1
|
Ibrahim BA, Louie JJ, Shinagawa Y, Xiao G, Asilador AR, Sable HJK, Schantz SL, Llano DA. Developmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Prevents Recovery from Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Disrupts the Functional Organization of the Inferior Colliculus. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4580-4597. [PMID: 37147134 PMCID: PMC10286948 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0030-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to combinations of environmental toxins is growing in prevalence; and therefore, understanding their interactions is of increasing societal importance. Here, we examined the mechanisms by which two environmental toxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and high-amplitude acoustic noise, interact to produce dysfunction in central auditory processing. PCBs are well established to impose negative developmental impacts on hearing. However, it is not known whether developmental exposure to this ototoxin alters the sensitivity to other ototoxic exposures later in life. Here, male mice were exposed to PCBs in utero, and later as adults were exposed to 45 min of high-intensity noise. We then examined the impacts of the two exposures on hearing and the organization of the auditory midbrain using two-photon imaging and analysis of the expression of mediators of oxidative stress. We observed that developmental exposure to PCBs blocked hearing recovery from acoustic trauma. In vivo two-photon imaging of the inferior colliculus (IC) revealed that this lack of recovery was associated with disruption of the tonotopic organization and reduction of inhibition in the auditory midbrain. In addition, expression analysis in the inferior colliculus revealed that reduced GABAergic inhibition was more prominent in animals with a lower capacity to mitigate oxidative stress. These data suggest that combined PCBs and noise exposure act nonlinearly to damage hearing and that this damage is associated with synaptic reorganization, and reduced capacity to limit oxidative stress. In addition, this work provides a new paradigm by which to understand nonlinear interactions between combinations of environmental toxins.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Exposure to common environmental toxins is a large and growing problem in the population. This work provides a new mechanistic understanding of how the prenatal and postnatal developmental changes induced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) could negatively impact the resilience of the brain to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) later in adulthood. The use of state-of-the-art tools, including in vivo multiphoton microscopy of the midbrain helped in identifying the long-term central changes in the auditory system after the peripheral hearing damage induced by such environmental toxins. In addition, the novel combination of methods employed in this study will lead to additional advances in our understanding of mechanisms of central hearing loss in other contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baher A Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jeremy J Louie
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Yoshitaka Shinagawa
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Alexander R Asilador
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Helen J K Sable
- The Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Daniel A Llano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ibrahim BA, Louie J, Shinagawa Y, Xiao G, Asilador AR, Sable HJK, Schantz SL, Llano DA. Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls prevents recovery from noise-induced hearing loss and disrupts the functional organization of the inferior colliculus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.534008. [PMID: 36993666 PMCID: PMC10055398 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.534008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to combinations of environmental toxins is growing in prevalence, and therefore understanding their interactions is of increasing societal importance. Here, we examined the mechanisms by which two environmental toxins - polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and high-amplitude acoustic noise - interact to produce dysfunction in central auditory processing. PCBs are well-established to impose negative developmental impacts on hearing. However, it is not known if developmental exposure to this ototoxin alters the sensitivity to other ototoxic exposures later in life. Here, male mice were exposed to PCBs in utero, and later as adults were exposed to 45 minutes of high-intensity noise. We then examined the impacts of the two exposures on hearing and the organization of the auditory midbrain using two-photon imaging and analysis of the expression of mediators of oxidative stress. We observed that developmental exposure to PCBs blocked hearing recovery from acoustic trauma. In vivo two-photon imaging of the inferior colliculus revealed that this lack of recovery was associated with disruption of the tonotopic organization and reduction of inhibition in the auditory midbrain. In addition, expression analysis in the inferior colliculus revealed that reduced GABAergic inhibition was more prominent in animals with a lower capacity to mitigate oxidative stress. These data suggest that combined PCBs and noise exposure act nonlinearly to damage hearing and that this damage is associated with synaptic reorganization, and reduced capacity to limit oxidative stress. In addition, this work provides a new paradigm by which to understand nonlinear interactions between combinations of environmental toxins. Significance statement Exposure to common environmental toxins is a large and growing problem in the population. This work provides a new mechanistic understanding of how the pre-and postnatal developmental changes induced by polychlorinated biphenyls could negatively impact the resilience of the brain to noise-induced hearing loss later in adulthood. The use of state-of-the-art tools, including in vivo multiphoton microscopy of the midbrain helped in identifying the long-term central changes in the auditory system after the peripheral hearing damage induced by such environmental toxins. In addition, the novel combination of methods employed in this study will lead to additional advances in our understanding of mechanisms of central hearing loss in other contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baher A. Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jeremy Louie
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yoshitaka Shinagawa
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Alexander R. Asilador
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Helen J. K. Sable
- The Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Susan L. Schantz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Daniel A. Llano
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Young AS, Herkert N, Stapleton HM, Cedeño Laurent JG, Jones ER, MacNaughton P, Coull BA, James-Todd T, Hauser R, Luna ML, Chung YS, Allen JG. Chemical contaminant exposures assessed using silicone wristbands among occupants in office buildings in the USA, UK, China, and India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106727. [PMID: 34425641 PMCID: PMC8409466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about chemical contaminant exposures of office workers in buildings globally. Complex mixtures of harmful chemicals accumulate indoors from building materials, building maintenance, personal products, and outdoor pollution. We evaluated exposures to 99 chemicals in urban office buildings in the USA, UK, China, and India using silicone wristbands worn by 251 participants while they were at work. Here, we report concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), phthalates and phthalate alternatives, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). First, we found major differences in office worker chemical exposures by country, some of which can be explained by regulations and use patterns. For example, exposures to several pesticides were substantially higher in India where there were fewer restrictions and unique malaria challenges, and exposures to flame retardants tended to be higher in the USA and UK where there were historic, stringent furniture flammability standards. Higher exposures to PAHs in China and India could be due to high levels of outdoor air pollution that penetrates indoors. Second, some office workers were still exposed to legacy PCBs, PBDEs, and pesticides, even decades after bans or phase-outs. Third, we identified exposure to a contemporary PCB that is not covered under legacy PCB bans due to its presence as an unintentional byproduct in materials. Fourth, exposures to novel BFRs, OPEs, and other chemicals commonly used as substitutes to previously phased-out chemicals were ubiquitous. Fifth, some exposures were influenced by individual factors, not just countries and buildings. Phthalate exposures, for example, were related to personal care product use, country restrictions, and building materials. Overall, we found substantial country differences in chemical exposures and continued exposures to legacy phased-out chemicals and their substitutes in buildings. These findings warrant further research on the role of chemicals in office buildings on worker health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Young
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Emily R Jones
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Brent A Coull
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Russ Hauser
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marianne Lahaie Luna
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yu Shan Chung
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph G Allen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pittman GS, Wang X, Campbell MR, Coulter SJ, Olson JR, Pavuk M, Birnbaum LS, Bell DA. Polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and DNA methylation in the Anniston Community Health Survey. Epigenetics 2020; 15:337-357. [PMID: 31607210 PMCID: PMC7153539 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1666654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anniston, Alabama was home to a major polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) production facility from 1929 until 1971. The Anniston Community Health Survey I and II (ACHS-I 2005-2007, ACHS-II 2013-2014) were conducted to explore the effects of PCB exposures. In this report we examined associations between PCB exposure and DNA methylation in whole blood using EPIC arrays (ACHS-I, n = 518; ACHS-II, n = 299). For both cohorts, 35 PCBs were measured in serum. We modelled methylation versus PCB wet-weight concentrations for: the sum of 35 PCBs, mono-ortho substituted PCBs, di-ortho substituted PCBs, tri/tetra-ortho substituted PCBs, oestrogenic PCBs, and antiestrogenic PCBs. Using robust multivariable linear regression, we adjusted for age, race, sex, smoking, total lipids, and six blood cell-type percentages. We carried out a two-stage analysis; discovery in ACHS-I followed by replication in ACHS-II. In ACHS-I, we identified 28 associations (17 unique CpGs) at p ≤ 6.70E-08 and 369 associations (286 unique CpGs) at FDR p ≤ 5.00E-02. A large proportion of the genes have been observed to interact with PCBs or dioxins in model studies. Among the 28 genome-wide significant CpG/PCB associations, 14 displayed replicated directional effects in ACHS-II; however, only one in ACHS-II was statistically significant at p ≤ 1.70E-04. While we identified many novel CpGs significantly associated with PCB exposures in ACHS-I, the differential methylation was modest and the effect was attenuated seven years later in ACHS-II, suggesting a lack of persistence of the associations between PCB exposures and altered DNA methylation in blood cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S. Pittman
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xuting Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marian Pavuk
- ATSDR, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Fulton, GA, USA
| | | | - Douglas A. Bell
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li ZM, Albrecht M, Fromme H, Schramm KW, De Angelis M. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Breast Milk and Associations with Maternal Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1111-1119. [PMID: 31867966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated the thyroid-disrupting effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, the association of low-exposure POPs with thyroid hormones (THs) remains unclear. Here, we aim to assess the association of low exposure of POPs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, with THs [total L-thyroxine (TT4), total 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (TT3), and total 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (TrT3)] measured in human breast milk. Ninety-nine breast milk samples were collected from the LUPE cohort (2015-2016, Bavaria, Germany). Fourteen PBDEs, 17 PCBs, and 5 PCDD/Fs had quantification rates of >80%. Nonmonotonic associations were observed. In adjusted single-pollutant models, (1) TT4 was inversely associated with BDE-99, -154, and -196; (2) TT3 was inversely associated with BDE-47, -99, -100, -197, -203, -207, and OCDD; and (3) TrT3 was inversely associated with BDE-47, -99, -183, and -203. Multipollutant analysis using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed inverse associations of PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -154, -183, and -197) with TT4 and TrT3. These results indicate that POPs at low levels might be related to reduced THs. This study shows that human breast milk might be an appropriate specimen to evaluate the thyroid disruption of POPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics , Ingolstädter Landstr. 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan (Nutrition) , Technische Universität München , 85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Michael Albrecht
- Department of Dioxins, Irradiation, Nitrosamines, Radioactivity , Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority , Veterinaerstr. 2 , D-85764 Oberschleissheim , Germany
| | - Hermann Fromme
- Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology , Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority , Pfarrstrasse 3 , D-80538 Munich , Germany
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital , LMU Munich , Ziemssenstrasse 1 , D-80336 Munich , Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics , Ingolstädter Landstr. 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
- Department für Biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen , Technische Universität München , Weihenstephaner Steig 23 , 85350 Freising , Germany
| | - Meri De Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics , Ingolstädter Landstr. 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jahnke JC, Hornbuckle KC. PCB Emissions from Paint Colorants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5187-5194. [PMID: 30997998 PMCID: PMC6519452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known human carcinogens that are byproducts of pigment manufacturing and found in colorants used to tint consumer paints sold in the United States and elsewhere. PCBs have the potential to be emitted from paint containing these pigments. To quantify the gas-phase emissions of ∑PCBs, we used polyurethane foam (PUF) to capture emissions from freshly applied colorants. Some PCB emissions were detected on the PUF after 1 day. After 6 weeks, all PCBs found in the colorant were also found on the PUF. Even the fully chlorinated PCB209 was emitted from green colorant. Mono- and dichlorinated PCBs were released from the colorant at a faster rate than the higher chlorinated congeners. By the end of the experiment, all the lower chlorinated congeners were absent from the colorant while more than 75% of the higher chlorinated congeners remained in the sample. The rate of PCB emissions from paint colorants is a function of the surface/air equilibrium coefficient, and the presence of water accelerates the emissions. Although concentrations of PCBs in colorants are less than 285 ng g-1, PCB emissions from colorants in paint can cause environmentally relevant concentrations of ≥500 pg m-3 within hours of painting a room.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Corresponding Author: ; phone: 319-384-0789; fax: 319-335-5660; mail: 4105 SC, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Siddiqui MF, Khan MS, Husain FM, Bano B. Deciphering the binding of carbendazim (fungicide) with human serum albumin: A multi-spectroscopic and molecular modelling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2230-2241. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1481768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faizan Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rooney MR, Lutsey PL, Bhatti P, Prizment A. Urinary 2,5-dicholorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol concentrations and prevalent disease among adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Occup Environ Med 2018; 76:181-188. [PMID: 30377258 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test cross-sectional associations between urinary concentrations of 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, lung disease, thyroid problems and liver conditions. METHODS Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations of urinary concentrations of 2,5-DCP and 2,4-DCP with prevalence of various medical conditions among 3617 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants from 2007-2008 and 2009-2010. ORs and 95% CIs for each disease were estimated. All regression models were adjusted for urinary creatinine. RESULTS We observed a monotonically increasing association between quartiles of 2,5-DCP and prevalence of CVD. After adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, participants with the highest versus lowest quartile of urinary 2,5-DCP had an OR=1.84 (95% CI 1.26 to 2.70) (p linear trend=0.006). The association was similar with further adjustment for established clinical CVD risk factors. Higher 2,5-DCP was also associated with prevalence of all cancers combined (ORQ4 vs Q1=1.50 (95% CI 1.00 to 2.26); p trend=0.05) and, in exploratory analyses, with gynaecological cancers (ORQ4 vs Q1=4.15 (95% CI 1.51 to 11.40; p trend=0.01)). No associations were detected between 2,5-DCP and lung diseases, thyroid problems or liver conditions, nor between 2,4-DCP and prevalent disease. CONCLUSION In this nationally representative study, higher urinary 2,5-DCP concentrations were associated with greater prevalence of CVD and all cancers combined. Further examination may be warranted to assess whether chronic exposure to 2,5-DCP is associated with incidence of adverse health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Rooney
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pamela L Lutsey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Parveen Bhatti
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Program in Epidemiology, Public Health Sciences Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Prizment
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Herkert NJ, Jahnke JC, Hornbuckle KC. Emissions of Tetrachlorobiphenyls (PCBs 47, 51, and 68) from Polymer Resin on Kitchen Cabinets as a Non-Aroclor Source to Residential Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5154-5160. [PMID: 29667399 PMCID: PMC6272057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Both Aroclor and non-Aroclor sources of airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found in residential homes. We deployed passive air samplers at 16 residences and found PCB-47, PCB-51, and PCB-68 to account for up to 50% of measured indoor ΣPCBs (2700 pg m-3). Although PCB-47 and PCB-51 are neurotoxins present in Aroclor mixtures (<2.5 and <0.3 wt %, respectively), we found them at much higher levels than expected for any Aroclor source. PCB-68 is not present in Aroclor mixtures. Another non-Aroclor congener, PCB-11, a byproduct of pigment manufacturing, was found inside and outside of every household and was frequently the predominate congener. We conducted direct measurements of surface emissions and identified finished cabinetry to be a major source of PCB-47, PCB-51, and PCB-68. We hypothesize that these congeners are inadvertent byproducts of polymer sealant manufacturing and produced from the decomposition of 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide used as an initiator in free-radical polymerization of polyester resins. The presence of these three compounds in polymer products, such as silicone, has been widely noted, but to our knowledge they have never been shown to be a significant environmental source of PCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Herkert
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacob C. Jahnke
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grimm FA, Hu D, Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ, Ludewig G, Hornbuckle KC, Duffel MW, Bergman A, Robertson LW. Metabolism and metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:245-72. [PMID: 25629923 PMCID: PMC4383295 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.999365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is complex and has an impact on toxicity, and thereby on the assessment of PCB risks. A large number of reactive and stable metabolites are formed in the processes of biotransformation in biota in general, and in humans in particular. The aim of this document is to provide an overview of PCB metabolism, and to identify the metabolites of concern and their occurrence. Emphasis is given to mammalian metabolism of PCBs and their hydroxyl, methylsulfonyl, and sulfated metabolites, especially those that persist in human blood. Potential intracellular targets and health risks are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- FA Grimm
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa
| | - D Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa
| | - I Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa
| | - HJ Lehmler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa
| | - G Ludewig
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa
| | - KC Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa
| | - MW Duffel
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa
| | - A Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (SWETOX), Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, SWEDEN
| | - LW Robertson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krogenæs AK, Ropstad E, Gutleb AC, Hårdnes N, Berg V, Dahl E, Fowler PA. In utero exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PCB 153 and PCB 118 disrupts fetal testis development in sheep. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:628-649. [PMID: 24754397 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.887426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are environmental pollutants linked to adverse health effects including endocrine disruption and disturbance of reproductive development. This study aimed to determine whether exposure of pregnant sheep to three different mixtures of PCB 153 and PCB 118 affected fetal testis development. Ewes were treated by oral gavage from mating until euthanasia (d 134), producing three groups of fetuses with distinct adipose tissue PCB levels: high PCB 153/low PCB 118 (n = 13), high PCB 118/low PCB 153 (n = 14), and low PCB 153/low PCB 118 (n = 14). Fetal testes and blood samples were collected for investigation of testosterone, testis morphology, and testis proteome. The body weight of the offspring was lower in the high PCB compared to the low PCB group, but there were no significant differences in testis weight between groups when corrected for body weight. PCB exposure did not markedly affect circulating testosterone. There were no significant differences between groups in number of seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cell only tubules, and ratio between relative areas of seminiferous tubules and interstitium. Two-dimensional (2D) gel-based proteomics was used to screen for proteomic alterations in the high exposed groups relative to low PCB 153/low PCB 118 group. Twenty-six significantly altered spots were identified by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectroscopy (MS)/MS. Changes in protein regulation affected cellular processes as stress response, protein synthesis, and cytoskeleton regulation. The study demonstrates that in utero exposure to different environmental relevant PCB mixtures exerted subtle effects on developing fetal testis proteome but did not significantly disturb testis morphology and testosterone production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anette K Krogenæs
- a Department of Production Animal Sciences , Norwegian School Veterinary Science , Oslo , Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Currás-Collazo MC. Nitric oxide signaling as a common target of organohalogens and other neuroendocrine disruptors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:495-536. [PMID: 21790323 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organohalogen compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are global environmental pollutants and highly persistent, bioaccumulative chemicals that produce adverse effects in humans and wildlife. Because of the widespread use of these organohalogens in household items and consumer products, indoor contamination is a significant source of human exposure, especially for children. One significant concern with regard to health effects associated with exposure to organohalogens is endocrine disruption. Toxicological studies on organohalogen pollutants primarily focused on sex steroid and thyroid hormone actions, and findings have largely shaped the way one envisions their disruptive effects occurring. Organohalogens exert additional effects on other systems including other complex endocrine systems that may be disregulated at various levels of organization. Over the last 20 years evidence has mounted in favor of a critical role of nitric oxide (NO) in numerous functions ranging from neuroendocrine functions to learning and memory. With its participation in multiple systems and action at several levels of integration, NO signaling has a pervasive influence on nervous and endocrine functions. Like blockers of NO synthesis, PCBs and PBDEs produce multifaceted effects on physiological systems. Based on this unique set of converging information it is proposed that organohalogen actions occur, in part, by hijacking processes associated with this ubiquitous bioactive molecule. The current review examines the emerging evidence for NO involvement in selected organohalogen actions and includes recent progress from our laboratory that adds to our current understanding of the actions of organohalogens within hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits. The thyroid, vasopressin, and reproductive systems as well as processes associated with long-term potentiation were selected as sample targets of organohalogens that rely on regulation by NO. Information is provided about other toxicants with demonstrated interference of NO signaling. Our focus on the convergence between NO system and organohalogen toxicity offers a novel approach to understanding endocrine and neuroendocrine disruption that is particularly problematic for developing organisms. This new working model is proposed as a way to encourage future study in elucidating common mechanisms of action that are selected with a better operational understanding of the systems affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita C Currás-Collazo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
KE LX, XI YL, ZHA CW, CHU ZX. EFFECTS OF METHAMIDOPHOS AND ACEPHATE ON EXPERIMENTAL POPULATION DYNAMICS OF ROTIFER BRACHIONUS CALYCIFLORUS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1035.2009.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Zimmer KE, Gutleb AC, Lyche JL, Dahl E, Oskam IC, Krogenaes A, Skaare JU, Ropstad E. Altered stress-induced cortisol levels in goats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 126 and PCB 153) during fetal and postnatal development. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:164-172. [PMID: 19184731 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802539004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Short-term stress exposure is associated with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and a consequent rise in blood glucocorticoids and catecholamines, from the adrenal cortex and medulla, respectively. The HPA axis is a potential target for some persistent organic pollutants, among which polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were found to be modulators of the mammalian endocrine system. PCB are distributed globally in the environment, in food chains, and are transferred to the fetuses of pregnant animals and via mother's milk to suckling offspring. In the present study it was postulated that intrauterine and lactational exposure to either of two single congeners of PCB (PCB 153 and PCB 126, respectively) might affect basal cortisol concentrations, and also the cortisol response to short-term stress in adulthood. Thus, pregnant goats were orally exposed to one of these PCB congeners from d 60 of gestation until delivery, and their offspring studied. Low-dose exposure to PCB 153 and PCB 126 resulted in significantly lower mean basal cortisol concentrations in goat offspring during certain periods of pubertal development and their first breeding season. Male goat kids exposed to either PCB congener showed a greater and more prolonged rise in plasma cortisol levels than controls when animals were subjected to mild stress at 9 mo of age using frequent blood sampling. Neither the basal maternal cortisol plasma level nor goat kid adrenal masses were affected by PCB exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Zimmer
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Suvorov A, Takser L. Facing the challenge of data transfer from animal models to humans: the case of persistent organohalogens. Environ Health 2008; 7:58. [PMID: 19014546 PMCID: PMC2596097 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A well-documented fact for a group of persistent, bioaccumulating organohalogens contaminants, namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is that appropriate regulation was delayed, on average, up to 50 years. Some of the delay may be attributed to the fact that the science of toxicology was in its infancy when PCBs were introduced in 1920's. Nevertheless, even following the development of modern toxicology this story repeats itself 45 years later with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) another compound of concern for public health. The question is why? One possible explanation may be the low coherence between experimental studies of toxic effects in animal models and human studies. To explore this further, we reviewed a total of 807 PubMed abstracts and full texts reporting studies of toxic effects of PCB and PBDE in animal models. Our analysis documents that human epidemiological studies of PBDE stand to gain little from animal studies due to the following: 1) the significant delay between the commercialisation of a substance and studies with animal models; 2) experimental exposure levels in animals are several orders of magnitude higher than exposures in the general human population; 3) the limited set of evidence-based endocrine endpoints; 4) the traditional testing sequence (adult animals--neonates--foetuses) postpones investigation of the critical developmental stages; 5) limited number of animal species with human-like toxicokinetics, physiology of development and pregnancy; 6) lack of suitable experimental outcomes for the purpose of epidemiological studies. Our comparison of published PCB and PBDE studies underscore an important shortcoming: history has, unfortunately, repeated itself. Broadening the crosstalk between the various branches of toxicology should therefore accelerate accumulation of data to enable timely and appropriate regulatory action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- Département Obstétrique Gynécologie, Faculté de Médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12 avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Larissa Takser
- Département Obstétrique Gynécologie, Faculté de Médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12 avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Llansola M, Erceg S, Monfort P, Montoliu C, Felipo V. Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenylether 99 enhances the function of the glutamate-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in brain in vivo and in cultured neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:373-9. [PMID: 17284177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants. Significant amounts of PBDEs are present in the milk of lactating women. The possible neurotoxic effects of PBDEs are not well known. Perinatal exposure to PBDEs affects both motor and cognitive functions by mechanisms that remain unclear. Some types of learning depend on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation, which increases intracellular calcium that binds to calmodulin and activates nitric oxide synthase, increasing nitric oxide formation that activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP formation. Part of this cGMP is released to the extracellular fluid. We studied whether prenatal exposure of rats to PBDE99 alters the function of this glutamate-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in rat brain in vivo. At 10 weeks of age, rats treated with PBDE99 showed increased function of the glutamate-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in brain in vivo, as assessed by microdialysis in freely moving rats. The increased function of the pathway was reproduced in primary cultures of cerebellar neurons prepared from rats prenatally exposed to PBDE99 as well as in neurons cultured from normal rats and treated in vitro with PBDE99. Increased calmodulin content and activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide contributed to the increased function of the pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llansola
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Avda Autopista del Saler 16, 46013 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ropstad E, Oskam IC, Lyche JL, Larsen HJ, Lie E, Haave M, Dahl E, Wiger R, Skaare JU. Endocrine disruption induced by organochlorines (OCs): field studies and experimental models. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:53-76. [PMID: 16291562 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500259145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-range transport of persistent organic compounds by air and ocean currents from industrialized areas resulted in high levels of these pollutants in food webs in the Svalbard area. With the aim to test if organochlorine (OC) exposure in free-living polar bears from Svalbard affected their plasma steroid hormone concentrations, it was found that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were associated with increased progesterone levels in females. The sum of pesticides (sigma pesticides) and sigma PCBs contributed significantly negative to the variation of the plasma testosterone in males, and the overall contribution of the OCs to the plasma cortisol variation was negative. A second objective was to study the effects of selected OCs (i.e., PCB 153 and PCB 126) on animal health as a consequence of effects on endocrine-regulated functions such as reproduction and immunity in a goat model focusing on long-term and low-level exposure during the periods of fetal development and in the neonatal period. Additionally, acute exposure was studied in adult mice. The results indicated that exposure to low doses of PCB 153 in utero and in the suckling period influenced reproductive functions and both PCB 153 and PCB 126 exerted immunomodulatory effects on the offspring, whereas acute exposure of adult mice had minor effects on male reproductive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lyche JL, Larsen HJS, Skaare JU, Tverdal A, Johansen GM, Ropstad E. Perinatal exposure to low doses of PCB 153 and PCB 126 affects maternal and neonatal immunity in goat kids. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:139-58. [PMID: 16291567 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500259418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant does (10 goats/group) were dosed orally either with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 153 (98 microg/kg body weight/d) or PCB 126 (ng/kg body weight/d) dissolved in corn oil or with corn oil only (control group) from gestation day (GD) 60 until delivery. An additional group (n = 5) of pregnant does received the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES; 0.4 microg/kg body weight/d) by intramuscular injection using the same treatment schedule as for the PCB groups. Blood samples for immune analysis were collected at wk 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 of age. The effects of perinatal PCB exposure on postnatal humoral immune responses were examined by assessing the levels of total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulins to specific microbes at wk 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 of age, and immune responses following immunization of kids at 2 wk of age. PCB 153 exposure suppressed maternal and neonatal immunity, as demonstrated by reduced transfer of maternal IgG and specific antibodies to the environmental microbes Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Mannheimia haemolytica, and reovirus (REO-1). Furthermore, PCB 153 reduced the level of maternal antibodies to Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and equine influenza virus (EIV-1) in the newborn kids. The antibody response against EIV-1 was significantly higher in PCB 153-exposed kids 2 wk following immunization. PCB 126 exposure reduced the levels of maternal antibodies to REO-1. In contrast, gestational exposure to PCB 126 increased the concentrations of maternal antibodies to tetanus toxoid. No differences from controls in plasma total IgG levels at birth or colostrum IgG concentrations were observed in the PCB 126-treated does. However, a significant reduction in IgG levels from GD 60 until delivery was found in this group. Gestational exposure to DES reduced the concentrations of maternal antibodies against A. pyogenes, M. haemolytica, M. avium Paratuberculosis, and REO-1. These results suggest that perinatal exposure to low doses of PCB 126 and PCB 153 affects the maternal immunity in kids. The difference in responses between PCB 126 and PCB 153 treatment groups may strengthen the hypothesis that PCBs mediate immunotoxic effects through both AhR-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The observation that the effects produced by PCB 153 resembled those produced by DES raises the question of whether this congener may modulate immunity by estrogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan L Lyche
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oskam IC, Ropstad E, Dahl E, Lie E, Derocher AE, Wiig O, Larsen S, Wiger R, Skaare JU. Organochlorines affect the major androgenic hormone, testosterone, in male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2003; 66:2119-2139. [PMID: 14710596 DOI: 10.1080/15287390390211342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal sexual development and subsequent reproductive function are dependent on appropriate testosterone production and action. The regulation of steroid hormones, including androgens, can be influenced by both biological and environmental factors, including environmental chemicals. Concentrations of organochlorines are considerably greater in Svalbard polar bears than in polar bears from other regions. Between 1995 and 1998, samples were collected from 121 male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Svalbard area. In this study, testosterone concentration variations were described for male polar bears during different seasons and for all age groups. To study possible relationships between plasma testosterone concentrations and biological factors, such as age, axial girth, and extractable plasma fat, and organochlorine contaminants including hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachlorobenzene, chlordanes, p,p'-DDE, and 16 individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, identical statistical analyses were performed on the total population and a subsample of reproductively active adults. Of the biological factors, axial girth showed a significant positive relationship and percentage extractable fat and a significant negative relationship with the testosterone concentrations. Both the epsilon pesticides and epsilon PCBs made significant negative contributions to the variation of the plasma testosterone concentration. The continuous presence of high concentrations of organochlorines in male polar bears throughout their life could possibly aggravate any reproductive toxicity that may have occurred during fetal and early postnatal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma C Oskam
- Department of Reproduction and Forensic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Laier P, Cederberg T, Larsen JC, Vinggaard AM. Applicability of the CALUX bioassay for screening of dioxin levels in human milk samples. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2003; 20:583-95. [PMID: 12881133 DOI: 10.1080/0265203031000107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The CALUX (chemically activated luciferase expression) bioassay based on rat hepatoma (H4IIE) cells is a sensitive assay for the detection of Ah receptor agonists like 2,3,7,8-substituted chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and related PCBs. In this paper, the assay was optimized and applied for monitoring levels of dioxins in human milk samples. Combination effects of dioxin-like compounds were evaluated by testing potential mechanisms of interaction between seven of the major dioxin-like compounds in human milk using the isobole method. Results showed that the compounds acted additively, indicating that the usual assumption of additivity in the risk assessment process is valid. In general the relative potencies (REPs) of the single agents were in accordance with their TEFs assigned by the World Health Organisation, except for the mono-ortho-substituted PCB118 that had a 40-fold lower REP in CALUX. The total dioxin-like activity was determined in 16 Danish human milk samples and was in the range 20.5-55.8 pg TEQ g(-1) fat. These values were compared with TEQs obtained from GC/MS analysis (range 14.8-43.6 pg TEQ-g(-1) fat) that overall were a little lower than CALUX TEQs. The results obtained with the bioassay when testing milk extracts fractionated into dioxins/furans, non-ortho PCB and mono/di-ortho PCB fractions indicated that the correlation between the bioassay and the chemical analyses depends primarily on the Ah receptor activity observed in the mono/di-ortho PCB fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Laier
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Blanck HM, Marcus M, Rubin C, Tolbert PE, Hertzberg VS, Henderson AK, Zhang RH. Growth in girls exposed in utero and postnatally to polybrominated biphenyls and polychlorinated biphenyls. Epidemiology 2002; 13:205-10. [PMID: 11880762 DOI: 10.1097/00001648-200203000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accidental contamination with polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) of the Michigan food supply in 1973 led to the exposure of more than 4000 individuals and to formation of the PBB cohort registry (1976-1979). At enrollment, measurements were taken of serum PBB and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), possible endocrine disrupting chemicals. METHODS We examined the association of estimated PBB and PCB exposure during pregnancy with current height and weight in 308 daughters, 5-24 years of age (mean age 15.2 years), born to women in the cohort. We estimated prenatal PBB exposure using maternal enrollment serum PBB and a model of PBB elimination. Prenatal PCB exposure was estimated using maternal enrollment serum PCB because background-level exposure through diet was ongoing. Self-reported height and weight were obtained from a 1997-1998 health survey. RESULTS We found no association between prenatal PBB exposure and either daughter's current height or daughter's weight adjusted for height; however, prenatal PCB exposure above 5 parts per billion was associated with reduced weight adjusted for height. Exposure through breastfeeding did not modify the association. CONCLUSIONS Mothers with PCB levels above the median had daughters whose current weights were 11 pounds lower than that of the daughters whose mothers had levels below the median. This study provides evidence that prenatal exposure to PCBs may affect growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Michels Blanck
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Division, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|