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Zhou C, Xv J, Xia W, Wu Y, Jia X, Li S. Greenness, air pollution, and mortality risk: a retrospective cohort study of patients with lung cancer in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38770969 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2355278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The association between long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality from lung cancer has been established, yet evaluations of the potential mitigating effects of greenness on this impact are scarce. We conducted a cohort study in Pingyi County. A two-level Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to examine the associations among long-term exposure to air pollution, residential greenness, and lung cancer mortality. Among the examined pollutants, nitrogen dioxide exhibited the most significant adverse effects and highest risk of lung cancer mortality, with hazard ratio (HR) = 2.783 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.885-4.107) for all-cause mortality, HR = 2.492 (95%CI: 1.659-3.741) for tumour-related mortality, and HR = 2.431 (95%CI: 1.606-3.678) for lung cancer mortality. Higher greenness values were associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer mortality. These findings suggest the importance of implementing strategies for increasing greenness to reduce the health impacts of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqiang Zhou
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Xv
- Chronic Disease Department, Pingyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pingyi, China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Healthcare Big Data Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wanning Xia
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xianjie Jia
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Healthcare Big Data Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shixue Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Whitehead RA, Patel EA, Liu JC, Bhayani MK. Racial Disparities in Head and Neck Cancer: It's Not Just About Access. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 170:1032-1044. [PMID: 38258967 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medical literature identifies stark racial disparities in head and neck cancer (HNC) in the United States, primarily between non-Hispanic white (NHW) and non-Hispanic black (NHB) populations. The etiology of this disparity is often attributed to inequitable access to health care and socioeconomic status (SES). However, other contributors have been reported. We performed a systematic review to better understand the multifactorial landscape driving racial disparities in HNC. DATA SOURCES A systematic review was conducted in Covidence following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Guidelines. A search of PubMed, SCOPUS, and CINAHL for literature published through November 2022 evaluating racial disparities in HNC identified 2309 publications. REVIEW METHODS Full texts were screened by 2 authors independently, and inconsistencies were resolved by consensus. Three hundred forty publications were ultimately selected and categorized into themes including disparities in access/SES, treatment, lifestyle, and biology. Racial groups examined included NHB and NHW patients but also included Hispanic, Native American, and Asian/Pacific Islander patients to a lesser extent. RESULTS Of the 340 articles, 192 focused on themes of access/SES, including access to high-quality hospitals, insurance coverage, and transportation contributing to disparate HNC outcomes. Additional themes discussed in 148 articles included incongruities in surgical recommendations, tobacco/alcohol use, human papillomavirus-associated malignancies, and race-informed silencing of tumor suppressor genes. CONCLUSION Differential access to care plays a significant role in racial disparities in HNC, disproportionately affecting NHB populations. However, there are other significant themes driving racial disparities. Future studies should focus on providing equitable access to care while also addressing these additional sources of disparities in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell A Whitehead
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan A Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mihir K Bhayani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Cierpiał-Wolan M, Wójcik S, Gawełko J, Czarnota M. Does the Level of Air Pollution Affect the Incidence of Lung Adenocarcinoma in South-Eastern Poland? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3177. [PMID: 36833873 PMCID: PMC9961870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the association of long-term exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter, PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 as well as CO, with lung adenocarcinoma (AD) in south-east Poland for the years from 2004 to 2014. The study group consisted of 4296 patients with lung adenocarcinoma and the level of selected pollutants. To analyse the data, a standard statistics for cohort data, that is a risk ratio (RR), was used. The dependencies occurring in the distribution of pollutants and cancer incidence were examined using Moran's I correlation coefficient. The current study suggests that PM10, NO2 and SO2 exposure as an air pollutant may increase female lung adenocarcinoma incidence. In men, the increased risk of adenocarcinoma lung cancer is affected by SO2 and PM10. A high morbidity rate in urban areas and suburbs may be connected with commuting from moderately polluted living areas to highly polluted working areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Cierpiał-Wolan
- Institute of Economics and Finance, College of Social Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
- Department, Statistical Office in Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Sebastian Wójcik
- Department, Statistical Office in Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
- Institute of Mathematics, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jan Gawełko
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Michalina Czarnota
- Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Chen Z, Liu N, Tang H, Gao X, Zhang Y, Kan H, Deng F, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Qian H, Liu W, Mo J, Zheng X, Huang C, Sun C, Zhao Z. Health effects of exposure to sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide between 1980 and 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13170. [PMID: 36437665 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The burden of disease attributed to the indoor exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), ozone (O3 ), and carbon monoxide (CO) is not clear, and the quantitative concentration-response relationship is a prerequisite. This is a systematic review to summarize the quantitative concentration-response relationships by screening and analyzing the polled effects of population-based epidemiological studies. After collecting literature published between 1980 and 2019, a total of 19 health outcomes in 101 studies with 182 health risk estimates were recruited. By meta-analysis, the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis and Egger's test for publication bias, the robust and reliable effects were found for SO2 (per 10 μg/m3 ) with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) (pooled relative risks [RRs] 1.016, 95% CI: 1.012-1.021) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (RR 1.012, 95%CI: 007-1.018), respectively. NO2 (per 10 μg/m3 ) had the pooled RRs for childhood asthma, preterm birth, lung cancer, diabetes, and COPD by 1.134 (1.084-1.186), 1.079 (1.007-1.157), 1.055 (1.010-1.101), 1.019 (1.009-1.029), and 1.016 (1.012-1.120), respectively. CO (per 1 mg/m3 ) was significantly associated with Parkinson's disease (RR 1.574, 95% CI: 1.069-2.317) and CVD (RR 1.024, 95% CI: 1.011-1.038). No robust effects were observed for O3 . This study provided evidence and basis for further estimation of the health burden attributable to the four gaseous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoru Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehuan Gao
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute/CMA, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, WMO/IGAC MAP-AQ Asian Office Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chabot MB, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ. Identification of the Major Product of Guanine Oxidation in DNA by Ozone. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1809-1813. [PMID: 35642826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ozonolysis of guanosine formed the 5-carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin (2Ih) nucleoside along with trace spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp). On the basis of literature precedent, we propose an unconventional ozone mechanism involving incorporation of only one oxygen atom of O3 to form 2Ih with evolution of singlet oxygen responsible for Sp formation. The increased yield of Sp in the buffered 1O2-stabilizing solvent D2O, formation of 2Ih in a short oligodeoxynucleotide, and 18O-isotope labeling provided evidence to support this mechanism. The elusiveness and challenges of working with 2Ih are described in a series of studies on the significant context effects on the half-life of the 2Ih glycosidic bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Chabot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Aaron M Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Cynthia J Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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Gandhi U, Khatri N, Brahmbhatt V, Jha AK, Patel A, Rastogi N. Health impact assessment from exposure to trace metals present in atmospheric PM 10 at Ahmedabad, a big city in western India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:663. [PMID: 34537887 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09452-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many toxicological studies revealed the deleterious effects on human health induced by trace metals in ambient particulate matter (PM). This study reports the season-dependent water-soluble and total metal mass in PM10 collected simultaneously over five microenvironments in a semi-arid urban region, Ahmedabad, located in western India. The mineral dust fraction in PM10 over Bapunagar, Narol, Paldi, Income Tax, and Science City was estimated to be around 39, 45, 47, 44, and 31% during summer (May-June 2017) and 24, 55, 28, 27, and 28% during winter (December 2017-January 2018), respectively, corroborating mineral dust is perennial in the air over Ahmedabad. The PM2.5/PM10 mass ratios over all the sites were higher during winter (40-60%) as compared to those during summer (30-40%), indicating the contribution from the anthropogenic sources to PM mass. Among the metals monitored, the estimated considerable amount of high masses of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Sb during winter can be ascribed to the anthropogenic inputs based on the estimated enrichment factors (EF). In contrast to the crustal source, these metals might have been possibly emitted from several other man-made sources, which were found to be more water-soluble during both seasons. As per the standards of incremental excess lifetime cancer risk (IELCR), it is estimated that the atmospheric mass concentration of carcinogenic metals such as Cr, Co, and As was higher in all these sites, whereas the metals such as Pb, Ni, and Cd are also found over the industrial site (Narol) in addition to the above-said metals. Notably, people are highly susceptible to these metals, leading to the potential risk of cancer during both seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav Gandhi
- Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI), Forests and Environment Department, 3rd floor, Block No. 13, Dr. Jivraj Mehta Bhavan, Old Sachivalaya, Sector 10, Gujarat, 382010, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Nitasha Khatri
- Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI), Forests and Environment Department, 3rd floor, Block No. 13, Dr. Jivraj Mehta Bhavan, Old Sachivalaya, Sector 10, Gujarat, 382010, Gandhinagar, India.
| | - Viral Brahmbhatt
- Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI), Forests and Environment Department, 3rd floor, Block No. 13, Dr. Jivraj Mehta Bhavan, Old Sachivalaya, Sector 10, Gujarat, 382010, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Jha
- Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI), Forests and Environment Department, 3rd floor, Block No. 13, Dr. Jivraj Mehta Bhavan, Old Sachivalaya, Sector 10, Gujarat, 382010, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Anil Patel
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
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Zhu Z, Zhao Y. Severe Air Pollution and Psychological Distress in China: The Interactive Effects of Coping and Perceived Controllability. Front Psychol 2021; 12:601964. [PMID: 34149499 PMCID: PMC8206483 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.601964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The coping styles of focusing on a stressor (i.e., trauma focus), and moving beyond the emotional impact of a stressor (i.e., forward focus), have both been found beneficial to psychological adjustment. This study investigated whether these two coping styles are similarly associated with adjustment across levels of perceived controllability and beyond European-American contexts. During China’s peak of air pollution in 2014, we surveyed 250 young- to middle- aged adults online to measure their coping behaviors, smog perceptions, and psychological distress, and collected objective data of pollution severity in the respondents’ cities. Results showed that forward-focus coping was generally associated with lower distress and trauma-focus coping was associated with greater distress. Perceived controllability significantly moderated the associations between trauma focus (but not forward focus) and distress. These findings suggest that while forward focus correlated with beneficial adjustment outcomes in coping with air pollution, the extensive processing of event-related cognitions and emotions in trauma focus may be detrimental, especially for events perceived to be less controllable. We discussed the implications of our findings within an interdependent cultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoying Zhu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yitong Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Abstract
Based on previous Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) design results, an 11 channel microreactor of dimensions (0.5 mm × 0.5 mm × 100 mm) (width × depth × length) and optimal manifold geometry was fabricated, coated with a newly-developed Au/SBA-15 catalyst and then integrated in an experimental rig specifically built for this research. Propane (as model volatile organic compound) oxidation experiments were conducted at three different flow velocities, 12.5, 15.4 and 17.5 m/min, respectively, at six temperatures, 150, 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 °C, respectively. The catalyst was prepared by one-pot sol-gel synthesis of SBA-15 with MPTMS (3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxy-silane) before loading with HAuCl4 gold precursor and then characterized by SEM/EDX, TEM and wide angle XRD. A novel catalyst coating technique was developed, using airbrush (0.3 nozzle) to spray a catalyst slurry into the microchannels that produced a thin, firm and uniform layer of Au/SBA-15 catalyst coating inside the microreactor. The experimental measurements revealed that propane conversion increased as the flow feed rates decreased and increased with increasing temperatures in the reactor. For the built microreactor and for the flows and temperatures set, the combustion of propane was possible with measurable conversions and reasonable reactor stability, the performance of the catalyst appeared to be central to the satisfactory operation of the reactor.
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Lipfert FW, Wyzga RE. Longitudinal relationships between lung cancer mortality rates, smoking, and ambient air quality: a comprehensive review and analysis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 49:790-818. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Lung cancer has been transformed from a rare disease into a global problem and public health issue. The etiologic factors of lung cancer become more complex along with industrialization, urbanization, and environmental pollution around the world. Currently, the control of lung cancer has attracted worldwide attention. Studies on the epidemiologic characteristics of lung cancer and its relative risk factors have played an important role in the tertiary prevention of lung cancer and in exploring new ways of diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the current evolution of the epidemiology of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousheng Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ding Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Mark J Krasna
- Meridian Cancer Care, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Ackerman South-Room 553, 1945 Route 33, Neptune City, NJ 07753, USA.
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Challenges and future direction of molecular research in air pollution-related lung cancers. Lung Cancer 2018; 118:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang Y, Ren JS, Huang HY, Shi JF, Li N, Zhang Y, Dai M. International trends in lung cancer incidence from 1973 to 2007. Cancer Med 2018. [PMID: 29542259 PMCID: PMC5911623 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the commonly diagnosed cancer and one of the most important avoidable causes of death around the world. We conducted the study to investigate the pattern of lung cancer incidence worldwide. Joinpoint analysis was used to extend international lung cancer incidence rates by the latest data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents over the 35‐year period 1973–2007 from 24 populations from Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Age‐standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of lung cancer were from 33.3 to 66.8 per 100,000 among males and 10.5 to 37.4 per 100,000 among females in most of Americas, Europe, and Oceania populations during the period 2003–2007. In Asia, ASRs in China (Hong Kong) were the highest, up to 53.3 per 100,000 in males and 21.9 per 100,000 in females during the period 2003–2007. The international trends between 1973 and 2007 showed that ASRs of lung cancer among males were declining in 13 of 18 selected Americas, Oceania, and Europe populations, with AAPC from −0.7% to −2.9%, whereas the rates among females in 18 selected populations were increasing, with AAPC from 1.3% to 5.0%. The increasing and decreasing trends of ASRs of lung cancer in Asia have a geographic variation but no gender differences. Although the decreasing trends in ASRs of lung cancer for males were observed, the ASRs were higher than females. The declining trends in males were mainly attributed to tobacco control, whereas the increasing trends in females should be given more concern and need to be further studied in etiology factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- National Cancer Center / Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Jian-Song Ren
- National Cancer Center / Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hui-Yao Huang
- National Cancer Center / Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ju-Fang Shi
- National Cancer Center / Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ni Li
- National Cancer Center / Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- National Cancer Center / Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Yale School of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Min Dai
- National Cancer Center / Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
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Pulster EL, Johnson G, Hollander D, McCluskey J, Harbison R. Assessment of Inhalable Particulate Matter Associated with a Refinery in Curaçao. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2018.910069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lamichhane DK, Kim HC, Choi CM, Shin MH, Shim YM, Leem JH, Ryu JS, Nam HS, Park SM. Lung Cancer Risk and Residential Exposure to Air Pollution: A Korean Population-Based Case-Control Study. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:1111-1118. [PMID: 29047234 PMCID: PMC5653475 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.6.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and lung cancer incidence in Koreans. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a population-based case-control study covering 908 lung cancer patients and 908 controls selected from a random sample of people within each Korean province and matched according to age, sex, and smoking status. We developed land-use regression models to estimate annual residential exposure to particulate matter (PM₁₀) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) over a 20-year exposure period. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Increases in lung cancer incidence (expressed as adjusted OR) were 1.09 (95% CI: 0.96-1.23) with a ten-unit increase in PM₁₀ (μg/m³) and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.00-1.22) with a ten-unit increase in NO₂ (ppb). Tendencies for stronger associations between air pollution and lung cancer incidence were noted among never smokers, among those with low fruit consumption, and among those with a higher education level. Air pollution was more strongly associated with squamous cell and small cell carcinomas than with adenocarcinoma of the lung. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that PM10 and NO₂ contribute to lung cancer incidence in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirga Kumar Lamichhane
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hwan Cheol Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Chang Min Choi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Hee Shin
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Mog Shim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Han Leem
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeong Seon Ryu
- Center for Lung Cancer, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hae Seong Nam
- Center for Lung Cancer, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sung Min Park
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Ma Y, Tang Y, Zhao Y, Gao S, Lin W. Two-Photon and Deep-Red Emission Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe with a Large Emission Shift and Signal Ratios for Sulfur Dioxide: Ultrafast Response and Applications in Living Cells, Brain Tissues, and Zebrafishes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9388-9393. [PMID: 28795798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a dangerous environmental pollutant. Excessive intake of it may cause some respiratory diseases and even lung cancer. The development of effective methods for detection of SO2 is of great importance for the environment and physiology. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a novel two-photon (TP) and deep-red emission ratiometric fluorescent probe (CP) for detection of SO2. Notably, the novel probe CP exhibited ultrafast response to SO2 in less than 5 s and displayed a great emission shift (195 nm) and a large emission signal ratio variation (enhancement from 0.1347 to 100.14). In addition, the unique probe was successfully employed for imaging SO2 not only in the mitochondria of living cells but also in brain tissues and zebrafishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ma
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Yonghe Tang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Gao
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
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Gharibvand L, Lawrence Beeson W, Shavlik D, Knutsen R, Ghamsary M, Soret S, Knutsen SF. The association between ambient fine particulate matter and incident adenocarcinoma subtype of lung cancer. Environ Health 2017; 16:71. [PMID: 28646928 PMCID: PMC5483320 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenocarcinoma (AC) is the most common lung cancer among non-smokers, but few studies have assessed the effect of PM2.5 on AC among never smokers. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between ambient PM2.5 and incident lung AC in the Adventist Health and Smog Study-2 (AHSMOG-2), a cohort of 80,044 non-smokers (81% never smokers) followed for 7.5 years (597,177 person-years) (2002-2011). METHODS Incident lung AC was identified through linkage with U.S. state cancer registries. Ambient PM2.5 levels at subjects' residences were estimated for the years 2000 and 2001, immediately prior to study start. RESULTS A total of 164 incident lung AC occurred during follow-up. Each 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 was associated with an increase in the hazard rate of lung AC [HR = 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87-1.97)] in the single-pollutant model. Excluding those with prevalent non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) strengthened the association with lung AC (HR = 1.62 (95% CI, 1.11-2.36) for each 10 μg/m3 PM2.5 increment. Also, limiting the analyses to subjects who spent more than 1 h/day outdoors, increased the estimate (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.30). CONCLUSIONS Increased risk of AC was observed for each 10 μg/m3 increment in ambient PM2.5 concentrations. The risk was higher among those without prevalent NMSC and those who spent more than 1 h/day outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Gharibvand
- School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - W. Lawrence Beeson
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
- Adventist Health Study-2, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - David Shavlik
- Center for Community Resilience, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - Raymond Knutsen
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
- Adventist Health Study-2, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - Mark Ghamsary
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - Samuel Soret
- Center for Community Resilience, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - Synnove F. Knutsen
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
- Adventist Health Study-2, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA USA
- Loma Linda University School of Public Health, 24951 North Circle Drive, Nichol Hall 2005, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA
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Luo YH, Kuo YC, Tsai MH, Ho CC, Tsai HT, Hsu CY, Chen YC, Lin P. Interleukin-24 as a target cytokine of environmental aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist exposure in the lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 324:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Al-Hamdan AZ, Albashaireh RN, Al-Hamdan MZ, Crosson WL. The association of remotely sensed outdoor fine particulate matter with cancer incidence of respiratory system in the USA. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:547-554. [PMID: 28276881 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1284432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and respiratory system cancer incidence in the US population (n = 295,404,580) using a satellite-derived estimate of PM2.5 concentrations. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether PM2.5 was related to the odds of respiratory system cancer (RSC) incidence based on gender and race. Positive linear regressions were found between PM2.5 concentrations and the age-adjusted RSC incidence rates for all groups (Males, Females, Whites, and Blacks) except for Asians and American Indians. The linear relationships between PM2.5 and RSC incidence rate per 1 μg/m3 PM2.5 increase for Males, Females, Whites, Blacks, and all categories combined had slopes of, respectively, 7.02 (R2 = 0.36), 2.14 (R2 = 0.14), 3.92 (R2 = 0.23), 5.02 (R2 = 0.21), and 4.15 (R2 = 0.28). Similarly, the logistic regression odds ratios per 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 were greater than one for all categories except for Asians and American Indians, indicating that PM2.5 is related to the odds of RSC incidence. The age-adjusted odds ratio for males (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.56-3.01) was higher than that for females (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.09-2.06), and it was higher for Blacks (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.43-3.14) than for Whites (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.23-2.42). The odds ratios for all categories were attenuated with the inclusion of the smoking covariate, reflecting the effect of smoking on RSC incidence besides PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Z Al-Hamdan
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville , Alabama , USA
| | - Reem N Albashaireh
- b Department of Mathematics , Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University , Normal , Alabama , USA
| | - Mohammad Z Al-Hamdan
- c Universities Space Research Association , NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, National Space Science and Technology Center , Huntsville , Alabama , USA
| | - William L Crosson
- c Universities Space Research Association , NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, National Space Science and Technology Center , Huntsville , Alabama , USA
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Perception of Air Pollution in the Jinchuan Mining Area, China: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070735. [PMID: 27455291 PMCID: PMC4962276 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the perception of air pollution in China are very limited. The aim of this paper is to help to fill this gap by analyzing a cross-sectional dataset of 759 residents of the Jinchuan mining area, Gansu Province, China. The estimations suggest that perception of air pollution is two-dimensional. The first dimension is the perceived intensity of air pollution and the second is the perceived hazardousness of the pollutants. Both dimensions are influenced by environmental knowledge. Perceived intensity is furthermore influenced by socio-economic status and proximity to the pollution source; perceived hazardousness is influenced by socio-economic status, family health experience, family size and proximity to the pollution source. There are no reverse effects from perception on environmental knowledge. The main conclusion is that virtually all Jinchuan residents perceive high intensity and hazardousness of air pollution despite the fact that public information on air pollution and its health impacts is classified to a great extent. It is suggested that, to assist the residents to take appropriate preventive action, the local government should develop counseling and educational campaigns and institutionalize disclosure of air quality conditions. These programs should pay special attention to young residents who have limited knowledge of air pollution in the Jinchuan mining area.
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Herndon JM. Human and Environmental Dangers Posed by Ongoing Global Tropospheric Aerosolized Particulates for Weather Modification. Front Public Health 2016; 4:139. [PMID: 27433467 PMCID: PMC4927569 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND U.S. military perception of nuclear warfare led to countless unethical nuclear experiments performed on unsuspecting individuals without their informed consent. As evidenced here, subsequent perception of weather warfare has led to exposing millions of unsuspecting individuals to toxic coal fly ash with no public disclosure, no informed consent, and no health warnings. METHODS Three methods were used: (1) comparison of eight elements analyzed in rainwater samples, thought to have leached from aerosolized coal fly ash, with corresponding coal fly ash laboratory leachate; (2) comparison of 14 elements analyzed in air filter dust with corresponding elements in coal fly ash; and (3) comparison of 23 elements analyzed in fibrous mesh found after snow melted with corresponding elements in coal fly ash. RESULTS The rainwater element ratios show that the aerial particulate matter has essentially the same water-leach characteristics as coal fly ash. The air filter dust element ratios occur in the same range of compositions as coal fly ash, as do element ratios in fibrous mesh found on grass after snow melted. The fibrous mesh provides an inferred direct connection with the aerosolizing jet aircraft via coal fly ash association with the jet combustion environment. CONCLUSION Strong evidence for the correctness of the hypothesis: coal fly ash is likely the aerosolized particulate emplaced in the troposphere for geoengineering, weather modification, and/or climate alteration purposes. The documented public health associations for ≤2.5 μm particulate pollution are also applicable to aerosolized coal fly ash. The ability of coal fly ash to release aluminum in a chemically mobile form upon exposure to water or body moisture has potentially grave human and environmental consequences over a broad spectrum, including implications for neurological diseases and biota debilitation. The ability of coal fly ash to release heavy metals and radioactive elements upon exposure to body moisture has potentially grave human health implications including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, reduced male fertility, and stroke. The fibrous mesh data admit the possibility of environmentally disastrous formation of methylmercury and ozone-depleting chlorinated-fluorinated hydrocarbons in jet exhaust. Geophysical implications include atmospheric warming and rainfall retardation.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association between Particulate Matter (PM)2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) and lung cancer mortality rates and to estimate the potential risk of lung cancer mortality related to exposure to high PM2.5 concentrations. DESIGN Geographically weighted regression was performed to evaluate the relation between PM2.5 concentrations and lung cancer mortality for males, females and for both sexes combined, in 2008, based on newly available long-term data. Lung cancer fatalities from long-term exposure to PM2.5 were calculated according to studies by Pope III et al and the WHO air quality guidelines (AQGs). SETTING 31 provinces in China. RESULTS PM2.5 was associated with the lung cancer mortality of males, females and both sexes combined, in China, although there were exceptions in several regions, for males and females. The number of lung cancer fatalities calculated by the WHO AQGs ranged from 531,036 to 532,004, whereas the number calculated by the American Cancer Society (ACS) reached 614,860 after long-term (approximately 3-4 years) exposure to PM2.5 concentrations since 2008. CONCLUSIONS There is a positive correlation between PM2.5 and lung cancer mortality rate, and the relationship between them varies across the entire country of China. The number of lung cancer fatalities estimated by ACS was closer to the actual data than those of the WHO AQGs. Therefore, the ACS estimate of increased risk of lung cancer mortality from long-term exposure to PM2.5 might be more applicable for evaluating lung cancer fatalities in China than the WHO estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Lin
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Kun Liu
- China Aero Geophysical Survey & Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources, Beijing, China
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Nature Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Satellite Environmental Application Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China
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Chen G, Wan X, Yang G, Zou X. Traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:307-18. [PMID: 26273377 PMCID: PMC4448375 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer in order to provide evidence for control of traffic-related air pollution. Methods Several databases were searched for relevant studies up to December 2013. The quality of articles obtained was evaluated by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. Statistical analysis, including pooling effective sizes and confidential intervals, was performed. Results A total of 1106 records were obtained through the database and 36 studies were included in our analysis. Among the studies included, 14 evaluated the association between ambient exposure to traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer and 22 studies involved occupational exposure to air pollution among professional drivers. Twenty-two studies were marked A level regarding quality, 13 were B level, and one was C level. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (meta-odds ratio [OR]: 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99–1.13), nitrogen oxide (meta-OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07), sulfur dioxide (meta-OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.05), and fine particulate matter (meta-OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.00–1.22) were positively associated with a risk of lung cancer. Occupational exposure to air pollution among professional drivers significantly increased the incidence (meta-OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.19–1.36) and mortality of lung cancer (meta-OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04–1.26). Conclusion Exposure to traffic-related air pollution significantly increased the risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongbo Chen
- National Office of Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Gonghuan Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonong Zou
- National Office of Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
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Wu F, Wang W, Man YB, Chan CY, Liu W, Tao S, Wong MH. Levels of PM2.5/PM10 and associated metal(loid)s in rural households of Henan Province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:194-200. [PMID: 25622266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although a majority of China's rural residents use solid fuels (biomass and coal) for household cooking and heating, clean energy such as electricity and liquid petroleum gas is becoming more popular in the rural area. Unfortunately, both solid fuels and clean energy could result in indoor air pollution. Daily respirable particulate matter (PM≤10 μm) and inhalable particulate matter (PM≤2.5 μm) were investigated in kitchens, sitting rooms and outdoor area in rural Henan during autumn (Sep to Oct 2012) and winter (Jan 2013). The results showed that PM (PM2.5 and PM10) and associated metal(loid)s varied among the two seasons and the four types of domestic energy used. Mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in kitchens during winter were 59.2-140.4% and 30.5-145.1% higher than those during autumn, respectively. Similar with the trends of PM2.5 and PM10, concentrations of As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni and Mn in household PM2.5 and PM10 were apparently higher in winter than those in autumn. The highest mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 (368.5 and 588.7 μg m(-3)) were recorded in sitting rooms in Baofeng during winter, which were 5.7 and 3.9 times of corresponding health based guidelines for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Using coal can result in severe indoor air pollutants including PM and associated metal(loid)s compared with using crop residues, electricity and gas in rural Henan Province. Rural residents' exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 would be roughly reduced by 13.5-22.2% and 8.9-37.7% via replacing coal or crop residues with electricity. The present study suggested that increased use of electricity as domestic energy would effectively improve indoor air quality in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Chuen Yu Chan
- School of Municipal and Environment Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, PR China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shu Tao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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Kyung SY, Kim YS, Kim WJ, Park MS, Song JW, Yum H, Yoon HK, Rhee CK, Jeong SH. Guideline for the prevention and management of particulate matter/Asian dust particle-induced adverse health effect on the patients with pulmonary diseases. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2015. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2015.58.11.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kyung
- Guideline Development Committee for PM/ADP Exposure, Internal Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Guideline Development Committee for PM/ADP Exposure, Internal Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Guideline Development Committee for PM/ADP Exposure, Internal Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Moo Suk Park
- Guideline Development Committee for PM/ADP Exposure, Internal Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Song
- Guideline Development Committee for PM/ADP Exposure, Internal Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hokee Yum
- Guideline Development Committee for PM/ADP Exposure, Internal Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Yoon
- Guideline Development Committee for PM/ADP Exposure, Internal Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chin Kook Rhee
- Guideline Development Committee for PM/ADP Exposure, Internal Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Seoul St Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Jeong
- Guideline Development Committee for PM/ADP Exposure, Internal Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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Cui P, Huang Y, Han J, Song F, Chen K. Ambient particulate matter and lung cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Public Health 2014; 25:324-9. [PMID: 25201901 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, but the results were inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies to assess the association between exposure to PM and the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in adults. METHODS We searched PUBMED and EMBASE databases for prospective cohort studies that evaluated the association between PM2.5 (diameter < 2.5 μm), PM10 (diameter < 10 μm) and lung cancer incidence and mortality. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effects models when appropriate. RESULTS We initially identified 1987 citations, and 19 prospective cohort studies were finally included in our meta-analysis. The pooled adjusted RRs for lung cancer mortality were 1.09 (95% CI: 1.06-1.11; I(2) = 18.3%, P = 0.26) for 10 µg/m(3) increase in the concentration of PM2.5 (12 studies), and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.03-1.07; I(2) = 41.9%, P = 0.11) for 10 µg/m(3) increase in the concentration of PM10 (seven studies). The increased risk of lung cancer mortality associated with PM2.5 and PM10 was consistent across most subgroups. PM10 (three studies) and PM2.5 (two studies) were not found to be significantly associated with lung cancer incidence. CONCLUSIONS Ambient PM2.5 and PM10 pollutions are prospectively associated with a significantly increased risk of lung cancer mortality. More studies addressing the association between PM and lung cancer incidence are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Cui
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P. R. China
| | - Yubei Huang
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Han
- 2 Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Fengju Song
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P. R. China
| | - Kexin Chen
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P. R. China
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Tian G, Qiao Z, Xu X. Characteristics of particulate matter (PM10) and its relationship with meteorological factors during 2001-2012 in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 192:266-74. [PMID: 24857048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution has become a significant challenge in Beijing metropolitan region, China. In this study, wavelet analysis and gray analysis were proposed to explore the temporal characteristics of particulate matter (PM10) and its relationships with meteorological factors during 2001-2012. The analysis indicated that air quality had got better significantly over the last decade. It was clearly interannual, seasonal, and monthly variation of atmospheric pollution, which represented that the air quality was the worst in spring, and got better in summer, subsequently tended to be more serious in autumn and winter. Generally atmospheric pressure was the most important meteorological feature influencing on PM10, followed by relative humidity and wind speed. However, the dominant meteorological factors influencing the atmospheric pollution were different in the four seasons. The results suggest that urban design and effective measures based on the relationship between meteorological factors and PM10 would be effective for improving atmospheric pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinwai Street, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Zhi Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinwai Street, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Xinliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. A11, Datun Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Sun Z, Shao L, Mu Y, Hu Y. Oxidative capacities of size-segregated haze particles in a residential area of Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:167-174. [PMID: 24649703 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The frequent haze days around the Chinese capital of Beijing in recent years have aroused great attention owing to the detrimental effects on visibility and public health. To discover the potential health effects of the haze, oxidative capacities of airborne particles collected in Beijing during haze and clear days were comparably assessed by a plasmid scission assay. Eleven water-soluble trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Se, Tl, and Zn) in the size-segregated airborne particles were quantitatively analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and most of the water-soluble trace elements were found to mainly concentrate in the fine particle size of 0.56-1.0 microm. In comparison with clear days, the mass concentrations of 11 analyzed water-soluble trace elements remarkably increased during haze days, and the oxidative capacities determined by the plasmid scission assay were markedly elevated accordingly during the haze days under the same dosage of particles as for those during clear days. Water-soluble trace elements in airborne particles, such as Cu, V, and particularly Zn, were found to have significantly positive correlations with the plasmid DNA damage rates. Because Cu, V, and Zn have been considered as bioavailable elements, the evident increase of these elements during haze days may be greatly harmful to human health.
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Hu D, Jiang J. PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution and Risk for Lung Cancer: A Rising Issue in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2014.58074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is accumulating evidence that air pollution causes lung cancer. Still, questions remain about exposure misclassification, the components of air pollution responsible, and the histological subtypes of lung cancer that might be produced. METHODS We investigated lung cancer incidence in relation to long-term exposure to three ambient air pollutants and proximity to major roads, using a Canadian population-based case-control study. We compared 2,390 incident, histologically confirmed lung cancer cases with 3,507 population controls in eight Canadian provinces from 1994 to 1997. We developed spatiotemporal models for the whole country to estimate annual residential exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) over a 20-year exposure period. We carried out a subanalysis in urban centers, using exposures derived from fixed-site air pollution monitors, and also examined traffic proximity measures. Hierarchical logistic regression models incorporated a comprehensive set of individual and geographic covariates. RESULTS The increase in lung cancer incidence (expressed as fully adjusted odds ratios [ORs]) was 1.29 (95% confidence interval = 0.95-1.76) with a ten-unit increase in PM2.5 (μg/m), 1.11 (1.00-1.24) with a ten-unit increase in NO2 (ppb), and 1.09 (0.85-1.39) with a ten-unit increase in O3 (ppb). The urban monitor-based subanalyses generally supported the national results, with larger associations for NO2 (OR = 1.34; 1.07-1.69) per 10 ppb increase. No dose-response trends were observed, and no clear relationships were found for specific histological cancer subtypes. There was the suggestion of increased risk among those living within 100 m of highways, but not among those living near major roads. CONCLUSIONS Lung cancer incidence in this Canadian study was increased most strongly with NO2 and PM2.5 exposure. Further investigation is needed into possible effects of O3 on development of lung cancer.
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Al-Ahmadi K, Al-Zahrani A. Spatial autocorrelation of cancer incidence in Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:7207-28. [PMID: 24351742 PMCID: PMC3881162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10127207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the geographic distribution of common cancers in Saudi Arabia. We explored the spatial incidence patterns of common cancers in Saudi Arabia using spatial autocorrelation analyses, employing the global Moran's I and Anselin's local Moran's I statistics to detect nonrandom incidence patterns. Global ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and local geographically-weighted regression (GWR) were applied to examine the spatial correlation of cancer incidences at the city level. Population-based records of cancers diagnosed between 1998 and 2004 were used. Male lung cancer and female breast cancer exhibited positive statistically significant global Moran's I index values, indicating a tendency toward clustering. The Anselin's local Moran's I analyses revealed small significant clusters of lung cancer, prostate cancer and Hodgkin's disease among males in the Eastern region and significant clusters of thyroid cancers in females in the Eastern and Riyadh regions. Additionally, both regression methods found significant associations among various cancers. For example, OLS and GWR revealed significant spatial associations among NHL, leukemia and Hodgkin's disease (r² = 0.49-0.67 using OLS and r² = 0.52-0.68 using GWR) and between breast and prostate cancer (r² = 0.53 OLS and 0.57 GWR) in Saudi Arabian cities. These findings may help to generate etiologic hypotheses of cancer causation and identify spatial anomalies in cancer incidence in Saudi Arabia. Our findings should stimulate further research on the possible causes underlying these clusters and associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Ahmadi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +966-11-4814-542; Fax: +966-11-4813-592
| | - Ali Al-Zahrani
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
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Al-Ahmadi K, Al-Zahrani A. NO(2) and cancer incidence in Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:5844-62. [PMID: 24192792 PMCID: PMC3863874 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10115844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of specific cancers. This study investigated whether the number and incidence of the most common cancers in Saudi Arabia were associated with urban air pollution exposure, specifically NO2. Overall, high model goodness of fit (GOF) was observed in the Eastern, Riyadh and Makkah regions. The significant coefficients of determination (r2) were higher at the regional level (r2 = 0.32-0.71), weaker at the governorate level (r2 = 0.03-0.43), and declined slightly at the city level (r2 = 0.17-0.33), suggesting that an increased aggregated spatial level increased the explained variability and the model GOF. However, the low GOF at the lowest spatial level suggests that additional variation remains unexplained. At different spatial levels, associations between NO2 concentration and the most common cancers were marginally improved in geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis, which explained both global and local heterogeneity and variations in cancer incidence. High coefficients of determination were observed between NO2 concentration and lung and breast cancer incidences, followed by prostate, bladder, cervical and ovarian cancers, confirming results from other studies. These results could be improved using individual explanatory variables such as environmental, demographic, behavioral, socio-economic, and genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Ahmadi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Zahrani
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
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Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Weinmayr G, Hoffmann B, Fischer P, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Brunekreef B, Xun WW, Katsouyanni K, Dimakopoulou K, Sommar J, Forsberg B, Modig L, Oudin A, Oftedal B, Schwarze PE, Nafstad P, De Faire U, Pedersen NL, Östenson CG, Fratiglioni L, Penell J, Korek M, Pershagen G, Eriksen KT, Sørensen M, Tjønneland A, Ellermann T, Eeftens M, Peeters PH, Meliefste K, Wang M, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Key TJ, de Hoogh K, Concin H, Nagel G, Vilier A, Grioni S, Krogh V, Tsai MY, Ricceri F, Sacerdote C, Galassi C, Migliore E, Ranzi A, Cesaroni G, Badaloni C, Forastiere F, Tamayo I, Amiano P, Dorronsoro M, Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Vineis P, Hoek G. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:813-22. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 999] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Huang YCT. The role of in vitro gene expression profiling in particulate matter health research. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:381-394. [PMID: 24151968 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.832649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is consistently associated with increased morbidity and mortality rate. The mechanisms for these adverse health effects have been vigorously investigated for many years, but remain uncertain, in part due to the complex interactions between host and exposure. Over the past decade, the use of global gene expression profiling has increased to investigate molecular changes in an attempt to gain more insight into the complex mechanisms that underlie the adverse health effects induced by PM. These experiments have been performed mostly in cell cultures, in part due to the easy availability and maneuverability of different cell types. Whether or not the results obtained from these in vitro experiments are relevant to human exposure is unclear. In this study, cell culture studies were reviewed that used microarray technology to measure global gene expression in response to PM and the findings discussed in the context of global gene expression results obtained from animal and human exposure studies. Ten in vitro studies were identified from PubMed that reported global gene expression results in response to PM exposure. Despite difference in cell types, microarray platforms, incubation time, and PM sources and doses, these experiments showed commonality in the expression of genes and pathways, especially xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These gene expression profiles were consistent with results from animal and human controlled exposure experiments. The in vitro experiments also uncovered novel biological mechanisms that may be important in PM-induced health effects reported in epidemiological studies. Data indicate that in vitro microarray experiments complement animal and human exposure studies and allow the PM-associated health research to focus on the "toxic" components in PM and novel mechanisms, and may enhance risk assessment beyond the current mass-based standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Chin T Huang
- a Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
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Sen S, Field JM. Genotoxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62645-5.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Hendryx M, Luo J. Cancer hospitalizations in rural-urban areas in relation to carcinogenic discharges from Toxics Release Inventory facilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2012; 23:155-169. [PMID: 22838640 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.708919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines whether carcinogenic pollutants discharged from US Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) facilities are related to cancer hospitalization rates among the general population in rural and urban areas. We analyzed cancer hospitalizations (N = 440,061) across 20 states to find age- and sex-adjusted population cancer hospitalization rates. Multiple regression models were used to determine whether cancer hospitalization rates at the county level (N = 1102 counties) were associated with higher levels of carcinogenic discharges from TRI facilities, controlling for other risks. Significantly higher hospitalization rates were found in relation to higher TRI discharges for several cancer types that varied from urban to rural setting. Carcinogenic discharges from TRI facilities were associated with excess inpatient cancer treatment costs of $902.8 million in 2009. Future research may strive to move beyond ecological designs to examine cancer risks from TRI releases to better our understanding of cancer etiology and to establish appropriate environmental safeguards as indicated by the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hendryx
- Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Hystad P, Demers PA, Johnson KC, Brook J, van Donkelaar A, Lamsal L, Martin R, Brauer M. Spatiotemporal air pollution exposure assessment for a Canadian population-based lung cancer case-control study. Environ Health 2012; 11:22. [PMID: 22475580 PMCID: PMC3372423 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few epidemiological studies of air pollution have used residential histories to develop long-term retrospective exposure estimates for multiple ambient air pollutants and vehicle and industrial emissions. We present such an exposure assessment for a Canadian population-based lung cancer case-control study of 8353 individuals using self-reported residential histories from 1975 to 1994. We also examine the implications of disregarding and/or improperly accounting for residential mobility in long-term exposure assessments. METHODS National spatial surfaces of ambient air pollution were compiled from recent satellite-based estimates (for PM2.5 and NO2) and a chemical transport model (for O3). The surfaces were adjusted with historical annual air pollution monitoring data, using either spatiotemporal interpolation or linear regression. Model evaluation was conducted using an independent ten percent subset of monitoring data per year. Proximity to major roads, incorporating a temporal weighting factor based on Canadian mobile-source emission estimates, was used to estimate exposure to vehicle emissions. A comprehensive inventory of geocoded industries was used to estimate proximity to major and minor industrial emissions. RESULTS Calibration of the national PM2.5 surface using annual spatiotemporal interpolation predicted historical PM2.5 measurement data best (R2 = 0.51), while linear regression incorporating the national surfaces, a time-trend and population density best predicted historical concentrations of NO2 (R2 = 0.38) and O3 (R2 = 0.56). Applying the models to study participants residential histories between 1975 and 1994 resulted in mean PM2.5, NO2 and O3 exposures of 11.3 μg/m3 (SD = 2.6), 17.7 ppb (4.1), and 26.4 ppb (3.4) respectively. On average, individuals lived within 300 m of a highway for 2.9 years (15% of exposure-years) and within 3 km of a major industrial emitter for 6.4 years (32% of exposure-years). Approximately 50% of individuals were classified into a different PM2.5, NO2 and O3 exposure quintile when using study entry postal codes and spatial pollution surfaces, in comparison to exposures derived from residential histories and spatiotemporal air pollution models. Recall bias was also present for self-reported residential histories prior to 1975, with cases recalling older residences more often than controls. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a flexible exposure assessment approach for estimating historical air pollution concentrations over large geographical areas and time-periods. In addition, we highlight the importance of including residential histories in long-term exposure assessments. For submission to: Environmental Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry Hystad
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth C Johnson
- Science Integration Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Brook
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lok Lamsal
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA
| | - Randall Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Canada; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Tseng CY, Huang YC, Su SY, Huang JY, Lai CH, Lung CC, Ho CC, Liaw YP. Cell type specificity of female lung cancer associated with sulfur dioxide from air pollutants in Taiwan: an ecological study. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:4. [PMID: 22214195 PMCID: PMC3398293 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have examined the association between air pollutants (including sulfur dioxide [SO2], carbon monoxide [CO], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], nitric oxide [NO], ozone [O3], and particulate matter < 10 μm [PM10]) and lung cancer. However, data from previous studies on pathological cell types were limited, especially for SO2 exposure. We aimed to explore the association between SO2 exposure from outdoor air pollutants and female lung cancer incidence by cell type specificity. Methods We conducted an ecological study and calculated annual average concentration of 6 air pollutants (SO2, CO, NO2, NO, O3, and PM10) using data from Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration air quality monitoring stations. The Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the association between SO2 and age-standardized incidence rate of female lung cancer by two major pathological types (adenocarcinoma [AC] and squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]). In order to understand whether there is a dose-response relationship between SO2 and two major pathological types, we analyzed 4 levels of exposure based on quartiles of concentration of SO2. Results The Poisson regression results showed that with the first quartile of SO2 concentration as the baseline, the relative risks for AC/SCC type cancer among females were 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.37)/1.39 (95% CI, 0.96-2.01) for the second, 1.22 (95% CI, 1.04-1.43)/1.58 (95% CI, 1.06-2.37) for the third, and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.06-1.52)/1.80 (95% CI, 1.15-2.84) for the fourth quartile of SO2 concentration. The tests for trend were statistically significant for both AC and SCC at P = 0.0272 and 0.0145, respectively. Conclusion The current study suggests that SO2 exposure as an air pollutant may increase female lung cancer incidence and the associations with female lung cancer is much stronger for SCC than for AC. The findings of this study warrant further investigation on the role of SO2 in the etiology of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Tseng
- Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei City 11153, Taiwan, R.O.C
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An ecologic analysis of county-level PM2.5 concentrations and lung cancer incidence and mortality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:1865-71. [PMID: 21776206 PMCID: PMC3138001 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8061865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the relationship between PM2.5 and lung cancer incidence. Although results are mixed, some studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between PM2.5 and lung cancer mortality. Using an ecologic study design, we examined the county-level associations between PM2.5 concentrations (2002-2005) and lung cancer incidence and mortality in North Carolina (2002-2006). Positive trends were observed between PM2.5 concentrations and lung cancer incidence and mortality; however, the R2 for both were <0.10. The slopes for the relationship between PM2.5 and lung cancer incidence and mortality were 1.26 (95% CI 0.31, 2.21, p-value 0.01) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.09, 1.36, p-value 0.03) per 1 μg/m3 PM2.5, respectively. These associations were slightly strengthened with the inclusion of variables representing socioeconomic status and smoking. Although variability is high, thus reflecting the importance of tobacco smoking and other etiologic agents that influence lung cancer incidence and mortality besides PM2.5, a positive trend is observed between PM2.5 and lung cancer incidence and mortality. This suggests the possibility of an association between PM2.5 concentrations and lung cancer incidence and mortality.
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Luo J, Hendryx M. Environmental Carcinogen Releases and Lung Cancer Mortality in Rural-Urban Areas of the United States. J Rural Health 2011; 27:342-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2010.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Papathomas M, Molitor J, Richardson S, Riboli E, Vineis P. Examining the joint effect of multiple risk factors using exposure risk profiles: lung cancer in nonsmokers. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:84-91. [PMID: 20920953 PMCID: PMC3018505 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Profile regression is a Bayesian statistical approach designed for investigating the joint effect of multiple risk factors. It reduces dimensionality by using as its main unit of inference the exposure profiles of the subjects that is, the sequence of covariate values that correspond to each subject. OBJECTIVES We applied profile regression to a case-control study of lung cancer in nonsmokers, nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort, to estimate the combined effect of environmental carcinogens and to explore possible gene-environment interactions. METHODS We tailored and extended the profile regression approach to the analysis of case-control studies, allowing for the analysis of ordinal data and the computation of posterior odds ratios. We compared and contrasted our results with those obtained using standard logistic regression and classification tree methods, including multifactor dimensionality reduction. RESULTS Profile regression strengthened previous observations in other study populations on the role of air pollutants, particularly particulate matter ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), in lung cancer for nonsmokers. Covariates including living on a main road, exposure to PM10 and nitrogen dioxide, and carrying out manual work characterized high-risk subject profiles. Such combinations of risk factors were consistent with a priori expectations. In contrast, other methods gave less interpretable results. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that profile regression is a powerful tool for identifying risk profiles that express the joint effect of etiologically relevant variables in multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Papathomas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
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Sancini A, Fioravanti M, Ciarrocca M, Palermo P, Fiaschetti M, Schifano MP, Tomei G, Tomei F. Pulmonary nodules in workers exposed to urban stressor. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:519-525. [PMID: 20430373 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
By multilayer spiral low-dose computed tomography (LD-CT) of the chest this study assesses the early detection of lung lesions on a sample of 100 traffic policemen of a big Italian city professionally exposed to urban pollutants and 100 controls non-occupationally exposed to urban pollutants matched by sex, age, length of service and cigarette smoking habit. Exposure to urban pollutants in traffic policemen was characterized using the annual average concentrations of PM(10), NO2 and benzene in the period 1998-2008 measured by fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city. A significant and increasing number of suspicious lung nodules with diameters between 5 and 10 mm was observed: in traffic policemen (including smokers and non-smokers) vs. controls (including smokers and non-smokers); in total smokers (including traffic policemen and controls) vs. total non-smokers (traffic policemen and controls); in smoker traffic policemen vs. smoker controls and vs. non-smoker traffic policemen; in non-smoker traffic policemen vs. non-smoker controls. The RR of finding cases with at least one lung nodule with diameters between 5 and 10mm in traffic policemen (including smokers and non-smokers) compared to controls (including smokers and non-smokers) is 1.94 (CI 1.13-3.31); in total smokers vs. non-smokers the RR is 1.96 (CI 1.20-3.19). The comparison between the interaction exposure and smoking shows an increase in smoker traffic policemen than in smoker controls (RR=2.14; CI 1.02-4.52). The RR for smoker traffic policemen was higher than in non-smoker traffic policemen (RR=2.09; CI 1.19-3.66). The results of our study show that: (1) while smoker workers have a higher risk for developing solid suspicious lung nodules, the simple routinely exposure to urban pollutants is unable to produce the same kind of increased risk; (2) the interaction of smoking and exposure to urban pollutants greatly increases the risk for the development of solid suspicious lung nodules. In conclusion, the use of chest LD-CT in workers at risk helps identify suspicious solid lung nodules at early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sancini
- University of Rome "Sapienza", Department of Occupational Medicine, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Wolterbeek B, Sarmento S, Verburg T. Is there a future for biomonitoring of elemental air pollution? A review focused on a larger-scaled health-related (epidemiological) context. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010; 286:195-210. [PMID: 26224902 PMCID: PMC4514461 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present paper focuses on biomonitoring of elemental atmospheric pollution, which is reviewed in terms of larger-scaled biomonitoring surveys in an epidemiological context. Based on the literature information, today's availability of solar-powered small air filter samplers and fibrous ion exchange materials is regarded as adequate or an even better alternative for biomonitor transplant materials used in small-scaled set-ups, but biomonitors remain valuable in larger-scaled set-ups and in unforeseen releases and accidental situations. In the latter case, in-situ biomonitoring is seen as the only option for a retrospective study: biomoniors are there before one even knows that they are needed. For biomonitoring, nuclear analytical techniques are discussed as key techniques, especially because of the necessary multi-element assessments in both source recognition and single-element interpretation. To live up to the demands in an epidemiological context, larger-scaled in-situ biomonitoring asks for large numbers of samples, and consequently, for large total sample masses, this all to ensure representation of both local situations and survey area characteristics. Possibly, this point should direct studies into new "easy-to-sample" biomonitor organisms, of which high masses and numbers may be obtained in field work, rather than continue with biomonitors such as lichens. This also means that both sample handling and processing are of key importance in these studies. To avoid problems in comparability of analytical general procedures in milling, homogenization and digestion of samples of large masses, the paper proposes to involve only few but high-quality laboratories in the total element assessment routines. In this respect, facilities that can handle large sample masses in the assessment of element concentrations are to be preferred. This all highlights the involvement of large-sample-volume nuclear facilities, which, however, should be upgraded and automated in their operation to ensure the necessary sample throughput in larger-scaled biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Wolterbeek
- Delft University of Technology, Reactor Institute Delft, RIH Radiation and Isotopes for Health, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tona Verburg
- Delft University of Technology, Reactor Institute Delft, RIH Radiation and Isotopes for Health, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
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Schmid O, Möller W, Semmler-Behnke M, Ferron GA, Karg E, Lipka J, Schulz H, Kreyling WG, Stoeger T. Dosimetry and toxicology of inhaled ultrafine particles. Biomarkers 2010; 14 Suppl 1:67-73. [PMID: 19604063 DOI: 10.1080/13547500902965617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Both epidemiological and toxicological studies indicate that inhalation and subsequent deposition of airborne particles into the lungs have adverse health effects. Recently, the ultrafine particle (UfP) fraction (diameter < 100 nm) has received particular attention, as their small size may lead to more toxic properties. In this study we summarize the current knowledge on the dosimetry of inhaled particles (including UfPs) with a focus on recent data on translocation of UfPs into secondary target organs (such as brain and heart) suggesting that the lifetime dose of ambient UfPs in secondary target organs is about 10(11) particles. Furthermore, we highlight the main pathways of particle induced toxicity and the reasons for the potentially higher toxicity of UfPs. Finally, we discuss recent evidence indicating that (BET) surface area is the single most relevant dose metric for the toxicity of UfPs, which has important implications for regulatory measures on the toxicity of ambient and engineered particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schmid
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Guajardo OA, Oyana TJ. A critical assessment of geographic clusters of breast and lung cancer incidences among residents living near the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers, Michigan, USA. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 2009:316249. [PMID: 20049167 PMCID: PMC2798568 DOI: 10.1155/2009/316249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess previously determined geographic clusters of breast and lung cancer incidences among residents living near the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers, Michigan, using a new set of environmental factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Breast and lung cancer data were acquired from the Michigan Department of Community Health, along with point source pollution data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The datasets were used to determine whether there is a spatial association between disease risk and environmental contamination. GIS and spatial techniques were combined with statistical analysis to investigate local risk of breast and lung cancer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The study suggests that neighborhoods in close proximity to the river were associated with a high risk of breast cancer, while increased risk of lung cancer was detected among neighborhoods in close proximity to point source pollution and major highways. Statistically significant (P = .001) clusters of cancer incidences were observed among residents living near the rivers. These findings are useful to researchers and governmental agencies for risk assessment, regulation, and control of environmental contamination in the floodplains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Guajardo
- Advanced Geospatial Analysis Lab, Department of Geography and Environmental Resources, Southern Illinois University, 1000 Faner Drive, MC 4514, Carbondale, IL 62901-4514, USA
| | - Tonny J. Oyana
- Advanced Geospatial Analysis Lab, Department of Geography and Environmental Resources, Southern Illinois University, 1000 Faner Drive, MC 4514, Carbondale, IL 62901-4514, USA
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Kim MY, Cho MY. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of ozone in combination with 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and dibutyl phthalate in B6C3F1 mice for 16 and 32 weeks. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2009; 22:216-222. [PMID: 19725464 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(09)60048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the toxic and carcinogenic potential of ozone alone or in combination with 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and/or dibutyl phthalate (DBP). METHODS Male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed, through inhalation, intravenous administration and diet, to 0.5 ppm of ozone, 1.0 mg/kg of NNK and 5000 ppm of DBP, individually and in combination for 16 and 32 weeks. RESULTS No treatment-related death was seen, but significant differences in body and organ weights between control and treated mice were observed during the study. No incidence of lung tumor incidence was recorded in mice exposed to either ozone alone or combined treatment. Oviductal carcinomas were observed in female mice exposed to ozone or DBP alone for 16 weeks and ozone in combination with NNK and DBP for 32 weeks. CONCLUSION Although ozone alone and in conjunction with NNK and/or DBP does not induce lung cancer under our experimental conditions, they induce oviductal carcinomas in B6C3F1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Kim
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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DNA damage response of A549 cells treated with particulate matter (PM 10 ) of urban air pollutants. Cancer Lett 2009; 278:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Valavanidis A, Fiotakis K, Vlachogianni T. Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2008; 26:339-62. [PMID: 19034792 DOI: 10.1080/10590500802494538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been considered a hazard to human health. In the past decades, many studies highlighted the role of ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) as an important environmental pollutant for many different cardiopulmonary diseases and lung cancer. Numerous epidemiological studies in the past 30 years found a strong exposure-response relationship between PM for short-term effects (premature mortality, hospital admissions) and long-term or cumulative health effects (morbidity, lung cancer, cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases, etc). Current research on airborne particle-induced health effects investigates the critical characteristics of particulate matter that determine their biological effects. Several independent groups of investigators have shown that the size of the airborne particles and their surface area determine the potential to elicit inflammatory injury, oxidative damage, and other biological effects. These effects are stronger for fine and ultrafine particles because they can penetrate deeper into the airways of the respiratory tract and can reach the alveoli in which 50% are retained in the lung parenchyma. Composition of the PM varies greatly and depends on many factors. The major components of PM are transition metals, ions (sulfate, nitrate), organic compound, quinoid stable radicals of carbonaceous material, minerals, reactive gases, and materials of biologic origin. Results from toxicological research have shown that PM have several mechanisms of adverse cellular effects, such as cytotoxicity through oxidative stress mechanisms, oxygen-free radical-generating activity, DNA oxidative damage, mutagenicity, and stimulation of proinflammatory factors. In this review, the results of the most recent epidemiological and toxicological studies are summarized. In general, the evaluation of most of these studies shows that the smaller the size of PM the higher the toxicity through mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation. Some studies showed that the extractable organic compounds (a variety of chemicals with mutagenic and cytotoxic properties) contribute to various mechanisms of cytotoxicity; in addition, the water-soluble faction (mainly transition metals with redox potential) play an important role in the initiation of oxidative DNA damage and membrane lipid peroxidation. Associations between chemical compositions and particle toxicity tend to be stronger for the fine and ultrafine PM size fractions. Vehicular exhaust particles are found to be most responsible for small-sized airborne PM air pollution in urban areas. With these aspects in mind, future research should aim at establishing a cleared picture of the cytotoxic and carcinogenic mechanisms of PM in the lungs, as well as mechanisms of formation during internal engine combustion processes and other sources of airborne fine particles of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Valavanidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, University Campus Zogafou, Athens, Greece.
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Monge-Corella S, García-Pérez J, Aragonés N, Pollán M, Pérez-Gómez B, López-Abente G. Lung cancer mortality in towns near paper, pulp and board industries in Spain: a point source pollution study. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:288. [PMID: 18702814 PMCID: PMC2527328 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to ascertain whether there might be excess lung cancer mortality among the population residing in the vicinity of Spanish paper and board industries which report their emissions to the European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER). METHODS This was an ecological study that modelled the Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR) for lung cancer in 8073 Spanish towns over the period 1994-2003. Population exposure to industrial pollution was estimated on the basis of distance from town of residence to pollution source. An exploratory, near-versus-far analysis was conducted, using mixed Poisson regression models and an analysis of the effect of municipal proximity within a 50-kilometre radius of each of the 18 installations. RESULTS Results varied for the different facilities. In two instances there was an increasing mortality gradient with proximity to the installation, though this was exclusively observed among men. CONCLUSION The study of cancer mortality in areas surrounding pollutant foci is a useful tool for environmental surveillance, and serves to highlight areas of interest susceptible to being investigated by ad hoc studies. Despite present limitations, recognition is therefore due to the advance represented by publication of the EPER and the study of pollutant foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Monge-Corella
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Aragonés
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Pollán
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López-Abente
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Chen G, Wang F, Aunan K, Hao J. Assessment of population exposure to particulate matter pollution in Chongqing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 153:247-56. [PMID: 17868962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To determine the population exposure to PM(10) in Chongqing, China, we developed an indirect model by combining information on the time activity patterns of various demographic subgroups with estimates of the PM(10) concentrations in different microenvironments (MEs). The spatial and temporal variations of the exposure to PM(10) were illustrated in a geographical information system (GIS). The population weighted exposure (PWE) for the entire population was 229, 155 and 211 microg/m(3), respectively, in winter, summer and as the annual average. Indoor PM(10) level at home was the largest contributor to the PWE, especially for the rural areas where high pollution levels were found due to solid fuels burning. Elder people had higher PM(10) exposure than adults and youth, due to more time spent in indoor MEs. The highest health risk due to particulate was found in the city zone and northeast regions, suggesting that pollution abatement should be prioritized in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiao Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Brugge D, Durant JL, Rioux C. Near-highway pollutants in motor vehicle exhaust: a review of epidemiologic evidence of cardiac and pulmonary health risks. Environ Health 2007; 6:23. [PMID: 17688699 PMCID: PMC1971259 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence of a distinct set of freshly-emitted air pollutants downwind from major highways, motorways, and freeways that include elevated levels of ultrafine particulates (UFP), black carbon (BC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO). People living or otherwise spending substantial time within about 200 m of highways are exposed to these pollutants more so than persons living at a greater distance, even compared to living on busy urban streets. Evidence of the health hazards of these pollutants arises from studies that assess proximity to highways, actual exposure to the pollutants, or both. Taken as a whole, the health studies show elevated risk for development of asthma and reduced lung function in children who live near major highways. Studies of particulate matter (PM) that show associations with cardiac and pulmonary mortality also appear to indicate increasing risk as smaller geographic areas are studied, suggesting localized sources that likely include major highways. Although less work has tested the association between lung cancer and highways, the existing studies suggest an association as well. While the evidence is substantial for a link between near-highway exposures and adverse health outcomes, considerable work remains to understand the exact nature and magnitude of the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Brugge
- Tufts Community Research Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John L Durant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Christine Rioux
- Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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