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Yoshida K, Müller DJ. Pharmacogenetics of Antipsychotic Drug Treatment: Update and Clinical Implications. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2020; 5:1-26. [PMID: 32399466 PMCID: PMC7206586 DOI: 10.1159/000492332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genetic variants have been shown to be associated with antipsychotic response and adverse effects of schizophrenia treatment. However, the clinical application of these findings is limited. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the most recent publications and recommendations related to the genetics of antipsychotic treatment and shed light on the clinical utility of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics (PGx). We reviewed the literature on PGx studies with antipsychotic drugs (i.e., antipsychotic response and adverse effects) and commonly used commercial PGx tools for clinical practice. Publications and reviews were included with emphasis on articles published between January 2015 and April 2018. We found 44 studies focusing on antipsychotic response and 45 studies on adverse effects (e.g., antipsychotic-induced weight gain, movement disorders, hormonal abnormality, and clozapine-induced agranulocytosis/granulocytopenia), albeit with mixed results. Overall, several gene variants related to antipsychotic response and adverse effects in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia have been reported, and several commercial pharmacogenomic tests have become available. However, further well-designed investigations and replication studies in large and well-characterized samples are needed to facilitate the application of PGx findings to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Yoshida
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Radouani F, Zass L, Hamdi Y, Rocha JD, Sallam R, Abdelhak S, Ahmed S, Azzouzi M, Benamri I, Benkahla A, Bouhaouala-Zahar B, Chaouch M, Jmel H, Kefi R, Ksouri A, Kumuthini J, Masilela P, Masimirembwa C, Othman H, Panji S, Romdhane L, Samtal C, Sibira R, Ghedira K, Fadlelmola F, Kassim SK, Mulder N. A review of clinical pharmacogenetics Studies in African populations. Per Med 2020; 17:155-170. [PMID: 32125935 PMCID: PMC8093600 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2019-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Effective interventions and treatments for complex diseases have been implemented globally, however, coverage in Africa has been comparatively lower due to lack of capacity, clinical applicability and knowledge on the genetic contribution to disease and treatment. Currently, there is a scarcity of genetic data on African populations, which have enormous genetic diversity. Pharmacogenomics studies have the potential to revolutionise treatment of diseases, therefore, African populations are likely to benefit from these approaches to identify likely responders, reduce adverse side effects and optimise drug dosing. This review discusses clinical pharmacogenetics studies conducted in African populations, focusing on studies that examined drug response in complex diseases relevant to healthcare. Several pharmacogenetics associations have emerged from African studies, as have gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Radouani
- Research Department, Chlamydiae & Mycoplasmas Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
| | - Lyndon Zass
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, IDM, CIDRI Africa Wellcome Trust Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yosr Hamdi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics & Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisie
| | - Jorge da Rocha
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Reem Sallam
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbaseya, Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics & Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisie
| | - Samah Ahmed
- Centre for Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, 321 Khartoum, Sudan.,Faculty of Clinical & Industrial Pharmacy, National University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Maryame Azzouzi
- Research Department, Chlamydiae & Mycoplasmas Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
| | - Ichrak Benamri
- Research Department, Chlamydiae & Mycoplasmas Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20360, Morocco.,Systems & Data Engineering Team, National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier, Morocco
| | - Alia Benkahla
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics & Biostatistics LR 16 IPT 09, Institute Pasteur de Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Balkiss Bouhaouala-Zahar
- Laboratory of Venoms & Therapeutic Molecules, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP74, Tunis Belvedere- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Melek Chaouch
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics & Biostatistics LR 16 IPT 09, Institute Pasteur de Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Jmel
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics & Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisie
| | - Rym Kefi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics & Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisie
| | - Ayoub Ksouri
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics & Biostatistics LR 16 IPT 09, Institute Pasteur de Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Venoms & Therapeutic Molecules, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP74, Tunis Belvedere- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Judit Kumuthini
- H3ABioNet, Bioinformatics Department, Centre for Proteomic & Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phumlani Masilela
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, IDM, CIDRI Africa Wellcome Trust Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collen Masimirembwa
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,DMPK Department, African Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Houcemeddine Othman
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sumir Panji
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, IDM, CIDRI Africa Wellcome Trust Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lilia Romdhane
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics & Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisie.,Département des Sciences de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, BP 21, Tunisie
| | - Chaimae Samtal
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco.,Department of Biology, University of Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco.,Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Rania Sibira
- Centre for Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, 321 Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Neurosurgery, National Center For Neurological Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics & Biostatistics LR 16 IPT 09, Institute Pasteur de Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Faisal Fadlelmola
- Centre for Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, 321 Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Samar Kamal Kassim
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbaseya, Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | - Nicola Mulder
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, IDM, CIDRI Africa Wellcome Trust Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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O'Connell KS, McGregor NW, Emsley R, Seedat S, Warnich L. The Potential Role of Regulatory Genes ( DNMT3A, HDAC5, and HDAC9) in Antipsychotic Treatment Response in South African Schizophrenia Patients. Front Genet 2019; 10:641. [PMID: 31354789 PMCID: PMC6635553 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in pharmacogenetics, the majority of heritability for treatment response cannot be explained by common variation, suggesting that factors such as epigenetics may play a key role. Regulatory genes, such as those involved in DNA methylation and transcriptional repression, are therefore excellent candidates for investigating antipsychotic treatment response. This study explored the differential expression of regulatory genes between patients with schizophrenia (chronic and antipsychotic-naïve first-episode patients) and healthy controls in order to identify candidate genes for association with antipsychotic treatment response. Seven candidate differentially expressed genes were identified, and four variants within these genes were found to be significantly associated with treatment response (DNMT3A rs2304429, HDAC5 rs11079983, and HDAC9 rs1178119 and rs11764843). Further analyses revealed that two of these variants (rs2304429 and rs11079983) are predicted to alter the expression of specific genes (DNMT3A, ASB16, and ASB16-AS1) in brain regions previously implicated in schizophrenia and treatment response. These results may aid in the development of biomarkers for antipsychotic treatment response, as well as novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Louise Warnich
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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O'Connell KS, McGregor NW, Malhotra A, Lencz T, Emsley R, Warnich L. Variation within voltage-gated calcium channel genes and antipsychotic treatment response in a South African first episode schizophrenia cohort. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2018; 19:109-114. [PMID: 30032160 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-018-0033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels have been implicated in schizophrenia aetiology; however, little is known about their involvement in antipsychotic treatment response. This study investigated variants within the calcium channel subunit genes for association with antipsychotic treatment response in a first episode schizophrenia cohort. Twelve regulatory variants within seven genes were shown to be significantly associated with treatment outcome. Most notably, the CACNA1B rs2229949 CC genotype was associated with improved negative symptomology, where the C allele was predicted to abolish a miRNA-binding site (has-mir-5002-3p), suggesting a possible mechanism of action through which this variant may have an effect. These results implicate the calcium channel subunits in antipsychotic treatment response and suggest that increased activation of these channels may be explored to enhance or predict antipsychotic treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S O'Connell
- System Genetics Working Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nathaniel W McGregor
- System Genetics Working Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anil Malhotra
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robin Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tygerberg Medical Campus, Tygerberg, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Louise Warnich
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights recent advances in the investigation of genetic factors for antipsychotic response and side effects. RECENT FINDINGS Antipsychotics prescribed to treat psychotic symptoms are variable in efficacy and propensity for causing side effects. The major side effects include tardive dyskinesia, antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG), and clozapine-induced agranulocytosis (CIA). Several promising associations of polymorphisms in genes including HSPG2, CNR1, and DPP6 with tardive dyskinesia have been reported. In particular, a functional genetic polymorphism in SLC18A2, which is a target of recently approved tardive dyskinesia medication valbenazine, was associated with tardive dyskinesia. Similarly, several consistent findings primarily from genes modulating energy homeostasis have also been reported (e.g. MC4R, HTR2C). CIA has been consistently associated with polymorphisms in the HLA genes (HLA-DQB1 and HLA-B). The association findings between glutamate system genes and antipsychotic response require additional replications. SUMMARY The findings to date are promising and provide us a better understanding of the development of side effects and response to antipsychotics. However, more comprehensive investigations in large, well characterized samples will bring us closer to clinically actionable findings.
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Quansah E, McGregor NW. Towards diversity in genomics: The emergence of neurogenomics in Africa? Genomics 2018; 110:1-9. [PMID: 28774809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a high burden of mental and neurological disorders in Africa. Nevertheless, there appears to be an under-representation of African ancestry populations in large-scale genomic studies. Here, we evaluated the extent of under-representation of Africans in neurogenomic studies in the GWAS Catalog. We found 569 neurogenomic studies, of which 88.9% were exclusively focused on people with European ancestry and the remaining 11.1% having African ancestry cases included. In terms of population, only 1.2% of the total populations involved in these 569 GWAS studies were of African descent. Further, most of the individuals in the African ancestry category were identified to be African-Americans/Afro-Caribbeans, highlighting the huge under-representation of homogenous African populations in large-scale neurogenomic studies. Efforts geared at establishing strong collaborative ties with European/American researchers, maintaining freely accessible biobanks and establishing comprehensive African genome data repositories to track African genome variations are critical for propelling neurogenomics/precision medicine in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Quansah
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Nathaniel W McGregor
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Medical Campus, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Ovenden ES, Drögemöller BI, van der Merwe L, Chiliza B, Asmal L, Emsley RA, Warnich L. Fine-mapping of antipsychotic response genome-wide association studies reveals novel regulatory mechanisms. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:105-120. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Noncoding variation has demonstrated regulatory effects on disease treatment outcomes. This study investigated the potential functionality of previously implicated noncoding variants on schizophrenia treatment response. Materials & methods: Predicted regulatory potential of variation identified from antipsychotic response genome-wide association studies was determined. Prioritized variants were assessed for association(s) with treatment outcomes in a South African first episode schizophrenia cohort (n = 103). Results: Bioinformatic and association results implicated a relationship between regulatory variants, expression of MANBA, COL9A2 and NFKB1, and treatment response. Three SNPs were associated with poor outcomes (rs230493: p = 1.88 × 10-6; rs3774959: p = 1.75 × 10-5; and rs230504: p = 1.48 × 10-4). Conclusion: This study has thoroughly investigated previous GWAS to pinpoint variants that may play a causal role in poor schizophrenia treatment outcomes, and provides potential candidate genes for further study in the field of antipsychotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S Ovenden
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Lize van der Merwe
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Bonginkosi Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Laila Asmal
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Robin A Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Louise Warnich
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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8
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The identification of novel genetic variants associated with antipsychotic treatment response outcomes in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 26:235-42. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Barber IS, García-Cárdenas JM, Sakdapanichkul C, Deacon C, Zapata Erazo G, Guerreiro R, Bras J, Hernandez D, Singleton A, Guetta-Baranes T, Braae A, Clement N, Patel T, Brookes K, Medway C, Chappell S, Mann DM, Morgan K. Screening exons 16 and 17 of the amyloid precursor protein gene in sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 39:220.e1-7. [PMID: 26803359 PMCID: PMC5155438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) can be familial (FAD) or sporadic EOAD (sEOAD); both have a disease onset ≤65 years of age. A total of 451 sEOAD samples were screened for known causative mutations in exons 16 and 17 of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene. Four samples were shown to be heterozygous for 1 of 3 known causative mutations: p.A713T, p.V717I, and p.V717G; this highlights the importance of screening EOAD patients for causative mutations. Additionally, we document an intronic 6 base pair (bp) deletion located 83 bp downstream of exon 17 (rs367709245, IVS17 83-88delAAGTAT), which has a nonsignificantly increased minor allele frequency in our sEOAD cohort (0.006) compared to LOAD (0.002) and controls (0.002). To assess the effect of the 6-bp deletion on splicing, COS-7 and BE(2)-C cells were transfected with a minigene vector encompassing exon 17. There was no change in splicing of exon 17 from constructs containing either wild type or deletion inserts. Sequencing of cDNA generated from cerebellum and temporal cortex of a patient harboring the deletion found no evidence of transcripts with exon 17 removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda S Barber
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Deacon
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gabriela Zapata Erazo
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tamar Guetta-Baranes
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anne Braae
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Naomi Clement
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tulsi Patel
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Keeley Brookes
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher Medway
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sally Chappell
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David M Mann
- Clinical and Cognitive Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, Human Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Antipsychotic pharmacogenomics in first episode psychosis: a role for glutamate genes. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e739. [PMID: 26905411 PMCID: PMC4872428 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors may underlie beneficial and adverse responses to antipsychotic treatment. These relationships may be easier to identify among patients early in the course of disease who have limited exposure to antipsychotic drugs. We examined 86 first episode patients (schizophrenia, psychotic bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder with psychotic features) who had minimal to no prior antipsychotic exposure in a 6-week pharmacogenomic study of antipsychotic treatment response. Response was measured by change in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score. Risperidone monotherapy was the primary antipsychotic treatment. Pharmacogenomic association studies were completed to (1) examine candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes known to be involved with glutamate signaling, and (2) conduct an exploratory genome-wide association study of symptom response to identify potential novel associations for future investigation. Two SNPs in GRM7 (rs2069062 and rs2014195) were significantly associated with antipsychotic response in candidate gene analysis, as were two SNPs in the human glutamate receptor delta 2 (GRID2) gene (rs9307122 and rs1875705) in genome-wide association analysis. Further examination of these findings with those from a separate risperidone-treated study sample demonstrated that top SNPs in both studies were overrepresented in glutamate genes and that there were similarities in neurodevelopmental gene categories associated with drug response from both study samples. These associations indicate a role for gene variants related to glutamate signaling and antipsychotic response with more broad association patterns indicating the potential importance of genes involved in neuronal development.
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11
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Kato T. Whole genome/exome sequencing in mood and psychotic disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 69:65-76. [PMID: 25319632 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in DNA sequencing technologies have allowed for genetic studies using whole genome or exome analysis, and these have been applied in the study of mood and psychotic disorders, including bipolar disorder, depression, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder. In this review, the current situation, recent findings, methodological problems, and future directions of whole genome/exome analysis studies of these disorders are summarized. Whole genome/exome studies of bipolar disorder have included pedigree analysis and case-control studies, demonstrating the role of previously implicated pathways, such as calcium signaling, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) signaling, and potassium channels. Extensive analysis of trio families and case-control studies showed that de novo mutations play a role in the genetic architecture of schizophrenia and indicated that mutations in several molecular pathways, including chromatin regulation, activity-regulated cytoskeleton, post-synaptic density, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, and targets of fragile X mental retardation protein, are associated with this disorder. Depression is a heterogeneous group of diseases and studies using exome analysis have been conducted to identify rare mutations causing Mendelian diseases that accompany depression. In the near future, clarification of the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia is expected. Identification of causative mutations using these new technologies will facilitate neurobiological studies of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
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12
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Dandara C, Swart M, Mpeta B, Wonkam A, Masimirembwa C. Cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics in African populations: implications for public health. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:769-85. [PMID: 24588448 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.894020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Africa harbors a disproportionate burden of disease when taking into account the triple challenge caused by HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) and malaria, against a backdrop of an increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases. More than 80% of therapeutic drugs used in the management of these diseases/conditions are metabolized by CYP enzymes that exhibit genetic polymorphisms. AREAS COVERED There is variability in the expression and activities of CYPs resulting in interindividual differences in the response to standard doses of therapeutic drugs, due to genetic polymorphisms, which exhibit both quantitative and qualitative differences between racial and between ethnic groups. The review aims to evaluate the implications of the genetic variation in CYPs on the public health of Africans. The CYPs reviewed here metabolize most of the commonly used therapeutic drugs and include CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4 and 3A5. Allele frequencies are compared between African ethnic groups and among populations of African, Asian and European origin. Data are obtained from our own studies and literature. EXPERT OPINION The variability in the pattern of genetic variation between populations translates into differences in drug response. Understanding CYP variability improves rational drug use and has public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collet Dandara
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pharmacogenetics and Cancer Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences , Anzio Road Observatory, 7925, Cape Town , South Africa +27 21 406 6506 ;
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