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Xu J, Xu S, Luo J, Zhang S, Wu D, Yang Q, Fang R, Shi C, Liu Q, Zhao J. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Alleviates Ethanol-Induced Endothelia Cells Injury Partly through Alteration of NF-κB Translocation and Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1248-1254. [PMID: 38866477 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Ethanol (alcohol) is a risk factor that contributes to non-communicable diseases. Chronic abuse of ethanol is toxic to both the heart and overall health, and even results in death. Ethanol and its byproduct acetaldehyde can harm the cardiovascular system by impairing mitochondrial function, causing oxidative damage, and reducing contractile proteins. Endothelial cells are essential components of the cardiovascular system, are highly susceptible to ethanol, either through direct or indirect exposure. Thus, protection against endothelial injury is of great importance for persons who chronic abuse of ethanol. In this study, an in vitro model of endothelial injury was created using ethanol. The findings revealed that a concentration of 20.0 mM of ethanol reduced cell viability and Bcl-2 expression, while increasing cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial depolarization, and the expression of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 in endothelial cells. Further study showed that ethanol promoted nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), increased the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 in the culture medium, and inhibited nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. The aforementioned findings suggest that ethanol has a harmful impact on endothelial cells. Nevertheless, the application of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to the cells can effectively mitigate the detrimental effects of ethanol on endothelial cells. In conclusion, EGCG alleviates ethanol-induced endothelial injury partly through alteration of NF-κB translocation and activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Therefore, EGCG holds great potential in safeguarding individuals who chronically abuse ethanol from endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University
| | - Shouzhu Xu
- Department of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jiayin Luo
- Department of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Shihao Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Department of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Qifan Yang
- Department of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Rourou Fang
- Department of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Chuandao Shi
- Department of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Qiling Liu
- Department of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Acupuncture & Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine
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2
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Chen L, Sun R, Lei C, Xu Z, Song Y, Deng Z. Alcohol-mediated susceptibility to lung fibrosis is associated with group 2 innate lymphoid cells in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178498. [PMID: 37457733 PMCID: PMC10343460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol ingestion promotes acute lung injury and impairs immune function. However, the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Here, we show that alcohol feeding enhances bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and inflammation via the regulation of type 2 innate immune responses, especially by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Neuroimmune interactions have emerged as critical modulators of lung inflammation. We found alcohol consumption induced the accumulation of ILC2 and reduced the production of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), primarily released from sensory nerves and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs). CGRP potently suppressed alcohol-driven type 2 cytokine signals in vivo. Vagal ganglia TRPV1+ afferents mediated immunosuppression occurs through the release of CGRP. Inactivation of the TRPV1 receptor enhanced bleomycin-induced fibrosis. In addition, mice lacking the CGRP receptor had the increased lung inflammation and fibrosis and type 2 cytokine production as well as exaggerated responses to alcohol feeding. Together, these data indicate that alcohol consumption regulates the interaction of CGRP and ILC2, which is a critical contributor of lung inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Chao Lei
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Zhishan Xu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Ganjikunta VS, Maddula RR, Bhasha S, Sahukari R, Kondeti Ramudu S, Chenji V, Kesireddy SR, Zheng Z, Korivi M. Cardioprotective Effects of 6-Gingerol against Alcohol-Induced ROS-Mediated Tissue Injury and Apoptosis in Rats. Molecules 2022; 27:8606. [PMID: 36500700 PMCID: PMC9738005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the cardioprotective properties of 6-gingerol against alcohol-induced ROS-mediated cardiac tissue damage in rats. Experiments were conducted on 4 groups of rats, orally treated with control, 6-gingerol (10 mg/kg body weight), alcohol (6 g/kg body weight) and combination of 6-gingerol plus alcohol for two-month. In the results, we found 6-ginger treatment to alcohol-fed rats substantially suppressed ROS production in cardiac tissue. Alcohol-induced elevated 8-OHDG and protein carbonyls which represent oxidative modification of DNA and proteins were completely reversed by 6-gingerol. This was further endorsed by restored superoxide dismutase and catalase activities with 6-gingerol against alcohol-induced loss. The elevated cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, cTn-T, cTn-I) and dyslipidemia in alcohol-intoxicated rats was significantly reversed by 6-gingerol. Furthermore, alcohol-induced apoptosis characterized by overexpression of cytochrome C, caspase-8 and caspase-9 was diminished with 6-gingerol treatment. Transmission electron microscope images conferred the cardioprotective properties of 6-gingerol as we have seen less structural derangements in mitochondria and reappearance of myofilaments. Our findings conclude that 6-ginger effectively protect alcohol-induced ROS-mediated cardiac tissue damage, which may be due to its potent antioxidant efficacy. Therefore, 6-gingerol could be a potential therapeutic molecule that can be used in the treatment of alcohol-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramana Reddy Maddula
- Division of Molecular Biology and Ethanopharmacology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, India
| | - Shanmugam Bhasha
- Division of Molecular Biology and Ethanopharmacology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, India
| | - Ravi Sahukari
- Division of Molecular Biology and Ethanopharmacology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, India
| | | | - Venkatrayulu Chenji
- Department of Marine Biology, Vikarama Simhapuri University, Nellore 524320, India
| | - Sathyavelu Reddy Kesireddy
- Division of Molecular Biology and Ethanopharmacology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, India
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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4
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Xue Y, Li X, Tian Y, Huang X, Zhang L, Li J, Hou H, Dong P, Wang J. Salmon sperm DNA prevents acute liver injury by regulating alcohol‐induced steatosis and restores chronic hepatosis via alleviating inflammation and apoptosis. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14346. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Xue
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Yingying Tian
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Hu Hou
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Ping Dong
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China
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Solopov PA, Colunga Biancatelli RML, Catravas JD. Alcohol Increases Lung Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression and Exacerbates Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein Subunit 1-Induced Acute Lung Injury in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:990-1000. [PMID: 35483427 PMCID: PMC9040477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, alcohol consumption increased markedly. Nearly one in four adults reported drinking more alcohol to cope with stress. Chronic alcohol abuse is now recognized as a factor complicating the course of acute respiratory distress syndrome and increasing mortality. To investigate the mechanisms behind this interaction, a combined acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic alcohol abuse mouse model was developed by intratracheally instilling the subunit 1 (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S1SP) in K18-human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transgenic mice that express the human ACE2 receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and were kept on an ethanol diet. Seventy-two hours after S1SP instillation, mice on an ethanol diet showed a strong decrease in body weight, a dramatic increase in white blood cell content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and an augmented cytokine storm, compared with S1SP-treated mice on a control diet. Histologic examination of lung tissue showed abnormal recruitment of immune cells in the alveolar space, abnormal parenchymal architecture, and worsening Ashcroft score in S1SP- and alcohol-treated animals. Along with the activation of proinflammatory biomarkers [NF-κB, STAT3, NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome], lung tissue homogenates from mice on an alcohol diet showed overexpression of ACE2 compared with mice on a control diet. This model could be useful for the development of therapeutic approaches against alcohol-exacerbated coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Solopov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.
| | | | - John D Catravas
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia; School of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
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Halvachizadeh S, Pfeifer R, Kalbas Y, Schuerle S, Cinelli P, Pape HC. Assessment of alternative techniques to quantify the effect of injury on soft tissue in closed ankle and pilon fractures. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268359. [PMID: 35544530 PMCID: PMC9094508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Local soft tissue status (STS) guides the timing for definitive surgical treatment strategies of fracture fixation around the ankle joint. The aim of this study was to assess different types of new technical devices in relation to the surgical treatment in closed ankle and pilon fractures. METHODS This study was designed as a cohort study. Adult patients admitted between February 1, 2019 and December 31, 2020 presenting with closed ankle fracture requiring surgical treatment were eligible. The exclusion criteria were previous injuries to the lower extremity, acute deep venous thrombosis, skin diseases, and delayed presentation (admission >24 hours after injury). Moderate-energy trauma includes injuries sustained during team sports, biking, and running. The primary outcome was the assessment of the degree of soft tissue involvement following closed fractures by comparing different techniques focusing on the ankle region and including ankle and pilon fractures. The variables of interest included the circumference of soft tissue swelling around the ankle, determined within a 5-mm range in the area of the medial and lateral malleolus and the bone-skin distance on a plain radiograph, determined by the largest distance from the malleolus to the border of the soft-tissue shadow. STS assessment included optical measures of local perfusion (O2C, Lea Inc. Germany) and tactile measures of mechanical characteristics (Myoton® tensiometer AS, Estonia). Measurements of Group Temp (temporary stabilization) and Group Def (definitive surgery) were taken on admission and prior to the treatment strategy decision. The contralateral non-injured ankle served as a control. The quality of assessment tools was quantified by calculating the smallest detectable change (SDC). RESULTS In total, 38 patients with a mean age of 40.4 (SD 17.8) years were included. The SDC was 3.2% (95%CI 2.5 to 3.8) for local blood flow and 1.1% (95%CI 0.4 to 1.7) for soft tissue stiffness. The circumference of the injured area at admission was significantly higher than that of the healthy site (28.2 [SD 3.4] cm versus 23.9 [SD 2.4] cm, p < 0.001). The local perfusion (blood flow 107.5 (SD 40.79 A.U. vs. 80.1 [SD 13.8] A.U., p = 0.009), and local dynamic stiffness of the skin (668.1 (SD 148.0) N/m vs 449.5 (SD 87.7) N/m, p < 0.001) were significantly higher at the injured site. In Group Temp, the local blood flow was significantly higher when compared with Group Def (109.6 [SD 39.8] vs. 94.5 [SD 13.0], p = 0.023). The dynamic stiffness of the soft tissue was significantly higher in Group Temp (679.4 N/m [SD 147.0] N/m vs. 573.0 N/m (SD 93.8) N/m, p < 0.001). The physical properties of STS were comparable among the fracture types. None of the included patients had local soft tissue complications. CONCLUSION Closed fractures of the ankle and the pilon are associated with an increase in local circulation and local soft tissue stiffness and tension. These changes of the STS following injury can be quantified in a standardized and reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Halvachizadeh
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
- Harald Tscherne Laboratory, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Pfeifer
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
- Harald Tscherne Laboratory, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yannik Kalbas
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuerle
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Science & Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Harald Tscherne Laboratory, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
- Harald Tscherne Laboratory, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Deng W, He J, Tang XM, Li CY, Tong J, Qi D, Wang DX. Alcohol inhibits alveolar fluid clearance through the epithelial sodium channel via the A2 adenosine receptor in acute lung injury. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:725. [PMID: 34396442 PMCID: PMC8404097 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse increases the risk of mortality and poor outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on lung injury and clarify the signaling pathways involved in the inhibition of alveolar fluid clearance (AFC). In order to produce rodent models with chronic alcohol consumption, wild‑type C57BL/6 mice were treated with alcohol. A2a adenosine receptor (AR) small interfering (si)RNA or A2bAR siRNA were transfected into the lung tissue of mice and primary rat alveolar type II (ATII) cells. The rate of AFC in lung tissue was measured during exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) expression was determined to investigate the mechanisms underlying alcohol‑induced regulation of AFC. In the present study, exposure to alcohol reduced AFC, exacerbated pulmonary edema and worsened LPS‑induced lung injury. Alcohol caused a decrease in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and inhibited α‑ENaC, β‑ENaC and γ‑ENaC expression levels in the lung tissue of mice and ATII cells. Furthermore, alcohol decreased α‑ENaC, β‑ENaC and γ‑ENaC expression levels via the A2aAR or A2bAR‑cAMP signaling pathways in vitro. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that chronic alcohol consumption worsened lung injury by aggravating pulmonary edema and impairing AFC. An alcohol‑induced decrease of α‑ENaC, β‑ENaC and γ‑ENaC expression levels by the A2AR‑mediated cAMP pathway may be responsible for the exacerbated effects of chronic alcohol consumption in lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Mao Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Yi Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jin Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Di Qi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Dao-Xin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Lynn KS, Easley KF, Martinez FJ, Reed RC, Schlingmann B, Koval M. Asymmetric distribution of dynamin-2 and β-catenin relative to tight junction spikes in alveolar epithelial cells. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1929786. [PMID: 34107845 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1929786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions between lung alveolar epithelial cells maintain an air-liquid barrier necessary for healthy lung function. Previously, we found that rearrangement of tight junctions from a linear, cortical orientation into perpendicular protrusions (tight junction spikes) is associated with a decrease in alveolar barrier function, especially in alcoholic lung syndrome. Using quantitative super-resolution microscopy, we found that spikes in control cells were enriched for claudin-18 as compared with alcohol-exposed cells. Moreover, using an in situ method to measure barrier function, tight junction spikes were not associated with localized increases in permeability. This suggests that tight junction spikes have a regulatory role as opposed to causing a physical weakening of the epithelial barrier. We found that tight junction spikes form at cell-cell junctions oriented away from pools of β-catenin associated with actin filaments, suggesting that adherens junctions determine the directionality of tight junction spikes. Dynamin-2 was associated with junctional claudin-18 and ZO-1, but showed little localization with β-catenin and tight junction spikes. Treatment with Dynasore decreased the number of tight junction spikes/cell, increased tight junction spike length, and stimulated actin to redistribute to cortical tight junctions. By contrast, Dynole 34-2 and MiTMAB altered β-catenin localization, and reduced tight junction spike length. These data suggest a novel role for dynamin-2 in tight junction spike formation by reorienting junction-associated actin. Moreover, the greater spatial separation of adherens and tight junctions in squamous alveolar epithelial cells as compared with columnar epithelial cells facilitates analysis of molecular regulation of the apical junctional complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sabrina Lynn
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Kristen F Easley
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Francisco J Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Ryan C Reed
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Barbara Schlingmann
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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Wetzel TJ, Wyatt TA. Dual Substance Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Alcohol. Front Physiol 2020; 11:593803. [PMID: 33224040 PMCID: PMC7667127 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.593803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are a modern nicotine delivery system that rapidly grew in widespread use, particularly in younger populations. Given the long history of the comorbidity of alcohol and nicotine use, the rising prevalence of ECs raises the question as to their role in the consumption of alcohol. Of the numerous models of ECs available, JUUL is the most popular. This narrative review aims to determine current trends in literature regarding the relationship between EC and alcohol dual use, as well as hypothesize potential pathogenic tissue damage and summarize areas for future study, including second-hand vapor exposure and calling for standardization among studies. In summary, EC users are more likely to participate in hazardous drinking and are at higher risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). We surmise the pathogenic damage of dual use may exhibit an additive effect, particularly in pathogen clearance from the lungs, increased inflammation and decreased immune response, physical damage to epithelial cells, and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-like illnesses. A better understanding of pathogenic damages is critical to understand the risks placed on dual users when exposed to respiratory pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner J Wetzel
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, United States
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Abstract
First successfully described in 1967, acute respiratory distress syndrome has since garnered much interest and debate. Extensive studies and clinical trials have been carried out in efforts to address the associated high mortality; however, it remains a significant burden on health care. Despite the heterogeneous etiologies that lead to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, this rapidly progressing form of respiratory failure, characterized by severe hypoxemia and nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema, has a recognizable pattern of lung injury. In this chapter, we will review the clinical manifestations, definitions, causes, and a brief overview of the pathophysiology of this complex syndrome.
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11
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Preliminary characterizations, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of polysaccharide from Cistanche deserticola. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:678-685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Fernández-Solà J, Planavila Porta A. New Treatment Strategies for Alcohol-Induced Heart Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1651. [PMID: 27690014 PMCID: PMC5085684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-dose alcohol misuse induces multiple noxious cardiac effects, including myocyte hypertrophy and necrosis, interstitial fibrosis, decreased ventricular contraction and ventricle enlargement. These effects produce diastolic and systolic ventricular dysfunction leading to congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and an increased death rate. There are multiple, dose-dependent, synchronic and synergistic mechanisms of alcohol-induced cardiac damage. Ethanol alters membrane permeability and composition, interferes with receptors and intracellular transients, induces oxidative, metabolic and energy damage, decreases protein synthesis, excitation-contraction coupling and increases cell apoptosis. In addition, ethanol decreases myocyte protective and repair mechanisms and their regeneration. Although there are diverse different strategies to directly target alcohol-induced heart damage, they are partially effective, and can only be used as support medication in a multidisciplinary approach. Alcohol abstinence is the preferred goal, but control drinking is useful in alcohol-addicted subjects not able to abstain. Correction of nutrition, ionic and vitamin deficiencies and control of alcohol-related systemic organ damage are compulsory. Recently, several growth factors (myostatin, IGF-1, leptin, ghrelin, miRNA, and ROCK inhibitors) and new cardiomyokines such as FGF21 have been described to regulate cardiac plasticity and decrease cardiac damage, improving cardiac repair mechanisms, and they are promising agents in this field. New potential therapeutic targets aim to control oxidative damage, myocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis and persistent apoptosis In addition, stem-cell therapy may improve myocyte regeneration. However, these strategies are not yet approved for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Fernández-Solà
- Alcohol Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Planavila Porta
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Avda Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Schlingmann B, Overgaard CE, Molina SA, Lynn KS, Mitchell LA, Dorsainvil White S, Mattheyses AL, Guidot DM, Capaldo CT, Koval M. Regulation of claudin/zonula occludens-1 complexes by hetero-claudin interactions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12276. [PMID: 27452368 PMCID: PMC4962485 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins are tetraspan transmembrane tight-junction proteins that regulate epithelial barriers. In the distal airspaces of the lung, alveolar epithelial tight junctions are crucial to regulate airspace fluid. Chronic alcohol abuse weakens alveolar tight junctions, priming the lung for acute respiratory distress syndrome, a frequently lethal condition caused by airspace flooding. Here we demonstrate that in response to alcohol, increased claudin-5 paradoxically accompanies an increase in paracellular leak and rearrangement of alveolar tight junctions. Claudin-5 is necessary and sufficient to diminish alveolar epithelial barrier function by impairing the ability of claudin-18 to interact with a scaffold protein, zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), demonstrating that one claudin affects the ability of another claudin to interact with the tight-junction scaffold. Critically, a claudin-5 peptide mimetic reverses the deleterious effects of alcohol on alveolar barrier function. Thus, claudin controlled claudin-scaffold protein interactions are a novel target to regulate tight-junction permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schlingmann
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 205 Whitehead Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Emory Alcohol and Lung Biology Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Christian E Overgaard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 205 Whitehead Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Emory Alcohol and Lung Biology Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Samuel A Molina
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 205 Whitehead Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Emory Alcohol and Lung Biology Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - K Sabrina Lynn
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 205 Whitehead Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Emory Alcohol and Lung Biology Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Leslie A Mitchell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 205 Whitehead Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - StevenClaude Dorsainvil White
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 205 Whitehead Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Emory Alcohol and Lung Biology Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - David M Guidot
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 205 Whitehead Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Emory Alcohol and Lung Biology Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
| | - Christopher T Capaldo
- Department of Pathology; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 205 Whitehead Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Emory Alcohol and Lung Biology Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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14
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Afshar M, Poole JA, Cao G, Durazo R, Cooper RC, Kovacs EJ, Sisson JH. Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels Among Adults With Excessive Alcohol Consumption. Chest 2016; 150:196-209. [PMID: 26905362 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.02.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than one-quarter of the US population qualify as excessive alcohol consumers. Alcohol use impacts several lung diseases, and heavy consumption has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. The fractional excretion of exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) has clinical implications in multiple airways diseases. We hypothesized that excessive alcohol intake is associated with lower Feno levels. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we examined a sample consisting of 12,059 participants, aged 21 to 79 years, interviewed between 2007 and 2012 from the National Health and Examination Survey. Two valid Feno measurements that were reproducible were recorded. Alcohol questionnaire data were used to define the following alcohol groups: never drinkers, nonexcessive drinkers, excessive drinkers, and former excessive drinkers. The natural logarithm of Feno values [ln(Feno)] as well as blood eosinophil count and C-reactive protein were used as dependent variables to test the association with alcohol groups including multivariable linear regression models with adjustment for predictors of Feno. RESULTS Excessive alcohol consumption comprised 3,693 (26.9%) of the US sample population. Controlling for all other factors, excessive alcohol consumption had a negative association and was an independent predictor for ln(Feno) levels in comparison with the never-drinker group (-0.11; 95% CI, -0.17 to -0.06; P < .001). ln(Feno) levels decreased across categories of increasing alcohol use (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Accounting for alcohol use in the interpretation of Feno levels should be an additional consideration, and further investigations are warranted to explore the complex interaction between alcohol and nitric oxide in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Afshar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL; Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences, Maywood, IL; Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences, Maywood, IL.
| | - Jill A Poole
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Guichan Cao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences, Maywood, IL
| | - Ramon Durazo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences, Maywood, IL
| | - Richard C Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences, Maywood, IL
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL; Alcohol Research Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences, Maywood, IL; Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences, Maywood, IL
| | - Joseph H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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15
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Reichel M, Hönig S, Liebisch G, Lüth A, Kleuser B, Gulbins E, Schmitz G, Kornhuber J. Alterations of plasma glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species in male alcohol-dependent patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1501-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Traphagen N, Tian Z, Allen-Gipson D. Chronic Ethanol Exposure: Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Disease and Dysfunction. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2840-53. [PMID: 26492278 PMCID: PMC4693259 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) is the world’s most commonly used drug, and has been widely recognized as a risk factor for developing lung disorders. Chronic EtOH exposure affects all of the organ systems in the body and increases the risk of developing pulmonary diseases such as acute lung injury and pneumonia, while exacerbating the symptoms and resulting in increased mortality in many other lung disorders. EtOH and its metabolites inhibit the immune response of alveolar macrophages (AMs), increase airway leakage, produce damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS), and disrupt the balance of antioxidants/oxidants within the lungs. In this article, we review the role of EtOH exposure in the pathogenesis and progression of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Traphagen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Zhi Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Diane Allen-Gipson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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17
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Magnani KL, Cataneo DC, Domingues MAC, Hasimoto EN, Evaristo TC, Cataneo AJM. Respiratory immunohistochemical study in rats exposed to cigarette smoke and alcohol. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 30:178-85. [PMID: 25790005 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020150030000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of exposure to cigarette and alcohol on immunohistochemical disorders caused by these attacks to respiratory system of rats. METHODS Sixty male Wistar rats in four groups: control, cigarette smoke, alcohol and cigarette smoke + alcohol during 260 days. Immunohistochemistry was performed by researching survivin and protein P53 expressions and apoptotic index in parenchymal lung and trachea using TUNEL technique. RESULTS There was body growth impairment in all experimental groups. Both smoker groups animals had higher trachea survivin expression and bronchial higher apoptotic index. The trachea apoptotic index was also higher in the cigarette smoke group as well as in the alveoli in the cigarette smoke + alcohol group. The three experimental groups showed negative immunoexpression for P53. CONCLUSIONS this model resulted in immunohistochemical changes caused mainly by exposure to cigarette smoke. There was a synergistic action between alcohol and tobacco in the growth impairment in animals as well as in the cellular apoptotic index. The positive immunoexpression for tracheal survivin in animals from both groups exposed to tobacco smoke and associated with a negative P53 immunoexpression suggests that despite the aggression, carcinogenesis has not happened yet. In addition, the bronchial higher apoptotic index in smokers may be responsible for emphysema.
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18
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Qin X, Deitch EA. Dissolution of lipids from mucus: a possible mechanism for prompt disruption of gut barrier function by alcohol. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:356-62. [PMID: 25445722 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute and/or chronic alcohol ingestion has been shown to exacerbate the morbidity and mortality rate associated with acute mechanical and/or thermal trauma. While alcohol ingestion can affect many organs and systems, clinical and preclinical studies indicate that alcohol ingestion can cause a 'leaky gut' syndrome which in turn contributes to infection and systemic organ dysfunction. This study investigated the acute effect of alcohol on gut barrier function. Using an in vivo isolated gut sac model of naïve male rats, each individual gut sac was injected with different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40%, v/v) of alcohol. After different times of alcohol exposure, each isolated gut segment was harvested and intestinal permeability and mucosal surface hydrophobicity (a physiologic marker of mucus barrier function) were measured as well as luminal DNA, mucus, protein and free fatty acids. The results showed that alcohol caused dose-dependent and time-dependent increases in gut permeability and decreases in mucosal surface hydrophobicity, with significant changes to be observed 5 min after treatment with 10% alcohol. In addition, it is further found that these changes in permeability and hydrophobicity are more closely associated with increased intestinal luminal free fatty acids levels but not protein or DNA levels. These results suggest that alcohol may cause loss of gut barrier function by extracting and dissolving lipids from the mucus with a resultant decrease in mucosal surface hydrophobicity, which is a critical component of gut barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofa Qin
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Edwin A Deitch
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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19
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Chen AI, Dolben EF, Okegbe C, Harty CE, Golub Y, Thao S, Ha DG, Willger SD, O'Toole GA, Harwood CS, Dietrich LEP, Hogan DA. Candida albicans ethanol stimulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa WspR-controlled biofilm formation as part of a cyclic relationship involving phenazines. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004480. [PMID: 25340349 PMCID: PMC4207824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic infections, pathogens are often in the presence of other microbial species. For example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common and detrimental lung pathogen in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and co-infections with Candida albicans are common. Here, we show that P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and phenazine production were strongly influenced by ethanol produced by the fungus C. albicans. Ethanol stimulated phenotypes that are indicative of increased levels of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP), and levels of c-di-GMP were 2-fold higher in the presence of ethanol. Through a genetic screen, we found that the diguanylate cyclase WspR was required for ethanol stimulation of c-di-GMP. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that ethanol stimulates WspR signaling through its cognate sensor WspA, and promotes WspR-dependent activation of Pel exopolysaccharide production, which contributes to biofilm maturation. We also found that ethanol stimulation of WspR promoted P. aeruginosa colonization of CF airway epithelial cells. P. aeruginosa production of phenazines occurs both in the CF lung and in culture, and phenazines enhance ethanol production by C. albicans. Using a C. albicans adh1/adh1 mutant with decreased ethanol production, we found that fungal ethanol strongly altered the spectrum of P. aeruginosa phenazines in favor of those that are most effective against fungi. Thus, a feedback cycle comprised of ethanol and phenazines drives this polymicrobial interaction, and these relationships may provide insight into why co-infection with both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans has been associated with worse outcomes in cystic fibrosis. In many human infections, several species of microbes are often present. This is typically the case with the disease cystic fibrosis, characterized by thick mucus in the lungs that is colonized by bacteria and fungi. Here, we show evidence that interactions between the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungus Candida albicans result in attributes of infection that are worse for the human host. We found that ethanol, such as that produced by C. albicans, causes increased levels of a signaling molecule in P. aeruginosa that promotes biofilm formation. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa is associated with infections that are more difficult to treat. Ethanol stimulated P. aeruginosa colonization of plastic surfaces and airway cells, and we identified components of this mechanism. Fungally-produced ethanol also changes the spectrum of phenazine toxins produced by P. aeruginosa, and phenazines are associated with worse lung function in people with cystic fibrosis. In light of the fact that phenazines interact with C. albicans to promote ethanol production, we propose a positive feedback loop between C. albicans and P. aeruginosa that contributes to worse disease. Our findings could have implications for the study and treatment of multi-species infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie I. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Emily F. Dolben
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Chinweike Okegbe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Colleen E. Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Yuriy Golub
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sandy Thao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dae Gon Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Sven D. Willger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - George A. O'Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Caroline S. Harwood
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lars E. P. Dietrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Rajbanshi SL, Pandanaboina CS. Alcohol stress on cardiac tissue – Ameliorative effects of Thespesia populnea leaf extract. J Cardiol 2014; 63:449-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Reilly JP, Meyer NJ, Shashaty MGS, Feng R, Lanken PN, Gallop R, Kaplan S, Herlim M, Oz NL, Hiciano I, Campbell A, Holena DN, Reilly MP, Christie JD. ABO blood type A is associated with increased risk of ARDS in whites following both major trauma and severe sepsis. Chest 2014; 145:753-761. [PMID: 24385226 PMCID: PMC3971970 DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABO glycosyltransferases catalyze antigen modifications on various glycans and glycoproteins and determine the ABO blood types. Blood type A has been associated with increased risk of vascular diseases and differential circulating levels of proteins related to inflammation and endothelial function. The objective of this study was to determine the association of ABO blood types with ARDS risk in patients with major trauma and severe sepsis. METHODS We conducted prospective cohort studies in two populations at an urban tertiary referral, level I trauma center. Critically ill patients (n 5 732) presenting after major trauma were followed for 5 days for ARDS development. Additionally, 976 medical patients with severe sepsis were followed for 5 days for ARDS. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders. RESULTS ARDS developed in 197 of the 732 trauma patients (27%). Blood type A was associated with increased ARDS risk among whites (37% vs 24%; adjusted OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.14-3.12; P 5 .014), but not blacks (adjusted OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.33-1.13; P=.114). ARDS developed in 222 of the 976 patients with severe sepsis (23%). Blood type A was also associated with an increased ARDS risk among whites (31% vs 21%; adjusted OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.08-2.59; P=.021) but, again, not among blacks (adjusted OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.59-2.33; P=.652). CONCLUSIONS Blood type A is associated with an increased risk of ARDS in white patients with major trauma and severe sepsis. These results suggest a role for ABO glycans and glycosyltransferases in ARDS susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael G S Shashaty
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rui Feng
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul N Lanken
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Gallop
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sandra Kaplan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maximilian Herlim
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nathaniel L Oz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Isabel Hiciano
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ana Campbell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel N Holena
- Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jason D Christie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Yeligar SM, Harris FL, Hart CM, Brown LAS. Glutathione attenuates ethanol-induced alveolar macrophage oxidative stress and dysfunction by downregulating NADPH oxidases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L429-41. [PMID: 24441868 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00159.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse increases lung oxidative stress and susceptibility to respiratory infections by impairing alveolar macrophage (AM) function. NADPH oxidases (Nox) are major sources of reactive oxygen species in AMs. We hypothesized that treatment with the critical antioxidant glutathione (GSH) attenuates chronic alcohol-induced oxidative stress by downregulating Noxes and restores AM phagocytic function. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and AMs were isolated from male C57BL/6J mice (8-10 wk) treated ± ethanol in drinking water (20% wt/vol, 12 wk) ± orally gavaged GSH in methylcellulose vehicle (300 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1), during week 12). MH-S cells, a mouse AM cell line, were treated ± ethanol (0.08%, 3 days) ± GSH (500 μM, 3 days or last 1 day of ethanol). BAL and AMs were also isolated from ethanol-fed and control mice ± inoculated airway Klebsiella pneumoniae (200 colony-forming units, 28 h) ± orally gavaged GSH (300 mg/kg, 24 h). GSH levels (HPLC), Nox mRNA (quantitative RT-PCR) and protein levels (Western blot and immunostaining), oxidative stress (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate and Amplex Red), and phagocytosis (Staphylococcus aureus internalization) were measured. Chronic alcohol decreased GSH levels, increased Nox expression and activity, enhanced oxidative stress, impaired phagocytic function in AMs in vivo and in vitro, and exacerbated K. pneumonia-induced oxidative stress. Although how oral GSH restored GSH pools in ethanol-fed mice is unknown, oral GSH treatments abrogated the detrimental effects of chronic alcohol exposure and improved AM function. These studies provide GSH as a novel therapeutic approach for attenuating alcohol-induced derangements in AM Nox expression, oxidative stress, dysfunction, and risk for pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Yeligar
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Emory Univ., 2015 Uppergate Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322.
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Cribbs SK, Rimland D. Alcohol and HIV: Experimental and Clinical Evidence of Combined Impact on the Lung. ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS AND THE LUNG 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121129 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8833-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy, lung disease is a leading cause of death in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV). Individuals infected with HIV are susceptible to serious bacterial and viral infections, such as pneumococcus and influenza, which are particularly problematic for lung health, resulting in lung injury. Additionally, HIV-infected individuals are susceptible to a number of pulmonary diseases for unknown reasons. Alcohol, the most commonly abused drug in the world, continues to exact an enormous toll on morbidity and mortality in individuals living with HIV. Chronic alcohol abuse has been shown to affect lung immunity, resulting in significant lung injury. There is a paucity of literature on the additive effects of HIV and alcohol, two diseases of immune senescence, in the lung. This chapter begins by discussing the latest literature evaluating the epidemiology of HIV, alcohol use, and lung health focusing on two prevalent infections, tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia. In parallel, we discuss the interactions of alcohol and HIV on the risk for acute lung injury and subsequent morbidity and mortality. We then discuss the pathophysiology of how these two diseases of immune dysfunction affect the lung, with a focus on the oxidative stress, alveolar macrophage host immune capacity, and immunomodulatory role of zinc in the airway. Finally, we review the latest literature on how HIV and alcohol affect other pulmonary disorders including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, and lung cancer.
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Thevenot P, Saravia J, Giaimo J, Happel KI, Dugas TR, Cormier SA. Chronic alcohol induces M2 polarization enhancing pulmonary disease caused by exposure to particulate air pollution. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1910-9. [PMID: 23763452 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol consumption causes persistent oxidative stress in the lung, leading to impaired alveolar macrophage (AM) function and impaired immune responses. AMs play a critical role in protecting the lung from particulate matter (PM) inhalation by removing particulates from the airway and secreting factors which mediate airway repair. We hypothesized AM dysfunction caused by chronic alcohol consumption increases the severity of injury caused by PM inhalation. METHODS Age- and sex-matched C57BL/6 mice were fed the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing either alcohol or an isocaloric substitution (control diet) for 8 weeks. Mice from both diet groups were exposed to combustion-derived PM (CDPM) for the final 2 weeks. AM number, maturation, and polarization status were assessed by flow cytometry. Noninvasive and invasive strategies were used to assess pulmonary function and correlated with histomorphological assessments of airway structure and matrix deposition. RESULTS Co-exposure to alcohol and CDPM decreased AM number and maturation status (CD11c expression), while increasing markers of M2 activation (interleukin [IL]-4Rα, Ym1, Fizz1 expression, and IL-10 and transforming growth factor [TGF]-β production). Changes in AM function were accompanied by decreased airway compliance and increased elastance. Altered lung function was attributable to elevated collagen content localized to the small airways and loss of alveolar integrity. Intranasal administration of neutralizing antibody to TGF-β during the CDPM exposure period improved changes in airway compliance and elastance, while reducing collagen content caused by co-exposure. CONCLUSIONS Combustion-derived PM inhalation causes enhanced disease severity in the alcoholic lung by stimulating the release of latent TGF-β stores in AMs. The combinatorial effect of elevated TGF-β, M2 polarization of AMs, and increased oxidative stress impairs pulmonary function by increasing airway collagen content and compromising alveolar integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thevenot
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Fan X, Staitieh BS, Jensen JS, Mould KJ, Greenberg JA, Joshi PC, Koval M, Guidot DM. Activating the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response element restores barrier function in the alveolar epithelium of HIV-1 transgenic rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L267-77. [PMID: 23748533 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00288.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The master transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) regulates the expression of antioxidant and phase II-metabolizing enzymes by activating the antioxidant response element (ARE) and thereby protects cells and tissues from oxidative stress. Pulmonary complications remain the leading cause of death in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected individuals, who display systemic oxidative stress and glutathione deficiency that can be modeled in transgenic rats where HIV-1-related viral proteins decrease glutathione levels and cause epithelial barrier dysfunction within the alveolar space by as yet unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that HIV-1-related proteins inhibit Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses and thereby disrupt the normally tight alveolar epithelial barrier. Nrf2 RNA silencing dampened Nrf2/ARE activity, decreased the expression of the tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-18, increased paracellular permeability of alveolar epithelial monolayers derived from wild-type rats, and therefore reproduced the effects of HIV-1 transgene expression on the epithelial barrier that we had previously described. In contrast, upregulating Nrf2 activity, either by plasmid-mediated overexpression or treatment with the Nrf2 activator sulforaphane, increased the expression of ARE-dependent antioxidants, including NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 and glutathione, improved the expression of tight junction proteins, and restored the ability to form tight barriers in alveolar epithelial cells from HIV-1 transgenic rats. Taken together, these new findings argue that HIV-1-related proteins downregulate Nrf2 expression and/or activity within the alveolar epithelium, which in turn impairs antioxidant defenses and barrier function, thereby rendering the lung susceptible to oxidative stress and injury. Furthermore, this study suggests that activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway with the dietary supplement sulforaphane could augment antioxidant defenses and lung health in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Ste. 205, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Choi MK, Han JM, Kim HG, Lee JS, Lee JS, Wang JH, Son SW, Park HJ, Son CG. Aqueous extract of Artemisia capillaris exerts hepatoprotective action in alcohol-pyrazole-fed rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:662-670. [PMID: 23548584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia capillaris, also called "InJin" in Korean, has been widely used to treat various hepatic disorders in traditional Oriental medicine. AIMS The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Artemisia capillaris (aqueous extract, WAC) on alcoholic liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Liver injury was induced by oral administration of 30% alcohol (10 mL/kg, twice per day) plus pyrazole (PRZ, 30 mg/kg) with/without WAC (50, 100mg/kg, orally once per day) or silymarin (50mg/kg) for 10 days. The hepatoprotective effects were assessed by observing histopathological changes, hepatic transaminase enzymes, hepatic oxidation and antioxidant parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and alcohol metabolic enzymes in serum and hepatic gene expression level, respectively. RESULTS Alcohol-PRZ treatment drastically increased the serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum and liver tissues while these changes were significantly ameliorated by WAC administration (p<0.05 or 0.01). The prominent microvesicular steatosis and mild necrosis in hepatic histopathology were induced by alcohol-PRZ treatment, but notably attenuated by WAC administration. Moreover, the alcohol-PRZ treatment-induced depletions of the antioxidant components including glutathione content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reductase (GSH-Rd), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly ameliorated by WAC administration (p<0.05, except GSH-Rd). These results were in accordance with the modulation of NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression. Alcohol-PRZ treatment increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in hepatic tissues. However they were significantly normalized by WAC administration (p<0.05 or 0.01). In addition, WAC administration significantly attenuated the alterations of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) level in serum and hepatic gene expressions of ALDH and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). CONCLUSIONS These results support the relevance in clinical use of Artemisia capillaris for alcohol-associated hepatic disorders. The underlying mechanisms may involve both enhancement of antioxidant activities and modulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyung Choi
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience of Daejeon University, 22-5 Daeheung-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-724, Republic of Korea
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Chronic alcohol ingestion increases mortality and organ injury in a murine model of septic peritonitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62792. [PMID: 23717394 PMCID: PMC3661585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients admitted to the intensive care unit with alcohol use disorders have increased morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine how chronic alcohol ingestion alters the host response to sepsis in mice. Methods Mice were randomized to receive either alcohol or water for 12 weeks and then subjected to cecal ligation and puncture. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours post-operatively or followed seven days for survival. Results Septic alcohol-fed mice had a significantly higher mortality than septic water-fed mice (74% vs. 41%, p = 0.01). This was associated with worsened gut integrity in alcohol-fed mice with elevated intestinal epithelial apoptosis, decreased crypt proliferation and shortened villus length. Further, alcohol-fed mice had higher intestinal permeability with decreased ZO-1 and occludin protein expression in the intestinal tight junction. The frequency of splenic and bone marrow CD4+ T cells was similar between groups; however, splenic CD4+ T cells in septic alcohol-fed mice had a marked increase in both TNF and IFN-γ production following ex vivo stimulation. Neither the frequency nor function of CD8+ T cells differed between alcohol-fed and water-fed septic mice. NK cells were decreased in both the spleen and bone marrow of alcohol-fed septic mice. Pulmonary myeloperoxidase levels and BAL levels of G-CSF and TFG-β were higher in alcohol-fed mice. Pancreatic metabolomics demonstrated increased acetate, adenosine, xanthine, acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and betaine in alcohol-fed mice and decreased cytidine, uracil, fumarate, creatine phosphate, creatine, and choline. Serum and peritoneal cytokines were generally similar between alcohol-fed and water-fed mice, and there were no differences in bacteremia, lung wet to dry weight, or pulmonary, liver or splenic histology. Conclusions When subjected to the same septic insult, mice with chronic alcohol ingestion have increased mortality. Alterations in intestinal integrity, the host immune response, and pancreatic metabolomics may help explain this differential response.
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Curry-McCoy TV, Venado A, Guidot DM, Joshi PC. Alcohol ingestion disrupts alveolar epithelial barrier function by activation of macrophage-derived transforming growth factor beta1. Respir Res 2013; 14:39. [PMID: 23547562 PMCID: PMC3623812 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic alcohol abuse causes oxidative stress and impairs alveolar epithelial barrier integrity, thereby rendering the lung susceptible to acute edematous injury. Experimentally, alcohol-induced oxidative stress increases the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) in the lung; however, we do not know the precise contribution of various alveolar cells in this process. In the present study, we focused on cell-cell interactions between alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells and the potential mechanisms by which TGFβ1 may become activated in the alveolar space of the alcoholic lung. Methods Primary alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells were isolated from control- and alcohol-fed Sprague–Dawley rats. Expression of TGFβ1 and the epithelial integrin αvβ6 were examined by real time PCR and either immunocytochemistry or flow cytometry. Alveolar epithelial cells were cultured on transwell supports in the presence of macrophage cell lysate from control- or alcohol-fed rats or in the presence of viable macrophages ± alcohol. Epithelial barrier function was assessed by transepithelial resistance (TER) and paracellular flux of Texas Red dextran. Results TGFβ1 expression was increased in alveolar macrophages from alcohol-fed rats, and TGFβ1 protein was predominantly membrane-bound. Importantly, alveolar macrophage cellular lysate from alcohol-fed rats decreased TER and increased paracellular dextran flux in primary alveolar epithelial cell monolayers as compared to the lysates from control-fed rats. Alcohol-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction was prevented by anti-TGFβ1 antibody treatment, indicating the presence of bioactive TGFβ1 in the macrophage lysate. In addition, co-culturing macrophages and epithelial cells in the presence of alcohol decreased epithelial barrier function, which also was prevented by anti-TGFβ1 and anti-αvβ6 treatment. In parallel, chronic alcohol ingestion in vivo, or direct treatment with active TGFβ1 in vitro, increased the expression of αvβ6 integrin, which is known to activate TGFβ1, in alveolar epithelial cells. Conclusions Taken together, these data suggest that interactions between alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages contribute to the alcohol-mediated disruption of epithelial barrier function via the expression and activation of TGFβ1 at points of cell-cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana V Curry-McCoy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322-1047, USA
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Ritzenthaler JD, Roser-Page S, Guidot DM, Roman J. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are sensors for ethanol in lung fibroblasts. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:914-23. [PMID: 23421903 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethanol (EtOH) abuse in humans is known to independently increase the incidence of and mortality due to acute lung injury in at-risk individuals. However, the mechanisms by which EtOH affects lung cells remain incompletely elucidated. In earlier work, we reported that EtOH increased the expression in lung fibroblasts of fibronectin, a matrix glycoprotein implicated in lung injury and repair. This effect was blocked by α-bungarotoxin, a neurotoxin that binds certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) thereby implicating nAChRs in this process. Here, we examine the identity of these receptors. METHODS Mouse lung fibroblasts were stimulated with EtOH (60 mM) or acetylcholine (100 to 500 μM) and evaluated for the expression of fibronectin and nAChRs. Inhibitors to nAChRs or the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) were used to assess changes in fibronectin expression. Animals exposed to EtOH for up to 6 weeks were used to evaluate the expression of nAChRs in vivo. RESULTS First, in EtOH-treated fibroblasts, we observed increased expression of α4 and α9 nAChR subunits. Second, we found that acetylcholine, a natural ligand for nAChRs, mimicked the effects of EtOH. Dihydro-β-erythroidin hydrobromide, a competitive inhibitor of α4 nAChR, blocked the increase in fibronectin expression and cell proliferation. Furthermore, EtOH-induced fibronectin expression was inhibited in cells silenced for α4 nAChR. However, EtOH-treated cells showed increased α-bungarotoxin binding suggesting that α4 nAChR mediates the effects of EtOH via a ligand-independent pathway. Knowing there are several important cysteine residues near the ligand-binding site of α4 nAChRs, we tested the antioxidant NAC and found that it too blocked the induction of fibronectin expression by EtOH. Also, fibroblasts exposed to oxidant stress showed increased fibronectin expression that was blocked with α-bungarotoxin. Finally, we showed increased expression of α4 nAChRs in the lung tissue of mice and rats exposed to EtOH suggesting a role for these receptors in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our observations suggest that α4 nAChRs serve as sensors for EtOH-induced oxidant stress in lung fibroblasts, thereby revealing a new mechanism by which EtOH may affect lung cells and tissue remodeling and pointing to nAChRs as potential targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Disorders, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Sarmiento X, Guardiola JJ, Soler M. [Alcohol and acute respiratory distress syndrome: casuality or causality?]. Med Clin (Barc) 2012. [PMID: 23177306 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol has been considered an important risk factor for the development of pneumonia since the last century. Nevertheless, it was not thought that it had relevant effects on lung structure and functions until recently. Recent studies have shown that the risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is 2-4 times higher among alcoholic patients with sepsis or trauma, and that alcoholism can play a roll in more than 50% of cases in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Although alcoholism per se does not cause acute lung injury it predisposes to pulmonary dysfunction after inflammatory stress, that is present in clinical situations that cause ARDS leading to its development and complicating its outcome. Recent investigations in animals and humans with alcohol abuse have uncovered several alterations currently known as the "alcoholic lung". This revision discusses the association between alcohol abuse and lung injury/ARDS and tries to explain the physiopathology along with possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sarmiento
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España.
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Curry-McCoy TV, Guidot DM, Joshi PC. Chronic alcohol ingestion in rats decreases Krüppel-like factor 4 expression and intracellular zinc in the lung. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 37:361-71. [PMID: 23013362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol ingestion alters the dynamic balance between granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) signaling within the alveolar space and, in parallel, impairs alveolar macrophage and epithelial cell function by inhibiting expression of the zinc importer ZIP4 and decreasing zinc bioavailability in the alveolar compartment. As the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4 ) binds to ZIP4 , we hypothesized that alcohol exposure and consequent perturbations in GM-CSF and TGFβ1 signaling could decrease cellular KLF4 expression and/or binding as a mechanism by which it inhibits ZIP4 expression and decreases cellular zinc levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Alcohol exposure in vitro or chronic ingestion in vivo decreased KLF4 expression in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. Treatment with GM-CSF or TGFβ1 showed an enhancing or dampening effect on KLF4 expression and binding, respectively. Further, treatment of a rat alveolar macrophage cell line with alcohol in vitro for 4 weeks decreased the expression of the zinc transporters ZIP4 and ZNT1, and of the zinc storage protein metallothionein 1. In parallel, treating these macrophages with KLF4 siRNA decreased ZIP4 expression and decreased cellular zinc and phagocytic capacity to levels equivalent to those following alcohol exposure. In epithelial monolayers, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was significantly decreased by alcohol ingestion as compared with control diets, and it was restored by in vitro GM-CSF treatment. In contrast, in vitro TGFβ1 treatment of the epithelial monolayers from control-fed rats significantly decreased TER as compared with untreated control monolayers. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that within the alveolar space, chronic alcohol exposure decreases KLF4 and ZIP4 expression and consequently decreases zinc transport into cells, which, in turn, impairs their function. Furthermore, the dynamic decrease in the relative influence of GM-CSF versus TGFβ1 could mediate the zinc deficiency and consequent cellular dysfunction that characterize the "alcoholic lung" phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana V Curry-McCoy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative damage in alcoholic rat tissues: Protective role of Thespesia populnea. Food Chem 2012; 132:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Karavitis J, Murdoch EL, Deburghgraeve C, Ramirez L, Kovacs EJ. Ethanol suppresses phagosomal adhesion maturation, Rac activation, and subsequent actin polymerization during FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. Cell Immunol 2012; 274:61-71. [PMID: 22381996 PMCID: PMC3334404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and laboratory investigations have provided evidence that ethanol suppresses normal lung immunity. Our initial studies revealed that acute ethanol exposure results in transient suppression of phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by macrophages as early as 3 h after initial exposure. Focusing on mechanisms by which ethanol decreases macrophage Fcγ-receptor (FcγR) phagocytosis we targeted the study on the focal adhesion and cytoskeletal elements that are necessary for phagosome progression. Ethanol inhibited macrophage phagocytosis of IgG-coated bead recruitment of actin to the site of the phagosome, dampened the phosphorylation of vinculin, but had no effect on paxillin phosphorylation suggesting a loss in "phagosomal adhesion" maturation. Moreover, our observations revealed that FcγR-phagocytosis induced Rac activation, which was increased by only 50% in ethanol exposed cells, compared to 175% in the absence of ethanol. This work is the first to show evidence of the cellular mechanisms involved in the ethanol-induced suppression of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Karavitis
- Program of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
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Richter KP, Hunt JJ, Cupertino AP, Garrett S, Friedmann PD. Understanding the drug treatment community's ambivalence towards tobacco use and treatment. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2012; 23:220-8. [PMID: 22280918 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most clients in drug treatment smoke cigarettes, but few facilities provide treatment for tobacco dependence. We identify subjective experiences and social processes that may influence facility adoption of tobacco treatment policies and practices. METHODS Cross-sectional, semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff, directors and clients of 8 drug treatment facilities in the Midwestern U.S. We assembled a purposive sample stratified by ownership, methadone provision, and treatment service provision. We conducted in-person interviews with clinic directors and 54 staff and clients and employed a mixed-method analytic approach. RESULTS Facility policies and philosophy related to tobacco differed from those regarding alcohol and other drugs. Participants suggested facilities may not treat tobacco dependence because it does not create legal and social problems that force clients into treatment. Tobacco dependence treatment falls outside of a core function of drug treatment, which is to help clients fix legal problems caused by their drug use. Moreover, proactively treating clients for tobacco dependence creates strong ambivalence amongst staff and directors. On the one hand, staff smoking would violate core principles of drug treatment (i.e., the importance of staff abstinence from drugs of abuse); on the other, staff who smoke feel their personal rights and jobs are threatened. This situation creates strong incentives for staff to resist adoption of tobacco dependence treatment. Unlike other studies, the fear of jeopardising clients' abstinence from other drugs did not emerge as a downside for treating tobacco dependence. CONCLUSIONS International and national trends will probably increase the pressure to treat tobacco dependence during drug treatment. However, the U.S. context of drug treatment, as a patchwork, under-funded industry with high employee turnover, may undermine true adoption. At present, many facility staff resolve their ambivalence by reporting they "offer" treatment, but actually providing none. To facilitate dissemination of service provision, it may be useful to identify incentives for U.S. facilities that are closely aligned with the criminal justice system, help facilities define policies and treatment roles for staff who smoke, and better define the role of facilities in preventing morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimber P Richter
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Dada L, Gonzalez AR, Urich D, Soberanes S, Manghi TS, Chiarella SE, Chandel NS, Budinger GRS, Mutlu GM. Alcohol worsens acute lung injury by inhibiting alveolar sodium transport through the adenosine A1 receptor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30448. [PMID: 22272351 PMCID: PMC3260305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Alcohol intake increases the risk of acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and is associated with poor outcomes in patients who develop these syndromes. No specific therapies are currently available to treat or decrease the risk of ARDS in patients with alcoholism. We have recently shown increased levels of lung adenosine inhibit alveolar fluid clearance, an important predictor of outcome in patients with ARDS. We hypothesized that alcohol might worsen lung injury by increasing lung adenosine levels, resulting in impaired active Na+ transport in the lung. Methods We treated wild-type mice with alcohol administered i.p. to achieve blood alcohol levels associated with moderate to severe intoxication and measured the rate of alveolar fluid clearance and Na,K-ATPase expression in peripheral lung tissue and assessed the effect of alcohol on survival during exposure to hyperoxia. We used primary rat alveolar type II cells to investigate the mechanisms by which alcohol regulates alveolar Na+ transport. Results Exposure to alcohol reduced alveolar fluid clearance, downregulated Na,K-ATPase in the lung tissue and worsened hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Alcohol caused an increase in BAL fluid adenosine levels. A similar increase in lung adenosine levels was observed after exposure to hyperoxia. In primary rat alveolar type II cells alcohol and adenosine decreased the abundance of the Na,K-ATPase at the basolateral membrane via a mechanism that required activation of the AMPK. Conclusions Alcohol decreases alveolar fluid clearance and impairs survival from acute lung injury. Alcohol induced increases in lung adenosine levels may be responsible for reduction in alveolar fluid clearance and associated worsening of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Angel R. Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniela Urich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Saul Soberanes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tomas S. Manghi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sergio E. Chiarella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Navdeep S. Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - G. R. Scott Budinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gökhan M. Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mehta AJ, Joshi PC, Fan X, Brown LAS, Ritzenthaler JD, Roman J, Guidot DM. Zinc supplementation restores PU.1 and Nrf2 nuclear binding in alveolar macrophages and improves redox balance and bacterial clearance in the lungs of alcohol-fed rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:1519-28. [PMID: 21447000 PMCID: PMC3128659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol abuse causes oxidative stress, impairs alveolar macrophage immune function, and increases the risk of pneumonia and acute lung injury. Recently we determined that chronic alcohol ingestion in rats decreases zinc levels and macrophage function in the alveolar space; provocative findings in that zinc is essential for normal immune and antioxidant defenses. Alveolar macrophage immune function depends on stimulation by granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor, which signals via the transcription factor PU.1. In parallel, the antioxidant response element signals via the transcription factor Nrf2. However, the role of zinc bioavailability on these signaling pathways within the alveolar space is unknown. METHODS To determine the efficacy of dietary zinc supplementation on lung bacterial clearance and oxidative stress, we tested 3 different groups of rats: control-fed, alcohol-fed, and alcohol-fed with zinc supplementation. Rats were then inoculated with intratracheal Klebsiella pneumoniae, and lung bacterial clearance was determined 24 hours later. Isolated alveolar macrophages were isolated from uninfected animals and evaluated for oxidative stress and signaling through PU.1 and Nrf2. RESULTS Alcohol-fed rats had a 5-fold decrease in lung bacterial clearance compared to control-fed rats. Dietary zinc supplementation of alcohol-fed rats normalized bacterial clearance and mitigated oxidative stress in the alveolar space, as reflected by the relative balance of the thiol redox pair cysteine and cystine, and increased nuclear binding of both PU.1 and Nrf2 in alveolar macrophages from alcohol-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS Dietary zinc supplementation prevents alcohol-induced alveolar macrophage immune dysfunction and oxidative stress in a relevant experimental model, suggesting that such a strategy could decrease the risk of pneumonia and lung injury in individuals with alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish J Mehta
- Atlanta VAMC, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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Wagner MC, Yeligar SM, Brown LA, Michael Hart C. PPARγ ligands regulate NADPH oxidase, eNOS, and barrier function in the lung following chronic alcohol ingestion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 36:197-206. [PMID: 21762184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol ingestion increases the incidence and severity of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), where reactive species contribute to alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Previous studies demonstrated that chronic alcohol ingestion increased lung NADPH oxidase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and that ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) reduced NADPH oxidase expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that the PPARγ ligand, rosiglitazone, would attenuate alcohol-induced NADPH oxidase expression and pulmonary barrier dysfunction. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were treated ± alcohol in drinking water (20% w/v) for 12 weeks. During the final week of alcohol treatment, mice were gavaged with rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg/d) or vehicle. Selected animals were treated twice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg IP) prior to sacrifice. Pulmonary barrier dysfunction was estimated from protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. RESULTS LPS treatment increased BAL protein in alcohol-fed but not control mice, and rosiglitazone attenuated LPS and alcohol-induced pulmonary barrier dysfunction. Alcohol- and LPS-induced increases in lung eNOS, Nox1, and Nox4 expression were attenuated by rosiglitazone. In vitro, alcohol (0.10% w/v) increased H(2)O(2) production, barrier dysfunction, eNOS, Nox1, and Nox4 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers, effects also attenuated by rosiglitazone (10 μM). Alcohol-induced HUVEC barrier dysfunction was attenuated by inhibition of NOS or addition of the eNOS cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PPARγ activation reduced expression of eNOS, Nox1, Nox4, the production of reactive species, and barrier dysfunction caused by chronic alcohol ingestion and suggest that PPARγ represents a novel therapeutic target for strategies designed to reduce the risk of lung injury in patients with a history of chronic alcohol ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans' Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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Alcohol and Cancer Epidemiology. ALCOHOL AND CANCER 2011. [PMCID: PMC7122198 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0040-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In a comprehensive worldwide assessment of cancer risk related to food and nutrition, the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR 2007) identified alcohol consumption as a “convincing” or “probable” risk factor for esophageal, mouth, and laryngeal cancers, for liver cancer, for breast cancer in women, and for colorectal cancer especially in men. The World Health Organization’s Global Burden of Disease Project concluded that “A total of 390,000 cases of cancer are attributable to alcohol drinking worldwide, representing 3.6% of all cancers (5.2% in men, 1.7% in women)” each year, with a corresponding annual mortality rate of 233,000, representing 3.5% of all cancer deaths (Boffetta et al. 2006). For the USA, the Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) report indicates an annual rate of 2,464 deaths in six different alcohol-related cancer categories for the period 2001–2006 (CDC 2010).
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that moderate doses of ethanol (ETOH) before traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have a neuroprotective role. OBJECTIVE : The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of serum ETOH levels on outcomes after TBI. Our hypothesis was that ETOH exposure is associated with improved survival in severe TBI patients and that the serum ETOH levels on admission correlate with survival. METHODS All patients sustaining severe TBI (head abbreviated injury score >or=3) admitted to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit at the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center from January 2000 to December 2005 who had a serum ETOH level measured on admission were analyzed. Patients were classified into ETOH-positive and ETOH-negative groups, according to the serum ETOH levels and compared for differences in outcomes using logistic regression to adjust for clinically and statistically relevant confounding factors. RESULTS During the 5-year study period, 482 severe TBI patients admitted to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit at Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center had a serum ETOH level measured on admission. A total of 47% of severe TBI patients were tested for ETOH. ETOH levels were positive in 37% (179) and negative in 63% (303) of the TBI patients. The ETOH-positive group had a higher percentage of males (91% vs. 79%, p = 0.001), lower percentage of penetrating injuries (9% vs. 20%, p = 0.002), and lower injury severity score (25.7 +/- 11.5 vs. 28.4 +/- 14.1, p = 0.05). Overall mortality was significantly lower in the ETOH-positive group at 27% versus 40% (odds ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval: 0.37-0.82; p = 0.004). This survival benefit remained significant after multivariable analysis (adjusted odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval: 0.31-0.92; adjusted p = 0.02). The mean serum ETOH level was significantly higher for survivors than for nonsurvivors (0.11 +/- 0.21 vs. 0.05 +/- 0.10, p < 0.001). The serum ETOH levels significantly correlated with the probability of survival (r = 0.21, p < 0.001), but this correlation was not strong as shown by the low r value. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that elevated ETOH serum levels are independently associated with higher survival in patients with severe traumatic brain injuries. Additional research is required to further investigate the mechanism and potential therapeutic implications of this association.
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Tian J, Brown LAS, Jones DP, Levin MS, Wang L, Rubin DC, Ziegler TR. Intestinal redox status of major intracellular thiols in a rat model of chronic alcohol consumption. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33:662-8. [PMID: 19597188 DOI: 10.1177/0148607109336600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is associated with oxidative stress in multiple tissues in vivo, yet the effect of chronic alcohol intake on intestinal redox state has received little attention. In this study, we investigated the redox status of 2 major intracellular redox regulating couples: glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and cysteine (Cys)/cystine (CySS) in a rat model of chronic alcohol ingestion. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the liquid Lieber-DeCarli diet consisting of 36% ethanol of total calories for 6 weeks. Control rats were pair-fed with an isocaloric, ethanol-free liquid diet. Defined mucosal samples from the jejunum, ileum, and colon were obtained and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for GSH and Cys pool redox status. Mucosal free malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. RESULTS In the ethanol-fed rats, Cys and mixed disulfide (GSH-Cys) were significantly decreased in all 3 segments of intestinal mucosa. Free MDA was increased in jejunal but not in ileal or colonic mucosa. Chronic ethanol ingestion significantly increased mucosal GSH concentration in association with a more reducing GSH/GSSG redox potential in the jejunum, but these indices were unchanged in the ileum. In the colon, chronic ethanol ingestion increased oxidant stress as suggested by decreased GSH and oxidized GSH/GSSG redox potential. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcohol intake differentially alters the mucosal redox status in proximal to distal intestinal segments in rats. Such changes may reflect different adaptability of these intestinal segments to the oxidative stress challenge induced by chronic ethanol ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Tian
- Nutrition and Health Science Program, Graduate School of Arts and Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Prediction of deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes related to ethanol-induced toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2009; 187:99-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Murdoch EL, Brown HG, Gamelli RL, Kovacs EJ. Effects of ethanol on pulmonary inflammation in postburn intratracheal infection. J Burn Care Res 2008; 29:323-30. [PMID: 18354289 DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0b013e3181667599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Infectious complications are a major cause of mortality in trauma patients. Burn patients with prior ethanol exposure have a worse prognosis than those who sustain injury but had not been drinking. We examined pulmonary infection and lung pathology in mice given ethanol (1.2 g/kg) 30 minutes before being subjected to 13 to 15% total body surface area scald burn followed by intratracheal inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1-2 x 10(3) colony-forming units [CFUs]). Survival was monitored for up to 48 hours. Sham control groups had 100% survival after intratracheal infection regardless of ethanol exposure. Infected burned animals had 55% survival; however, survival of infected mice exposed to ethanol and burn injury was significantly lower (27%, P < .0001). When pulmonary infection was evaluated, the lungs of sham groups were negative for bacterial colonies. In addition, at 24 hours there were no significant differences in lung CFUs from infected burned animals regardless of ethanol exposure (3.0 x 10(4)). However, pulmonary bacterial content significantly decreased (1.2 x 10, P < .02) at 48 hours in mice given burn injury alone, where CFUs from the lungs of mice exposed to ethanol prior to burn did not decline (5.4 x 10(5)). At the same time point, lungs from animals given ethanol and burn injury had about a 2-fold (P < .02) increase in leukocyte infiltration and vascular congestion, as well as decreased pulmonary oxygen saturation (82.8%, P < .02), when compared with other treatment groups. In summary, ethanol exposure in postburn intratracheal infection results in the inability to clear pulmonary infection marked by a prolonged pulmonary leukocyte accumulation and a decrease in pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Murdoch
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Otis JS, Mitchell PO, Kershaw CD, Joshi PC, Guidot DM. Na,K-ATPase expression is increased in the lungs of alcohol-fed rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:699-705. [PMID: 18341644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse independently increases the risk of developing the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a disease characterized by diffuse alveolar epithelial damage, lung edema, and consequent severe hypoxemia. Chronic alcohol abuse increases alveolar epithelial permeability both in vitro and in vivo, in part due to altered tight junction formation. However, both alcohol-fed animals and otherwise healthy alcoholic humans do not have pulmonary edema at baseline, even though their lungs are highly susceptible to acute edematous injury in response to inflammatory stresses. This suggests that active fluid transport by the alveolar epithelium is preserved or even augmented in the alcoholic lung. Chronic alcohol ingestion increases expression of apical sodium channels in the alveolar epithelium; however, its effects on the Na,K-ATPase complex that drives sodium and fluid transport out of the alveolar space have not been examined. METHODS Age- and gender-matched Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing either alcohol or an isocaloric substitution (control diet) for 6 weeks. Gene and protein expression of lung Na,K-ATPase alpha1, alpha2, and beta1 subunits were quantified via real-time PCR and immunobiological analyses, respectively. Alcohol-induced, Na,K-ATPase-dependent epithelial barrier dysfunction was determined by calculating lung tissue wet:dry ratios following an ex vivo buffer-perfused challenge for 2 hours in the presence of ouabain (10(-4) M), a Na,K-ATPase inhibitor. RESULTS Chronic alcohol ingestion significantly increased gene and protein expression of each Na,K-ATPase subunit in rat lungs. Immunohistochemical analyses of the alcoholic lung also revealed that protein expression of the Na,K-ATPase alpha1 subunit was increased throughout the alveolar epithelium. Additionally, lungs isolated from alcohol-fed rats developed more edema than comparably treated lungs from control-fed rats, as reflected by increased lung tissue wet:dry ratios. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that chronic alcohol ingestion, which is known to increase alveolar epithelial paracellular permeability, actually increases the expression of Na,K-ATPase in the lung as a compensatory mechanism. This provides a potential explanation as to why the otherwise healthy alcoholic does not have evidence of pulmonary edema at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Otis
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, and Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, Georgia, USA.
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Spies CD, Lanzke N, Schlichting U, Muehlbauer S, Pipolo C, von Mettenheim M, Lehmann A, Morawietz L, Nattermann H, Sander M. Effects of ethanol on cytokine production after surgery in a murine model of gram-negative pneumonia. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 32:331-8. [PMID: 18162079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both alcohol abuse and surgery have been shown to impair immune function. The frequency of postoperative infectious complications is 2- to 5-fold increased in long-term alcoholic patients, leading to prolonged hospital stay. Following surgery, an increase in interleukin (IL)-6 has been shown to be associated with increased tissue injury and interleukin 1-(IL-10) is known to represent an anti-inflammatory signal. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that several days of excess alcohol consumption results in more pronounced immunosuppression. We assume that alcoholic animals show increased levels of IL-10 in response to infection and increased IL-6 due to a more pronounced lung pathology. METHODS Thirty-two female Balb/c mice were pretreated with ethanol (EtOH) at a dose of (3.8 mg/g body weight) or saline (NaCl) for 8 days. At day 8 of the experiment all mice underwent a median laparotomy. Two days postsurgery mice were either applicated 10(4) CFU Klebsiella pneumoniae or received sham-infection with saline. A total number of 4 groups (EtOH/K. pneumoniae; NaCl/K. pneumoniae; EtOH/Sham-infection, NaCl/Sham-infection) was investigated and a clinical score evaluated. Twenty-four hours later mice were killed; lung, spleen, and liver were excised for protein isolation and histological assessment. IL-6 and IL-10 levels were detected by ELISA. RESULTS Alcohol-exposed mice exhibited a worsened clinical appearance. The histological assessment demonstrated a distinct deterioration of the pulmonary structure in alcohol-treated animals. In the lung, IL-6 and IL-10 was significantly increased in alcohol-exposed infected mice compared to saline-treated infected mice. The clinical score correlated significantly with IL-6 (r = 0.71; p < 0.01) and IL-10 levels (r = 0.64; p < 0.01) in the lung. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol treatment in this surgical model led to a more severe pulmonary infection with K. pneumoniae which was associated with more tissue destruction and increased levels of IL-6 and IL-10 and a worsened clinical score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Virchow Klinikum/Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Wind J, Versteegt J, Twisk J, van der Werf TS, Bindels AJGH, Spijkstra JJ, Girbes ARJ, Groeneveld ABJ. Epidemiology of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in The Netherlands: A survey. Respir Med 2007; 101:2091-8. [PMID: 17616453 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics, incidence and risk factors for acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may depend on definitions and geography. METHODS A prospective, 3-day point-prevalence study was performed by a survey of all intensive care units (ICU) in the Netherlands (n=96). Thirty-six ICU's responded (37%), reporting on 266 patients, of whom 151 were mechanically ventilated. The questionnaire included criteria and potential risk factors for ALI/ARDS, according to the North American-European Consensus Conference (NAECC) or the lung injury score (LIS>or=2.5). RESULTS Agreement between definitions was fair (kappa 0.31-0.42, P=0.001). ALI/ARDS was characterized, regardless of definition, by radiographic densities, low oxygenation ratios, high inspiratory O(2) and airway pressure requirements. Depending on definitions, ALI and ARDS accounted for about 12-33% and 7-9% of ICU admissions per year, respectively, constituting 21-58% (ALI) and 13-16% (ARDS) of all mechanically ventilated patients. The annual incidences of ALI and ARDS are 29.3 (95%CI 18.4-40.1) and 24.0 (95%CI 14.2-33.8) by NAECC, respectively, and are, respectively, 83.6 (95%CI 65.3-101.9) and 20.9 (95%CI 11.7-30.1) by LIS per 100,000. Risk factors for ALI/ARDS were aspiration, pneumonia, sepsis and chronic alcohol abuse (the latter only by NAECC). CONCLUSION The effect of definitions of ALI/ARDS on mechanical ventilation in the Netherlands is small. Nevertheless, the incidence of ALI/ARDS may be higher than in other European countries but lower than in the USA, and the incidence of ALI by LIS may overestimate compared to that by NAECC. Aspiration, pneumonia, sepsis and chronic alcohol abuse are major risk factors, largely independent of definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wind
- Department of Intensive Care, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Polikandriotis JA, Rupnow HL, Brown LA, Hart CM. Chronic ethanol ingestion increases nitric oxide production in the lung. Alcohol 2007; 41:309-16. [PMID: 17889307 PMCID: PMC2045155 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ethanol (EtOH) ingestion increases the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The mechanisms underlying EtOH-induced susceptibility to lung injury continue to be defined. This study examines the hypothesis that EtOH increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and activity in the lungs of a rat model of chronic EtOH ingestion. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed liquid diets containing EtOH (36% of calories) or maltose-dextrin as an isocaloric substitution for EtOH (control) for 6 weeks. Selected animals were also treated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril (3 mg/l in diet) for 6 weeks. At study completion, animals were sacrificed, and lung tissue was collected for assays of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism or pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) were isolated for analysis of NO release. Compared to the control diet, chronic EtOH ingestion increased lung H2O2 production, eNOS expression and activity, lung cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content, and levels of protein nitration and oxidation. MVEC from animals with chronic EtOH ingestion released greater amounts of NO. EtOH-induced increases in lung H2O2 production, eNOS expression and activity, cGMP content, protein nitration and oxidation, and MVEC NO production were all attenuated by treatment with lisinopril. Chronic EtOH ingestion stimulates ACE-dependent increases in NO production in the lung. These novel findings indicate that chronic EtOH ingestion increases reactive species production in the lung parenchyma and provide new insights into mechanisms by which EtOH causes phenotypic alterations in the lung and alters the lung's response to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Polikandriotis
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs, Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
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Jerrells TR, Pavlik JA, DeVasure J, Vidlak D, Costello A, Strachota JM, Wyatt TA. Association of chronic alcohol consumption and increased susceptibility to and pathogenic effects of pulmonary infection with respiratory syncytial virus in mice. Alcohol 2007; 41:357-69. [PMID: 17889312 PMCID: PMC2080838 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse by human beings has been shown to be associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections and severity of inflammatory responses associated with pulmonary infection. On the basis of the higher likelihood of exposure to respiratory viruses, people who abuse alcohol would logically be susceptible to respiratory viral infections. To test this hypothesis, mice were provided alcohol in drinking water for 13-16 weeks with the Meadows-Cook protocol and infected intranasally with respiratory syncytial virus. At various times after infection, severity of infection was determined by evaluation of cellular and cytokine composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and histologic evaluation of inflammation. Infection was associated with neutrophil infiltration in both groups, but the proportion and number of neutrophils in BALF were significantly greater in the alcohol consumption group than in the control group. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in BALF in the alcohol consumption group were increased. Interferon (IFN)-gamma concentrations were lower in the alcohol consumption group at later times of infection. Pulmonary inflammation was cleared by 3-5 days after infection in the control group. In contrast, pulmonary inflammation was evident in the alcohol consumption group after 7 days of infection, and some mice showed severe inflammation with hemorrhage and edema. IFN-alpha/beta was evident in BALF at low concentrations in the alcohol consumption group for several days after infection, and increased mRNA for IFN-alpha/beta was also evident in the alcohol consumption group. This was accompanied by the presence of virus in this group at these times of infection. Chronic alcohol consumption increased severity of pulmonary infection with a virus that naturally infects hosts by an aerosol route. Infection of mice that had consumed alcohol chronically was more severe in terms of increased proinflammatory cytokine production, inflammation, and a failure to clear the virus from the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Jerrells
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6495, USA.
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Yeh MY, Burnham EL, Moss M, Brown LAS. Chronic alcoholism alters systemic and pulmonary glutathione redox status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007. [PMID: 17507544 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200611.1722oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous studies have linked the development and severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome with a history of alcohol abuse. In clinical studies, this association has been centered on depletion of pulmonary glutathione and subsequent chronic oxidant stress. OBJECTIVES The impact on redox potential of the plasma or pulmonary pools, however, has never been reported. METHODS Plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected from otherwise healthy alcohol-dependent subjects and control subjects matched by age, sex, and smoking history. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Redox potential was calculated from measured reduced and oxidized glutathione in plasma and lavage. Among subjects who did and did not smoke, lavage fluid glutathione redox potential was more oxidized in alcohol abusers by approximately 40 mV, which was not altered by dilution. This oxidation of the airway lining fluid associated with chronic alcohol abuse was independent of smoking history. A shift by 20 mV in plasma glutathione redox potential, however, was noted only in subjects who both abused alcohol and smoked. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcoholism was associated with alveolar oxidation and, with smoking, systemic oxidation. However, systemic oxidation did not accurately reflect the dramatic alcohol-induced oxidant stress in the alveolar space. Although there was compensation for the oxidant stress caused by smoking in control groups, the capacity to maintain a reduced environment in the alveolar space was overwhelmed in those who abused alcohol. The significant alcohol-induced chronic oxidant stress in the alveolar space and the subsequent ramifications may be an important modulator of the increased incidence and severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y Yeh
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Yeh MY, Burnham EL, Moss M, Brown LAS. Chronic alcoholism alters systemic and pulmonary glutathione redox status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:270-6. [PMID: 17507544 PMCID: PMC1994217 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200611-1722oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous studies have linked the development and severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome with a history of alcohol abuse. In clinical studies, this association has been centered on depletion of pulmonary glutathione and subsequent chronic oxidant stress. OBJECTIVES The impact on redox potential of the plasma or pulmonary pools, however, has never been reported. METHODS Plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected from otherwise healthy alcohol-dependent subjects and control subjects matched by age, sex, and smoking history. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Redox potential was calculated from measured reduced and oxidized glutathione in plasma and lavage. Among subjects who did and did not smoke, lavage fluid glutathione redox potential was more oxidized in alcohol abusers by approximately 40 mV, which was not altered by dilution. This oxidation of the airway lining fluid associated with chronic alcohol abuse was independent of smoking history. A shift by 20 mV in plasma glutathione redox potential, however, was noted only in subjects who both abused alcohol and smoked. CONCLUSIONS Chronic alcoholism was associated with alveolar oxidation and, with smoking, systemic oxidation. However, systemic oxidation did not accurately reflect the dramatic alcohol-induced oxidant stress in the alveolar space. Although there was compensation for the oxidant stress caused by smoking in control groups, the capacity to maintain a reduced environment in the alveolar space was overwhelmed in those who abused alcohol. The significant alcohol-induced chronic oxidant stress in the alveolar space and the subsequent ramifications may be an important modulator of the increased incidence and severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y Yeh
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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