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Vagnerová K, Gazárková T, Vodička M, Ergang P, Klusoňová P, Hudcovic T, Šrůtková D, Petr Hermanová P, Nováková L, Pácha J. Microbiota modulates the steroid response to acute immune stress in male mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330094. [PMID: 38361932 PMCID: PMC10867242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbiota plays a role in shaping the HPA-axis response to psychological stressors. To examine the role of microbiota in response to acute immune stressor, we stimulated the adaptive immune system by anti-CD3 antibody injection and investigated the expression of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes and profiling of plasma corticosteroids and their metabolites in specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice. Using UHPLC-MS/MS, we showed that 4 hours after immune challenge the plasma levels of pregnenolone, progesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone (CORT), 11-dehydroCORT and their 3α/β-, 5α-, and 20α-reduced metabolites were increased in SPF mice, but in their GF counterparts, only CORT was increased. Neither immune stress nor microbiota changed the mRNA and protein levels of enzymes of adrenal steroidogenesis. In contrast, immune stress resulted in downregulated expression of steroidogenic genes (Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Hsd3b6) and upregulated expression of genes of the 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase pathway (Akr1c21, Dhrs9) in the testes of SPF mice. In the liver, immune stress downregulated the expression of genes encoding enzymes with 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) (Hsd3b2, Hsd3b3, Hsd3b4, Hsd3b5), 3α-HSD (Akr1c14), 20α-HSD (Akr1c6, Hsd17b1, Hsd17b2) and 5α-reductase (Srd5a1) activities, except for Dhrs9, which was upregulated. In the colon, microbiota downregulated Cyp11a1 and modulated the response of Hsd11b1 and Hsd11b2 expression to immune stress. These data underline the role of microbiota in shaping the response to immune stressor. Microbiota modulates the stress-induced increase in C21 steroids, including those that are neuroactive that could play a role in alteration of HPA axis response to stress in GF animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Taťána Gazárková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Martin Vodička
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Klusoňová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czechia
| | - Dagmar Šrůtková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czechia
| | | | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Jiří Pácha
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Mikes M, Rice SA, Bibus D, Kitaysky A, Drew KL. Translating PUFA omega 6:3 ratios from wild to captive hibernators (Urocitellus parryii) enhances sex-dependent mass-gain without increasing physiological stress indicators. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:529-540. [PMID: 35503574 PMCID: PMC9197884 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are well-documented for their influence on health and weight loss. Recent studies indicate omega 3 PUFAs may exert a negative impact on cellular stress and physiology in some hibernators. We asked if physiological stress indicators, lipid peroxidation and mass gain in Arctic Ground Squirrels (AGS) were negatively influenced by naturally occurring dietary omega 3 PUFA levels compared to omega 3 PUFA levels found in common laboratory diets. We found plasma fatty acid profiles of free-ranging AGS to be high in omega 3 PUFAs with balanced omega 6:3 ratios, while standard laboratory diets and plasma of captive AGS are high in omega 6 and low in omega 3 PUFAs with higher omega 6:3 ratios. Subsequently, we designed a diet to mimick free-range AGS omega 6:3 ratios in captive AGS. Groups of wild-caught juvenile AGS were either fed: (1) Mazuri Rodent Chow (Standard Rodent chow, 4.95 omega 6:3 ratio), or (2) balanced omega 6:3 chow (Balanced Diet, 1.38 omega 6:3). AGS fed the Balanced Diet had plasma omega 6:3 ratios that mimicked plasma profiles of wild AGS. Balanced Diet increased female body mass before hibernation, but did not influence levels of cortisol in plasma or levels of the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE in brown adipose tissue. Overall, as the mass gain is critical during pre-hibernation for obligate hibernators, the results show that mimicking a fatty acid profile of wild AGS facilitates sex-dependent mass accumulation without increasing stress indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mikes
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.,Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Sarah A Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA. .,Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Doug Bibus
- Lipid Technologies, LLC, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Kitaysky
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.,Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Kelly L Drew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.,Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Yadav Y, Dunagan K, Khot R, Venkatesh SK, Port J, Galderisi A, Cobelli C, Wegner C, Basu A, Carter R, Basu R. Inhibition of 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 with AZD4017 in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:881-890. [PMID: 35014156 PMCID: PMC9135169 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether short-term treatment with a selective 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor, AZD4017, would block hepatic cortisol production and thereby decrease hepatic fat in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with or without type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study conducted at two sites. Key inclusion criteria were the presence of NAFLD or NASH on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or recent biopsy positive for NASH. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to AZD4017 or placebo for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes were between-group differences in mean change from baseline to week 12 in liver fat fraction (LFF) and conversion of 13 C cortisone to 13 C cortisol in the liver. RESULTS A total of 93 patients were randomized; 85 patients completed treatment. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) change in LFF was -0.667 (5.246) and 0.139 (4.323) in the AZD4017 and placebo groups (P = 0.441). For patients with NASH and T2D, the mean (SD) change in LFF was significantly improved in the AZD4017 versus the placebo group (-1.087 [5.374] vs. 1.675 [3.318]; P = 0.033). Conversion of 13 C cortisone to 13 C cortisol was blocked in all patients in the AZD4017 group. There were no significant between-group differences (AZD4017 vs. placebo) in changes in fibrosis, weight, levels of liver enzymes or lipids, or insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION Although the study did not meet one of the primary outcomes, AZD4017 blocked the conversion of 13 C cortisone to 13 C cortisol in the liver in all patients who received the drug. In patients with NASH and T2D, AZD4017 improved liver steatosis versus placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Yadav
- Division of EndocrinologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Kelly Dunagan
- Department of RadiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Rachita Khot
- Division of Body Imaging, Department of Radiology and Medical ImagingUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | | | - John Port
- Department of RadiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Alfonso Galderisi
- Department of Woman and Child's healthUniversity of PadovaPadovaVenetoItaly
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Woman and Child's healthUniversity of PadovaPadovaVenetoItaly
| | - Craig Wegner
- Retired from Emerging & Open Innovations Unit, IMED Biotech UnitAstraZenecaUSA
| | - Ananda Basu
- Division of EndocrinologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Rickey Carter
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Rita Basu
- Division of EndocrinologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Winnick JJ, Ramnanan CJ, Saraswathi V, Roop J, Scott M, Jacobson P, Jung P, Basu R, Cherrington AD, Edgerton DS. Effects of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 inhibition on hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E747-56. [PMID: 23403942 PMCID: PMC3625750 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00639.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of prolonged 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1) inhibition on basal and hormone-stimulated glucose metabolism in fasted conscious dogs. For 7 days prior to study, either an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (HSD1-I; n = 6) or placebo (PBO; n = 6) was administered. After the basal period, a 4-h metabolic challenge followed, where glucagon (3×-basal), epinephrine (5×-basal), and insulin (2×-basal) concentrations were increased. Hepatic glucose fluxes did not differ between groups during the basal period. In response to the metabolic challenge, hepatic glucose production was stimulated in PBO, resulting in hyperglycemia such that exogenous glucose was required in HSD-I (P < 0.05) to match the glycemia between groups. Net hepatic glucose output and endogenous glucose production were decreased by 11β-HSD1 inhibition (P < 0.05) due to a reduction in net hepatic glycogenolysis (P < 0.05), with no effect on gluconeogenic flux compared with PBO. In addition, glucose utilization (P < 0.05) and the suppression of lipolysis were increased (P < 0.05) in HSD-I compared with PBO. These data suggest that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of diseases characterized by insulin resistance and excessive hepatic glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Winnick
- 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - C. J. Ramnanan
- 2Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa School of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
| | - V. Saraswathi
- 3Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;
| | - J. Roop
- 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - M. Scott
- 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - P. Jacobson
- 4Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - P. Jung
- 4Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - R. Basu
- 5Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - A. D. Cherrington
- 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - D. S. Edgerton
- 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
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Kautzky-Willer A, Brazzale AR, Moro E, Vrbíková J, Bendlova B, Sbrignadello S, Tura A, Pacini G. Influence of increasing BMI on insulin sensitivity and secretion in normotolerant men and women of a wide age span. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:1966-73. [PMID: 22282046 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of sex and age on glucose metabolism in the development of overweight/obesity is a matter of debate. We hypothesized that insulin sensitivity (IS) and β-cell function (BF) in a normal white population will differ between males and females and aimed to evaluate the possible effects of BMI and age on metabolic parameters of both sexes. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of the general community. IS was measured with quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS) and BF with the insulinogenic index during 75-g 2-h oral glucose-tolerance tests (OGTTs). We studied 611 females and 361 males with normal glycemia according to both fasting and 2-h glucose (85 ± 0.3 mg/dl (means ± SE) in females and 89 ± 0.4 in males (P < 0.0001), and 93 ± 1 in females and 89 ± 1 in males (P = 0.005), respectively). Females were younger (37 ± 1 years) than males (40 ± 1, P < 0.0001), but no difference was found in mean BMI (BMI = 25.8 ± 0.2 kg/m(2) in both). Student's two-sample t-test was used for simple comparison between and within genders, multiple linear regressions to account for covariates. During the OGTT, females had lower glucose (area under the curve (AUC) 133 ± 1 mg/ml·2 h vs. 148 ± 2; P < 0.00001), while insulinemia was comparable (AUC 5.3 ± 0.1 mU/ml·2 h vs. 5.7 ± 0.2, P = 0.15). IS remained higher in females (473 ± 3 ml/min/m(2) vs. 454 ± 3, P < 0.0001) also after having accounted for age and BMI (P = 0.015). No difference was observed in fasting insulin or BF. However, BF increased by 46% with BMI and when accounting for age and BMI, BF of females was significantly higher (P < 0.0001). Because IS and BF are higher in females than in males, sex should be considered in metabolic studies and overweight/obese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Gender Medicine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Fernández Vázquez G, Torrecilla García E, Rubio Herrera MÁ. El síndrome metabólico como síndrome de Cushing intrahepatocitario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 58:153-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Harno E, White A. Will treating diabetes with 11β-HSD1 inhibitors affect the HPA axis? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:619-27. [PMID: 20594868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of 11β-HSD1 are in clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These compounds act by decreasing the cortisol generated in liver and adipose tissue, and therefore reducing tissue-specific gluconeogenesis and fatty acid metabolism. However, there is concern that reduction in tissue-regenerated cortisol might decrease feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in upregulation of cortisol from the adrenal gland. This review considers evidence from 11β-HSD1 knockout and transgenic mice, inhibitor studies and results from clinical trials evaluating HPA axis biomarkers. It is clear that analysis of the HPA axis is not sufficiently detailed, and there is a need to understand the subtle changes in the axis associated with pulsatility, diurnal rhythm and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Harno
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester, Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, UK
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Edgerton DS, Basu R, Ramnanan CJ, Farmer TD, Neal D, Scott M, Jacobson P, Rizza RA, Cherrington AD. Effect of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 inhibition on hepatic glucose metabolism in the conscious dog. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E1019-26. [PMID: 20159854 PMCID: PMC2867371 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00740.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inactive cortisone is converted to active cortisol within the liver by 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11 beta-HSD1), and impaired regulation of this process may be related to increased hepatic glucose production (HGP) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute 11 beta-HSD1 inhibition on HGP and fat metabolism during insulin deficiency. Sixteen conscious, 42-h-fasted, lean, healthy dogs were studied. Somatostatin was infused to create insulin deficiency, and the animals were treated with a specific 11 beta-HSD1 inhibitor (compound 531) or placebo for 5 h. 11 beta-HSD1 inhibition completely suppressed hepatic cortisol production, and this attenuated the increase in HGP that occurred during insulin deficiency. PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase expression were decreased when 11 beta-HSD1 was inhibited, but gluconeogenic flux was unchanged, implying an effect on glycogenolysis. Since inhibition of hepatic cortisol production reduces HGP during insulin deficiency, 11 beta-HSD1 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of excess glucose production that occurs in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Edgerton
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 710 Robinson Research Bldg., Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
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Buhl ES, Jensen TK, Jessen N, Elfving B, Buhl CS, Kristiansen SB, Pold R, Solskov L, Schmitz O, Wegener G, Lund S, Petersen KF. Treatment with an SSRI antidepressant restores hippocampo-hypothalamic corticosteroid feedback and reverses insulin resistance in low-birth-weight rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E920-9. [PMID: 20103738 PMCID: PMC2867376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00606.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with type 2 diabetes and depression, which may be related to prenatal stress and insulin resistance as a result of chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity. We examined whether treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [escitalopram (ESC)] could downregulate HPA axis activity and restore insulin sensitivity in LBW rats. After 4-5 wk of treatment, ESC-exposed LBW (SSRI-LBW) and saline-treated control and LBW rats (Cx and LBW) underwent an oral glucose tolerance test or a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to assess whole body insulin sensitivity. Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression and red skeletal muscle PKB Ser(473) phosphorylation were used to assess tissue-specific insulin sensitivity. mRNA expression of the hypothalamic mineralocorticoid receptor was fivefold upregulated in LBW (P < 0.05 vs. Cx), accompanied by increased corticosterone release during restraint stress and total 24-h urinary excretion (P < 0.05 vs. Cx), whole body insulin resistance (P < 0.001 vs. Cx), and impaired insulin suppression of hepatic PEPCK mRNA expression (P < 0.05 vs. Cx). Additionally, there was a tendency for reduced red muscle PKB Ser(473) phosphorylation. The ESC treatment normalized corticosterone secretion (P < 0.05 vs. LBW), whole body insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01) as well as postprandial suppression of hepatic mRNA PEPCK expression (P < 0.05), and red muscle PKB Ser(473) phosphorylation (P < 0.01 vs. LBW). We conclude that these data suggest that the insulin resistance and chronic HPA axis hyperactivity in LBW rats can be reversed by treatment with an ESC, which downregulates HPA axis activity, lowers glucocorticoid exposure, and restores insulin sensitivity in LBW rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben S Buhl
- Department of Pharmacology, Wilhelm Meyers Allé, Bldg. 1240, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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11
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Morton NM. Obesity and corticosteroids: 11beta-hydroxysteroid type 1 as a cause and therapeutic target in metabolic disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:154-64. [PMID: 19804814 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic abnormalities found associated with high blood glucocorticoid levels (e.g. rare Cushing's syndrome) include insulin-resistance, visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The same constellation of abnormalities is found in the highly prevalent idiopathic obesity/insulin-resistance (metabolic)-syndrome. It is now apparent that tissue-specific changes in cortisol metabolism explain these parallels rather than altered blood cortisol levels. Primary among these changes is increased intracellular glucocorticoid reactivation, catalysed by the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type (HSD)-1 in obese adipose tissue. Liver, skeletal muscle, endocrine pancreas, blood vessels and leukocytes express 11beta-HSD1 and their potential role in metabolic disease is discussed. The weight of evidence, much of it gained from animal models, suggests that therapeutic inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 will be beneficial in most cellular contexts, with clinical trials supportive of this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Michael Morton
- Molecular Metabolism Group after University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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12
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Stewart PM, Tomlinson JW. Selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 for patients with metabolic syndrome: is the target liver, fat, or both? Diabetes 2009; 58:14-5. [PMID: 19114723 PMCID: PMC2606863 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Stewart
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Birmingham and University Hospital Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
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Stimson RH, Andersson J, Andrew R, Redhead DN, Karpe F, Hayes PC, Olsson T, Walker BR. Cortisol release from adipose tissue by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in humans. Diabetes 2009; 58:46-53. [PMID: 18852329 PMCID: PMC2606892 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) regenerates cortisol from cortisone. 11beta-HSD1 mRNA and activity are increased in vitro in subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese patients. Inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 is a promising therapeutic approach in type 2 diabetes. However, release of cortisol by 11beta-HSD1 from adipose tissue and its effect on portal vein cortisol concentrations have not been quantified in vivo. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Six healthy men underwent 9,11,12,12-[(2)H](4)-cortisol infusions with simultaneous sampling of arterialized and superficial epigastric vein blood sampling. Four men with stable chronic liver disease and a transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt in situ underwent tracer infusion with simultaneous sampling from the portal vein, hepatic vein, and an arterialized peripheral vein. RESULTS Significant cortisol and 9,12,12-[(2)H](3)-cortisol release were observed from subcutaneous adipose tissue (15.0 [95% CI 0.4-29.5] and 8.7 [0.2-17.2] pmol . min(-1) . 100 g(-1) adipose tissue, respectively). Splanchnic release of cortisol and 9,12,12-[(2)H](3)-cortisol (13.5 [3.6-23.5] and 8.0 [2.6-13.5] nmol/min, respectively) was accounted for entirely by the liver; release of cortisol from visceral tissues into portal vein was not detected. CONCLUSIONS Cortisol is released from subcutaneous adipose tissue by 11beta-HSD1 in humans, and increased enzyme expression in obesity is likely to increase local glucocorticoid signaling and contribute to whole-body cortisol regeneration. However, visceral adipose 11beta-HSD1 activity is insufficient to increase portal vein cortisol concentrations and hence to influence intrahepatic glucocorticoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland H Stimson
- Endocrinology Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Basu R, Basu A, Grudzien M, Jung P, Jacobson P, Johnson M, Singh R, Sarr M, Rizza RA. Liver is the site of splanchnic cortisol production in obese nondiabetic humans. Diabetes 2009; 58:39-45. [PMID: 18852327 PMCID: PMC2606891 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the contribution of liver and viscera to splanchnic cortisol production in humans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS D4 cortisol was infused intravenously; arterial, portal venous, and hepatic venous blood was sampled; and liver and visceral fat were biopsied in subjects undergoing bariatric surgery. RESULTS Ratios of arterial and portal vein D4 cortisol/cortisol(total) (0.06 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.06 +/- 0.01) and D4 cortisol/D3 cortisol (1.80 +/- 0.14 vs. 1.84 +/- 0.14) did not differ, indicating that no visceral cortisol production or conversion of D4 cortisol to D3 cortisol via 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD-1) occurred. Conversely, ratios of both D4 cortisol to cortisol(total) (0.05 +/- 0.01; P < 0.05) and D4 cortisol to D3 cortisol (1.33 +/- 0.11; P < 0.001) were lower in the hepatic vein than in the portal vein, indicating production of both cortisol and D3 cortisol by the liver. The viscera did not produce either cortisol (-8.1 +/- 2.6 microg/min) or D3 cortisol (-0.2 +/- 0.1 microg/min). In contrast, the liver produced both cortisol (22.7 +/- 3.90 microg/min) and D3 cortisol (1.9 +/- 0.4 microg/min) and accounted for all splanchnic cortisol and D3 cortisol production. Additionally, 11beta-HSD-1 mRNA was approximately ninefold higher (P < 0.01) in liver than in visceral fat. Although 11beta-HSD-2 gene expression was very low in visceral fat, the viscera released cortisone (P < 0.001) and D3 cortisone (P < 0.01) into the portal vein. CONCLUSIONS The liver accounts for all splanchnic cortisol production in obese nondiabetic humans. In contrast, the viscera releases cortisone into the portal vein, thereby providing substrate for intrahepatic cortisol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Vantyghem MC, Marcelli-Tourvieille S, Defrance F, Wemeau JL. 11β-hydroxystéroïde déshydrogénases. Avancées récentes. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2007; 68:349-56. [PMID: 17368420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroide dehydrogenase (11beta-OHSD) enzymes exhibit a regulating action upon cortisol metabolism before access to its receptors. Two types of isoenzymes have been described, type 2 being the most anciently known. Type 2 11beta-OHSD, which changes cortisol into cortisone, is a unidirectional dehydrogenase mainly located in kidney, that protects mineralocorticoid receptors from illicit activation by glucocorticoids. Mutations of the gene coding for this enzyme has been demonstrated in apparent mineralocorticoid excess, which induces hypertension and hypokalemia with low renin and aldosterone levels. Polymorphisms of this gene could modulate essential hypertension and also be responsible for certain forms of acquired apparent mineralocorticoid excess especially after liquorice intoxication, in hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, and chronic renal insufficiency. Type 1 11beta-OHSD, which changes cortisone into cortisol, is a reductase, mainly located in liver and adipose tissue. Functional defects of this enzyme have been shown in polycystic ovaries and cortisone reductase deficiency. By contrast, metabolic syndrome, corticoid-induced osteoporosis, and glaucoma are linked to a local over-activity of this enzyme. The understanding of action mechanisms of these two enzymes currently leads to 11beta-OHSD inhibitors development, therefore opening new therapeutic strategies, especially in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Vantyghem
- Service d'endocrinologie et métabolisme, clinique d'endocrinologie Marc-Linquette, 6, rue du Professeur-Laguesse, CHRU de Lille, 59037 Lille cedex, France.
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