, Recalchi S, Riitano G, Di Veroli B, Saso L, Buttari B. Oxidative Stress as a Regulatory Checkpoint in the Production of Antiphospholipid Autoantibodies: The Protective Role of NRF2 Pathway. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1221. [PMID: 37627286 PMCID: PMC10452087 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a well-known hallmark of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS), a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by arterial and venous thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity. Oxidative stress may affect various signaling pathways and biological processes, promoting dysfunctional immune responses and inflammation, inducing apoptosis, deregulating autophagy and impairing mitochondrial function. The chronic oxidative stress and the dysregulation of the immune system leads to the loss of tolerance, which drives autoantibody production and inflammation with the development of endothelial dysfunction. In particular, anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL), which target phospholipids and/or phospholipid binding proteins, mainly β-glycoprotein I (β-GPI), play a functional role in the cell signal transduction pathway(s), thus contributing to oxidative stress and thrombotic events. An oxidation-antioxidant imbalance may be detected in the blood of patients with APS as a reflection of disease progression. This review focuses on functional evidence highlighting the role of oxidative stress in the initiation and progression of APS. The protective role of food supplements and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) activators in APS patients will be summarized to point out the potential of these therapeutic approaches to reduce APS-related clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (B.D.V.)
| | - Antonella Capozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Serena Recalchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Gloria Riitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (A.C.); (S.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Benedetta Di Veroli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (B.D.V.)
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (B.D.V.)
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16
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Hady TF, Hwang B, Waworuntu RL, Ratner BD, Bryers JD. Cells resident to precision templated 40-µm pore scaffolds generate small extracellular vesicles that affect CD4 + T cell phenotypes through regulatory TLR4 signaling. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:119-132. [PMID: 37150279 PMCID: PMC10330460 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Precision porous templated scaffolds (PTS) are a hydrogel construct of uniformly sized interconnected spherical pores that induce a pro-healing response (reducing the foreign body reaction, FBR) exclusively when the pores are 30-40µm in diameter. Our previous work demonstrated the necessity of Tregs in the maintenance of PTS pore size specific differences in CD4+ T cell phenotype. Work here characterizes the role of Tregs in the responses to implanted 40µm and 100µm PTS using WT and FoxP3+ cell (Treg) depleted mice. Proteomic analyses indicate that integrin signaling, monocytes/macrophages, cytoskeletal remodeling, inflammatory cues, and vesicule endocytosis may participate in Treg activation and the CD4+ T cell equilibrium modulated by PTS resident cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). The role of MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent TLR4 activation in PTS cell-derived sEV-to-T cell signaling is quantified by treating WT, TLR4ko, and MyD88ko splenic T cells with PTS cell-derived sEVs. STAT3 and mTOR are identified as mechanisms for further study for pore-size dependent PTS cell-derived sEV-to-T cell signaling. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Unique cell populations colonizing only within 40µm pore size PTS generate sEVs that resolve inflammation by modifying CD4+ T cell phenotypes through TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Hady
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - B Hwang
- Center for Lung Biology, Department of Surgery, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - R L Waworuntu
- Center for Lung Biology, Department of Surgery, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - B D Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - J D Bryers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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17
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Peng L, Chen L, Solt LA, Dominical VM, Shen Z. Editorial: Immunometabolism of T cells in skin infection, autoimmunity and cancer biology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237386. [PMID: 37457717 PMCID: PMC10349174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | | | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Tomaszewicz M, Ronowska A, Zieliński M, Jankowska-Kulawy A, Trzonkowski P. T regulatory cells metabolism: The influence on functional properties and treatment potential. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122063. [PMID: 37033990 PMCID: PMC10081158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitute a small but substantial fraction of lymphocytes in the immune system. Tregs control inflammation associated with infections but also when it is improperly directed against its tissues or cells. The ability of Tregs to suppress (inhibit) the immune system is possible due to direct interactions with other cells but also in a paracrine fashion via the secretion of suppressive compounds. Today, attempts are made to use Tregs to treat autoimmune diseases, allergies, and rejection after bone marrow or organ transplantation. There is strong evidence that the metabolic program of Tregs is connected with the phenotype and function of these cells. A modulation towards a particular metabolic stage of Tregs may improve or weaken cells’ stability and function. This may be an essential tool to drive the immune system keeping it activated during infections or suppressed when autoimmunity occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Tomaszewicz
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdanísk, Poland
- Poltreg S.A., Gdanísk, Poland
- *Correspondence: Martyna Tomaszewicz,
| | - Anna Ronowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdanísk, Poland
| | - Maciej Zieliński
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdanísk, Poland
- Poltreg S.A., Gdanísk, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdanísk, Poland
- Poltreg S.A., Gdanísk, Poland
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mTOR inhibitor, gemcitabine and PD-L1 antibody blockade combination therapy suppresses pancreatic cancer progression via metabolic reprogramming and immune microenvironment remodeling in Trp53 flox/+LSL-Kras G12D/+Pdx-1-Cre murine models. Cancer Lett 2023; 554:216020. [PMID: 36442772 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resistance to immunotherapy and chemotherapy hinders the prognosis of pancreatic cancer(PC). We hypothesized that the combination of mTOR inhibitor sirolimus and gemcitabine would change the metabolic landscape of PC and enhance the anti-PD-L1 therapy. METHODS In KPC mice, the following regimens were administered and tumor growth inhibition rates(TGI%) were calculated: sirolimus(S), PD-L1 antibody(P), gemcitabine(G), sirolimus + PD-L1 antibody(SP), sirolimus + gemcitabine(SG), PD-L1 + gemcitabine(PG) and sirolimus + PD-L1 antibody + gemcitabine(SPG). The metabolic changes of tumors were identified by LC-MS and subpopulations of immune cells were measured by flow cytometry. Sirolimus treated macrophages were co-cultured with PC cells in vitro, and the metabolic changes of macrophages and tumor cells as well as tumor cells' viability were detected. RESULTS The monotherapy of S, P and G didn't inhibit tumor growth significantly. The combination of SP, PG and SG didn't improve the TGI% significantly compared with monotherapy. However, the TGI% of SPG combination was higher than other groups. The proportion of CD68+ macrophages increased in the peripheral blood and CD8+ T cells decreased in the tumor tissues after SPG treatment. LC-MS identified 42 differential metabolites caused by sirolimus in SPG group, among which 10 metabolites had potential effects on macrophages. Sirolimus treated M1 and M2 macrophages inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells and decreased tumor cells' glycolysis. The glycolysis of M2 macrophages was increased by sirolimus. CONCLUSIONS mTOR inhibitor can change the immune microenvironment of PC via metabolic reprogramming, thus promoting the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade when combined with gemcitabine.
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Wong CK, Lam TH, Liao SY, Lau YM, Tse HF, So BYF. Immunopathogenesis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Induced Myocarditis: Insights from Experimental Models and Treatment Implications. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010107. [PMID: 36672615 PMCID: PMC9855410 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extraordinary success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer treatment, their use is associated with a high incidence of immune-related adverse events (IRAEs), resulting from therapy-related autoimmunity against various target organs. ICI-induced myocarditis is one of the most severe forms of IRAE, which is associated with risk of hemodynamic compromise and mortality. Despite increasing recognition and prompt treatment by clinicians, there remain significant gaps in knowledge regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of ICI-induced myocarditis. As the newly emerged disease entity is relatively rare, it is challenging for researchers to perform studies involving patients at scale. Alternatively, mouse models have been developed to facilitate research understanding of the pathogenesis of ICI-induced myocarditis and drug discovery. Transgenic mice with immune checkpoint genes knocked out allow induction of myocarditis in a highly reproducible manner. On the other hand, it has not been possible to induce ICI-induced myocarditis in wild type mice by injecting ICIs monotherapy alone. Additional interventions such as combinational ICI, tumor inoculation, cardiac sarcomere immunization, or cardiac irradiation are necessary to mimic the underlying pathophysiology in human cancer patients and to induce ICI-induced myocarditis successfully. This review focuses on the immunopathogenesis of ICI-induced myocarditis, drawing insights from human studies and animal models, and discusses the potential implications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ka Wong
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsun-Ho Lam
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Song-Yan Liao
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yee-Man Lau
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Cardiac and Vascular Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
- Hong Kong-Guangdong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong and Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Stem Cell Translational Biology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benjamin Y. F. So
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2255-3111
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21
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Degechisa ST, Dabi YT. Leptin Deficiency May Influence the Divergence of Cell-Mediated Immunity Between Lepromatous and Tuberculoid Leprosy Patients. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6719-6728. [PMID: 36536644 PMCID: PMC9758981 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s389845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by an intracellular bacillus bacterium called Mycobacterium leprae which lives and multiplies in the hosts' macrophages and Schwann cells. Depending on the degree of the host's cell-mediated immunity (CMI) response to the bacilli, the disease manifests itself in five clinical spectra ranging from polar tuberculoid (TT) to polar lepromatous leprosy (LL). A very high level of T helper 1 (Th1) driven bacilli-specific CMI is seen in the TT form, whereas this response is essentially nonexistent in the LL form. As a result, there is very low or absent bacillary load and localized nodular lesions in TT patients. On the contrary, LL patients presented with high bacillary load and generalized lesions due to low CMI response. The mechanism underlying this divergence of CMI response is not clearly elucidated yet. However, mounting evidence links it to an elevated number of Th1 and Th17 suppressing CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T regulatory cells (Treg cells) which are abundantly found in LL than in TT patients. The predominance of these cells in LL patients is partly attributed to a deficiency of leptin, the cytokine-like peptide hormone, in these patients. Becausea normal level of leptin promotes the proliferation and preferential differentiation of effector T cells (Th1 and Th17) while inhibiting the growth and functional responsiveness of the Treg cells. In contrast, leptin deficiency or neutralization was reported to exert the opposite effect on Treg cells and effector T cells. Other smaller subsets of lymphocytes such as gamma delta (γδ) T cells and B regulatory cells are also modulated by leptin level in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Leptin may therefore regulate the divergence of CMI between TT and LL patients by regulating the homeostasis of effector T cells and Treg cells, and this review will examine the underlying mechanism for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisay Teka Degechisa
- Medical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Yosef Tsegaye Dabi
- Medical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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22
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Zhao X, Wang S, Wang S, Xie J, Cui D. mTOR signaling: A pivotal player in Treg cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Montauti E, Weinberg SE, Chu P, Chaudhuri S, Mani NL, Iyer R, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Xin C, Gregory S, Wei J, Zhang Y, Chen W, Sun Z, Yan M, Fang D. A deubiquitination module essential for T reg fitness in the tumor microenvironment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4116. [PMID: 36427305 PMCID: PMC9699683 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) enhances regulatory T (Treg) cell stability and immunosuppressive functions through up-regulation of lineage transcription factor Foxp3, a phenomenon known as Treg fitness or adaptation. Here, we characterize previously unknown TME-specific cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Treg fitness. We demonstrate that TME-specific stressors including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), hypoxia, and nutrient deprivation selectively induce two Foxp3-specific deubiquitinases, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (Usp22) and Usp21, by regulating TGF-β, HIF, and mTOR signaling, respectively, to maintain Treg fitness. Simultaneous deletion of both USPs in Treg cells largely diminishes TME-induced Foxp3 up-regulation, alters Treg metabolic signatures, impairs Treg-suppressive function, and alleviates Treg suppression on cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we developed the first Usp22-specific small-molecule inhibitor, which dramatically reduced intratumoral Treg Foxp3 expression and consequently enhanced antitumor immunity. Our findings unveil previously unappreciated mechanisms underlying Treg fitness and identify Usp22 as an antitumor therapeutic target that inhibits Treg adaptability in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montauti
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Samuel E. Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shuvam Chaudhuri
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nikita L. Mani
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Radhika Iyer
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yuanzhang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Chen Xin
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Shana Gregory
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Juncheng Wei
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yana Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wantao Chen
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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24
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Mao W. Overcoming current challenges to T-cell receptor therapy via metabolic targeting to increase antitumor efficacy, durability, and tolerability. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1056622. [PMID: 36479131 PMCID: PMC9720167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor potential of personalized immunotherapy, including adoptive T-cell therapy, has been shown in both preclinical and clinical studies. Combining cell therapy with targeted metabolic interventions can further enhance therapeutic outcomes in terms of magnitude and durability. The ability of a T cell receptor to recognize peptides derived from tumor neoantigens allows for a robust yet specific response against cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. However, there exist challenges to adoptive T cell therapy such as a suppressive tumor milieu, the fitness and survival of transferred cells, and tumor escape, all of which can be targeted to further enhance the antitumor potential of T cell receptor-engineered T cell (TCR-T) therapy. Here, we explore current strategies involving metabolic reprogramming of both the tumor microenvironment and the cell product, which can lead to increased T cell proliferation, survival, and anti-tumor cytotoxicity. In addition, we highlight potential metabolic pathways and targets which can be leveraged to improve engraftment of transferred cells and obviate the need for lymphodepletion, while minimizing off-target effects. Metabolic signaling is delicately balanced, and we demonstrate the need for thoughtful and precise interventions that are tailored for the unique characteristics of each tumor. Through improved understanding of the interplay between immunometabolism, tumor resistance, and T cell signaling, we can improve current treatment regimens and open the door to potential synergistic combinations.
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Targeting mTOR as a Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances in Natural Bioactive Compounds and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225520. [PMID: 36428613 PMCID: PMC9688668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved serine/threonine-protein kinase, which regulates many biological processes related to metabolism, cancer, immune function, and aging. It is an essential protein kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) family and has two known signaling complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Even though mTOR signaling plays a critical role in promoting mitochondria-related protein synthesis, suppressing the catabolic process of autophagy, contributing to lipid metabolism, engaging in ribosome formation, and acting as a critical regulator of mRNA translation, it remains one of the significant signaling systems involved in the tumor process, particularly in apoptosis, cell cycle, and cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, the mTOR signaling system could be suggested as a cancer biomarker, and its targeting is important in anti-tumor therapy research. Indeed, its dysregulation is involved in different types of cancers such as colon, neck, cervical, head, lung, breast, reproductive, and bone cancers, as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Moreover, recent investigations showed that targeting mTOR could be considered as cancer therapy. Accordingly, this review presents an overview of recent developments associated with the mTOR signaling pathway and its molecular involvement in various human cancer types. It also summarizes the research progress of different mTOR inhibitors, including natural and synthetised compounds and their main mechanisms, as well as the rational combinations with immunotherapies.
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26
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Krausz M, Uhlmann A, Rump IC, Ihorst G, Goldacker S, Sogkas G, Posadas-Cantera S, Schmidt R, Feißt M, Alsina L, Dybedal I, Recher M, Warnatz K, Grimbacher B. The ABACHAI clinical trial protocol: Safety and efficacy of abatacept (s.c.) in patients with CTLA-4 insufficiency or LRBA deficiency: A non controlled phase 2 clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2022; 30:101008. [PMID: 36262801 PMCID: PMC9573884 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) insufficiency and lipopolysaccharide-responsive and beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) deficiency are both complex immune dysregulation syndromes with an underlying regulatory T cell dysfunction due to the lack of CTLA-4 protein. As anticipated, the clinical phenotypes of CTLA-4 insufficiency and LRBA deficiency are similar. Main manifestations include hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphoproliferation, autoimmune cytopenia, immune-mediated respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, and skin involvement, which can be severe and disabling. The rationale of this clinical trial is to improve clinical outcomes of affected patients by substituting the deficient CTLA-4 by administration of CTLA4-Ig (abatacept) as a causative personalized treatment. Objectives Our objective is to assess the safety and efficacy of abatacept for patients with CTLA-4 insufficiency or LRBA deficiency. The study will also investigate how treatment with abatacept affects the patients’ quality of life. Methods /Design: ABACHAI is a phase IIa prospective, non-randomized, open-label, single arm multi-center trial. Altogether 20 adult patients will be treated with abatacept 125 mg s.c. on a weekly basis for 12 months, including (1) patients already pretreated with abatacept, and (2) patients not pretreated, starting with abatacept therapy at the baseline study visit. For the evaluation of drug safety infection control during the trial, for efficacy, the CHAI-Morbidity Score will be used. Trial registration The trial is registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien, DRKS) with the identity number DRKS00017736, registered: 6 July 2020, https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00017736. Clinical trial for safety and efficacy of abatacept in CTLA-4 or LRBA deficiency. Substitution of CTLA4-deficiency by abatacept, a causative treatment approach. Primary endpoint: no. of episodes of failed infection control under trial treatment. Development of disease severity score.
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27
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Temsirolimus Enhances Anti-Cancer Immunity by Inducing Autophagy-Mediated Degradation of the Secretion of Small Extracellular Vesicle PD-L1. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174081. [PMID: 36077620 PMCID: PMC9454510 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune checkpoint blockade therapies (ICBT) have increasing importance in patient survival and prognosis because it enhances immune cell activation by inhibiting the binding of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) of tumor and programmed death-1 (PD-1) of T cells. However, tumor-derived small extracellular vesicle (sEV) PD-L1 trigger low reactivity in immunotherapy because it promotes tumor growth and metastasis and inhibits activation of immune cell. In this study, temsirolimus (TEM) which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved as a targeted anti-cancer drug, inhibited tumor-derived sEV PD-L1 secretion by activating autophagy. In addition, TEM induced systemic anti-cancer immunity by increasing the number and activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Therefore, TEM showed that the anti-cancer effect was better in the breast cancer-bearing-immunocompetent mice than in the nude mice. In summary, we suggest that TEM can overcome sEV PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression in patients with cancer through activation of the immune system in the body by inhibiting tumor-derived sEV PD-L1. Abstract Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicle (sEV) programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) contributes to the low reactivity of cells to immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT), because sEV PD-L1 binds to programmed death 1 (PD-1) in immune cells. However, there are no commercially available anti-cancer drugs that activate immune cells by inhibiting tumor-derived sEV PD-L1 secretion and cellular PD-L1. Here, we aimed to investigate if temsirolimus (TEM) inhibits both sEV PD-L1 and cellular PD-L1 levels in MDA-MB-231 cells. In cancer cell autophagy activated by TEM, multivesicular bodies (MVBs) associated with the secretion of sEV are degraded through colocalization with autophagosomes or lysosomes. TEM promotes CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-cancer immunity in co-cultures of CD8+ T cells and tumor cells. Furthermore, the combination therapy of TEM and anti-PD-L1 antibodies enhanced anti-cancer immunity by increasing both the number and activity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the tumor and draining lymph nodes (DLNs) of breast cancer-bearing immunocompetent mice. In contrast, the anti-cancer effect of the combination therapy with TEM and anti-PD-L1 antibodies was reversed by the injection of exogenous sEV PD-L1. These findings suggest that TEM, previously known as a targeted anti-cancer drug, can overcome the low reactivity of ICBT by inhibiting sEV PD-L1 and cellular PD-L1 levels.
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28
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Akbari M, Eshghyar F, Gholipour M, Eslami S, Hussen BM, Taheri M, Omrani MD, Ghafouri-Fard S. Expression analysis of mTOR-associated lncRNAs in multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2061-2066. [PMID: 35622264 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
mTOR has been shown to be involved in the regulation of immune responses and differentiation of immune cells. This protein is a candidate molecule for unraveling the molecular mechanisms of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We designed the current study to assess expression of MTOR, and four associated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), namely SNHG1, SNHG3, SHNG5 and DANCR in the peripheral blood of patients with MS compared with healthy controls. Analysis of real-time PCR results has shown down-regulation of SNHG5 and DANCR in MS patients compared with controls. Sex of study participants had no significant effect on expression of either genes and the interaction of sex and disease on expression levels of all studied genes were insignificant. There was a significant negative correlation between expression levels of MTOR gene and disease duration. No other significant correlations were detected between genes expressions and clinical/demographic data. SNHG5 and DANCR transcript levels had AUC values of 0.88 and 0.68 in separation of patients with MS from healthy controls, respectively. Taken together, our study suggests participation of two mTOR-related lncRNAs, i.e. SNHG5 and DANCR in the pathophysiology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadarian Akbari
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Eshghyar
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solat Eslami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
- Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Eskandari SK, Allos H, Al Dulaijan BS, Melhem G, Sulkaj I, Alhaddad JB, Saad AJ, Deban C, Chu P, Choi JY, Kollar B, Pomahac B, Riella LV, Berger SP, Sanders JSF, Lieberman J, Li L, Azzi JR. mTORC1 Inhibition Protects Human Regulatory T Cells From Granzyme-B-Induced Apoptosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899975. [PMID: 35757726 PMCID: PMC9229986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have shown great promise as a means of cellular therapy in a multitude of allo- and auto-immune diseases—due in part to their immunosuppressive potency. Nevertheless, the clinical efficacy of human Tregs in patients has been limited by their poor in vivo homeostasis. To avert apoptosis, Tregs require stable antigenic (CD3ζ/T-cell-receptor-mediated), co-stimulatory (CD28-driven), and cytokine (IL-2-dependent) signaling. Notably, this sequence of signals supports an activated Treg phenotype that includes a high expression of granzymes, particularly granzyme B (GrB). Previously, we have shown that aside from the functional effects of GrB in lysing target cells to modulate allo-immunity, GrB can leak out of the intracellular lysosomal granules of host Tregs, initiating pro-apoptotic pathways. Here, we assessed the role of inhibiting mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a recently favored drug target in the transplant field, in regulating human Treg apoptosis via GrB. Using ex vivo models of human Treg culture and a humanized mouse model of human skin allotransplantation, we found that by inhibiting mTORC1 using rapamycin, intracytoplasmic expression and functionality of GrB diminished in host Tregs; lowering human Treg apoptosis by in part decreasing the phosphorylation of S6K and c-Jun. These findings support the already clinically validated effects of mTORC1 inhibition in patients, most notably their stabilization of Treg bioactivity and in vivo homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siawosh K Eskandari
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hazim Allos
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basmah S Al Dulaijan
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gandolina Melhem
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ina Sulkaj
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Juliano B Alhaddad
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anis J Saad
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christa Deban
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Philip Chu
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John Y Choi
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Branislav Kollar
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Center of Transplantation Sciences, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Stefan P Berger
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan S F Sanders
- Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Li Li
- Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jamil R Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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30
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Halima A, Vuong W, Chan TA. Next-generation sequencing: unraveling genetic mechanisms that shape cancer immunotherapy efficacy. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:154945. [PMID: 35703181 PMCID: PMC9197511 DOI: 10.1172/jci154945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity is governed by fundamental genetic processes. These processes shape the nature of immune cells and set the rules that dictate the myriad complex cellular interactions that power immune systems. Everything from the generation of T cell receptors and antibodies, control of epitope presentation, and recognition of pathogens by the immunoediting of cancer cells is, in large part, made possible by core genetic mechanisms and the cellular machinery that they encode. In the last decade, next-generation sequencing has been used to dissect the complexities of cancer immunity with potent effect. Sequencing of exomes and genomes has begun to reveal how the immune system recognizes “foreign” entities and distinguishes self from non-self, especially in the setting of cancer. High-throughput analyses of transcriptomes have revealed deep insights into how the tumor microenvironment affects immunotherapy efficacy. In this Review, we discuss how high-throughput sequencing has added to our understanding of how immune systems interact with cancer cells and how cancer immunotherapies work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Halima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, and
| | - Winston Vuong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, and
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, and.,Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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31
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Yang K. Regulation of Treg Cell Metabolism and Function in Non-Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909705. [PMID: 35720275 PMCID: PMC9200993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulator T cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles in maintaining immune tolerance and regulating immune responses against pathogens and tumors. Reprogramming of cellular metabolism has been determined as a crucial process that connects microenvironmental cues and signaling networks to influence homeostasis and function of tissue Tregs. In adaptation to a variety of non-lymphoid tissues, Tregs coordinate local immune signals and signaling networks to rewire cellular metabolic programs to sustain their suppressive function. Altered Treg metabolism in turn shapes Treg activation and function. In light of the advanced understanding of immunometabolism, manipulation of systemic metabolites has been emerging as an attractive strategy aiming to modulate metabolism and function of tissue Tregs and improve the treatment of immune-related diseases. In this review, we summarize key immune signals and metabolic programs involved in the regulation of tissue Tregs, review the mechanisms underlying the differentiation and function of Tregs in various non-lymphoid tissues, and discuss therapeutic intervention of metabolic modulators of tissue Tregs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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32
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Jiang Q, Huang X, Yu W, Huang R, Zhao X, Chen C. mTOR Signaling in the Regulation of CD4+ T Cell Subsets in Periodontal Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827461. [PMID: 35222410 PMCID: PMC8866697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease results from the inflammatory infiltration by the microbial community which is marked through tooth mobility and alveolar bone resorption. The inflammation in periodontal disease is mediated by CD4+ T cells through cytokine secretion and osteoclastogenetic activity. Historically, the inflammatory model in periodontal disease is described through disruption of the balance between two subsets of T helper cells which are T-helper type 1 (Th1) and T-helper type 2 (Th2). However, more and more studies have found that apart from subsets of helper T cells, regulatory T-cells and Th17 cells are also involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Growing evidence proves that helper T cells differentiation, activation, and subset determination are under the strong impact of mTOR signaling. mTOR signaling could promote Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and inhibit Treg commitment through different mTOR complexes, therefore we anticipate a regulation effect of mTOR signaling on periodontal diseases by regulating CD4+ T cell subsets. This review aims to integrate the topical researches about the role of different types of Th cells in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, as well as the regulation of mTOR signaling in the specification and selection of Th cell commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ranran Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chider Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center of Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Zhang H, He F, Zhou L, Shi M, Li F, Jia H. Activation of TLR4 induces inflammatory muscle injury via mTOR and NF-κB pathways in experimental autoimmune myositis mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 603:29-34. [PMID: 35276460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) is an autoimmune disease that invades skeletal muscle; however, the etiology of IIM is still poorly understood. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 has been widely reported to take part in the autoimmune inflammation of IIMs. The mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, is a key central substance which mediates immune responses and metabolic changes, and also has been confirmed to be involved in the pathogenesis of IIMs. However, the interconnectedness between TLR4 and mTOR in IIM inflammation has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that TLR4 may play an important role in IIM inflammatory muscle injury by regulating mTOR. Mice were divided into four groups: a normal control group, IIM animal model (experimental autoimmune myositis, EAM) group, TAK242 intervention group and rapamycin (RAPA) intervention group. The results of EAM mice showed that TLR4, mTOR, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inflammatory factors interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) mRNA levels were significantly upregulated. These factors were positively correlated with the degree of muscle inflammatory injury. When EAM mice were given the antagonist TAK242 to inhibit the TLR4 pathway, the results demonstrated that both mTOR and NF-κB were downregulated in the muscle of the mice. Muscle staining showed that the inflammatory injury was alleviated and the EAM mouse muscle strength was improved. Then, RAPA was used to inhibit the mTOR pathway, and the inflammatory factors IL-17A and IFN-γ were downregulated in EAM mouse muscle and serum. Consistently, muscle inflammatory injury was significantly reduced, and muscle strength was significantly improved. Our results suggest that TLR4 may regulate inflammatory muscle injury in EAM by activating the mTOR and NF-κB pathways, which provides both an experimental complement for the pathological mechanism of IIM and an encouraging target for the selection of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Zhang
- Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangyuan He
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Linfu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fangming Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hongge Jia
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.
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Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Podgajna M, Grywalska E. The Importance of the Transcription Factor Foxp3 in the Development of Primary Immunodeficiencies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11040947. [PMID: 35207219 PMCID: PMC8874698 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11040947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are an extremely important group of proteins that are responsible for the process of selective activation or deactivation of other cellular proteins, usually at the last stage of signal transmission in the cell. An important family of transcription factors that regulate the body’s response is the FOX family which plays an important role in regulating the expression of genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. The members of this family include the intracellular protein Foxp3, which regulates the process of differentiation of the T lymphocyte subpopulation, and more precisely, is responsible for the development of regulatory T lymphocytes. This protein influences several cellular processes both directly and indirectly. In the process of cytokine production regulation, the Foxp3 protein interacts with numerous proteins and transcription factors such as NFAT, nuclear factor kappa B, and Runx1/AML1 and is involved in the process of histone acetylation in condensed chromatin. Malfunctioning of transcription factor Foxp3 caused by the mutagenesis process affects the development of disorders of the immune response and autoimmune diseases. This applies to the impairment or inability of the immune system to fight infections due to a disruption of the mechanisms supporting immune homeostasis which in turn leads to the development of a special group of disorders called primary immunodeficiencies (PID). The aim of this review is to provide information on the role of the Foxp3 protein in the human body and its involvement in the development of two types of primary immunodeficiency diseases: IPEX (Immunodysregulation Polyendocrinopathy Enteropathy X-linked syndrome) and CVID (Common Variable Immunodeficiency).
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35
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Nakajima T, Kanno T, Yokoyama S, Sasamoto S, Asou HK, Tumes DJ, Ohara O, Nakayama T, Endo Y. ACC1-expressing pathogenic T helper 2 cell populations facilitate lung and skin inflammation in mice. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210639. [PMID: 34813654 PMCID: PMC8614157 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells possess distinguishing effector functions and drive inflammatory disorders. We have previously identified IL-5-producing Th2 cells as the pathogenic population predominantly involved in the pathology of allergic inflammation. However, the cell-intrinsic signaling pathways that control the pathogenic Th2 cell function are still unclear. We herein report the high expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) in the pathogenic CD4+ T cell population in the lung and skin. The genetic deletion of CD4+ T cell-intrinsic ACC1 dampened eosinophilic and basophilic inflammation in the lung and skin by constraining IL-5 or IL-3 production. Mechanistically, ACC1-dependent fatty acid biosynthesis induces the pathogenic cytokine production of CD4+ T cells via metabolic reprogramming and the availability of acetyl-CoA for epigenetic regulation. We thus identified a distinct phenotype of the pathogenic T cell population in the lung and skin, and ACC1 was shown to be an essential regulator controlling the pathogenic function of these populations to promote type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakajima
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshio Kanno
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigemi Sasamoto
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hikari K. Asou
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Damon J. Tumes
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Omics Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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36
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Kamyshnyi O, Matskevych V, Lenchuk T, Strilbytska O, Storey K, Lushchak O. Metformin to decrease COVID-19 severity and mortality: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112230. [PMID: 34628168 PMCID: PMC8492612 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has become a serious challenge for medicine and science. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms associated with the clinical manifestations and severity of COVID-19 has identified several key points of immune dysregulation observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection. For diabetic patients, factors including higher binding affinity and virus penetration, decreased virus clearance and decreased T cell function, increased susceptibility to hyperinflammation, and cytokine storm may make these patients susceptible to a more severe course of COVID-19 disease. Metabolic changes induced by diabetes, especially hyperglycemia, can directly affect the immunometabolism of lymphocytes in part by affecting the activity of the mTOR protein kinase signaling pathway. High mTOR activity can enhance the progression of diabetes due to the activation of effector proinflammatory subpopulations of lymphocytes and, conversely, low activity promotes the differentiation of T-regulatory cells. Interestingly, metformin, an extensively used antidiabetic drug, inhibits mTOR by affecting the activity of AMPK. Therefore, activation of AMPK and/or inhibition of the mTOR-mediated signaling pathway may be an important new target for drug therapy in COVID-19 cases mostly by reducing the level of pro-inflammatory signaling and cytokine storm. These suggestions have been partially confirmed by several retrospective analyzes of patients with diabetes mellitus hospitalized for severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olexandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Victoriya Matskevych
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Medicine, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Lenchuk
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Medicine, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Olha Strilbytska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Kenneth Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Research and Development University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
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Matsubara Y, Gonzalez L, Kiwan G, Liu J, Langford J, Gao M, Gao X, Taniguchi R, Yatsula B, Furuyama T, Matsumoto T, Komori K, Mori M, Dardik A. PD-L1 (Programmed Death Ligand 1) Regulates T-Cell Differentiation to Control Adaptive Venous Remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2909-2922. [PMID: 34670406 PMCID: PMC8664128 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with end-stage renal disease depend on hemodialysis for survival. Although arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis, the primary success rate of AVF is only 30% to 50% within 6 months, showing an urgent need for improvement. PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) is a ligand that regulates T-cell activity. Since T cells have an important role during AVF maturation, we hypothesized that PD-L1 regulates T cells to control venous remodeling that occurs during AVF maturation. Approach and results: In the mouse aortocaval fistula model, anti-PD-L1 antibody (200 mg, 3×/wk intraperitoneal) was given to inhibit PD-L1 activity during AVF maturation. Inhibition of PD-L1 increased T-helper type 1 cells and T-helper type 2 cells but reduced regulatory T cells to increase M1-type macrophages and reduce M2-type macrophages; these changes were associated with reduced vascular wall thickening and reduced AVF patency. Inhibition of PD-L1 also inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation and increased endothelial dysfunction. The effects of anti-PD-L1 antibody on adaptive venous remodeling were diminished in nude mice; however, they were restored after T-cell transfer into nude mice, indicating the effects of anti-PD-L1 antibody on venous remodeling were dependent on T cells. CONCLUSIONS Regulation of PD-L1 activity may be a potential therapeutic target for clinical translation to improve AVF maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsubara
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Luis Gonzalez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gathe Kiwan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jia Liu
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - John Langford
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mingjie Gao
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xixiang Gao
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ryosuke Taniguchi
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bogdan Yatsula
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tadashi Furuyama
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Kyushu Central Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Komori
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Alan Dardik
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, CT
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38
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Volta V, Pérez-Baos S, de la Parra C, Katsara O, Ernlund A, Dornbaum S, Schneider RJ. A DAP5/eIF3d alternate mRNA translation mechanism promotes differentiation and immune suppression by human regulatory T cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6979. [PMID: 34848685 PMCID: PMC8632918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) inhibit effector T cells and maintain immune system homeostasis. Treg cell maturation in peripheral sites requires inhibition of protein kinase mTORC1 and TGF-beta-1 (TGF-beta). While Treg cell maturation requires protein synthesis, mTORC1 inhibition downregulates it, leaving unanswered how Treg cells achieve essential mRNA translation for development and immune suppression activity. Using human CD4+ T cells differentiated in culture and genome-wide transcription and translation profiling, here we report that TGF-beta transcriptionally reprograms naive T cells to express Treg cell differentiation and immune suppression mRNAs, while mTORC1 inhibition impairs translation of T cell mRNAs but not those induced by TGF-beta. Rather than canonical mTORC1/eIF4E/eIF4G translation, Treg cell mRNAs utilize the eIF4G homolog DAP5 and initiation factor eIF3d in a non-canonical translation mechanism that requires cap-dependent binding by eIF3d directed by Treg cell mRNA 5' noncoding regions. Silencing DAP5 in isolated human naive CD4+ T cells impairs their differentiation into Treg cells. Treg cell differentiation is mediated by mTORC1 downregulation and TGF-beta transcriptional reprogramming that establishes a DAP5/eIF3d-selective mechanism of mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Volta
- Synthis LLC, 430 East 29th Street, Launch Labs, Alexandria Center for Life Sciences, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sandra Pérez-Baos
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Columba de la Parra
- Department of Chemistry, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York, The Graduate Center, Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Olga Katsara
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Amanda Ernlund
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, 11000 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - Sophie Dornbaum
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Robert J Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Colton Center for Autoimmunity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Feng P, Yang Q, Luo L, Sun Y, Lv W, Wan S, Guan Z, Xiao Z, Liu F, Li Z, Dong Z, Yang M. The kinase PDK1 regulates regulatory T cell survival via controlling redox homeostasis. Theranostics 2021; 11:9503-9518. [PMID: 34646383 PMCID: PMC8490516 DOI: 10.7150/thno.63992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) play an important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance by suppressing over-activation of effector T cells. The kinase PDK1 plays a pivotal role in conventional T cell development. However, whether PDK1 signaling affects the homeostasis and function of Treg cells remains elusive. Methods: In order to evaluate the role of PDK1 in Treg cells from a genetic perspective, mice carrying the floxed PDK1 allele were crossbred with Foxp3Cre mice to efficiently deleted PDK1 in Foxp3+ Treg cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect the immune cell homeostasis of WT and PDK1fl/flFoxp3Cre mice. RNA-seq was used to assess the differences in transcriptional expression profile of WT and PDK1-deficient Treg cells. The metabolic profiles of WT and PDK1-deficient Treg cells were tested using the Glycolysis Stress Test and Mito Stress Test Kits by the Seahorse XFe96 Analyser. Results: PDK1 was essential for the establishment and maintenance of Treg cell homeostasis and function. Disruption of PDK1 in Treg cells led to a spontaneous fatal systemic autoimmune disorder and multi-tissue inflammatory damage, accompanied by a reduction in the number and function of Treg cells. The deletion of PDK1 in Treg cells destroyed the iron ion balance through regulating MEK-ERK signaling and CD71 expression, resulting in excessive production of intracellular ROS, which did not depend on the down-regulation of mTORC1 signaling. Inhibition of excessive ROS, activated MEK-Erk signaling or overload Fe2+ could partially rescue the survival of PDK1-deficient Treg cells. Conclusion: Our results defined a key finding on the mechanism by which PDK1 regulates Treg cell survival via controlling redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Feng
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Quanli Yang
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Yadong Sun
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Wenkai Lv
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Shuo Wan
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zerong Guan
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiao
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zehua Li
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meixiang Yang
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
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Tan CL, Kuchroo JR, Sage PT, Liang D, Francisco LM, Buck J, Thaker YR, Zhang Q, McArdel SL, Juneja VR, Lee SJ, Lovitch SB, Lian C, Murphy GF, Blazar BR, Vignali DAA, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. PD-1 restraint of regulatory T cell suppressive activity is critical for immune tolerance. J Exp Med 2021; 218:191205. [PMID: 33045061 PMCID: PMC7543091 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory signals through the PD-1 pathway regulate T cell activation, T cell tolerance, and T cell exhaustion. Studies of PD-1 function have focused primarily on effector T cells. Far less is known about PD-1 function in regulatory T (T reg) cells. To study the role of PD-1 in T reg cells, we generated mice that selectively lack PD-1 in T reg cells. PD-1–deficient T reg cells exhibit an activated phenotype and enhanced immunosuppressive function. The in vivo significance of the potent suppressive capacity of PD-1–deficient T reg cells is illustrated by ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and protection from diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice lacking PD-1 selectively in T reg cells. We identified reduced signaling through the PI3K–AKT pathway as a mechanism underlying the enhanced suppressive capacity of PD-1–deficient T reg cells. Our findings demonstrate that cell-intrinsic PD-1 restraint of T reg cells is a significant mechanism by which PD-1 inhibitory signals regulate T cell tolerance and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Tan
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Juhi R Kuchroo
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Peter T Sage
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Loise M Francisco
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica Buck
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Youg Raj Thaker
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - Qianxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shannon L McArdel
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Vikram R Juneja
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Sun Jung Lee
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Scott B Lovitch
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christine Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Twin Cities, MN
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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41
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Fan P, Liu Z, Zheng M, Chen M, Xu Y, Zhao D. Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 1 breaks immune tolerance in mice by downregulating Tregs through TSLP-OX40/OX40L-mTOR axis. Mol Immunol 2021; 138:20-30. [PMID: 34332182 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in early life is associated strongly with the subsequent development and exacerbation of asthma, however, the mechanism is still ambiguous. In this study, we identified that RSV nonstructural protein (NS) 1 plays a critical role. Plasmid-mediated overexpression of NS1 induced significant airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia, and mucus hyperproduction in mice. In the pNS1 group, there were markedly elevated proportions of Th2 and Th17 cells, while Th1 and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) significantly declined compared with the control group. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor-beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased but levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 declined in pNS1 group. Besides, NS1 caused a significant rise of serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and OX40L levels, and a neutralizing mAb anti-OX40L was capable of promoting RSV clearance and attenuating the airway allergic inflammation caused by pNS1. Otherwise, OX40L-blocking counteracts the inhibitory effect of pNS1 on Tregs in the spleen. RSV NS1 caused elevated levels of phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, and phospho-S6K1, which were partially attenuated by anti-OX40L. Moreover, a specific inhibitor of mTORC1 significantly relieved the inhibition of Foxp3 expression and Tregs differentiation. Together, the data indicate that RSV NS1 protein breaks immune tolerance and induces airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice. In this process, NS1-stimulated TSLP and OX40L play a major role by inhibiting the induction of Tregs, which is at least partially mediated by modulating AKT-mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Mei Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yueshi Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dongchi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Jones M, Nankervis B, Roballo KS, Pham H, Bushman J, Coeshott C. A Comparison of Automated Perfusion- and Manual Diffusion-Based Human Regulatory T Cell Expansion and Functionality Using a Soluble Activator Complex. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720923578. [PMID: 32662685 PMCID: PMC7586259 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720923578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence or reduced frequency of human regulatory T cells (Tregs) can limit the control of inflammatory responses, autoimmunity, and the success of transplant engraftment. Clinical studies indicate that use of Tregs as immunotherapeutics would require billions of cells per dose. The Quantum® Cell Expansion System (Quantum system) is a hollow-fiber bioreactor that has previously been used to grow billions of functional T cells in a short timeframe, 8–9 d. Here we evaluated expansion of selected Tregs in the Quantum system using a soluble activator to compare the effects of automated perfusion with manual diffusion-based culture in flasks. Treg CD4+CD25+ cells from three healthy donors, isolated via column-free immunomagnetic negative/positive selection, were grown under static conditions and subsequently seeded into Quantum system bioreactors and into T225 control flasks in an identical culture volume of PRIME-XV XSFM medium with interleukin-2, for a 9-d expansion using a soluble anti-CD3/CD28/CD2 monoclonal antibody activator complex. Treg harvests from three parallel expansions produced a mean of 3.95 × 108 (range 1.92 × 108 to 5.58 × 108) Tregs in flasks (mean viability 71.3%) versus 7.00 × 109 (range 3.57 × 109 to 13.00 × 109) Tregs in the Quantum system (mean viability 91.8%), demonstrating a mean 17.7-fold increase in Treg yield for the Quantum system over that obtained in flasks. The two culture processes gave rise to cells with a memory Treg CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD45RO+ phenotype of 93.7% for flasks versus 97.7% for the Quantum system. Tregs from the Quantum system demonstrated an 8-fold greater interleukin-10 stimulation index than cells from flask culture following restimulation. Quantum system–expanded Tregs proliferated, maintained their antigenic phenotype, and suppressed effector immune cells after cryopreservation. We conclude that an automated perfusion bioreactor can support the scale-up expansion of functional Tregs more efficiently than diffusion-based flask culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huong Pham
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Jared Bushman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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43
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Mechanisms Driving Immune-Related Adverse Events in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:98. [PMID: 34196833 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the field of cancer treatment. With the continuing rise in the number of cancer patients eligible for ICIs, a corresponding rise in immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is occurring. IrAEs are inflammatory reactions against normal, healthy tissue that occur due to ICI-induced activation of the immune system. Although the exact immune pathogenesis driving irAE development remains unknown, we review the main proposed mechanisms, highlighting how they may inform irAE prediction and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS IrAEs are common and diverse, varying in incidence, timing, and severity. The possible mechanisms driving irAEs include (1) activation of cytotoxic T cells; (2) activation of B cells and increased autoantibody production; (3) direct molecular mimicry and off-target toxicity; (4) activation of intracellular signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine production; and (5) environmental modifiers of immune system activation, including composition of the host gut microbiome. These mechanisms may help identify predictive biomarkers and targeted treatment strategies. IrAEs are driven by multiple components of the immune system. More research is needed to understand their immunopathogenesis so that clinicians across all specialties may more effectively monitor and manage these increasingly common conditions.
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44
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Cholesterol metabolism: a new molecular switch to control inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1389-1408. [PMID: 34086048 PMCID: PMC8187928 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system protects the body against harm by inducing inflammation. During the immune response, cells of the immune system get activated, divided and differentiated in order to eliminate the danger signal. This process relies on the metabolic reprogramming of both catabolic and anabolic pathways not only to produce energy in the form of ATP but also to generate metabolites that exert key functions in controlling the response. Equally important to mounting an appropriate effector response is the process of immune resolution, as uncontrolled inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including allergy, chronic inflammation and cancer. In this review, we aim to introduce the reader to the field of cholesterol immunometabolism and discuss how both metabolites arising from the pathway and cholesterol homeostasis are able to impact innate and adaptive immune cells, staging cholesterol homeostasis at the centre of an adequate immune response. We also review evidence that demonstrates the clear impact that cholesterol metabolism has in both the induction and the resolution of the inflammatory response. Finally, we propose that emerging data in this field not only increase our understanding of immunometabolism but also provide new tools for monitoring and intervening in human diseases, where controlling and/or modifying inflammation is desirable.
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45
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Shahbaz S, Jovel J, Elahi S. Differential transcriptional and functional properties of regulatory T cells in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy and long-term non-progressors. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1289. [PMID: 34094548 PMCID: PMC8155695 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are widely recognised as a subset of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells that have a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis. The impact of HIV‐1 infection on immunological properties and effector functions of Tregs has remained the topic of debate and controversy. In the present study, we investigated transcriptional profile and functional properties of Tregs in HIV‐1‐infected individuals either receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART, n = 50) or long‐term non‐progressors (LTNPs, n = 24) compared to healthy controls (HCs, n = 38). Methods RNA sequencing (RNAseq), flow cytometry‐based immunophenotyping and functional assays were performed to study Tregs in different HIV cohorts. Results Our RNAseq analysis revealed that Tregs exhibit different transcriptional profiles in HIV‐infected individuals. While Tregs from patients on ART upregulate pathways associated with a more suppressive (activated) phenotype, Tregs in LTNPs exhibit upregulation of pathways associated with impaired suppressive properties. These observations may explain a higher propensity for autoimmune diseases in LTNPs. Also, we found substantial upregulation of HLA‐F mRNA and HLA‐F protein in Tregs from HIV‐infected subjects compared to healthy individuals. These observations highlight a potential role for this non‐classical HLA in Tregs in the context of HIV infection, which should be investigated further in other chronic viral infections and cancer. Conclusion Our study has provided a novel insight into Tregs at the transcriptional and functional levels in different HIV‐infected groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shahbaz
- School of Dentistry Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Juan Jovel
- School of Dentistry Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada.,Department of Oncology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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46
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Dong Y, Wan Z, Gao X, Yang G, Liu L. Reprogramming Immune Cells for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy: Targets and Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:609762. [PMID: 33968014 PMCID: PMC8097044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.609762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and a major public health problem all over the world. Immunotherapy is becoming a revolutionary clinical management for various cancer types. Restoration of aberrant immune surveillance on cancers has achieved markable progress in the past years by either in vivo or ex vivo engineering of the immune cells. Here, we summarized the central roles of immune cells in tumor progression and regression, and the existing and emerging strategies for different immune cell-based immunotherapies. In addition, the current challenges and the potential solutions in translating the immunotherapies into the clinic are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuo Wan
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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47
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el Hage A, Dormond O. Combining mTOR Inhibitors and T Cell-Based Immunotherapies in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1359. [PMID: 33802831 PMCID: PMC8002586 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR regulates several processes that control tumor development, including cancer cell growth, angiogenesis and the immune response to tumor. Accordingly, mTOR inhibitors have been thoroughly explored in cancer therapy but have failed to provide long-lasting anticancer benefits. Several resistance mechanisms that counteract the antitumor effect of mTOR inhibitors have been identified and have highlighted the need to use mTOR inhibitors in combination therapies. In this context, emerging evidence has demonstrated that mTOR inhibitors, despite their immunosuppressive properties, provide anticancer benefits to immunotherapies. In fact, mTOR inhibitors also display immunostimulatory effects, in particular by promoting memory CD8+ T cell generation. Hence, mTOR inhibitors represent a therapeutic opportunity to promote antitumor CD8 responses and to boost the efficacy of different modalities of cancer immunotherapy. In this context, strategies to reduce the immunosuppressive activity of mTOR inhibitors and therefore to shift the immune response toward antitumor immunity will be useful. In this review, we present the different classes of mTOR inhibitors and discuss their effect on immune cells by focusing mainly on CD8+ T cells. We further provide an overview of the different preclinical studies that investigated the anticancer effects of mTOR inhibitors combined to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Dormond
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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48
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Pillai VB, Gupta MP. Is nuclear sirtuin SIRT6 a master regulator of immune function? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E399-E414. [PMID: 33308014 PMCID: PMC7988780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00483.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to ward off pathogens with minimal damage to the host determines the immune system's robustness. Multiple factors, including pathogen processing, identification, secretion of mediator and effector molecules, and immune cell proliferation and differentiation into various subsets, constitute the success of mounting an effective immune response. Cellular metabolism controls all of these intricate processes. Cells utilize diverse fuel sources and switch back and forth between different metabolic pathways depending on their energy needs. The three most critical metabolic pathways on which immune cells depend to meet their energy needs are oxidative metabolism, glycolysis, and glutaminolysis. Dynamic switching between these metabolic pathways is needed for optimal function of the immune cells. Moreover, switching between these metabolic pathways needs to be tightly regulated to achieve the best results. Immune cells depend on the Warburg effect for their growth, proliferation, secretory, and effector functions. Here, we hypothesize that the sirtuin, SIRT6, could be a negative regulator of the Warburg effect. We also postulate that SIRT6 could act as a master regulator of immune cell metabolism and function by regulating critical signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodkumar B Pillai
- Department of Surgery (Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery), Pritzker School of Medicine, Basic Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mahesh P Gupta
- Department of Surgery (Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery), Pritzker School of Medicine, Basic Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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49
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Liu Q, Wang X, Liu X, Liao YP, Chang CH, Mei KC, Jiang J, Tseng S, Gochman G, Huang M, Thatcher Z, Li J, Allen SD, Lucido L, Xia T, Nel AE. Antigen- and Epitope-Delivering Nanoparticles Targeting Liver Induce Comparable Immunotolerance in Allergic Airway Disease and Anaphylaxis as Nanoparticle-Delivering Pharmaceuticals. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1608-1626. [PMID: 33351586 PMCID: PMC7943028 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The targeting of natural tolerogenic liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) by nanoparticles (NPs), decorated with a stabilin receptor ligand, is capable of generating regulatory T-cells (Tregs), which can suppress antigen-specific immune responses, including to ovalbumin (OVA), a possible food allergen. In this regard, we have previously demonstrated that OVA-encapsulating poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles eliminate allergic airway inflammation in OVA-sensitized mice, prophylactically and therapeutically. A competing approach is a nanocarrier platform that incorporates pharmaceutical agents interfering in mTOR (rapamycin) or NF-κB (curcumin) pathways, with the ability to induce a tolerogenic state in nontargeted antigen-presenting cells system-wide. First, we compared OVA-encapsulating, LSEC-targeting tolerogenic nanoparticles (TNPs) with nontargeted NPs incorporating curcumin and rapamycin (Rapa) in a murine eosinophilic airway inflammation model, which is Treg-sensitive. This demonstrated roughly similar tolerogenic effects on allergic airway inflammation by stabilin-targeting NPOVAversus nontargeted NPs delivering OVA plus Rapa. Reduction in eosinophilic inflammation and TH2-mediated immune responses in the lung was accompanied by increased Foxp3+ Treg recruitment and TGF-β production in both platforms. As OVA incorporates IgE-binding as well as non-IgE-binding epitopes, the next experiment explored the possibility of obtaining immune tolerance by non-anaphylactic T-cell epitopes. This was accomplished by incorporating OVA323-339 and OVA257-264 epitopes in liver-targeting NPs to assess the prophylactic and therapeutic impact on allergic inflammation in transgenic OT-II mice. Importantly, we demonstrated that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II binding (former) but not the MHC-I binding (latter) epitope interfered in allergic airway inflammation, improving TNPOVA efficacy. The epitope-specific effect was transduced by TGF-β-producing Tregs. In the final phase of experimentation, we used an OVA-induced anaphylaxis model to demonstrate that targeted delivery of OVA and its MHC-II epitope could significantly suppress the anaphylaxis symptom score, mast cell release, and the late-phase inflammatory response. In summary, these results demonstrate comparable efficacy of LSEC-targeting versus pharmaceutical PLGA nanoparticles, as well as the ability of T-cell epitopes to achieve response outcomes similar to those of the intact allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kuo-Ching Mei
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shannon Tseng
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Grant Gochman
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marissa Huang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zoe Thatcher
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiulong Li
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sean D. Allen
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Luke Lucido
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author ;
| | - Andre E. Nel
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author ;
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50
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Correale J. Immunosuppressive Amino-Acid Catabolizing Enzymes in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:600428. [PMID: 33552055 PMCID: PMC7855700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system. Although the pathogenesis of MS is not yet fully elucidated, several evidences suggest that autoimmune processes mediated by Th1, Th17, and B cells play an important role in the development of the disease. Similar to other cells, immune cells need continuous access to amino acids (AA) in order to maintain basal metabolism and maintain vitality. When immune cells are activated by inflammation or antigenic signals, their demand for AA increases rapidly. Although AA deprivation itself may weaken the immune response under certain conditions, cells also have AA sensitive pathways that can activate intense alterations in cell metabolism based on changes in AA levels. Several data indicate that cells expressing enzymes that can degrade AA can regulate the functions of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes, revealing that the AA pathways are essential for controlling the function, and survival of immune cells, as well as immune cell gene expression. Basal AA catabolism may contribute to immune homeostasis and prevent autoimmunity, while increased AA catalytic activity may enhance immune suppression. In addition, there is increasing evidence that some downstream AA metabolites are important biological mediators of autoimmune response regulation. Two of the most important AA that modulate the immune response are L-Tryptophan (Trp) and L-Arginine (Arg). Tryptophan is catabolized through 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) 1 and IDO2 enzymes, while three other enzymes catabolize Arg: inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), and two arginase isoforms (ARG1, ARG2). Genes encoding IDO, iNOS and ARG are induced by inflammatory cues such as cytokines, a key feature that distinguishes them from enzymes that catabolize other AA. Evidence suggests that AA catabolism is decreased in MS patients and that this decrease has functional consequences, increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing Treg cell numbers. These effects are mediated by at least two distinct pathways involving serine/threonine kinases: the general control nonderepressible 2 kinase (GCN2K) pathway; and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Similarly, IDO1-deficient mice showed exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), increased Th1 and Th17 cells, and decreased Treg cells. On the contrary, the administration of downstream Trp metabolite 3-HAA, inhibits Th1/Th17 effector cells and promotes Treg response by up-regulating TGF-β production by dendritic cells, thereby improving EAE. Collectively, these observations stand out the significance of AA catabolism in the regulation of the immune responses in MS patients. The molecules related to these pathways deserve further exploration as potential new therapeutic targets in MS.
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