1
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Therien AD, Chime-Eze CM, Rhodin KE, Beasley GM. Neoadjuvant therapy for melanoma: past, present, and future. Surg Oncol 2024; 56:102127. [PMID: 39236515 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2024.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Modern systemic therapy has dramatically improved outcomes for many patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. The success of these therapies has attracted much scientific interest while these therapies have made their way into the treatment of earlier stages of disease. Randomized trials have led to the approval of adjuvant immunotherapy and targeted therapy for resected stage III melanoma. However, most recently, these therapies have gained traction in the neoadjuvant setting. Promising early results led to randomized controlled trials that have now established neoadjuvant therapy as standard of care in advanced melanoma patients. Questions remain regarding the optimal choice of therapy, duration and timing of neoadjuvant therapy, extent of surgery, and the need for additional adjuvant therapy for patients who received neoadjuvant therapy. Herein we provide an overview of neoadjuvant therapy for melanoma and dilemmas to its broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristen E Rhodin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia M Beasley
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Angelova A, Barf M, Just A, Leuchs B, Rommelaere J, Ungerechts G. H-1 Parvovirus-Induced Oncolysis and Tumor Microenvironment Immune Modulation in a Novel Heterotypic Spheroid Model of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2711. [PMID: 39123440 PMCID: PMC11311363 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The rat protoparvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) is an oncolytic virus known for its anticancer properties in laboratory models of various human tumors, including non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) of B-cell origin. However, H-1PV therapeutic potential against hematological malignancies of T-cell origin remains underexplored. The aim of the present study was to conduct a pilot preclinical investigation of H-1PV-mediated oncolytic effects in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a type of NHL that is urgently calling for innovative therapies. We demonstrated H-1PV productive infection and induction of oncolysis in both classically grown CTCL suspension cultures and in a novel, in vivo-relevant, heterotypic spheroid model, but not in healthy donor controls, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). H-1PV-mediated oncolysis of CTCL cells was not prevented by Bcl-2 overexpression and was accompanied by increased extracellular ATP release. In CTCL spheroid co-cultures with PBMCs, increased spheroid infiltration with immune cells was detected upon co-culture treatment with the virus. In conclusion, our preclinical data show that H-1PV may hold significant potential as an ingenious viroimmunotherapeutic drug candidate against CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Angelova
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (A.J.); (J.R.); (G.U.)
| | - Milena Barf
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (A.J.); (J.R.); (G.U.)
| | - Alexandra Just
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (A.J.); (J.R.); (G.U.)
| | - Barbara Leuchs
- Biopharmaceutical Production and Development Unit, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (A.J.); (J.R.); (G.U.)
| | - Guy Ungerechts
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (A.J.); (J.R.); (G.U.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Lessans S, O'Connell KA, Choe J. Systemic Therapy for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers: Latest Advances. Curr Oncol Rep 2024:10.1007/s11912-024-01570-1. [PMID: 38954315 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-024-01570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an update on approved and emerging systemic therapies in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-melanoma skin cancers (squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma). RECENT FINDINGS Many studies demonstrate the effectiveness of immunotherapy for all types of non-melanoma skin cancer. For basal cell carcinoma (BCC), hedgehog inhibitors (HHI) remain first-line but with poor tolerability. Numerous clinical trials studying both neoadjuvant and adjuvant use of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies in advanced NMSC are under investigation. There is a growing number of systemic therapies available to treat non-melanoma skin cancers. The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionized the field and greatly improved survival compared to historical survival rates with cytotoxic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Lessans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katie A O'Connell
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Choe
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Preston Research Building 790, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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4
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Villani A, Potestio L, Lallas A, Apalla Z, Scalvenzi M, Martora F. Unaddressed Challenges in the Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:884. [PMID: 38929501 PMCID: PMC11205306 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: While the management of noninvasive cutaneous melanoma (CM) is typically limited to a secondary excision to reduce recurrence risk and periodic follow-up, treating patients with advanced melanoma presents ongoing challenges. Materials and Methods: This review provides a comprehensive examination of both established and emerging pharmacologic strategies for advanced CM management, offering an up-to-date insight into the current therapeutic milieu. The dynamic landscape of advanced CM treatment is explored, highlighting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies, either in monotherapy or combination regimens. Additionally, ongoing investigations into novel treatment modalities are thoroughly discussed, reflecting the evolving nature of melanoma management. Results: The therapeutic landscape for melanoma management is undergoing significant transformation. Although various treatment modalities exist, there remains a critical need for novel therapies, particularly for certain stages of melanoma or cases resistant to current options. Conclusions: Consequently, further studies are warranted to identify new treatment avenues and optimize the utilization of existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Villani
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy (F.M.)
| | - Luca Potestio
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy (F.M.)
| | - Aimilios Lallas
- First Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Zoe Apalla
- Second Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Massimiliano Scalvenzi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy (F.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Martora
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy (F.M.)
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5
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Chen Y, Yu D, Qian H, Shi Y, Tao Z. CD8 + T cell-based cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2024; 22:394. [PMID: 38685033 PMCID: PMC11057112 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system in humans is a defense department against both exogenous and endogenous hazards, where CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in opposing pathological threats. Various immunotherapies based on CD8+ T cells have emerged in recent decades, showing their promising results in treating intractable diseases. However, in the fight against the constantly changing and evolving cancers, the formation and function of CD8+ T cells can be challenged by tumors that might train a group of accomplices to resist the T cell killing. As cancer therapy stepped into the era of immunotherapy, understanding the physiological role of CD8+ T cells, studying the machinery of tumor immune escape, and thereby formulating different therapeutic strategies become the imperative missions for clinical and translational researchers to fulfill. After brief basics of CD8+ T cell-based biology is covered, this review delineates the mechanisms of tumor immune escape and discusses different cancer immunotherapy regimens with their own advantages and setbacks, embracing challenges and perspectives in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Dingning Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Yinghong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
| | - Zhimin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.
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6
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Chang M, Wang M, Liu B, Zhong W, Jana D, Wang Y, Dong S, Antony A, Li C, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Lin J, Jiang W, Zhao Y. A Cancer Nanovaccine Based on an FeAl-Layered Double Hydroxide Framework for Reactive Oxygen Species-Augmented Metalloimmunotherapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8143-8156. [PMID: 38436248 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The complexity and heterogeneity of individual tumors have hindered the efficacy of existing therapeutic cancer vaccines, sparking intensive interest in the development of more effective in situ vaccines. Herein, we introduce a cancer nanovaccine for reactive oxygen species-augmented metalloimmunotherapy in which FeAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) is used as a delivery vehicle with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) as cargo. The LDH framework is acid-labile and can be degraded in the tumor microenvironment, releasing iron ions, aluminum ions, and DHA. The iron ions contribute to aggravated intratumoral oxidative stress injury by the synergistic Fenton reaction and DHA activation, causing apoptosis, ferroptosis, and immunogenic cell death in cancer cells. The subsequently released tumor-associated antigens with the aluminum adjuvant form a cancer nanovaccine to generate robust and long-term immune responses against cancer recurrence and metastasis. Moreover, Fe ion-enabled T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging can facilitate real-time tumor therapy monitoring. This cancer-nanovaccine-mediated metalloimmunotherapy strategy has the potential for revolutionizing the precision immunotherapy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Chang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Man Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Deblin Jana
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Shiyan Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Abin Antony
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Chunxia Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zhongqi Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
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7
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Kim HJ, Kim YH. Molecular Frontiers in Melanoma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2984. [PMID: 38474231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, is characterized by rapid progression and high mortality. Recent advances in molecular pathogenesis have shed light on genetic and epigenetic changes that drive melanoma development. This review provides an overview of these developments, focusing on molecular mechanisms in melanoma genesis. It highlights how mutations, particularly in the BRAF, NRAS, c-KIT, and GNAQ/GNA11 genes, affect critical signaling pathways. The evolution of diagnostic techniques, such as genomics, transcriptomics, liquid biopsies, and molecular biomarkers for early detection and prognosis, is also discussed. The therapeutic landscape has transformed with targeted therapies and immunotherapies, improving patient outcomes. This paper examines the efficacy, challenges, and prospects of these treatments, including recent clinical trials and emerging strategies. The potential of novel treatment strategies, including neoantigen vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, microbiome interactions, and nanoparticle-based combination therapy, is explored. These advances emphasize the challenges of therapy resistance and the importance of personalized medicine. This review underlines the necessity for evidence-based therapy selection in managing the increasing global incidence of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, International St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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8
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Zarezadeh Mehrabadi A, Tat M, Ghorbani Alvanegh A, Roozbahani F, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H. Revolutionizing cancer treatment: the power of bi- and tri-specific T-cell engagers in oncolytic virotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343378. [PMID: 38464532 PMCID: PMC10921556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bi- or tri-specific T cell engagers (BiTE or TriTE) are recombinant bispecific proteins designed to stimulate T-cell immunity directly, bypassing antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, these molecules suffer from limitations such as short biological half-life and poor residence time in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Fortunately, these challenges can be overcome when combined with OVs. Various strategies have been developed, such as encoding secretory BiTEs within OV vectors, resulting in improved targeting and activation of T cells, secretion of key cytokines, and bystander killing of tumor cells. Additionally, oncolytic viruses armed with BiTEs have shown promising outcomes in enhancing major histocompatibility complex I antigen (MHC-I) presentation, T-cell proliferation, activation, and cytotoxicity against tumor cells. These combined approaches address tumor heterogeneity, drug delivery, and T-cell infiltration, offering a comprehensive and effective solution. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Bi- or TriTEs and OVs as promising therapeutic approaches in the field of cancer treatment. We summarize the cutting-edge advancements in oncolytic virotherapy immune-related genetic engineering, focusing on the innovative combination of BiTE or TriTE with OVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdi Tat
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Roozbahani
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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9
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Palomares F, Pina A, Dakhaoui H, Leiva-Castro C, Munera-Rodriguez AM, Cejudo-Guillen M, Granados B, Alba G, Santa-Maria C, Sobrino F, Lopez-Enriquez S. Dendritic Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:165. [PMID: 38400148 PMCID: PMC10891551 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) serve as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) bridging innate and adaptive immunity, playing an essential role in triggering specific cellular and humoral responses against tumor and infectious antigens. Consequently, various DC-based antitumor therapeutic strategies have been developed, particularly vaccines, and have been intensively investigated specifically in the context of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This hematological malignancy mainly affects the elderly population (those aged over 65), which usually presents a high rate of therapeutic failure and an unfavorable prognosis. In this review, we examine the current state of development and progress of vaccines in AML. The findings evidence the possible administration of DC-based vaccines as an adjuvant treatment in AML following initial therapy. Furthermore, the therapy demonstrates promising outcomes in preventing or delaying tumor relapse and exhibits synergistic effects when combined with other treatments during relapses or disease progression. On the other hand, the remarkable success observed with RNA vaccines for COVID-19, delivered in lipid nanoparticles, has revealed the efficacy and effectiveness of these types of vectors, prompting further exploration and their potential application in AML, as well as other neoplasms, loading them with tumor RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Palomares
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (A.P.); (H.D.); (C.L.-C.); (A.M.M.-R.); (G.A.); (F.S.)
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/University of Seville, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Alejandra Pina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (A.P.); (H.D.); (C.L.-C.); (A.M.M.-R.); (G.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Hala Dakhaoui
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (A.P.); (H.D.); (C.L.-C.); (A.M.M.-R.); (G.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Camila Leiva-Castro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (A.P.); (H.D.); (C.L.-C.); (A.M.M.-R.); (G.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Ana M. Munera-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (A.P.); (H.D.); (C.L.-C.); (A.M.M.-R.); (G.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Marta Cejudo-Guillen
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/University of Seville, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- Department of Pharmacology, Pediatry, and Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz Granados
- Distrito Sanitario de Atención Primaria Málaga, Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía, 29004 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Gonzalo Alba
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (A.P.); (H.D.); (C.L.-C.); (A.M.M.-R.); (G.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Consuelo Santa-Maria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (A.P.); (H.D.); (C.L.-C.); (A.M.M.-R.); (G.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Soledad Lopez-Enriquez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain; (A.P.); (H.D.); (C.L.-C.); (A.M.M.-R.); (G.A.); (F.S.)
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/University of Seville, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
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10
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Lin Z, Meng F, Ma Y, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Li Y, Hou L, Xu Y, Liang X, Zhang X. In situ immunomodulation of tumors with biosynthetic bacteria promote anti-tumor immunity. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:12-27. [PMID: 37790917 PMCID: PMC10542607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy potently revives T cell's response to cancer. However, patients suffered with tumors that had inadequate infiltrated immune cells only receive limited therapeutic benefits from ICB therapy. Synthetic biology promotes the alternative strategy of harnessing tumor-targeting bacteria to synthesize therapeutics to modulate immunity in situ. Herein, we engineered attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 with gene circuits to synthetize granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 7 (IL-7) within tumors, which recruited dendritic cells (DCs) and enhanced T cell priming to elicit anti-tumor response. The bacteria-produced GM-CSF stimulated the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), while IL-7 promoted the proliferation of spleen isolated T cells and inhibited cytotoxicity T cell apoptosis in vitro. Virtually, engineered VNP20009 prefer to colonize in tumors, and inhibited tumor growth by enhancing DCs and T cell infiltration. Moreover, the tumor-toxic GZMB+ CD8+ T cell and IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cell populations conspicuously increased with the treatment of engineered bacteria. The combination of GM-CSF-IL-7-VNP20009 with PD-1 antibody synergistically stunted the tumor progress and stasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongda Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanqiang Meng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Yumeng Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhirang Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoxin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Linlin Hou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuzhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Baoan Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
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11
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Scheicher NV, Berchtold S, Beil J, Smirnow I, Schenk A, Lauer UM. In Vitro Sensitivity of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms to an Armed Oncolytic Measles Vaccine Virus. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:488. [PMID: 38339240 PMCID: PMC10854751 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms represent a heterogenous group of rare tumors whose current therapeutic options show only limited efficacy. Oncolytic viruses exert their mode of action through (onco-)lysis of infected tumor cells and the induction of a systemic antitumoral immune response in a virus-induced inflammatory micromilieu. Here, we investigated the potential of our well-established second-generation suicide-gene armed oncolytic measles vaccine virus (MeV-SCD) in five human NEN cell lines. First, (i) expression of the MeV receptor CD46 and (ii) its correlation with primary infection rates were analyzed. Next, (iii) promising combination partners for MeV-SCD were tested by employing either the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine, which is converted into the chemotherapeutic compound 5-fluorouracil, or the mTOR-inhibitor everolimus. As a result, MeV-SCD was found to kill all NEN tumor cell lines efficiently in a dose-dependent manner. This oncolytic effect was further enhanced by exploiting the prodrug-converting system, which was found to be highly instrumental in overcoming the partial resistance found in a single NEN cell line. Furthermore, viral replication was unaffected by everolimus, which is a basic requirement for combined use in NEN patients. These data suggest that MeV-SCD has profound potential for patients with NEN, thus paving the way for early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V. Scheicher
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Virotherapy Center Tübingen (VCT), Medical University Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.V.S.)
- Department of General Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Berchtold
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Virotherapy Center Tübingen (VCT), Medical University Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.V.S.)
| | - Julia Beil
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Virotherapy Center Tübingen (VCT), Medical University Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.V.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, a Partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irina Smirnow
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Virotherapy Center Tübingen (VCT), Medical University Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.V.S.)
| | - Andrea Schenk
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Virotherapy Center Tübingen (VCT), Medical University Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.V.S.)
| | - Ulrich M. Lauer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Virotherapy Center Tübingen (VCT), Medical University Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.V.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, a Partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Miguel RDA, Hirata AS, Salata GC, Apolinário AC, Barroso VM, Ishida K, La Clair JJ, Fenical W, Martins TS, Costa-Lotufo LV, Lopes LB. Topical delivery of seriniquinone for treatment of skin cancer and fungal infections is enabled by a liquid crystalline lamellar phase. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106635. [PMID: 37952683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Seriniquinone (SQ) was initially described by our group as an antimelanoma drug candidate and now also as an antifungal drug candidate. Despite its promising in vitro effects, SQ translation has been hindered by poor water-solubility. In this paper, we described the challenging nanoformulation process of SQ, which culminated in the selection of a phosphatidylcholine-based lamellar phase (PLP1). Liposomes and nanostructured lipid carriers were also evaluated but failed to encapsulate the compound. SQ-loaded PLP1 (PLP1-SQ) was characterized for the presence of sedimented or non-dissolved SQ, rheological and thermal behavior, and irritation potential with hen's egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM). PLP1 influence on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin penetration of SQ was assessed in a porcine ear skin model, while biological activity was evaluated against melanoma cell lines (SK-MEL-28 and SK-MEL-147) and C. albicans SC5314. Despite the presence of few particles of non-dissolved SQ (observed under the microscope 2 days after formulation obtainment), PLP1 tripled SQ retention in viable skin layers compared to SQ solution at 12 h. This effect did not seem to relate to formulation-induced changes on the barrier function, as no increases in TEWL were observed. No sign of vascular toxicity in the HET-CAM model was observed after cutaneous treatment with PLP1. SQ activity was maintained on melanoma cells after 48 h-treatment (IC50 values of 0.59-0.98 µM) whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. albicans after 24 h-treatment was 32-fold higher. These results suggest that a safe formulation for SQ topical administration was developed, enabling further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dos A Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna C Salata
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra C Apolinário
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius M Barroso
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Ishida
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - James J La Clair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tereza S Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia V Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Luciana B Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Ramaj T, Zou X. On the treatment of melanoma: A mathematical model of oncolytic virotherapy. Math Biosci 2023; 365:109073. [PMID: 37660975 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
We develop and analyze a mathematical model of oncolytic virotherapy in the treatment of melanoma. We begin with a special, local case of the model, in which we consider the dynamics of the tumour cells in the presence of an oncolytic virus at the primary tumour site. We then consider the more general regional model, in which we incorporate a linear network of lymph nodes through which the tumour cells and the oncolytic virus may spread. The modelling also considers the impact of hypoxia on the disease dynamics. The modelling takes into account both the effects of hypoxia on tumour growth and spreading, as well as the impact of hypoxia on oncolytic virotherapy as a treatment modality. We find that oxygen-rich environments are favourable for the use of adenoviruses as oncolytic agents, potentially suggesting the use of complementary external oxygenation as a key aspect of treatment. Furthermore, the delicate balance between a virus' infection capabilities and its oncolytic capabilities should be considered when engineering an oncolytic virus. If the virus is too potent at killing tumour cells while not being sufficiently effective at infecting them, the infected tumour cells are destroyed faster than they are able to infect additional tumour cells, leading less favourable clinical results. Numerical simulations are performed in order to support the analytic results and to further investigate the impact of various parameters on the outcomes of treatment. Our modelling provides further evidence indicating the importance of three key factors in treatment outcomes: tumour microenvironment oxygen concentration, viral infection rates, and viral oncolysis rates. The numerical results also provide some estimates on these key model parameters which may be useful in the engineering of oncolytic adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tedi Ramaj
- Department of Mathematics, Western University, London, On Canada.
| | - Xingfu Zou
- Department of Mathematics, Western University, London, On Canada
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14
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Das S, Acharya D. Immunological Assessment of Recent Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:1065-1095. [PMID: 37812224 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2264906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent malignancy with increased incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Traditional treatment approaches have attempted to efficiently target CRC; however, they have failed in most cases, owing to the cytotoxicity and non-specificity of these therapies. Therefore, it is essential to develop an effective alternative therapy to improve the clinical outcomes in heterogeneous CRC cases. Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment with remarkable efficacy and overcomes the limitations of traditional treatments. With an understanding of the cancer-immunity cycle and tumor microenvironment evolution, current immunotherapy approaches have elicited enhanced antitumor immune responses. In this comprehensive review, we outline the latest advances in immunotherapy targeting CRC and provide insights into antitumor immune responses reported in landmark clinical studies. We focused on highlighting the combination approaches that synergistically induce immune responses and eliminate immunosuppression. This review aimed to understand the limitations and potential of recent immunotherapy clinical studies conducted in the last five years (2019-2023) and to transform this knowledge into a rational design of clinical trials intended for effective antitumor immune responses in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Das
- Department of Biotechnology, GIET University, Gunupur, India
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15
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Palomäki J, Kalke K, Orpana J, Lund L, Frejborg F, Paavilainen H, Järveläinen H, Hukkanen V. Attenuated Replication-Competent Herpes Simplex Virus Expressing an ECM-Modifying Transgene Hyaluronan Synthase 2 of Naked Mole Rat in Oncolytic Gene Therapy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2657. [PMID: 38004669 PMCID: PMC10673056 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has proven successful in treating human cancer. Since the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015, HSV has been thoroughly researched to discover novel mechanisms to combat cancer and treat other diseases. Another HSV-based drug, beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC), received approval in 2023 to treat the rare genetic disease dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, and was also the first clinically approved HSV vector carrying an extracellular matrix (ECM)-modifying transgene. The ECM is a network of macromolecules surrounding cells, which provides support and regulates cell growth and differentiation, the disruption of which is common in cancer. The naked mole rat (NMR) has a thick ECM and a unique mutation in the hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) gene, which has been linked to the high cancer resistance of the species. To study the effect of this mutation in human cancer, we have developed an attenuated, replication-competent HSV vector expressing the NMR-HAS2 gene. The viral replication, transgene expression and cytotoxic effect of the novel vector was studied in glioma cells. Our results show that an attenuated, replication-competent HSV vector expressing a foreign ECM-modifying transgene, namely HAS2, provides an effective tool to study and combat cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Palomäki
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Kiira Kalke
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Julius Orpana
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Liisa Lund
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Fanny Frejborg
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Paavilainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Hannu Järveläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Hospital District, Satasairaala Central Hospital, Sairaalantie 3, 28500 Pori, Finland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
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16
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Lichtor T, Tang B, Roy EJ. Cytokine Gene Vaccine Therapy for Treatment of a Brain Tumor. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1505. [PMID: 38002466 PMCID: PMC10669932 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A glioma is a malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Attempts at the surgical removal of the tumor are the first approach, but additional treatment strategies, including radiation therapy and systemic or local chemotherapy, are necessary. Furthermore, the treatments are often associated with significant adverse side effects. Normal and malignant cells generally have antigenic differences, and this is the rationale for clinical immunotherapeutic strategies. Cytokines such as IL-15 or IL-2, which stimulate an anti-tumor immune response, have been shown to have a particularly high potential for use in immunotherapy against various tumors. In this review, treatments with either a poxvirus, genetically engineered to secrete IL-15, or allogeneic fibroblasts, transfected with tumor DNA and engineered to secrete IL-2, are shown to be effective strategies in extending the survival of mice with malignant brain tumors upon intracerebral injection of the treatment cells. Future studies with these treatment strategies in patients with intracerebral tumors are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lichtor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bingtao Tang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.T.); (E.J.R.)
| | - Edward J. Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.T.); (E.J.R.)
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17
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Di Raimondo C, Lozzi F, Di Domenico PP, Campione E, Bianchi L. The Diagnosis and Management of Cutaneous Metastases from Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14535. [PMID: 37833981 PMCID: PMC10572973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the deadliest skin tumors, accounting for almost 90% of skin cancer mortality. Although immune therapy and targeted therapy have dramatically changed the prognosis of metastatic melanoma, many patients experience disease progression despite the currently available new treatments. Skin metastases from melanoma represent a relatively common event as first sign of advanced disease or a sign of recurrence. Skin metastases are usually asymptomatic, although in advanced stages, they can present with ulceration, bleeding, and superinfection; furthermore, they can cause symptoms related to compression on nearby tissues. Treatments vary from simple surgery resections to topical or intralesional local injections, or a combination of these techniques with the most recent systemic immune or target therapies. New research and studies should focus on the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of the cutaneous metastases of melanoma in order to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the different behavior and prognoses of different patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Di Raimondo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.D.D.); (E.C.); (L.B.)
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18
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Wang X, Shen Y, Wan X, Hu X, Cai WQ, Wu Z, Xin Q, Liu X, Gui J, Xin HY, Xin HW. Oncolytic virotherapy evolved into the fourth generation as tumor immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:500. [PMID: 37491263 PMCID: PMC10369732 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising anti-tumor modality that utilizes oncolytic viruses (OVs) to preferentially attack cancers rather than normal tissues. With the understanding particularly in the characteristics of viruses and tumor cells, numerous innovative OVs have been engineered to conquer cancers, such as Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) and tasadenoturev (DNX-2401). However, the therapeutic safety and efficacy must be further optimized and balanced to ensure the superior safe and efficient OVT in clinics, and reasonable combination therapy strategies are also important challenges worthy to be explored. MAIN BODY Here we provided a critical review of the development history and status of OVT, emphasizing the mechanisms of enhancing both safety and efficacy. We propose that oncolytic virotherapy has evolved into the fourth generation as tumor immunotherapy. Particularly, to arouse T cells by designing OVs expressing bi-specific T cell activator (BiTA) is a promising strategy of killing two birds with one stone. Amazing combination of therapeutic strategies of OVs and immune cells confers immense potential for managing cancers. Moreover, the attractive preclinical OVT addressed recently, and the OVT in clinical trials were systematically reviewed. CONCLUSION OVs, which are advancing into clinical trials, are being envisioned as the frontier clinical anti-tumor agents coming soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Yihua Shen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xingxia Wan
- College of Arts and Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Xinzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (Xinzhou), Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Zijun Wu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- School of Graduate Students, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- College of Arts and Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Jingang Gui
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hong-Yi Xin
- The Doctoral Scientific Research Center, People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Guangdong, 524400, China.
- The Doctoral Scientific Research Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 524400, China.
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
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Lundstrom K. Viral vectors engineered for gene therapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 379:1-41. [PMID: 37541721 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has seen major progress in recent years. Viral vectors have made a significant contribution through efficient engineering for improved delivery and safety. A large variety of indications such as cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, hematological, neurological, muscular, ophthalmological, infectious diseases, and immunodeficiency have been targeted. Viral vectors based on adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpes simplex viruses, retroviruses including lentiviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses, rhabdoviruses, Newcastle disease virus, poxviruses, picornaviruses, reoviruses, and polyomaviruses have been used. Proof-of-concept has been demonstrated for different indications in animal models. Therapeutic efficacy has also been achieved in clinical trials. Several viral vector-based drugs have been approved for the treatment of cancer, and hematological, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Moreover, viral vector-based vaccines have been approved against COVID-19 and Ebola virus disease.
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Zhu X, Fan C, Xiong Z, Chen M, Li Z, Tao T, Liu X. Development and application of oncolytic viruses as the nemesis of tumor cells. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188526. [PMID: 37440883 PMCID: PMC10335770 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses and tumors are two pathologies that negatively impact human health, but what occurs when a virus encounters a tumor? A global consensus among cancer patients suggests that surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other methods are the primary means to combat cancer. However, with the innovation and development of biomedical technology, tumor biotherapy (immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, etc.) has emerged as an alternative treatment for malignant tumors. Oncolytic viruses possess numerous anti-tumor properties, such as directly lysing tumor cells, activating anti-tumor immune responses, and improving the tumor microenvironment. Compared to traditional immunotherapy, oncolytic virus therapy offers advantages including high killing efficiency, precise targeting, and minimal side effects. Although oncolytic virus (OV) therapy was introduced as a novel approach to tumor treatment in the 19th century, its efficacy was suboptimal, limiting its widespread application. However, since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first OV therapy drug, T-VEC, in 2015, interest in OV has grown significantly. In recent years, oncolytic virus therapy has shown increasingly promising application prospects and has become a major research focus in the field of cancer treatment. This article reviews the development, classification, and research progress of oncolytic viruses, as well as their mechanisms of action, therapeutic methods, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology—Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chenyang Fan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Technology, School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhuolong Xiong
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital(Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Lin D, Shen Y, Liang T. Oncolytic virotherapy: basic principles, recent advances and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:156. [PMID: 37041165 PMCID: PMC10090134 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have attracted growing awareness in the twenty-first century, as they are generally considered to have direct oncolysis and cancer immune effects. With the progress in genetic engineering technology, OVs have been adopted as versatile platforms for developing novel antitumor strategies, used alone or in combination with other therapies. Recent studies have yielded eye-catching results that delineate the promising clinical outcomes that OVs would bring about in the future. In this review, we summarized the basic principles of OVs in terms of their classifications, as well as the recent advances in OV-modification strategies based on their characteristics, biofunctions, and cancer hallmarks. Candidate OVs are expected to be designed as "qualified soldiers" first by improving target fidelity and safety, and then equipped with "cold weapons" for a proper cytocidal effect, "hot weapons" capable of activating cancer immunotherapy, or "auxiliary weapons" by harnessing tactics such as anti-angiogenesis, reversed metabolic reprogramming and decomposing extracellular matrix around tumors. Combinations with other cancer therapeutic agents have also been elaborated to show encouraging antitumor effects. Robust results from clinical trials using OV as a treatment congruously suggested its significance in future application directions and challenges in developing OVs as novel weapons for tactical decisions in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinan Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- The Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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22
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Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy: Where Do We Stand in 2023? Viruses 2023; 15:v15030698. [PMID: 36992407 PMCID: PMC10059137 DOI: 10.3390/v15030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been used for a broad spectrum of gene therapy for both acute and chronic diseases. In the context of cancer gene therapy, viral vectors expressing anti-tumor, toxic, suicide and immunostimulatory genes, such as cytokines and chemokines, have been applied. Oncolytic viruses, which specifically replicate in and kill tumor cells, have provided tumor eradication, and even cure of cancers in animal models. In a broader meaning, vaccine development against infectious diseases and various cancers has been considered as a type of gene therapy. Especially in the case of COVID-19 vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines such as ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S have demonstrated excellent safety and vaccine efficacy in clinical trials, leading to Emergency Use Authorization in many countries. Viral vectors have shown great promise in the treatment of chronic diseases such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, β-thalassemia, and sickle cell disease (SCD). Proof-of-concept has been established in preclinical studies in various animal models. Clinical gene therapy trials have confirmed good safety, tolerability, and therapeutic efficacy. Viral-based drugs have been approved for cancer, hematological, metabolic, neurological, and ophthalmological diseases as well as for vaccines. For example, the adenovirus-based drug Gendicine® for non-small-cell lung cancer, the reovirus-based drug Reolysin® for ovarian cancer, the oncolytic HSV T-VEC for melanoma, lentivirus-based treatment of ADA-SCID disease, and the rhabdovirus-based vaccine Ervebo against Ebola virus disease have been approved for human use.
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Ohta S, Misawa A, Kyi-Tha-Thu C, Matsumoto N, Hirose Y, Kawakami Y. Melanoma antigens recognized by T cells and their use for immunotherapy. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:297-305. [PMID: 36607252 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma has been a prototype for cancer immunology research, and the mechanisms of anti-tumor T-cell responses have been extensively investigated in patients treated with various immunotherapies. Individual differences in cancer-immune status are defined mainly by cancer cell characteristics such as DNA mutations generating immunogenic neo-antigens, and oncogene activation causing immunosuppression, but also by patients' genetic backgrounds such as HLA types and genetic polymorphisms of immune related molecules, and environmental and lifestyle factors such as UV rays, smoking, gut microbiota and concomitant medications; these factors have an influence on the efficacy of immunotherapy. Recent comparative studies on responders and non-responders in immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy using various new technologies including multi-omics analyses on genomic DNA, mRNA, metabolites and microbiota and single cell analyses of various immune cells have led to the advance of human tumor immunology and the development of new immunotherapy. Based on the new findings from these investigations, personalized cancer immunotherapies along with appropriate biomarkers and therapeutic targets are being developed for patients with melanoma. Here, we will discuss one of the essential subjects in tumor immunology: identification of immunogenic tumor antigens and their effective use in various immunotherapies including cancer vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Ohta
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Misawa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chaw Kyi-Tha-Thu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naomi Matsumoto
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshie Hirose
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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LRP6 Is a Functional Receptor for Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus. mBio 2023; 14:e0311422. [PMID: 36645301 PMCID: PMC9973313 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03114-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-type canine distemper virus (CDV) is an important pathogen of dogs as well as wildlife that can infect immune and epithelial cells through two known receptors: the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4, respectively. Conversely, the ferret and egg-adapted CDV-Onderstepoort strain (CDV-OP) is employed as an effective vaccine for dogs. CDV-OP also exhibits promising oncolytic properties, such as its abilities to infect and kill multiple cancer cells in vitro. Interestingly, several cancer cells do not express SLAM or nectin-4, suggesting the presence of a yet unknown entry factor for CDV-OP. By conducting a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) screen in CDV-OP-susceptible canine mammary carcinoma P114 cells, which neither express SLAM nor nectin-4, we identified low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) as a host factor that promotes CDV-OP infectivity. Whereas the genetic ablation of LRP6 rendered cells resistant to infection, ectopic expression in resistant LRP6KO cells restored susceptibility. Furthermore, multiple functional studies revealed that (i) the overexpression of LRP6 leads to increased cell-cell fusion, (ii) a soluble construct of the viral receptor-binding protein (solHOP) interacts with a soluble form of LRP6 (solLRP6), (iii) an H-OP point mutant that prevents interaction with solLRP6 abrogates cell entry in multiple cell lines once transferred into recombinant viral particles, and (iv) vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyped with CDV-OP envelope glycoproteins loses its infectivity in LRP6KO cells. Collectively, our study identified LRP6 as the long sought-after cell entry receptor of CDV-OP in multiple cell lines, which set the molecular bases to refine our understanding of viral-cell adaptation and to further investigate its oncolytic properties. IMPORTANCE Oncolytic viruses (OV) have gathered increasing interest in recent years as an alternative option to treat cancers. The Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper virus (CDV-OP), an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus, is employed as a safe and efficient vaccine for dogs against distemper disease. Importantly, although CDV-OP can infect and kill multiple cancer cell lines, the basic mechanisms of entry remain to be elucidated, as most of those transformed cells do not express natural receptors (i.e., SLAM and nectin-4). In this study, using a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen, we describe the discovery of LRP6 as a novel functional entry receptor for CDV-OP in various cancer cell lines and thereby uncover a basic mechanism of cell culture adaptation. Since LRP6 is upregulated in various cancer types, our data provide important insights in order to further investigate the oncolytic properties of CDV-OP.
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The Dilemma of HSV-1 Oncolytic Virus Delivery: The Method Choice and Hurdles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043681. [PMID: 36835091 PMCID: PMC9962028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as effective gene therapy and immunotherapy drugs. As an important gene delivery platform, the integration of exogenous genes into OVs has become a novel path for the advancement of OV therapy, while the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the most commonly used. However, the current mode of administration of HSV-1 oncolytic virus is mainly based on the tumor in situ injection, which limits the application of such OV drugs to a certain extent. Intravenous administration offers a solution to the systemic distribution of OV drugs but is ambiguous in terms of efficacy and safety. The main reason is the synergistic role of innate and adaptive immunity of the immune system in the response against the HSV-1 oncolytic virus, which is rapidly cleared by the body's immune system before it reaches the tumor, a process that is accompanied by side effects. This article reviews different administration methods of HSV-1 oncolytic virus in the process of tumor treatment, especially the research progress in intravenous administration. It also discusses immune constraints and solutions of intravenous administration with the intent to provide new insights into HSV-1 delivery for OV therapy.
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Xie YJ, Liu WQ, Li D, Hou JC, Coghi PS, Fan XX. Overcoming Suppressive Tumor Microenvironment by Vaccines in Solid Tumor. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020394. [PMID: 36851271 PMCID: PMC9964970 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccines are widely used to boost human natural ability to defend against foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. Recently, therapeutic cancer vaccines attracted the most attention for anti-cancer therapy. According to the main components, it can be divided into five types: cell, DNA, RNA, peptide, and virus-based vaccines. They mainly perform through two rationales: (1) it trains the host immune system to protect itself and effectively eradicate cancer cells; (2) these vaccines expose the immune system to molecules associated with cancer that enable the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. In this review, we thoroughly summarized the potential strategies and technologies for developing cancer vaccines, which may provide critical achievements for overcoming the suppressive tumor microenvironment through vaccines in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Wen-Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Dan Li
- Beijing Wante’er Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 32 yard, East 2nd Road, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Jin-Cai Hou
- Beijing Wante’er Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 32 yard, East 2nd Road, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Paolo Saul Coghi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (P.S.C.); (X.-X.F.)
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (P.S.C.); (X.-X.F.)
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Anestopoulos I, Kyriakou S, Tragkola V, Paraskevaidis I, Tzika E, Mitsiogianni M, Deligiorgi MV, Petrakis G, Trafalis DT, Botaitis S, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Targeting the epigenome in malignant melanoma: Facts, challenges and therapeutic promises. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108301. [PMID: 36283453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer with high rates of mortality. Although current treatment options provide a short-clinical benefit, acquired-drug resistance highlights the low 5-year survival rate among patients with advanced stage of the disease. In parallel, the involvement of an aberrant epigenetic landscape, (e.g., alterations in DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications marks and expression of non-coding RNAs), in addition to the genetic background, has been also associated with the onset and progression of melanoma. In this review article, we report on current therapeutic options in melanoma treatment with a focus on distinct epigenetic alterations and how their reversal, by specific drug compounds, can restore a normal phenotype. In particular, we concentrate on how single and/or combinatorial therapeutic approaches have utilized epigenetic drug compounds in being effective against malignant melanoma. Finally, the role of deregulated epigenetic mechanisms in promoting drug resistance to targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors is presented leading to the development of newly synthesized and/or improved drug compounds capable of targeting the epigenome of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anestopoulos
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - S Kyriakou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - V Tragkola
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I Paraskevaidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Tzika
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - M V Deligiorgi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Petrakis
- Saint George Hospital, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - D T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Botaitis
- Department of Surgery, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - A Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Koukourakis
- Radiotherapy / Oncology, Radiobiology & Radiopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - R Franco
- Redox Biology Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - A Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Wang X, Maeng HM, Lee J, Xie C. Therapeutic Implementation of Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Immunotherapy: Review of Challenges and Current Clinical Trials. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 2022; 4:164. [PMID: 36381110 PMCID: PMC9647850 DOI: 10.36266/jbsr/164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of cancer therapeutics has evolved from general targets with radiation and chemotherapy and shifted toward treatments with a more specific mechanism of action such as small molecule kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies against tumor antigens, or checkpoint inhibitors. Recently, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have come to the forefront as a viable option for cancer immunotherapy, especially for "cold" tumors, which are known to inhabit an immunologically suppressive tumor microenvironment. Desired characteristics of viruses are selected through genetic attenuation of uncontrolled virulence, and some genes are replaced with ones that enhance conditional viral replication within tumor cells. Treatment with OVs must overcome various hurdles such as premature viral suppression by the host's immune system and the dense stromal barrier. Currently, clinical studies investigate the efficacy of OVs in conjunction with various anti-cancer therapeutics, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. Thus, future research should explore how cancer therapeutics work synergistically with certain OVs in order to create more effective combination therapies and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - H M Maeng
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - J Lee
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - C Xie
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Nteli P, Bajwa DE, Politakis D, Michalopoulos C, Kefala-Narin A, Efstathopoulos EP, Gazouli M. Nanomedicine approaches for treatment of hematologic and oncologic malignancies. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13:553-566. [PMID: 36157164 PMCID: PMC9346428 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i7.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Nowadays, the therapies are inadequate and spur demand for improved technologies. Rapid growth in nanotechnology and novel nanomedicine products represents an opportunity to achieve sophisticated targeting strategies and multi-functionality. Nanomedicine is increasingly used to develop new cancer diagnosis and treatment methods since this technology can modulate the biodistribution and the target site accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs, thereby reducing their toxicity. Cancer nanotechnology and cancer immunotherapy are two parallel themes that have emerged over the last few decades while searching for a cure for cancer. Immunotherapy is revolutionizing cancer treatment, as it can achieve unprecedented responses in advanced-stage patients, including complete cures and long-term survival. A deeper understanding of the human immune system allows the establishment of combination regimens in which immunotherapy is combined with other treatment modalities (as in the case of the nanodrug Ferumoxytol). Furthermore, the combination of gene therapy approaches with nanotechnology that aims to silence or express cancer-relevant genes via one-time treatment is gradually progressing from bench to bedside. The most common example includes lipid-based nanoparticles that target VEGF-Α and KRAS pathways. This review focuses on nanoparticle-based platforms utilized in recent advances aiming to increase the efficacy of currently available cancer therapies. The insights provided and the evidence obtained in this paper indicate a bright future ahead for immuno-oncology applications of engineering nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Nteli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Danae Efremia Bajwa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Politakis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Charalampos Michalopoulos
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kefala-Narin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Efstathios P Efstathopoulos
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General University Hospital Attikon, Athens12462, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Genetic Condition Skin Cancer Correlated—A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8549532. [PMID: 35898688 PMCID: PMC9313971 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8549532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of UV radiation-induced damage repair that is characterized by photosensitivity and a propensity for developing, among many others, skin cancers at an early age. This systematic review focused on the correlation between the clinical, pathological, and genetic aspects of XP and skin cancer. Methods. A systematic review was conducted through a literature search of online databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO, and Google Scholar. Search terms were “Xeroderma pigmentosum”, “XP”, “XPC”, “Nucleotide excision repair”, “NER”, “POLH”, “Dry pigmented skin”, and “UV sensitive syndrome” meshed with the terms “Skin cancer”, “Melanoma”, and “NMSC”. Results. After 504 abstracts screening, 13 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 3 of them were excluded. Ten articles were selected for qualitative assessment. Conclusions. Patients with XP usually suffer shorter lives due to skin cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Deletion/alteration of a distinct gene allele can produce different types of cancer. The XPC and XP-E variants are more likely to have skin cancer than patients in other complement groups, and the most common cause of death for these patients is skin cancer (metastatic melanoma or invasive SCC). Still, aggressive preventative measures to minimize UV radiation exposure can retard the course of the disease and improve the quality of life.
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Howard FHN, Kwan A, Winder N, Mughal A, Collado-Rojas C, Muthana M. Understanding Immune Responses to Viruses-Do Underlying Th1/Th2 Cell Biases Predict Outcome? Viruses 2022; 14:1493. [PMID: 35891472 PMCID: PMC9324514 DOI: 10.3390/v14071493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases have increased in number and geographical extent during the last decades. Examples include the current COVID-19 pandemic and the recent epidemics of the Chikungunya, Ebola, and Zika viruses. Immune responses to viruses have been well-characterised within the innate and adaptive immunity pathways with the outcome following viral infection predominantly attributed to properties of the virus and circumstances of the infection. Perhaps the belief that the immune system is often considered as a reactive component of host defence, springing into action when a threat is detected, has contributed to a poorer understanding of the inherent differences in an individual's immune system in the absence of any pathology. In this review, we focus on how these host factors (age, ethnicity, underlying pathologies) may skew the T helper cell response, thereby influencing the outcome following viral infection but also whether we can use these inherent biases to predict patients at risk of a deviant response and apply strategies to avoid or overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith H. N. Howard
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (A.K.); (N.W.); (A.M.); (C.C.-R.); (M.M.)
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Shan X, Gong X, Li J, Wen J, Li Y, Zhang Z. Current approaches of nanomedicines in the market and various stage of clinical translation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3028-3048. [PMID: 35865096 PMCID: PMC9293719 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with traditional drug therapy, nanomedicines exhibit intriguing biological features to increase therapeutic efficiency, reduce toxicity and achieve targeting delivery. This review provides a snapshot of nanomedicines that have been currently launched or in the clinical trials, which manifests a diversified trend in carrier types, applied indications and mechanisms of action. From the perspective of indications, this article presents an overview of the applications of nanomedicines involving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, which include cancer, infections, blood disorders, cardiovascular diseases, immuno-associated diseases and nervous system diseases, etc. Moreover, the review provides some considerations and perspectives in the research and development of nanomedicines to facilitate their translations in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Howard F, Conner J, Danson S, Muthana M. Inconsistencies in Modeling the Efficacy of the Oncolytic Virus HSV1716 Reveal Potential Predictive Biomarkers for Tolerability. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:889395. [PMID: 35782876 PMCID: PMC9240779 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.889395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with HSV1716 via intralesional administration has proven successful for melanoma patients with the hope that oncolytic virotherapy would become another weapon in the systemic anticancer therapy (SACT) arsenal. In addition to challenges surrounding the systemic delivery of oncolytic viruses (OVs), problems associated with its in vivo modeling have resulted in low predictive power, contributing to the observed disappointing clinical efficacy. As OV's efficacy is elicited through interaction with the immune system, syngeneic orthotopic mouse models offer the opportunity to study these with high reproducibility and at a lower cost; however, inbred animals display specific immune characteristics which may confound results. The systemic delivery of HSV1716 was, therefore, assessed in multiple murine models of breast cancer. Tolerability to the virus was strain-dependent with C57/Bl6, the most tolerant and Balb/c experiencing lethal side effects, when delivered intravenously. Maximum tolerated doses were not enough to demonstrate efficacy against tumor growth rates or survival of Balb/c and FVB mouse models; therefore; the most susceptible strain (Balb/c mice) was treated with immunomodulators prior to virus administration in an attempt to reduce side effects. These studies demonstrate the number of variables to consider when modeling the efficacy of OVs and the complexities involved in their interpretation for translational purposes. By reporting these observations, we have potentially revealed a role for T-cell helper polarization in viral tolerability. Importantly, these findings were translated to human studies, whereby a Th1 cytokine profile was expressed in pleural effusions of patients that responded to HSV1716 treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma with minimal side effects, warranting further investigation as a biomarker for predictive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Howard
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Conner
- Virtuu Biologics/Sorrento Therapeutics, Biocity Scotland, Newhouse, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Danson
- Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Weston Park Cancer Centre, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Villani A, Potestio L, Fabbrocini G, Troncone G, Malapelle U, Scalvenzi M. The Treatment of Advanced Melanoma: Therapeutic Update. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126388. [PMID: 35742834 PMCID: PMC9223461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the main cause of death for skin cancer. The majority of patients with a diagnosis of melanoma have localized disease, which can be successfully treated with surgical treatment. However, the surgical approach is not curative for advanced melanoma (AM). Indeed, the management of AM is still challenging, since melanoma is the solid tumor with the highest number of mutations and cancer cells have the capacity to evade the immune system. In the past, the treatment of AM relied on chemotherapeutic agents, without showing efficacy data. Recent knowledge on melanoma pathogenesis as well as the introduction of immunotherapies, targeted therapies vaccines, small molecules, and combination therapies has revolutionized AM management, showing promising results in terms of effectiveness and safety. The aim of this review is to assess and to discuss the role of emerging therapies for AM management in order to obtain a complete overview of the currently available treatment options and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Villani
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7462457; Fax: +39-081-7462442
| | - Luca Potestio
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.T.); (U.M.)
| | - Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.T.); (U.M.)
| | - Massimiliano Scalvenzi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
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35
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Huppert LA, Daud AI. Intratumoral therapies and in-situ vaccination for melanoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1890512. [PMID: 35559766 PMCID: PMC9116417 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1890512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are among the most physically accessible malignancies, so local delivery of a medication into the tumor, so-called intratumoral therapy, is an appealing route of drug administration. Intratumoral therapies have the potential to increase local drug concentration and/or attract immune cells to the local tumor microenvironment, possibly with fewer systemic side effects. A wide array of intratumoral agents have been studied to date in patients with advanced melanoma, including chemotherapeutic drugs, immune modulating agents, and cancer-directed vaccines. In this review, we will summarize the key pre-clinical and clinical data supporting the use of intratumoral therapy for advanced unresectable and metastatic melanoma. First, we will discuss the history of intratumoral immunotherapy for the treatment of melanoma and the various agents studied to date. Second, we will explore how intratumoral therapies can constitute an in situ vaccine, potentially leading to disease control both locally and systemically. Finally, we will highlight opportunities in the field and key future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Huppert
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adil I Daud
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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36
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Dong S, Liu B, Hu S, Guo F, Zhong Y, Cai Q, Zhang S, Qian Y, Wang J, Zhou F. A novel oncolytic virus induces a regional cytokine storm and safely eliminates malignant ascites of colon cancer. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4297-4309. [PMID: 35510373 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given malignant ascites with a terrible prognosis and a unique immune microenvironment, our purpose is to evaluate whether oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 2(OH2) is able to safely eliminate ascites of colon cancer and through which specific mechanism it exerts antitumor immunity. METHODS We established an ascites mice model through intraperitoneal injection of CT26 cells and obtained an appropriate dose range for in vivo tests. Efficacy and safety of OH2 were detected by weight of ascites, blood routine analysis, histopathological examination, and the survival time of mice. The specific mechanism underlying antitumor immunity was analyzed by cytometric bead array, flow cytometry, and single-cell RNA sequencing. Furthermore, anti-interleukin (IL)-6R antibody tocilizumab was synchronously or sequentially delivered with OH2 to explore the role of the regional cytokine storm, mainly IL-6 hypersecretion. RESULTS OH2 was able to eliminate ascites and significantly prolong the survival of mice-bearing CT26 tumor cells by intraperitoneal injection, without obvious systemic damage to the main organs even though a regional cytokine storm. Hypersecretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-6, and increased infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed in ascites mice treated by OH2, compared with those treated by 5-fluorouracil or nonresponders. Furthermore, the initial-stage blocking of the IL-6 pathway was able to considerably suppress antitumor immune responses driven by OH2. Surprisingly, we discovered upregulations of the immune checkpoint genes such as Cd274 and Pdcd1 by single-cell RNA sequencing. CONCLUSIONS OH2 could safely eliminate malignant ascites of colon cancer and convert the cold immune microenvironment by inducing a remarkably regional cytokine storm in ascites, mainly IL-6, in the early stage of antitumor immune responses beyond directed oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Binlei Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Pathology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fuxiang Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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37
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Huppert LA, Gumusay O, Rugo HS. Emerging treatment strategies for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221086916. [PMID: 35422881 PMCID: PMC9003656 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221086916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer that is often associated with an aggressive phenotype and a poor prognosis. Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for most patients with metastatic TNBC (mTNBC), but duration of response is often short and median overall survival is only 12-18 months. Therefore, it is critical to identify novel treatment strategies to improve outcomes for these patients. In this review article, we discuss recent advances in treatment strategies for patients with mTNBC including the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies, and antibody-drug conjugates. For each topic, we summarize important preclinical and clinical data, discuss implications for clinical practice, and highlight future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Huppert
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ozge Gumusay
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hope S. Rugo
- Director, Breast Oncology and Clinical Trials Education, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero St., Box 1710, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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38
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Howard FHN, Al-Janabi H, Patel P, Cox K, Smith E, Vadakekolathu J, Pockley AG, Conner J, Nohl JF, Allwood DA, Collado-Rojas C, Kennerley A, Staniland S, Muthana M. Nanobugs as Drugs: Bacterial Derived Nanomagnets Enhance Tumor Targeting and Oncolytic Activity of HSV-1 Virus. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104763. [PMID: 35076148 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The survival strategies of infectious organisms have inspired many therapeutics over the years. Indeed the advent of oncolytic viruses (OVs) exploits the uncontrolled replication of cancer cells for production of their progeny resulting in a cancer-targeting treatment that leaves healthy cells unharmed. Their success against inaccessible tumors however, is highly variable due to inadequate tumor targeting following systemic administration. Coassembling herpes simplex virus (HSV1716) with biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles derived from magnetotactic bacteria enables tumor targeting from circulation with magnetic guidance, protects the virus against neutralizing antibodies and thereby enhances viral replication within tumors. This approach additionally enhances the intratumoral recruitment of activated immune cells, promotes antitumor immunity and immune cell death, thereby inducing tumor shrinkage and increasing survival in a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer by 50%. Exploiting the properties of such a nanocarrier, rather than tropism of the virus, for active tumor targeting offers an exciting, novel approach for enhancing the bioavailability and treatment efficacy of tumor immunotherapies for disseminated neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith H N Howard
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Haider Al-Janabi
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Priya Patel
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Katie Cox
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Emily Smith
- NMRC, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jayakumar Vadakekolathu
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - A Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Joe Conner
- Invizius Ltd, BioCity, Bo'ness road, Newhouse, ML1 5UH, UK
| | - James F Nohl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Dan A Allwood
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Cristal Collado-Rojas
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Aneurin Kennerley
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sarah Staniland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
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Deng H, Xiao B, Huang Y, Weng K, Chen J, Li K, Wu H, Luo S, Hao W. The Combined Use of Orf Virus and PAK4 Inhibitor Exerts Anti-tumor Effect in Breast Cancer. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845259. [PMID: 35401439 PMCID: PMC8984157 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV) has long been recognized as one of the valuable vectors in researches of oncolytic virus. In order to develop a potential therapeutic strategy for breast cancer based on the oncolytic virotherapy via ORFV, firstly we explore the oncolytic effects of ORFV. Our research showed that ORFV exerts anti-tumor effects in vitro by inducing breast cancer cell G2/M phase arrest and cell apoptosis. In vivo experiments were carried out, in which we treated 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/C mice via intratumoral injection of ORFV. ORFV can exert anti-tumor activity by regulating tumor microenvironment (TME) and inducing a host immune response plus directly oncolytic effect. The CRISPR-Cas9 knockout library targeting 507 kinases was used to screen out PAK4, which is beneficial to the anti-tumor effect of ORFV on breast cancer cells. PF-3758309 is a potent PAK4-targeted inhibitor. Co-using of ORFV and PF-3758309 as a combination treatment produces its anti-tumor effects through inhibition of cell viability, induction of apoptosis and suppression of cell migration and invasion in vitro. The results of in vivo experiments showed that the tumor growth of mice in the combination treatment group was significantly inhibited, which proved that the combination treatment exerts an effective anti-tumor effect in vivo. In summary, we have clarified the oncolytic effect of ORFV on breast cancer, and found that the combination of ORFV and PAK4 inhibitor can effectively improve the oncolytic effect of ORFV. We hope our research could provide a new idea for the development of new treatment strategies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yinger Huang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kongyan Weng
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jialing Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongfeng Wu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhong Luo,
| | - Wenbo Hao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Wenbo Hao,
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40
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Hu X, Zhou W, Pi R, Zhao X, Wang W. Genetically modified cancer vaccines: Current status and future prospects. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1492-1517. [PMID: 35235212 DOI: 10.1002/med.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines can stimulate the immune system to protect individuals from infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccines have also been applied to the prevention and treatment of cancers. Due to advances in genetic engineering technology, cancer vaccines could be genetically modified to increase antitumor efficacy. Various genes could be inserted into cells to boost the immune response, such as cytokines, T cell costimulatory molecules, tumor-associated antigens, and tumor-specific antigens. Genetically modified cancer vaccines utilize innate and adaptive immune responses to induce durable antineoplastic capacity and prevent the recurrence. This review will discuss the major approaches used to develop genetically modified cancer vaccines and explore recent advances to increase the understanding of engineered cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ruyu Pi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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41
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Controlling Cell Trafficking: Addressing Failures in CAR T and NK Cell Therapy of Solid Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040978. [PMID: 35205725 PMCID: PMC8870056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The precision guiding of endogenous or adoptively transferred lymphocytes to the solid tumour mass is obligatory for optimal anti-tumour effects and will improve patient safety. The recognition and elimination of the tumour is best achieved when anti-tumour lymphocytes are proximal to the malignant cells. For example, the regional secretion of soluble factors, cytotoxic granules, and cell-surface molecule interactions are required for the death of tumour cells and the suppression of neovasculature formation, tumour-associated suppressor, or stromal cells. The resistance of individual tumour cell clones to cellular therapy and the hostile environment of the solid tumours is a major challenge to adoptive cell therapy. We review the strategies that could be useful to overcoming insufficient immune cell migration to the tumour cell mass. We argue that existing 'competitive' approaches should now be revisited as complementary approaches to improve CAR T and NK cell therapy.
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42
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Ackerman RS, Muncey AR, Aldawoodi NN, Kotha R, Getting REG. Cancer Immunotherapies: What the Perioperative Physician Needs to Know. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:399-414. [PMID: 35141856 PMCID: PMC9056594 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review For patients with cancer, treatment may include combination therapy, including surgery and immunotherapy. Here, we review perioperative considerations for the patient prescribed immunotherapeutic agents. Recent Findings The perioperative period is a poignant moment in the journey of a patient with cancer, potentially deemed most influential compared to other moments in the care continuum. Several immunotherapeutic medications have been employed near the time of surgery to potentially increase effectiveness. Of the various drug classes, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, toll-like receptor agonists, and oncolytic viruses, among others, several notable immune-related adverse effects were noted. They range from minor effects to more serious ones, such as renal failure, myocarditis, and tumor growth. Summary Surgery and immunotherapy are often employed in combination for primary treatment and prevention of cancer recurrence. Careful review and consideration of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicities of immunotherapy benefit the perioperative physician and their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Ackerman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, 134 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Aaron R Muncey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nasrin N Aldawoodi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rohini Kotha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Takabe P, Siiskonen H, Rönkä A, Kainulainen K, Pasonen-Seppänen S. The Impact of Hyaluronan on Tumor Progression in Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:811434. [PMID: 35127523 PMCID: PMC8813769 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.811434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is rapidly increasing worldwide. Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer, which originates from malignant transformation of pigment producing melanocytes. The main risk factor for melanoma is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and thus it often arises from highly sun-exposed skin areas and is characterized by a high mutational burden. In addition to melanoma-associated mutations such as BRAF, NRAS, PTEN and cell cycle regulators, the expansion of melanoma is affected by the extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor together with immune cells. In the early phases of the disease, hyaluronan is the major matrix component in cutaneous melanoma microenvironment. It is a high-molecular weight polysaccharide involved in several physiological and pathological processes. Hyaluronan is involved in the inflammatory reactions associated with UV radiation but its role in melanomagenesis is still unclear. Although abundant hyaluronan surrounds epidermal and dermal cells in normal skin and benign nevi, its content is further elevated in dysplastic lesions and local tumors. At this stage hyaluronan matrix may act as a protective barrier against melanoma progression, or alternatively against immune cell attack. While in advanced melanoma, the content of hyaluronan decreases due to altered synthesis and degradation, and this correlates with poor prognosis. This review focuses on hyaluronan matrix in cutaneous melanoma and how the changes in hyaluronan metabolism affect the progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Takabe
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Siiskonen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aino Rönkä
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Kainulainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- *Correspondence: Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen,
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44
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Ding L, Gao Q, Xu Z, Cai L, Chen S, Zhang X, Cao P, Chen G. An Inter-Supplementary Biohybrid System Based on Natural Killer Cells for the Combinational Immunotherapy and Virotherapy of Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103470. [PMID: 34747156 PMCID: PMC8805568 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) have gained great attention in cancer therapy because they cause direct cytolytic infection and indirectly induce antitumor immunity. However, their efficacy is compromised by host antiviral immune response, poor tumor delivery, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated Ad delivery system (Ad@NK) is generated by harnessing the merits of the two components for combinational immunotherapy and virotherapy of cancer. In this biohybrid system, NK cells with a tumor-homing tropism act as bioreactors and shelters for the loading, protection, replication, amplification, and release of Ads, thereby leading to a highly efficient systemic tumor-targeted delivery. As feedback, Ad infection offers NK cells an enhanced antitumor immunity by activating type I interferon signaling in a STAT4-granzyme B-dependent manner. Moreover, it is found that the Ad@NK system can relieve immunosuppression in the TME by promoting the maturation of dendritic cells and the polarization of macrophages to M1 phenotype. Both in vitro and in vivo data indicate the excellent antitumor and antimetastatic functions of Ad@NKs by destroying tumor cells, inducing immunogenic cell death, and immunomodulating TME. This work provides a clinical basis for improved oncolytic virotherapy in combination with NK cell therapy based on the inter-supplementary biohybrid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Zhuobin Xu
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsu210023P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
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Motofei IG. Nobel Prize for immune checkpoint inhibitors, understanding the immunological switching between immunosuppression and autoimmunity. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:599-612. [PMID: 34937484 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a revolutionary form of immunotherapy in cancer. However, the percentage of patients responding to therapy is relatively low, while adverse effects occur in a large number of patients. In addition, the therapeutic mechanisms of ICIs are not yet completely described. AREAS COVERED The initial view (articles published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, etc.) was that ICIs increase tumor-specific immunity. Recent data (collected from the same databases) suggest that the ICIs pharmacotherapy actually extends beyond the topic of immune reactivity, including additional immune pathways, such as disrupting immunosuppression and increasing tumor-specific autoimmunity. Unfortunately, there is no clear delimitation between these specific autoimmune reactions that are therapeutically beneficial, and nonspecific autoimmune reactions/toxicity that can be extremely severe side effects. EXPERT OPINION Immune checkpoint mechanisms perform a non-selective immune regulation, maintaining a dynamic balance between immunosuppression and autoimmunity. By blocking these mechanisms, ICIs actually perform an immunological reset, decreasing immunosuppression and increasing tumor-specific immunity and predisposition to autoimmunity. The predisposition to autoimmunity induces both side effects and beneficial autoimmunity. Consequently, further studies are necessary to maximize the beneficial tumor-specific autoimmunity, while reducing the counterproductive effect of associated autoimmune toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion G Motofei
- Department of Surgery/ Oncology, Carol Davila University, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Surgery/ Oncology, St. Pantelimon Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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Khan AA, Liu ZK, Xu X. Recent advances in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:511-520. [PMID: 34344612 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is challenging as most patients are diagnosed at advanced stage with underlying chronic liver conditions. Conventional systemic chemotherapy has failed in HCC, and the clinical efficacy of FDA-approved molecular targeted agents such as sorafenib and lenvatinib remains unsatisfactory. DATA SOURCES Literature search was conducted in PubMed for relevant articles published before January 2021. The search aimed to identify recent developments in immune-based treatment approaches for HCC. Information of clinical trials was obtained from https://clinicaltrials.gov/. RESULTS Two immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), nivolumab and pembrolizumab were approved as monotherapies, which has revolutionized HCC treatment. Besides, combination ICIs have also got accelerated FDA approval recently. Immune-based therapies have challenged targeted drugs owing to their safety, tolerability, and survival benefits. In addition to the significant success in ICIs, other immunotherapeutic strategies such as cancer vaccine, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, natural killer cells, cytokines, and combination therapy, have also shown promising outcomes in clinical trials. Various diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers have been identified which can help in clinical decision making when starting treatment with ICIs. CONCLUSIONS Immunotherapy has emerged as one of the mainstream treatment modalities for advanced HCC in recent years. However, challenges such as low response rate and acquired resistance in previously respondent patients still exist. Further research is needed to understand the unique resistance mechanism to immunotherapy and to discover more predictive biomarkers to guide clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali Khan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310003, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Huppert LA, Mariotti V, Chien AJ, Soliman HH. Emerging immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 191:243-255. [PMID: 34716870 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has resulted in unprecedented gains in long-term outcomes for many cancer types and has revolutionized the treatment landscape of solid tumor oncology. Checkpoint inhibition in combination with chemotherapy has proven to be effective for the treatment of a subset of advanced triple-negative breast cancer in the first-line setting. This initial success is likely just the tip of the iceberg as there is much that remains unknown about how to best harness the immune system as a therapeutic strategy in all breast cancer subtypes. Therefore, numerous ongoing studies are currently underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy in breast cancer. In this review, we will discuss emerging immunotherapeutic strategies for breast cancer treatment including the following: (1) Intratumoral therapies, (2) Anti-tumor vaccines, (3) B-specific T-cell engagers, and (4) Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, and (5) Emerging systemic immunotherapy strategies. For each topic, we will review the existing preclinical and clinical literature, discuss ongoing clinical trials, and highlight future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Huppert
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - A Jo Chien
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hatem H Soliman
- Department of Breast Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Liu X, Yin L, Shen S, Hou Y. Inflammation and cancer: paradoxical roles in tumorigenesis and implications in immunotherapies. Genes Dis 2021; 10:151-164. [PMID: 37013041 PMCID: PMC10066281 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation caused by persistent infections and metabolic disorders is thought to contribute to the increased cancer risk and the accelerated cancer progression. Oppositely, acute inflammation induced by bacteria-based vaccines or that is occurring after cancer selectively inhibits cancer progression and metastasis. However, the interaction between inflammation and cancer may be more complex than the current explanations for the relationship between chronic and acute inflammation and cancer. In this review, we described the impact of inflammation on cancer on the basis of three perspectives, including inflammation with different durations (chronic and acute inflammation), different scopes (systemic and local inflammation) and different occurrence sequences (inflammation occurring after and before cancer). In addition, we also introduced bacteria/virus-based cancer immunotherapies. We perceive that inflammation may be a double-edged sword with cancer-promoting and cancer-suppressing functions in certain cases. We expect to further improve the understanding of the relationship between inflammation and cancer and provide a theoretical basis for further research on their complex interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Lijie Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Corresponding author. The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China. Fax: +86 25 8968 8441.
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Corresponding author. The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China. Fax: +86 25 8968 8441.
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Ran G, Feng XL, Xie YL, Zheng QY, Guo PP, Yang M, Feng YL, Ling C, Zhu LQ, Zhong C. The use of miR122 and its target sequence in adeno-associated virus-mediated trichosanthin gene therapy. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2021; 19:515-525. [PMID: 34538767 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plant-derived cytotoxic transgene expression, such as trichosanthin (tcs), regulated by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector is a promising cancer gene therapy. However, the cytotoxic transgene can hamper the vector production in the rAAV producer cell line, human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Here, we explored microRNA-122 (miR122) and its target sequence to limit the expression of the cytotoxic gene in the rAAV producer cells. METHODS A miR122 target (122T) sequence was incorporated into the 3' untranslated region of the tcs cDNA sequence. The firefly luciferase (fluc) transgene was used as an appropriate control. Cell line HEK293-mir122 was generated by the lentiviral vector-mediated genome integration of the mir122 gene in parental HEK293 cells. The effects of miR122 overexpression on cell growth, transgene expression, and rAAV production were determined. RESULTS The presence of 122T sequence significantly reduced transgene expression in the miR122-enriched Huh7 cell line (in vitro), fresh human hepatocytes (ex vivo), and mouse liver (in vivo). Also, the normal liver physiology was unaffected by delivery of 122T sequence by rAAV vectors. Compared with the parental cells, the miR122-overexpressing HEK293-mir122 cell line showed similar cell growth rate and expression of transgene without 122T, as well as the ability to produce liver-targeting rAAV vectors. Fascinatingly, the yield of rAAV vectors carrying the tcs-122T gene was increased by 77.7-fold in HEK293-mir122 cells. Moreover, the tcs-122T-containing rAAV vectors significantly reduced the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells without affecting the normal liver cells. CONCLUSION HEK293-mir122 cells along with the 122T sequence provide a potential tool to attenuate the cytotoxic transgene expression, such as tcs, during rAAV vector production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gai Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Xi-Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yi-Lin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qing-Yun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peng-Peng Guo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army 971 Hospital, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ying-Lu Feng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army 971 Hospital, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chen Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Li-Qing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Huang FY, Wang JY, Dai SZ, Lin YY, Sun Y, Zhang L, Lu Z, Cao R, Tan GH. A recombinant oncolytic Newcastle virus expressing MIP-3α promotes systemic antitumor immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000330. [PMID: 32759233 PMCID: PMC7410001 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is inherently able to trigger the lysis of tumor cells and induce the immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells and is also an excellent gene-engineering vector. The macrophage inflammatory protein-3α (MIP-3α) is a specific chemokine for dendritic cells (DCs). Thus, we constructed a recombinant NDV expressing MIP-3α (NDV-MIP3α) as an in vivo DC vaccine for amplifying antitumor immunities. METHODS The recombinant NDV-MIP3α was constructed by the insertion of MIP-3α cDNA between the P and M genes. Western blotting assay and ELISA were used to detect MIP-3α, HMGB1, IgG, and ATP in the supernatant and sera. The chemotaxis of DCs was examined by Transwell chambers. The phenotypes of the immune cells (eg, DCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. The antitumor efficiency of NDV-MIP3α was observed in B16 and CT26 tumor-bearing mice. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were applied to observe the ecto-calreticulin (CRT) and intratumoral attraction of DCs. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes and antibodies and depletion of T-cell subsets were used to evaluate the relationship between antitumor immunities and the role of the T-cell subtype. RESULTS The findings show that NDV-MIP3α has almost the same capabilities of tumor lysis and induction of ICD as the wild-type NDV (NDV-WT). MIP-3α secreted by NDV-MIP3α could successfully attract DCs in vitro and in vivo. Both B16 and CT26 cells infected with NDV-MIP3α could strongly promote DC maturation and activation. Compared with NDV-WT, intratumoral injection of NDV-MIP3α and the adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes from mice injected with NDV-MIP3α resulted in a significant suppression of B16 and CT26 tumor growth. The NDV-MIP3α-induced production of tumor-specific cellular and humoral immune responses was dependent on CD8+ T cells and partially on CD4+ T cells. A significant reversion of tumor microenvironments was found in the mice injected with NDV-MIP3α. CONCLUSIONS Compared with NDV-WT, the recombinant NDV-MIP3α as an in vivo DC vaccine demonstrates enhanced antitumor activities through the induction of stronger system immunities and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. This strategy may be a potential approach for the generation of an in vivo DC vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jin-Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ying-Ying Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Guang-Hong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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