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O'Connor K, Spendiff S, Lochmüller H, Horvath R. Mitochondrial Mutations Can Alter Neuromuscular Transmission in Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome and Mitochondrial Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108505. [PMID: 37239850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a group of rare, neuromuscular disorders that usually present in childhood or infancy. While the phenotypic presentation of these disorders is diverse, the unifying feature is a pathomechanism that disrupts neuromuscular transmission. Recently, two mitochondrial genes-SLC25A1 and TEFM-have been reported in patients with suspected CMS, prompting a discussion about the role of mitochondria at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Mitochondrial disease and CMS can present with similar symptoms, and potentially one in four patients with mitochondrial myopathy exhibit NMJ defects. This review highlights research indicating the prominent roles of mitochondria at both the pre- and postsynapse, demonstrating the potential for mitochondrial involvement in neuromuscular transmission defects. We propose the establishment of a novel subcategorization for CMS-mitochondrial CMS, due to unifying clinical features and the potential for mitochondrial defects to impede transmission at the pre- and postsynapse. Finally, we highlight the potential of targeting the neuromuscular transmission in mitochondrial disease to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela O'Connor
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sally Spendiff
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK
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2
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Davis LA, Fogarty MJ, Brown A, Sieck GC. Structure and Function of the Mammalian Neuromuscular Junction. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3731-3766. [PMID: 35950651 PMCID: PMC10461538 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ) comprises a presynaptic terminal, a postsynaptic receptor region on the muscle fiber (endplate), and the perisynaptic (terminal) Schwann cell. As with any synapse, the purpose of the NMJ is to transmit signals from the nervous system to muscle fibers. This neural control of muscle fibers is organized as motor units, which display distinct structural and functional phenotypes including differences in pre- and postsynaptic elements of NMJs. Motor units vary considerably in the frequency of their activation (both motor neuron discharge rate and duration/duty cycle), force generation, and susceptibility to fatigue. For earlier and more frequently recruited motor units, the structure and function of the activated NMJs must have high fidelity to ensure consistent activation and continued contractile response to sustain vital motor behaviors (e.g., breathing and postural balance). Similarly, for higher force less frequent behaviors (e.g., coughing and jumping), the structure and function of recruited NMJs must ensure short-term reliable activation but not activation sustained for a prolonged period in which fatigue may occur. The NMJ is highly plastic, changing structurally and functionally throughout the life span from embryonic development to old age. The NMJ also changes under pathological conditions including acute and chronic disease. Such neuroplasticity often varies across motor unit types. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-36, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A. Davis
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew J. Fogarty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alyssa Brown
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary C. Sieck
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Merino-Galan L, Jimenez-Urbieta H, Zamarbide M, Rodríguez-Chinchilla T, Belloso-Iguerategui A, Santamaria E, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Aiastui A, Doudnikoff E, Bézard E, Ouro A, Knafo S, Gago B, Quiroga-Varela A, Rodríguez-Oroz MC. Striatal synaptic bioenergetic and autophagic decline in premotor experimental parkinsonism. Brain 2022; 145:2092-2107. [PMID: 35245368 PMCID: PMC9460676 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic impairment might precede neuronal degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. However, the intimate mechanisms altering synaptic function by the accumulation of presynaptic α-synuclein in striatal dopaminergic terminals before dopaminergic death occurs, have not been elucidated. Our aim is to unravel the sequence of synaptic functional and structural changes preceding symptomatic dopaminergic cell death. As such, we evaluated the temporal sequence of functional and structural changes at striatal synapses before parkinsonian motor features appear in a rat model of progressive dopaminergic death induced by overexpression of the human mutated A53T α-synuclein in the substantia nigra pars compacta, a protein transported to these synapses. Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra proteomics identified deregulated proteins involved first in energy metabolism and later, in vesicle cycling and autophagy. After protein deregulation and when α-synuclein accumulated at striatal synapses, alterations to mitochondrial bioenergetics were observed using a Seahorse XF96 analyser. Sustained dysfunctional mitochondrial bioenergetics was followed by a decrease in the number of dopaminergic terminals, morphological and ultrastructural alterations, and an abnormal accumulation of autophagic/endocytic vesicles inside the remaining dopaminergic fibres was evident by electron microscopy. The total mitochondrial population remained unchanged whereas the number of ultrastructurally damaged mitochondria increases as the pathological process evolved. We also observed ultrastructural signs of plasticity within glutamatergic synapses before the expression of motor abnormalities, such as a reduction in axospinous synapses and an increase in perforated postsynaptic densities. Overall, we found that a synaptic energetic failure and accumulation of dysfunctional organelles occur sequentially at the dopaminergic terminals as the earliest events preceding structural changes and cell death. We also identify key proteins involved in these earliest functional abnormalities that may be modulated and serve as therapeutic targets to counterbalance the degeneration of dopaminergic cells to delay or prevent the development of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Merino-Galan
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Haritz Jimenez-Urbieta
- Cell culture Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, 20014 Donostia, Spain
| | - Marta Zamarbide
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Enrique Santamaria
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Aiastui
- Cell culture Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, 20014 Donostia, Spain
| | - Evelyne Doudnikoff
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bézard
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alberto Ouro
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Shira Knafo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Quiroga-Varela
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Rodríguez-Oroz
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Neurology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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4
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Datta S, Jaiswal M. Mitochondrial calcium at the synapse. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:135-153. [PMID: 33895346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, which serve various purposes, including but not limited to the production of ATP and various metabolites, buffering ions, acting as a signaling hub, etc. In recent years, mitochondria are being seen as the central regulators of cellular growth, development, and death. Since neurons are highly specialized cells with a heavy metabolic demand, it is not surprising that neurons are one of the most mitochondria-rich cells in an animal. At synapses, mitochondrial function and dynamics is tightly regulated by synaptic calcium. Calcium influx during synaptic activity causes increased mitochondrial calcium influx leading to an increased ATP production as well as buffering of synaptic calcium. While increased ATP production is required during synaptic transmission, calcium buffering by mitochondria is crucial to prevent faulty neurotransmission and excitotoxicity. Interestingly, mitochondrial calcium also regulates the mobility of mitochondria within synapses causing mitochondria to halt at the synapse during synaptic transmission. In this review, we summarize the various roles of mitochondrial calcium at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Datta
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India.
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5
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Torres AK, Jara C, Olesen MA, Tapia-Rojas C. Pathologically phosphorylated tau at S396/404 (PHF-1) is accumulated inside of hippocampal synaptic mitochondria of aged Wild-type mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4448. [PMID: 33627790 PMCID: PMC7904815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is a natural process characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss. This impairment is related to mitochondrial dysfunction and has recently been linked to the accumulation of abnormal proteins in the hippocampus. Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction could be induced by modified forms of tau. Here, we demonstrated that phosphorylated tau at Ser 396/404 sites, epitope known as PHF-1, is increased in the hippocampus of aged mice at the same time that oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction are observed. Most importantly, we showed that tau PHF-1 is located in hippocampal mitochondria and accumulates in the mitochondria of old mice. Finally, since two mitochondrial populations were found in neurons, we evaluated tau PHF-1 levels in both non-synaptic and synaptic mitochondria. Interestingly, our results revealed that tau PHF-1 accumulates primarily in synaptic mitochondria during aging, and immunogold electron microscopy and Proteinase K protection assays demonstrated that tau PHF-1 is located inside mitochondria. These results demonstrated the presence of phosphorylated tau at PHF-1 commonly related to tauopathy, inside the mitochondria from the hippocampus of healthy aged mice for the first time. Thus, this study strongly suggests that synaptic mitochondria could be damaged by tau PHF-1 accumulation inside this organelle, which in turn could result in synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to synaptic failure and memory loss at an advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie K Torres
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Carmen Sylva 2444, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Carmen Sylva 2444, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margrethe A Olesen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Carmen Sylva 2444, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Carmen Sylva 2444, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
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6
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Bordone MP, Salman MM, Titus HE, Amini E, Andersen JV, Chakraborti B, Diuba AV, Dubouskaya TG, Ehrke E, Espindola de Freitas A, Braga de Freitas G, Gonçalves RA, Gupta D, Gupta R, Ha SR, Hemming IA, Jaggar M, Jakobsen E, Kumari P, Lakkappa N, Marsh APL, Mitlöhner J, Ogawa Y, Paidi RK, Ribeiro FC, Salamian A, Saleem S, Sharma S, Silva JM, Singh S, Sulakhiya K, Tefera TW, Vafadari B, Yadav A, Yamazaki R, Seidenbecher CI. The energetic brain - A review from students to students. J Neurochem 2019; 151:139-165. [PMID: 31318452 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years have resulted in unprecedented progress in understanding brain energy metabolism and its role in health and disease. In this review, which was initiated at the 14th International Society for Neurochemistry Advanced School, we address the basic concepts of brain energy metabolism and approach the question of why the brain has high energy expenditure. Our review illustrates that the vertebrate brain has a high need for energy because of the high number of neurons and the need to maintain a delicate interplay between energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and plasticity. Disturbances to the energetic balance, to mitochondria quality control or to glia-neuron metabolic interaction may lead to brain circuit malfunction or even severe disorders of the CNS. We cover neuronal energy consumption in neural transmission and basic ('housekeeping') cellular processes. Additionally, we describe the most common (glucose) and alternative sources of energy namely glutamate, lactate, ketone bodies, and medium chain fatty acids. We discuss the multifaceted role of non-neuronal cells in the transport of energy substrates from circulation (pericytes and astrocytes) and in the supply (astrocytes and microglia) and usage of different energy fuels. Finally, we address pathological consequences of disrupted energy homeostasis in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Paula Bordone
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haley E Titus
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (HUKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Artem V Diuba
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatsiana G Dubouskaya
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Eric Ehrke
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andiara Espindola de Freitas
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richa Gupta
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Sharon R Ha
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Isabel A Hemming
- Brain Growth and Disease Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Minal Jaggar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Emil Jakobsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Punita Kumari
- Defense Institute of Physiology and allied sciences, Defense Research and Development Organization, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Navya Lakkappa
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS college of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Ashley P L Marsh
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Mitlöhner
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Ahmad Salamian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Suraiya Saleem
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sorabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Joana M Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Shripriya Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Kunjbihari Sulakhiya
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
| | - Tesfaye Wolde Tefera
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Behnam Vafadari
- Institute of environmental medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Reiji Yamazaki
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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7
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Kang JJ, Guo B, Liang WH, Lam CS, Wu SX, Huang XF, Wong-Riley MTT, Fung ML, Liu YY. Daily acute intermittent hypoxia induced dynamic changes in dendritic mitochondrial ultrastructure and cytochrome oxidase activity in the pre-Bötzinger complex of rats. Exp Neurol 2018; 313:124-134. [PMID: 30586594 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria, as primary energy generators and Ca2+ biosensor, are dynamically coupled to neuronal activities, and thus play a role in neuroplasticity. Here we report that respiratory neuroplasticity induced by daily acute intermittent hypoxia (dAIH) evoked adaptive changes in the ultrastructure and postsynaptic distribution of mitochondria in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC). The metabolic marker of neuronal activity, cytochrome c oxidase (CO), and dendritic mitochondria were examined in pre-BötC neurons of adult Sprague-Dawley rats preconditioned with dAIH, which is known to induce long-term facilitation (LTF) in respiratory neural activities. We performed neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) pre-embedding immunocytochemistry to define pre-BötC neurons, in combination with CO histochemistry, to depict ultrastructural alterations and CO activity in dendritic mitochondria. We found that the dAIH challenge significantly increased CO activity in pre-BötC neurons. Darkly CO-reactive mitochondria at postsynaptic sites in the dAIH group were much more prevalent than those in the normoxic control. In addition, the length and area of mitochondria were significantly increased in the dAIH group, implying a larger surface area of cristae for ATP generation. There was a fine, structural remodeling, notably enlarged and branching mitochondria or tapered mitochondria extending into dendritic spines. Mitochondrial cristae were mainly in parallel-lamellar arrangement, indicating a high efficiency of energy generation. Moreover, flocculent or filament-like elements were noted between the mitochondria and the postsynaptic membrane. These morphological evidences, together with increased CO activity, demonstrate that dendritic mitochondria in the pre-BötC responded dynamically to respiratory plasticity. Hence, plastic neuronal changes are closely coupled to active mitochondrial bioenergetics, leading to enhanced energy production and Ca2+ buffering that may drive the LTF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Wei-Hua Liang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Chun-Sing Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Margaret T T Wong-Riley
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Man-Lung Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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8
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Nesterov SV, Skorobogatova YA, Panteleeva AA, Pavlik LL, Mikheeva IB, Yaguzhinsky LS, Nartsissov YR. NMDA and GABA receptor presence in rat heart mitochondria. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 291:40-46. [PMID: 29883723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the presence of three more receptors in mitochondria. Two N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits (NR1 and NR2B) are found by protein immunoblot and immunogold labeling in mitochondria fraction isolated from rat heart. These data allow supposing NMDAR presence and functioning in the inner mitochondrial membrane. There are no signs of receptor presence obtained in heart tissue lysate, that indicates the receptor localization exactly in mitochondria. The possible receptor functions discussed are its participation in calcium transport and in excitation-metabolism coupling. Besides, preliminary evidence is obtained of GABAA and GABAB receptors presence in heart mitochondria. One can surmise their role in metabolism regulation and their possible co-operation with NMDAR just as in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semen V Nesterov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
| | - Yulia A Skorobogatova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
| | - Alisa A Panteleeva
- Belozersky Research Institute for Physico Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
| | - Lyubov L Pavlik
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophisics Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Irina B Mikheeva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophisics Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Lev S Yaguzhinsky
- Institute of Cytochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 6-th Radialnaya str. 24-14, Moscow, 115404, Russia; Belozersky Research Institute for Physico Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yaroslav R Nartsissov
- Institute of Cytochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 6-th Radialnaya str. 24-14, Moscow, 115404, Russia.
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9
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Tapia-Rojas C, Mira RG, Torres AK, Jara C, Pérez MJ, Vergara EH, Cerpa W, Quintanilla RA. Alcohol consumption during adolescence: A link between mitochondrial damage and ethanol brain intoxication. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:1623-1639. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - Rodrigo G. Mira
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago 8331150 Chile
| | - Angie K. Torres
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - María José Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - Erick H. Vergara
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago 8331150 Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. Quintanilla
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
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10
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Martín-Montañez E, Millon C, Boraldi F, Garcia-Guirado F, Pedraza C, Lara E, Santin LJ, Pavia J, Garcia-Fernandez M. IGF-II promotes neuroprotection and neuroplasticity recovery in a long-lasting model of oxidative damage induced by glucocorticoids. Redox Biol 2017; 13:69-81. [PMID: 28575743 PMCID: PMC5454142 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a naturally occurring hormone that exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases and ageing. Accumulating evidence suggests that the effects of IGF-II in the brain may be explained by its binding to the specific transmembrane receptor, IGFII/M6P receptor (IGF-IIR). However, relatively little is known regarding the role of IGF-II through IGF-IIR in neuroprotection. Here, using adult cortical neuronal cultures, we investigated whether IGF-II exhibits long-term antioxidant effects and neuroprotection at the synaptic level after oxidative damage induced by high and transient levels of corticosterone (CORT). Furthermore, the involvement of the IGF-IIR was also studied to elucidate its role in the neuroprotective actions of IGF-II. We found that neurons treated with IGF-II after CORT incubation showed reduced oxidative stress damage and recovered antioxidant status (normalized total antioxidant status, lipid hydroperoxides and NAD(P) H:quinone oxidoreductase activity). Similar results were obtained when mitochondria function was analysed (cytochrome c oxidase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and subcellular mitochondrial distribution). Furthermore, neuronal impairment and degeneration were also assessed (synaptophysin and PSD-95 expression, presynaptic function and FluoroJade B® stain). IGF-II was also able to recover the long-lasting neuronal cell damage. Finally, the effects of IGF-II were not blocked by an IGF-IR antagonist, suggesting the involvement of IGF-IIR. Altogether these results suggest that, in or model, IGF-II through IGF-IIR is able to revert the oxidative damage induced by CORT. In accordance with the neuroprotective role of the IGF-II/IGF-IIR reported in our study, pharmacotherapy approaches targeting this pathway may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with cognitive deficits (i.e., neurodegenerative disorders, depression, etc.). First evidence that IGF-II reverts oxidative synaptic damage produced by corticoids. IGF-II recovers mitochondrial function in synapses after oxidative damage. IGF-II restores mitochondrial distribution in neurons after oxidative damage. Evidence of the involvement of IGF-II receptor in the recovery of synaptic function. IGF-II reverts neurodegeneration induced by oxidative damage produced by corticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martín-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - C Millon
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - F Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - F Garcia-Guirado
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - C Pedraza
- Department of Psychobiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - E Lara
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - L J Santin
- Department of Psychobiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - J Pavia
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - M Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Human Physiology, Málaga University, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
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11
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Bentea E, Moore C, Deneyer L, Verbruggen L, Churchill MJ, Hood RL, Meshul CK, Massie A. Plastic changes at corticostriatal synapses predict improved motor function in a partial lesion model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res Bull 2017; 130:257-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Flippo KH, Strack S. Mitochondrial dynamics in neuronal injury, development and plasticity. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:671-681. [PMID: 28154157 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.171017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria fulfill numerous cellular functions including ATP production, Ca2+ buffering, neurotransmitter synthesis and degradation, ROS production and sequestration, apoptosis and intermediate metabolism. Mitochondrial dynamics, a collective term for the processes of mitochondrial fission, fusion and transport, governs mitochondrial function and localization within the cell. Correct balance of mitochondrial dynamics is especially important in neurons as mutations in fission and fusion enzymes cause peripheral neuropathies and impaired development of the nervous system in humans. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is partly accomplished through post-translational modification of mitochondrial fission and fusion enzymes, in turn influencing mitochondrial bioenergetics and transport. The importance of post-translational regulation is highlighted by numerous neurodegenerative disorders associated with post-translational modification of the mitochondrial fission enzyme Drp1. Not surprisingly, mitochondrial dynamics also play an important physiological role in the development of the nervous system and synaptic plasticity. Here, we highlight recent findings underlying the mechanisms and regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in relation to neurological disease, as well as the development and plasticity of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Flippo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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13
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The Alterations in Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Nuclear-Encoded Mitochondrial Genes in Rat Brain Structures after Cocaine Self-Administration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7460-7470. [PMID: 27819115 PMCID: PMC5622911 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The repeated intake of cocaine evokes oxidative stress that is present even during drug withdrawal. Recent studies demonstrate that cocaine-induced oxidative and/or endoplasmic reticulum stress can affect mitochondrial function and dynamics as well as the expression of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. These alterations in mitochondrial function may determine synaptic and behavioral plasticity. Mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) seem to play an important role in the initiation of drug addiction. We used a microarray approach to investigate the expression patterns of nuclear-encoded genes relevant for mitochondrial functions and quantitative real-time PCR assays to determine the numbers of copies of mtDNA and of mRNAs corresponding to two mitochondrial proteins in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats during early cocaine abstinence. We found a significant elevation in the copy number of mtDNA and concomitant increased expression of mitochondrial genes. Moreover, microarray analysis revealed changes in the transcription of nuclear genes engaged in mtDNA replication, nucleoid formation, the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, and mitochondrial fission and fusion. Finally, we observed the upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced genes. Cocaine self-administration influences the expression of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes as well as mtDNA replication. To determine whether these alterations serve as compensatory mechanisms to help maintain normal level of ATP production, further studies are necessary.
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14
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Mendoza E, Miranda-Barrientos J, Vázquez-Roque R, Morales-Herrera E, Ruelas A, De la Rosa G, Flores G, Hernández-Echeagaray E. In vivo mitochondrial inhibition alters corticostriatal synaptic function and the modulatory effects of neurotrophins. Neuroscience 2014; 280:156-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Stauch KL, Purnell PR, Fox HS. Quantitative proteomics of synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria: insights for synaptic mitochondrial vulnerability. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2620-36. [PMID: 24708184 PMCID: PMC4015687 DOI: 10.1021/pr500295n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic mitochondria are essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis and producing ATP, processes vital for neuronal integrity and synaptic transmission. Synaptic mitochondria exhibit increased oxidative damage during aging and are more vulnerable to calcium insult than nonsynaptic mitochondria. Why synaptic mitochondria are specifically more susceptible to cumulative damage remains to be determined. In this study, the generation of a super-SILAC mix that served as an appropriate internal standard for mouse brain mitochondria mass spectrometry based analysis allowed for the quantification of the proteomic differences between synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria isolated from 10-month-old mice. We identified a total of 2260 common proteins between synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria of which 1629 were annotated as mitochondrial. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the proteins common between synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria revealed significant differential expression of 522 proteins involved in several pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial fission/fusion, calcium transport, and mitochondrial DNA replication and maintenance. In comparison to nonsynaptic mitochondria, synaptic mitochondria exhibited increased age-associated mitochondrial DNA deletions and decreased bioenergetic function. These findings provide insights into synaptic mitochondrial susceptibility to damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Stauch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center , 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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16
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Kuwajima M, Spacek J, Harris KM. Beyond counts and shapes: studying pathology of dendritic spines in the context of the surrounding neuropil through serial section electron microscopy. Neuroscience 2013; 251:75-89. [PMID: 22561733 PMCID: PMC3535574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because dendritic spines are the sites of excitatory synapses, pathological changes in spine morphology should be considered as part of pathological changes in neuronal circuitry in the forms of synaptic connections and connectivity strength. In the past, spine pathology has usually been measured by changes in their number or shape. A more complete understanding of spine pathology requires visualization at the nanometer level to analyze how the changes in number and size affect their presynaptic partners and associated astrocytic processes, as well as organelles and other intracellular structures. Currently, serial section electron microscopy (ssEM) offers the best approach to address this issue because of its ability to image the volume of brain tissue at the nanometer resolution. Renewed interest in ssEM has led to recent technological advances in imaging techniques and improvements in computational tools indispensable for three-dimensional analyses of brain tissue volumes. Here we consider the small but growing literature that has used ssEM analysis to unravel ultrastructural changes in neuropil including dendritic spines. These findings have implications in altered synaptic connectivity and cell biological processes involved in neuropathology, and serve as anatomical substrates for understanding changes in network activity that may underlie clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kuwajima
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Josef Spacek
- Charles University Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kristen M. Harris
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin
- Section of Neurobiology, The University of Texas at Austin
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17
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Rosa AM, Silva MF, Ferreira S, Murta J, Castelo-Branco M. Plasticity in the human visual cortex: an ophthalmology-based perspective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:568354. [PMID: 24205505 PMCID: PMC3800612 DOI: 10.1155/2013/568354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize the function and structure of its connections in response to changes in the environment. Adult human visual cortex shows several manifestations of plasticity, such as perceptual learning and adaptation, working under the top-down influence of attention. Plasticity results from the interplay of several mechanisms, including the GABAergic system, epigenetic factors, mitochondrial activity, and structural remodeling of synaptic connectivity. There is also a downside of plasticity, that is, maladaptive plasticity, in which there are behavioral losses resulting from plasticity changes in the human brain. Understanding plasticity mechanisms could have major implications in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases, such as retinal disorders, cataract and refractive surgery, amblyopia, and in the evaluation of surgical materials and techniques. Furthermore, eliciting plasticity could open new perspectives in the development of strategies that trigger plasticity for better medical and surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Martins Rosa
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Fátima Silva
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Ferreira
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Murta
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Fusco S, Pani G. Brain response to calorie restriction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3157-70. [PMID: 23269433 PMCID: PMC11114019 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction extends longevity and delays ageing in model organisms and mammals, opposing the onset and progression of an array of age-related diseases. These beneficial effects also extend to the maintenance of brain cognitive functions at later age and to the prevention, at least in rodents, of brain senescence and associated neurodegenerative disorders. In recent years, the molecular mechanisms underlying brain response to calorie restriction have begun to be elucidated, revealing the unanticipated role of a number of key nutrient sensors and nutrient-triggered signaling cascades in the translation of metabolic cues into cellular and molecular events that ultimately lead to increased cell resistance to stress, enhanced synaptic plasticity, and improved cognitive performance. Of note, the brain's role in CR also includes the activation of nutrient-sensitive hypothalamic circuitries and the implementation of neuroendocrine responses that impact the entire organism. The present review addresses emerging molecular themes in brain response to dietary restriction, and the implications of this knowledge for the understanding and the prevention of brain disorders associated with ageing and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fusco
- Institute of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, Basic Science Building, room 405, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Pani
- Institute of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, Basic Science Building, room 405, Rome, Italy
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19
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Rahnama M, Tuszynski JA, Bókkon I, Cifra M, Sardar P, Salari V. Emission of mitochondrial biophotons and their effect on electrical activity of membrane via microtubules. J Integr Neurosci 2012; 10:65-88. [PMID: 21425483 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635211002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we argue that, in addition to electrical and chemical signals propagating in the neurons of the brain, signal propagation takes place in the form of biophoton production. This statement is supported by recent experimental confirmation of photon guiding properties of a single neuron. We have investigated the interaction of mitochondrial biophotons with microtubules from a quantum mechanical point of view. Our theoretical analysis indicates that the interaction of biophotons and microtubules causes transitions/fluctuations of microtubules between coherent and incoherent states. A significant relationship between the fluctuation function of microtubules and alpha-EEG diagrams is elaborated on in this paper. We argue that the role of biophotons in the brain merits special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rahnama
- Department of Physics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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20
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Lee BH, Shin TJ, Hwang SH, Choi SH, Kang J, Kim HJ, Park CW, Lee SH, Nah SY. Inhibitory Effects of Quercetin on Muscle-type of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Mediated Ion Currents Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 15:195-201. [PMID: 21994477 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.4.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoid quercetin is a low molecular weight compound generally found in apple, gingko, tomato, onion and other red-colored fruits and vegetables. Like other flavonoids, quercetin has diverse pharmacological actions. However, relatively little is known about the influence of quercetin effects in the regulation of ligand-gated ion channels. Previously, we reported that quercetin regulates subsets of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors such as α3β4, α7 and α9α10. Presently, we investigated the effects of quercetin on muscle-type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes after injection of cRNA encoding human fetal or adult muscle-type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. Acetylcholine treatment elicited an inward peak current (I(ACh)) in oocytes expressing both muscle-type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and co-treatment of quercetin with acetylcholine inhibited I(ACh). Pre-treatment of quercetin further inhibited I(ACh) in oocytes expressing adult and fetal muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The inhibition of I(ACh) by quercetin was reversible and concentration-dependent. The IC(50) of quercetin was 18.9±1.2 µM in oocytes expressing adult muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The inhibition of I(ACh) by quercetin was voltage-independent and non-competitive. These results indicate that quercetin might regulate human muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel activity and that quercetin-mediated regulation of muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor might be coupled to regulation of neuromuscular junction activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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21
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Gould TW, Oppenheim RW. Motor neuron trophic factors: therapeutic use in ALS? BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2011; 67:1-39. [PMID: 20971133 PMCID: PMC3109102 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The modest effects of neurotrophic factor (NTF) treatment on lifespan in both animal models and clinical studies of Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) may result from any one or combination of the four following explanations: 1.) NTFs block cell death in some physiological contexts but not in ALS; 2.) NTFs do not rescue motoneurons (MNs) from death in any physiological context; 3.) NTFs block cell death in ALS but to no avail; and 4.) NTFs are physiologically effective but limited by pharmacokinetic constraints. The object of this review is to critically evaluate the role of both NTFs and the intracellular cell death pathway itself in regulating the survival of spinal and cranial (lower) MNs during development, after injury and in response to disease. Because the role of molecules mediating MN survival has been most clearly resolved by the in vivo analysis of genetically engineered mice, this review will focus on studies of such mice expressing reporter, null or other mutant alleles of NTFs, NTF receptors, cell death or ALS-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Gould
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA.
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22
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Villalba RM, Smith Y. Differential structural plasticity of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal axo-spinous synapses in MPTP-treated Parkinsonian monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:989-1005. [PMID: 21280048 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Striatal spine loss is a key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Knowing that striatal glutamatergic afferents target dendritic spines, these data appear difficult to reconcile with evidence for an increased expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) in the striatum of PD patients and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys, as well as in some electrophysiological studies showing overactivity of the corticostriatal glutamatergic system in models of parkinsonism. To address the possibility that structural changes in glutamatergic afferents may underlie these discrepancies, we undertook an ultrastructural analysis of vGluT1-positive (i.e., corticostriatal) and vGluT2-positive (i.e., mostly thalamostriatal) axo-spinous glutamatergic synapses using a 3D electron microscopic approach in normal and MPTP-treated monkeys. Three main conclusions can be drawn: 1) spines contacted by vGluT1-containing terminals have larger volume and harbor significantly larger postsynaptic densities (PSDs) than those contacted by vGluT2-immunoreactive boutons; 2) a subset of vGluT2-, but not vGluT1-immunoreactive, terminals display a pattern of multisynaptic connectivity in normal and MPTP-treated monkeys; and 3) VGluT1- and vGluT2-positive axo-spinous synapses undergo ultrastructural changes (larger spine volume, larger PSDs, increased PSD perforations, larger presynaptic terminal) indicative of increased synaptic activity in parkinsonian animals. Furthermore, spines contacted by cortical terminals display an increased volume of their spine apparatus in MPTP-treated monkeys, suggesting an increased protein synthesis at corticostriatal synapses. These findings demonstrate that corticostriatal and thalamostriatal glutamatergic axo-spinous synapses display significantly different ultrastructural features, and that both systems undergo complex morphological changes that could underlie the pathophysiology of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal systems in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
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23
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Abstract
The structure and function of the mitochondrial network is regulated by mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, transport and degradation. A well-maintained balance of these processes (mitochondrial dynamics) is essential for neuronal signaling, plasticity and transmitter release. Core proteins of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery play important roles in the regulation of apoptosis, and mutations or abnormal expression of these factors are associated with inherited and age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson's disease (PD), oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction underlie the development of neuropathology. The recessive Parkinsonism-linked genes PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin maintain mitochondrial integrity by regulating diverse aspects of mitochondrial function, including membrane potential, calcium homeostasis, cristae structure, respiratory activity, and mtDNA integrity. In addition, Parkin is crucial for autophagy-dependent clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria. In the absence of PINK1 or Parkin, cells often develop fragmented mitochondria. Whereas excessive fission may cause apoptosis, coordinated induction of fission and autophagy is believed to facilitate the removal of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy, and has been observed in some types of cells. Compensatory mechanisms may also occur in mice lacking PINK1 that, in contrast to cells and Drosophila, have only mild mitochondrial dysfunction and lack dopaminergic neuron loss. A better understanding of the relationship between the specific changes in mitochondrial dynamics/turnover and cell death will be instrumental to identify potentially neuroprotective pathways steering PINK1-deficient cells towards survival. Such pathways may be manipulated in the future by specific drugs to treat PD and perhaps other neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal mitochondrial function and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansruedi Büeler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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24
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Bókkon I, Vimal RLP. Implications on visual apperception: energy, duration, structure and synchronization. Biosystems 2010; 101:1-9. [PMID: 20433895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although primary visual cortex (V1 or striate) activity per se is not sufficient for visual apperception (normal conscious visual experiences and conscious functions such as detection, discrimination, and recognition), the same is also true for extrastriate visual areas (such as V2, V3, V4/V8/VO, V5/M5/MST, IT, and GF). In the lack of V1 area, visual signals can still reach several extrastriate parts but appear incapable of generating normal conscious visual experiences. It is scarcely emphasized in the scientific literature that conscious perceptions and representations must have also essential energetic conditions. These energetic conditions are achieved by spatiotemporal networks of dynamic mitochondrial distributions inside neurons. However, the highest density of neurons in neocortex (number of neurons per degree of visual angle) devoted to representing the visual field is found in retinotopic V1. It means that the highest mitochondrial (energetic) activity can be achieved in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-rich V1 areas. Thus, V1 bear the highest energy allocation for visual representation. In addition, the conscious perceptions also demand structural conditions, presence of adequate duration of information representation, and synchronized neural processes and/or 'interactive hierarchical structuralism.' For visual apperception, various visual areas are involved depending on context such as stimulus characteristics such as color, form/shape, motion, and other features. Here, we focus primarily on V1 where specific mitochondrial-rich retinotopic structures are found; we will concisely discuss V2 where smaller riches of these structures are found. We also point out that residual brain states are not fully reflected in active neural patterns after visual perception. Namely, after visual perception, subliminal residual states are not being reflected in passive neural recording techniques, but require active stimulation to be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bókkon
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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25
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Picture representation during REM dreams: a redox molecular hypothesis. Biosystems 2010; 100:79-86. [PMID: 20132862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel molecular hypothesis about visual perception and imagery has recently been proposed (Bókkon, 2009; BioSystems). Namely, external electromagnetic visible photons are converted into electrical signals in the retina and are then conveyed to V1. Next, these retinotopic electrical signals (spike-related electrical signals along classical axonal-dendritic pathways) can be converted into synchronized bioluminescent biophoton signals (inside the neurons) by neurocellular radical reactions (redox processes) in retinotopically organized V1 mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-rich visual areas. The bioluminescent photonic signals (inside the neurons) generated by neurocellular redox/radical reactions in synchronized V1 neurons make it possible to produce computational biophysical pictures during visual perception and imagery. Our hypothesis is in line with the functional roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in living cells and states that this is not a random process, but rather a strict mechanism used in signaling pathways. Here, we suggest that intrinsic biophysical pictures can also emerge during REM dreams.
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26
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Graham BH, Li Z, Alesii EP, Versteken P, Lee C, Wang J, Craigen WJ. Neurologic dysfunction and male infertility in Drosophila porin mutants: a new model for mitochondrial dysfunction and disease. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11143-53. [PMID: 20110367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.080317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are a family of small pore-forming proteins of the mitochondrial outer membrane found in all eukaryotes. VDACs play an important role in the regulated flux of metabolites between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments, and three distinct mammalian isoforms have been identified. Animal and cell culture experiments suggest that the various isoforms act in disparate roles such as apoptosis, synaptic plasticity, learning, muscle bioenergetics, and reproduction. In Drosophila melanogaster, porin is the ubiquitously expressed VDAC isoform. Through imprecise excision of a P element insertion in the porin locus, a series of hypomorphic alleles have been isolated, and analyses of flies homozygous for these mutant alleles reveal phenotypes remarkably reminiscent of mouse VDAC mutants. These include partial lethality, defects of mitochondrial respiration, abnormal muscle mitochondrial morphology, synaptic dysfunction, and male infertility, which are features often observed in human mitochondrial disorders. Furthermore, the observed synaptic dysfunction at the neuromuscular junction in porin mutants is associated with a paucity of mitochondria in presynaptic termini. The similarity of VDAC mutant phenotypes in the fly and mouse clearly indicate a fundamental conservation of VDAC function. The establishment and validation of a new in vivo model for VDAC function in Drosophila should provide a valuable tool for further genetic dissection of VDAC role(s) in mitochondrial biology and disease, and as a model of mitochondrial disorders potentially amenable to the development of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett H Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Song C, Scharf ME. Mitochondrial impacts of insecticidal formate esters in insecticide-resistant and insecticide-susceptible Drosophila melanogaster. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:697-703. [PMID: 19278021 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on insecticidal formate esters in flies and mosquitoes has documented toxicity profiles, metabolism characteristics and neurological impacts. The research presented here investigated mitochondrial impacts of insecticidal formate esters and their hydrolyzed metabolite formic acid in the model dipteran insect Drosophila melanogaster Meig. These studies compared two Drosophila strains: an insecticide-susceptible strain (Canton-S) and a strain resistant by cytochrome P450 overexpression (Hikone-R). RESULTS In initial studies investigating inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, two proven insecticidal materials (hydramethylnon and sodium cyanide) caused significant inhibition. However, for insecticidal formate esters and formic acid, no significant inhibition was identified in either fly strain. Mitochondrial impacts of formate esters were then investigated further by tracking toxicant-induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, a biomarker of apoptosis and neurological dysfunction. Formic acid and three positive control treatments (rotenone, antimycin A and sodium cyanide) induced cytochrome c release, verifying that formic acid is capable of causing mitochondrial disruption. However, when comparing formate ester hydrolysis and cytochrome c release between Drosophila strains, formic acid liberation was only weakly correlated with cytochrome c release in the susceptible Canton-S strain (r(2) = 0.70). The resistant Hikone-R strain showed no correlation (r(2) < 0.0001) between formate ester hydrolysis and cytochrome c release. CONCLUSION The findings of this study provide confirmation of mitochondrial impacts by insecticidal formate esters and suggest links between mitochondrial disruption, respiratory inhibition, apoptosis and formate-ester-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Song
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA
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Bókkon I, D’Angiulli A. Emergence and transmission of visual awareness through optical coding in the brain: A redox molecular hypothesis on visual mental imagery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bihy.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Deocaris CC, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. From proliferative to neurological role of an hsp70 stress chaperone, mortalin. Biogerontology 2008; 9:391-403. [PMID: 18770009 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the brain makes up approximately 2% of a person's body weight, it consumes more than 15% of total cardiac output and has a per capita caloric requirement of 10 times more than the rest of the body. Such continuous metabolic demand that supports the generation of action potentials in neuronal cells relies on the mitochondria, the main organelle for power generation. The phenomenon of mitochondrial biogenesis, although has long been a neglected theme in neurobiology, can be regarded as critical to brain physiology. The present review emphasizes the role of a key molecular player of mitochondrial biogenesis, the mortalin/mthsp70. Brain mortalin is discussed in relation to its aptitude to impact on mitochondrial function and homeostasis, to its interfacing energy metabolic functions with synaptic plasticity, and to its modulation of brain aging via the cellular senescence pathways. Recently, this chaperone has been implicated in Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases, with proteomic studies consistently identifying oxidatively-damaged mortalin as potential biomarker. Hence, it is possible that mitochondrial dysfunction coincides with the collapse in the mitochondrial chaperone network that aim not only to import, sort and maintain integrity of protein components within the mitochondria, but also to act as buffer to the molecular heterogeneity of damaged and aging mitochondrial proteins within a ROS-rich microenvironment. Inversely, it may also seem that vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction could be precipitated by malevolent (anti-chaperone) gain-of-function of a 'sick mortalin'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Custer C Deocaris
- Institute of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
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Molecular bases of caloric restriction regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2008; 38:167-77. [PMID: 18759009 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-008-8040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the decline of cognitive properties. This situation is magnified when neurodegenerative processes associated with aging appear in human patients. Neuronal synaptic plasticity events underlie cognitive properties in the central nervous system. Caloric restriction (CR; either a decrease in food intake or an intermittent fasting diet) can extend life span and increase disease resistance. Recent studies have shown that CR can have profound effects on brain function and vulnerability to injury and disease. Moreover, CR can stimulate the production of new neurons from stem cells (neurogenesis) and can enhance synaptic plasticity, which modulate pain sensation, enhance cognitive function, and may increase the ability of the brain to resist aging. The beneficial effects of CR appear to be the result of a cellular stress response stimulating the production of proteins that enhance neuronal plasticity and resistance to oxidative and metabolic insults; they include neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitter receptors, protein chaperones, and mitochondrial biosynthesis regulators. In this review, we will present and discuss the effect of CR in synaptic processes underlying analgesia and cognitive improvement in healthy, sick, and aging animals. We will also discuss the possible role of mitochondrial biogenesis induced by CR in regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity.
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