1
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Idevall-Hagren O, Incedal Nilsson C, Sanchez G. Keeping pace: the primary cilium as the conducting baton of the islet. Diabetologia 2024; 67:773-782. [PMID: 38353726 PMCID: PMC10955035 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are rod-like sensory organelles that protrude from the surface of most mammalian cells, including the cells of the islet, and mounting evidence supports important roles of these structures in the regulation of beta cell function and insulin secretion. The sensory abilities of the cilium arise from local receptor activation that is coupled to intrinsic signal transduction, and ciliary signals can propagate into the cell and influence cell function. Here, we review recent advances and studies that provide insights into intra-islet cues that trigger primary cilia signalling; how second messenger signals are generated and propagated within cilia; and how ciliary signalling affects beta cell function. We also discuss the potential involvement of primary cilia and ciliary signalling in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes, identify gaps in our current understanding of islet cell cilia function and provide suggestions on how to further our understanding of this intriguing structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gonzalo Sanchez
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Wesselman HM, Arceri L, Nguyen TK, Lara CM, Wingert RA. Genetic mechanisms of multiciliated cell development: from fate choice to differentiation in zebrafish and other models. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 37997009 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCS) form bundles of cilia and their activities are essential for the proper development and physiology of many organ systems. Not surprisingly, defects in MCCs have profound consequences and are associated with numerous disease states. Here, we discuss the current understanding of MCC formation, with a special focus on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of MCC fate choice and differentiation. Furthermore, we cast a spotlight on the use of zebrafish to study MCC ontogeny and several recent advances made in understanding MCCs using this vertebrate model to delineate mechanisms of MCC emergence in the developing kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liana Arceri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thanh Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Caroline M Lara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
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3
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Lee EY, Hughes JW. Rediscovering Primary Cilia in Pancreatic Islets. Diabetes Metab J 2023; 47:454-469. [PMID: 37105527 PMCID: PMC10404530 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based sensory and signaling organelles on the surfaces of most eukaryotic cells. Despite their early description by microscopy studies, islet cilia had not been examined in the functional context until recent decades. In pancreatic islets as in other tissues, primary cilia facilitate crucial developmental and signaling pathways in response to extracellular stimuli. Many human developmental and genetic disorders are associated with ciliary dysfunction, some manifesting as obesity and diabetes. Understanding the basis for metabolic diseases in human ciliopathies has been aided by close examination of cilia action in pancreatic islets at cellular and molecular levels. In this article, we review the evidence for ciliary expression on islet cells, known roles of cilia in pancreas development and islet hormone secretion, and summarize metabolic manifestations of human ciliopathy syndromes. We discuss emerging data on primary cilia regulation of islet cell signaling and the structural basis of cilia-mediated cell crosstalk, and offer our interpretation on the role of cilia in glucose homeostasis and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Mattis KK, Krentz NAJ, Metzendorf C, Abaitua F, Spigelman AF, Sun H, Ikle JM, Thaman S, Rottner AK, Bautista A, Mazzaferro E, Perez-Alcantara M, Manning Fox JE, Torres JM, Wesolowska-Andersen A, Yu GZ, Mahajan A, Larsson A, MacDonald PE, Davies B, den Hoed M, Gloyn AL. Loss of RREB1 in pancreatic beta cells reduces cellular insulin content and affects endocrine cell gene expression. Diabetologia 2023; 66:674-694. [PMID: 36633628 PMCID: PMC9947029 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Genome-wide studies have uncovered multiple independent signals at the RREB1 locus associated with altered type 2 diabetes risk and related glycaemic traits. However, little is known about the function of the zinc finger transcription factor Ras-responsive element binding protein 1 (RREB1) in glucose homeostasis or how changes in its expression and/or function influence diabetes risk. METHODS A zebrafish model lacking rreb1a and rreb1b was used to study the effect of RREB1 loss in vivo. Using transcriptomic and cellular phenotyping of a human beta cell model (EndoC-βH1) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived beta-like cells, we investigated how loss of RREB1 expression and activity affects pancreatic endocrine cell development and function. Ex vivo measurements of human islet function were performed in donor islets from carriers of RREB1 type 2 diabetes risk alleles. RESULTS CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of rreb1a and rreb1b function in zebrafish supports an in vivo role for the transcription factor in beta cell mass, beta cell insulin expression and glucose levels. Loss of RREB1 also reduced insulin gene expression and cellular insulin content in EndoC-βH1 cells and impaired insulin secretion under prolonged stimulation. Transcriptomic analysis of RREB1 knockdown and knockout EndoC-βH1 cells supports RREB1 as a novel regulator of genes involved in insulin secretion. In vitro differentiation of RREB1KO/KO hiPSCs revealed dysregulation of pro-endocrine cell genes, including RFX family members, suggesting that RREB1 also regulates genes involved in endocrine cell development. Human donor islets from carriers of type 2 diabetes risk alleles in RREB1 have altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion ex vivo, consistent with a role for RREB1 in regulating islet cell function. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, our results indicate that RREB1 regulates beta cell function by transcriptionally regulating the expression of genes involved in beta cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia K Mattis
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole A J Krentz
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Metzendorf
- Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fernando Abaitua
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Han Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Ikle
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Swaraj Thaman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Antje K Rottner
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Austin Bautista
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eugenia Mazzaferro
- Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jason M Torres
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Grace Z Yu
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Developmental cell fate choice in neural tube progenitors employs two distinct cis-regulatory strategies. Dev Cell 2023; 58:3-17.e8. [PMID: 36516856 PMCID: PMC7614300 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In many developing tissues, the patterns of gene expression that assign cell fate are organized by graded secreted signals. Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) interpret these signals to control gene expression, but how this is accomplished remains poorly understood. In the neural tube, a gradient of the morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh) patterns neural progenitors. We identify two distinct ways in which CREs translate graded Shh into differential gene expression in mouse neural progenitors. In most progenitors, a common set of CREs control gene activity by integrating cell-type-specific inputs. By contrast, the most ventral progenitors use a unique set of CREs, established by the pioneer factor FOXA2. This parallels the role of FOXA2 in endoderm, where FOXA2 binds some of the same sites. Together, the data identify distinct cis-regulatory strategies for the interpretation of morphogen signaling and raise the possibility of an evolutionarily conserved role for FOXA2 across tissues.
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6
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Wu Y, Zhou J, Yang Y. Peripheral and central control of obesity by primary cilia. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:295-304. [PMID: 36632916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like structures that protrude from the cell surface. They are capable of sensing external cues and conveying a vast array of signals into cells to regulate a variety of physiological activities. Mutations in cilium-associated genes are linked to a group of diseases with overlapping clinical manifestations, collectively known as ciliopathies. A significant proportion of human ciliopathy cases are accompanied by metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to obesity are complex. In this article, we present an overview of primary cilia and highlight obesity-related ciliopathies. We also discuss the potential role of primary cilia in peripheral organs, with a focus on adipose tissues. In addition, we emphasize the significance of primary cilia in the central regulation of obesity, especially the involvement of ciliary signaling in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. This article therefore proposes a framework of both peripheral and central regulation of obesity by primary cilia, which may benefit further exploration of the ciliary role in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yunfan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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7
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Czerny CC, Borschel A, Cai M, Otto M, Hoyer-Fender S. FOXA1 is a transcriptional activator of Odf2/Cenexin and regulates primary ciliation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21468. [PMID: 36509813 PMCID: PMC9744847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles essential for embryonic and postnatal development, and tissue homeostasis in adulthood. They are generated in a cell cycle-dependent manner and found on most cells of the body. Although cilia formation is intensively investigated virtually nothing is known about the transcriptional regulation of primary ciliation. We used here Odf2/Cenexin, encoding a protein of the mother centriole and the basal body that is mandatory for primary cilia formation, as the target gene for the identification of transcriptional activators. We identified a consensus binding site for Fox transcription factors (TFs) in its promoter region and focused here on the Fox family. We found transcriptional activation of Odf2 neither by FOXO TFs nor by the core TF for multiciliation, FOXJ1. However, we identified FOXA1 as a transcriptional activator of Odf2 by reporter gene assays and qRT-PCR, and showed by qWB that Foxa1 knockdown caused a decrease in ODF2 and CP110 proteins. We verified the binding sequence of FOXA1 in the Odf2 promoter by ChIP. Finally, we demonstrated that knockdown of FOXA1 affected primary cilia formation. We, thus, showed for the first time, that FOXA1 regulates primary ciliation by transcriptional activation of ciliary genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carl Czerny
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anett Borschel
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mingfang Cai
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Madeline Otto
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.424957.90000 0004 0624 9165Present Address: Thermo Fisher Scientific GENEART, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Melena I, Hughes JW. Islet cilia and glucose homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1082193. [PMID: 36531945 PMCID: PMC9751591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1082193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a growing pandemic affecting over ten percent of the U.S. population. Individuals with all types of diabetes exhibit glucose dysregulation due to altered function and coordination of pancreatic islets. Within the critical intercellular space in pancreatic islets, the primary cilium emerges as an important physical structure mediating cell-cell crosstalk and signal transduction. Many events leading to hormone secretion, including GPCR and second-messenger signaling, are spatiotemporally regulated at the level of the cilium. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cilia action in islet hormone regulation and glucose homeostasis, focusing on newly implicated ciliary pathways that regulate insulin exocytosis and intercellular communication. We present evidence of key signaling proteins on islet cilia and discuss ways in which cilia might functionally connect islet endocrine cells with the non-endocrine compartments. These discussions aim to stimulate conversations regarding the extent of cilia-controlled glucose homeostasis in health and in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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9
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Herranz-Pérez V, Nakatani J, Ishii M, Katada T, García-Verdugo JM, Ohata S. Ependymoma associated protein Zfta is expressed in immature ependymal cells but is not essential for ependymal development in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1493. [PMID: 35087169 PMCID: PMC8795269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion protein of uncharacterised zinc finger translocation associated (ZFTA) and effector transcription factor of tumorigenic NF-κB signalling, RELA (ZFTA-RELA), is expressed in more than two-thirds of supratentorial ependymoma (ST-EPN-RELA), but ZFTA's expression profile and functional analysis in multiciliated ependymal (E1) cells have not been examined. Here, we showed the mRNA expression of mouse Zfta peaks on embryonic day (E) 17.5 in the wholemount of the lateral walls of the lateral ventricle. Zfta was expressed in the nuclei of FoxJ1-positive immature E1 (pre-E1) cells in E18.5 mouse embryonic brain. Interestingly, the transcription factors promoting ciliogenesis (ciliary TFs) (e.g., multicilin) and ZFTA-RELA upregulated luciferase activity using a 5' upstream sequence of ZFTA in cultured cells. Zftatm1/tm1 knock-in mice did not show developmental defects or abnormal fertility. In the Zftatm1/tm1 E1 cells, morphology, gene expression, ciliary beating frequency and ependymal flow were unaffected. These results suggest that Zfta is expressed in pre-E1 cells, possibly under the control of ciliary TFs, but is not essential for ependymal development or flow. This study sheds light on the mechanism of the ZFTA-RELA expression in the pathogenesis of ST-EPN-RELA: Ciliary TFs initiate ZFTA-RELA expression in pre-E1 cells, and ZFTA-RELA enhances its own expression using positive feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBERNED, University of Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jin Nakatani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishii
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBERNED, University of Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Shinya Ohata
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan.
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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10
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Pablos M, Casanueva-Álvarez E, González-Casimiro CM, Merino B, Perdomo G, Cózar-Castellano I. Primary Cilia in Pancreatic β- and α-Cells: Time to Revisit the Role of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:922825. [PMID: 35832432 PMCID: PMC9271624 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.922825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a narrow organelle located at the surface of the cell in contact with the extracellular environment. Once underappreciated, now is thought to efficiently sense external environmental cues and mediate cell-to-cell communication, because many receptors, ion channels, and signaling molecules are highly or differentially expressed in primary cilium. Rare genetic disorders that affect cilia integrity and function, such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, have awoken interest in studying the biology of cilium. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting emerging roles of primary cilium and cilia-mediated signaling pathways in the regulation of pancreatic β- and α-cell functions, and its implications in regulating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Pablos,
| | - Elena Casanueva-Álvarez
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos M. González-Casimiro
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Merino
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Germán Perdomo
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Sun Y, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Wang H, Chi Z, Chen X, Xu D. Downregulation of microRNA?342-3p eases insulin resistance and liver gluconeogenesis via regulating Rfx3 in gestational diabetes mellitus. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2022; 32:83-95. [DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2022043275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Cho JH, Hughes JW. Cilia Action in Islets: Lessons From Mouse Models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:922983. [PMID: 35813631 PMCID: PMC9260721 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.922983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia as a signaling organelle have garnered recent attention as a regulator of pancreatic islet function. These rod-like sensors exist on all major islet endocrine cell types and transduce a variety of external cues, while dysregulation of cilia function contributes to the development of diabetes. The complex role of islet primary cilia has been examined using genetic deletion targeting various components of cilia. In this review, we summarize experimental models for the study of islet cilia and current understanding of mechanisms of cilia regulation of islet hormone secretion. Consensus from these studies shows that pancreatic cilia perturbation can cause both endocrine and exocrine defects that are relevant to human disease. We discuss future research directions that would further elucidate cilia action in distinct groups of islet cells, including paracrine and juxtacrine regulation, GPCR signaling, and endocrine-exocrine crosstalk.
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13
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De Franco E. Neonatal diabetes caused by disrupted pancreatic and β-cell development. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14728. [PMID: 34665882 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal diabetes is diagnosed before the age of 6 months and is usually caused by single-gene mutations. More than 30 genetic causes of neonatal diabetes have been described to date, resulting in severely reduced β-cell number or function. Seven of these genes are known to cause neonatal diabetes through disrupted development of the whole pancreas, resulting in diabetes and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Pathogenic variants in five transcription factors essential for β-cell development cause neonatal diabetes without other pancreatic phenotypes. However, additional extra-pancreatic features are common. This review will focus on the genes causing neonatal diabetes through disrupted β-cell development, discussing what is currently known about the genetic and phenotypic features of these genetic conditions, and what discoveries may come in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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14
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Daly AZ, Dudley LA, Peel MT, Liebhaber SA, Parker SCJ, Camper SA. Multi-omic profiling of pituitary thyrotropic cells and progenitors. BMC Biol 2021; 19:76. [PMID: 33858413 PMCID: PMC8051135 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pituitary gland is a neuroendocrine organ containing diverse cell types specialized in secreting hormones that regulate physiology. Pituitary thyrotropes produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a critical factor for growth and maintenance of metabolism. The transcription factors POU1F1 and GATA2 have been implicated in thyrotrope fate, but the transcriptomic and epigenomic landscapes of these neuroendocrine cells have not been characterized. The goal of this work was to discover transcriptional regulatory elements that drive thyrotrope fate. RESULTS We identified the transcription factors and epigenomic changes in chromatin that are associated with differentiation of POU1F1-expressing progenitors into thyrotropes using cell lines that represent an undifferentiated Pou1f1 lineage progenitor (GHF-T1) and a committed thyrotrope line that produces TSH (TαT1). We compared RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, histone modification (H3K27Ac, H3K4Me1, and H3K27Me3), and POU1F1 binding in these cell lines. POU1F1 binding sites are commonly associated with bZIP transcription factor consensus binding sites in GHF-T1 cells and Helix-Turn-Helix (HTH) or basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) factors in TαT1 cells, suggesting that these classes of transcription factors may recruit or cooperate with POU1F1 binding at unique sites. We validated enhancer function of novel elements we mapped near Cga, Pitx1, Gata2, and Tshb by transfection in TαT1 cells. Finally, we confirmed that an enhancer element near Tshb can drive expression in thyrotropes of transgenic mice, and we demonstrate that GATA2 enhances Tshb expression through this element. CONCLUSION These results extend the ENCODE multi-omic profiling approach to the pituitary gland, which should be valuable for understanding pituitary development and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Z Daly
- Department Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lindsey A Dudley
- Department Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael T Peel
- Department Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Incyte, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Stephen A Liebhaber
- Department Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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15
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Unal-Aydin P, Aydin O, Arslan A. Genetic Architecture of Depression: Where Do We Stand Now? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1305:203-230. [PMID: 33834402 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The research of depression genetics has been occupied by historical candidate genes which were tested by candidate gene association studies. However, these studies were mostly not replicable. Thus, genetics of depression have remained elusive for a long time. As research moves from candidate gene association studies to GWAS, the hypothesis-free non-candidate gene association studies in genome-wide level, this trend will likely change. Despite the fact that the earlier GWAS of depression were not successful, the recent GWAS suggest robust findings for depression genetics. These altogether will catalyze a new wave of multidisciplinary research to pin down the neurobiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Unal-Aydin
- Psychology Program, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Orkun Aydin
- Psychology Program, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ayla Arslan
- School of Advanced Studies, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia.
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16
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Trott J, Alpagu Y, Tan EK, Shboul M, Dawood Y, Elsy M, Wollmann H, Tano V, Bonnard C, Eng S, Narayanan G, Junnarkar S, Wearne S, Strutt J, Kumar A, Tomaz LB, Goy PA, Mzoughi S, Jennings R, Hagoort J, Eskin A, Lee H, Nelson SF, Al-Kazaleh F, El-Khateeb M, Fathallah R, Shah H, Goeke J, Langley SR, Guccione E, Hanley N, De Bakker BS, Reversade B, Dunn NR. Mitchell-Riley syndrome iPSCs exhibit reduced pancreatic endoderm differentiation due to a mutation in RFX6. Development 2020; 147:dev194878. [PMID: 33033118 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitchell-Riley syndrome (MRS) is caused by recessive mutations in the regulatory factor X6 gene (RFX6) and is characterised by pancreatic hypoplasia and neonatal diabetes. To determine why individuals with MRS specifically lack pancreatic endocrine cells, we micro-CT imaged a 12-week-old foetus homozygous for the nonsense mutation RFX6 c.1129C>T, which revealed loss of the pancreas body and tail. From this foetus, we derived iPSCs and show that differentiation of these cells in vitro proceeds normally until generation of pancreatic endoderm, which is significantly reduced. We additionally generated an RFX6HA reporter allele by gene targeting in wild-type H9 cells to precisely define RFX6 expression and in parallel performed in situ hybridisation for RFX6 in the dorsal pancreatic bud of a Carnegie stage 14 human embryo. Both in vitro and in vivo, we find that RFX6 specifically labels a subset of PDX1-expressing pancreatic endoderm. In summary, RFX6 is essential for efficient differentiation of pancreatic endoderm, and its absence in individuals with MRS specifically impairs formation of endocrine cells of the pancreas head and tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Trott
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Yunus Alpagu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Ee Kim Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Shboul
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 2210, Jordan
| | - Yousif Dawood
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Elsy
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Heike Wollmann
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Vincent Tano
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Carine Bonnard
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Shermaine Eng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Gunaseelan Narayanan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Seetanshu Junnarkar
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Stephen Wearne
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - James Strutt
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Aakash Kumar
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Lucian B Tomaz
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Pierre-Alexis Goy
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Slim Mzoughi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Rachel Jennings
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Endocrinology Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9WU, UK
| | - Jaco Hagoort
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ascia Eskin
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 708822, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 708822, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 708822, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fawaz Al-Kazaleh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jordan, Amman 19241, Jordan
| | - Mohammad El-Khateeb
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman 19241, Jordan
| | - Rajaa Fathallah
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman 19241, Jordan
| | - Harsha Shah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jonathan Goeke
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Sarah R Langley
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Neil Hanley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Endocrinology Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9WU, UK
| | - Bernadette S De Bakker
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 119228, Singapore
- Koç University School of Medicine, Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - N Ray Dunn
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
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17
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Lemeille S, Paschaki M, Baas D, Morlé L, Duteyrat JL, Ait-Lounis A, Barras E, Soulavie F, Jerber J, Thomas J, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Kistler WS, Reith W, Durand B. Interplay of RFX transcription factors 1, 2 and 3 in motile ciliogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9019-9036. [PMID: 32725242 PMCID: PMC7498320 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia assembly is under strict transcriptional control during animal development. In vertebrates, a hierarchy of transcription factors (TFs) are involved in controlling the specification, differentiation and function of multiciliated epithelia. RFX TFs play key functions in the control of ciliogenesis in animals. Whereas only one RFX factor regulates ciliogenesis in C. elegans, several distinct RFX factors have been implicated in this process in vertebrates. However, a clear understanding of the specific and redundant functions of different RFX factors in ciliated cells remains lacking. Using RNA-seq and ChIP-seq approaches we identified genes regulated directly and indirectly by RFX1, RFX2 and RFX3 in mouse ependymal cells. We show that these three TFs have both redundant and specific functions in ependymal cells. Whereas RFX1, RFX2 and RFX3 occupy many shared genomic loci, only RFX2 and RFX3 play a prominent and redundant function in the control of motile ciliogenesis in mice. Our results provide a valuable list of candidate ciliary genes. They also reveal stunning differences between compensatory processes operating in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Baas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Laurette Morlé
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuèle Barras
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Soulavie
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Jerber
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Joëlle Thomas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - W Stephen Kistler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
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18
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Toyoda A, Kozaki T, Ishii K, Taniishi M, Hattori M, Matsuda H, Yoshida T. Comprehensive analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression in orally tolerized T cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229042. [PMID: 32097442 PMCID: PMC7041840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell anergy is known to be a crucial mechanism for various types of immune tolerance, including oral tolerance. The expression of several anergy-specific genes was reportedly up-regulated in anergic T cells, and played important roles in the cells. However, how the genes were up-regulated has not been understood. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the altered gene expression and DNA methylation status in T cells tolerized by oral antigen in vivo. Our results showed that many genes were significantly up-regulated in the orally tolerized T cells, and most of the genes found in this study have not been reported previously as anergy related genes; for example, ribosomal protein L41 (FC = 3.54E06, p = 3.70E-09: Fisher's exact test; the same applies hereinafter) and CD52 (FC = 2.18E05, p = 3.44E-06). Furthermore, we showed that the DNA methylation statuses of many genes; for example, enoyl-coenzyme A delta isomerase 3 (FC = 3.62E-01, p = 3.01E-02) and leucine zipper protein 1 (FC = 4.80E-01, p = 3.25E-02), including the ones distinctly expressed in tolerized T cells; for example, latexin (FC = 3.85E03, p = 4.06E-02 for expression; FC = 7.75E-01, p = 4.13E-01 for DNA methylation) and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide F (FC = 3.12E04, p = 4.46E-04 for expression; FC = 8.56E-01, p = 5.15E-01 for DNA methylation), changed during tolerization, suggesting that the distinct expression of some genes was epigenetically regulated in the tolerized T cells. This study would contribute to providing a novel clue to the fine understanding of the mechanism for T cell anergy and oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Toyoda
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kozaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ishii
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Momoka Taniishi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hattori
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Division of Animal Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Wang H, Wei H, Tang L, Lu J, Mu C, Wang C. A proteomics of gills approach to understanding salinity adaptation of Scylla paramamosain. Gene 2018; 677:119-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Chen B, Niu J, Kreuzer J, Zheng B, Jarugumilli GK, Haas W, Wu X. Auto-fatty acylation of transcription factor RFX3 regulates ciliogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8403-E8412. [PMID: 30127002 PMCID: PMC6130365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800949115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in cilia have been associated with an expanding human disease spectrum known as ciliopathies. Regulatory Factor X 3 (RFX3) is one of the major transcription factors required for ciliogenesis and cilia functions. In addition, RFX3 regulates pancreatic islet cell differentiation and mature β-cell functions. However, how RFX3 protein is regulated at the posttranslational level remains poorly understood. Using chemical reporters of protein fatty acylation and mass spectrometry analysis, here we show that RFX3 transcriptional activity is regulated by S-fatty acylation at a highly conserved cysteine residue in the dimerization domain. Surprisingly, RFX3 undergoes enzyme-independent, "self-catalyzed" auto-fatty acylation and displays preferences for 18-carbon stearic acid and oleic acid. The fatty acylation-deficient mutant of RFX3 shows decreased homodimerization; fails to promote ciliary gene expression, ciliogenesis, and elongation; and impairs Hedgehog signaling. Our findings reveal a regulation of RFX3 transcription factor and link fatty acid metabolism and protein lipidation to the regulation of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoen Chen
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jixiao Niu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Johannes Kreuzer
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Baohui Zheng
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Gopala K Jarugumilli
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Xu Wu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129;
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21
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Castro W, Chelbi ST, Niogret C, Ramon-Barros C, Welten SPM, Osterheld K, Wang H, Rota G, Morgado L, Vivier E, Raeber ME, Boyman O, Delorenzi M, Barras D, Ho PC, Oxenius A, Guarda G. The transcription factor Rfx7 limits metabolism of NK cells and promotes their maintenance and immunity. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:809-820. [PMID: 29967452 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory factor X 7 (Rfx7) is an uncharacterized transcription factor belonging to a family involved in ciliogenesis and immunity. Here, we found that deletion of Rfx7 leads to a decrease in natural killer (NK) cell maintenance and immunity in vivo. Genomic approaches showed that Rfx7 coordinated a transcriptional network controlling cell metabolism. Rfx7-/- NK lymphocytes presented increased size, granularity, proliferation, and energetic state, whereas genetic reduction of mTOR activity mitigated those defects. Notably, Rfx7-deficient NK lymphocytes were rescued by interleukin 15 through engagement of the Janus kinase (Jak) pathway, thus revealing the importance of this signaling for maintenance of such spontaneously activated NK cells. Rfx7 therefore emerges as a novel transcriptional regulator of NK cell homeostasis and metabolic quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sonia T Chelbi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Charlène Niogret
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kevin Osterheld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Haiping Wang
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Leonor Morgado
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Innate Pharma Research Labs., Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Barras
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Greta Guarda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland. .,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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22
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Sugiaman-Trapman D, Vitezic M, Jouhilahti EM, Mathelier A, Lauter G, Misra S, Daub CO, Kere J, Swoboda P. Characterization of the human RFX transcription factor family by regulatory and target gene analysis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:181. [PMID: 29510665 PMCID: PMC5838959 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolutionarily conserved RFX transcription factors (TFs) regulate their target genes through a DNA sequence motif called the X-box. Thereby they regulate cellular specialization and terminal differentiation. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of all the eight human RFX genes (RFX1-8), their spatial and temporal expression profiles, potential upstream regulators and target genes. RESULTS We extracted all known human RFX1-8 gene expression profiles from the FANTOM5 database derived from transcription start site (TSS) activity as captured by Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) technology. RFX genes are broadly (RFX1-3, RFX5, RFX7) and specifically (RFX4, RFX6) expressed in different cell types, with high expression in four organ systems: immune system, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system and nervous system. Tissue type specific expression profiles link defined RFX family members with the target gene batteries they regulate. We experimentally confirmed novel TSS locations and characterized the previously undescribed RFX8 to be lowly expressed. RFX tissue and cell type specificity arises mainly from differences in TSS architecture. RFX transcript isoforms lacking a DNA binding domain (DBD) open up new possibilities for combinatorial target gene regulation. Our results favor a new grouping of the RFX family based on protein domain composition. We uncovered and experimentally confirmed the TFs SP2 and ESR1 as upstream regulators of specific RFX genes. Using TF binding profiles from the JASPAR database, we determined relevant patterns of X-box motif positioning with respect to gene TSS locations of human RFX target genes. CONCLUSIONS The wealth of data we provide will serve as the basis for precisely determining the roles RFX TFs play in human development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morana Vitezic
- Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Centre, Section for Computational and RNA Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eeva-Mari Jouhilahti
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anthony Mathelier
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gilbert Lauter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sougat Misra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Carsten O Daub
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Swoboda
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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SPEN, a new player in primary cilia formation and cell migration in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:104. [PMID: 28877752 PMCID: PMC5588740 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary cilium is a microtubule-based and nonmotile organelle functioning as a cellular antenna that is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In breast cancer cells, the primary cilium is a structure that decreases in incidence with increasing degrees of transformation and may be biologically more important in estrogen receptor (ERα)-negative breast cancer cells. Split ends (SPEN) is an ERα corepressor that we have identified as a tumor suppressor protein in ERα-positive breast cancer cells whose hormone-independent roles in breast cancer have never been explored. Methods We determined the hormone-independent transcriptional program regulated by the ERα cofactor SPEN in breast cancer using DNA microarrays. The biological functions regulated by SPEN independently of hormones were studied in vitro in ERα-positive and ERα-negative breast cancer cells. Finally, we examined the clinical relevance of SPEN expression in cohorts of breast cancer samples with outcome data. Results We found that SPEN is coexpressed with a number of genes involved in ciliary biology, including the ciliogenic transcription factor RFX3, in a hormone-independent manner. SPEN reexpression in T47D cells containing a nonsense mutation in SPEN restored the primary cilium, whereas its knockdown in MCF10A and Hs578T cells considerably decreased primary cilia levels. We also report that SPEN regulates migration in breast cells, but only in those harboring primary cilia, and that KIF3A silencing, a critical factor in primary cilia, partially reverses SPEN’s effects, suggesting that SPEN may coordinate cellular movement through primary cilia-dependent mechanisms. Finally, we found that high SPEN RNA levels were predictive of early metastasis in two independent cohorts of 77 (HR 2.25, P = 0.03) and 170 (HR = 2.23, P = 0.004) patients with ERα-negative breast cancer. Conclusions Together, our data demonstrate a role for SPEN in the regulation of primary cilia formation and cell migration in breast cancer cells, which may collectively explain why its expression is associated with time to metastasis in cohorts of patients with ERα-negative breast cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0897-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Primary cilia are small, antenna-like structures that detect mechanical and chemical cues and transduce extracellular signals. While mammalian primary cilia were first reported in the late 1800s, scientific interest in these sensory organelles has burgeoned since the beginning of the twenty-first century with recognition that primary cilia are essential to human health. Among the most common clinical manifestations of ciliary dysfunction are renal cysts. The molecular mechanisms underlying renal cystogenesis are complex, involving multiple aberrant cellular processes and signaling pathways, while initiating molecular events remain undefined. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease is the most common renal cystic disease, caused by disruption of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 transmembrane proteins, which evidence suggests must localize to primary cilia for proper function. To understand how the absence of these proteins in primary cilia may be remediated, we review intracellular trafficking of polycystins to the primary cilium. We also examine the controversial mechanisms by which primary cilia transduce flow-mediated mechanical stress into intracellular calcium. Further, to better understand ciliary function in the kidney, we highlight the LKB1/AMPK, Wnt, and Hedgehog developmental signaling pathways mediated by primary cilia and misregulated in renal cystic disease.
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Bouafir Y, Ait-Lounis A, Laraba-Djebari F. Improvement of function and survival of pancreatic beta-cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic model by the scorpion venom fraction F1. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1260591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yesmine Bouafir
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
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Abstract
Lineage tracing studies have revealed that transcription factors play a cardinal role in pancreatic development, differentiation and function. Three transitions define pancreatic organogenesis, differentiation and maturation. In the primary transition, when pancreatic organogenesis is initiated, there is active proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells. During the secondary transition, defined by differentiation, there is growth, branching, differentiation and pancreatic cell lineage allocation. The tertiary transition is characterized by differentiated pancreatic cells that undergo further remodeling, including apoptosis, replication and neogenesis thereby establishing a mature organ. Transcription factors function at multiple levels and may regulate one another and auto-regulate. The interaction between extrinsic signals from non-pancreatic tissues and intrinsic transcription factors form a complex gene regulatory network ultimately culminating in the different cell lineages and tissue types in the developing pancreas. Mutations in these transcription factors clinically manifest as subtypes of diabetes mellitus. Current treatment for diabetes is not curative and thus, developmental biologists and stem cell researchers are utilizing knowledge of normal pancreatic development to explore novel therapeutic alternatives. This review summarizes current knowledge of transcription factors involved in pancreatic development and β-cell differentiation in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Dassaye
- a Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Strini Naidoo
- a Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Marlon E Cerf
- b Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council , Cape Town , South Africa
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Kistler WS, Baas D, Lemeille S, Paschaki M, Seguin-Estevez Q, Barras E, Ma W, Duteyrat JL, Morlé L, Durand B, Reith W. RFX2 Is a Major Transcriptional Regulator of Spermiogenesis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005368. [PMID: 26162102 PMCID: PMC4498915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis consists broadly of three phases: proliferation of diploid germ cells, meiosis, and finally extensive differentiation of the haploid cells into effective delivery vehicles for the paternal genome. Despite detailed characterization of many haploid developmental steps leading to sperm, only fragmentary information exists on the control of gene expression underlying these processes. Here we report that the RFX2 transcription factor is a master regulator of genes required for the haploid phase. A targeted mutation of Rfx2 was created in mice. Rfx2-/- mice are perfectly viable but show complete male sterility. Spermatogenesis appears to progress unperturbed through meiosis. However, haploid cells undergo a complete arrest in spermatid development just prior to spermatid elongation. Arrested cells show altered Golgi apparatus organization, leading to a deficit in the generation of a spreading acrosomal cap from proacrosomal vesicles. Arrested cells ultimately merge to form giant multinucleated cells released to the epididymis. Spermatids also completely fail to form the flagellar axoneme. RNA-Seq analysis and ChIP-Seq analysis identified 139 genes directly controlled by RFX2 during spermiogenesis. Gene ontology analysis revealed that genes required for cilium function are specifically enriched in down- and upregulated genes showing that RFX2 allows precise temporal expression of ciliary genes. Several genes required for cell adhesion and cytoskeleton remodeling are also downregulated. Comparison of RFX2-regulated genes with those controlled by other major transcriptional regulators of spermiogenesis showed that each controls independent gene sets. Altogether, these observations show that RFX2 plays a major and specific function in spermiogenesis. Failure of spermatogenesis, which is presumed to often result from genetic defects, is a common cause of male sterility. Although numerous genes associated with defects in male spermatogenesis have been identified, numerous cases of genetic male infertility remain unelucidated. We report here that the transcription factor RFX2 is a master regulator of gene expression programs required for progression through the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. Male RFX2-deficient mice are completely sterile. Spermatogenesis progresses through meiosis, but haploid cells undergo a complete block in development just prior to spermatid elongation. Gene expression profiling and ChIP-Seq analysis revealed that RFX2 controls key pathways implicated in cilium/flagellum formation, as well as genes implicated in microtubule and vesicle associated transport. The set of genes activated by RFX2 in spermatids exhibits virtually no overlap with those controlled by other known transcriptional regulators of spermiogenesis, establishing RFX2 as an essential new player in this developmental process. RFX2-deficient mice should therefore represent a valuable new model for deciphering the regulatory networks that direct sperm formation, and thereby contribute to the identification of causes of human male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Stephen Kistler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WSK); (BD)
| | - Dominique Baas
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Queralt Seguin-Estevez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuèle Barras
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wenli Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Laurette Morlé
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (WSK); (BD)
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
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Kang GM, Han YM, Ko HW, Kim J, Oh BC, Kwon I, Kim MS. Leptin Elongates Hypothalamic Neuronal Cilia via Transcriptional Regulation and Actin Destabilization. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18146-18155. [PMID: 26041775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated neurons have a single, primary cilium. The primary cilia of hypothalamic neurons play a critical role in sensing metabolic signals. We recently showed that mice with leptin deficiency or resistance have shorter cilia in the hypothalamic neurons, and leptin treatment elongates cilia in hypothalamic neurons. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which leptin controls ciliary length in hypothalamic neurons. In N1 hypothalamic neuronal cells, leptin treatment increased the expression of intraflagellar transport proteins. These effects occurred via phosphatase and tensin homolog/glycogen synthase kinase-3β-mediated inhibition of the transcriptional factor RFX1. Actin filament dynamics were also involved in leptin-promoted ciliary elongation. Both leptin and cytochalasin-D treatment induced F-actin disruption and cilium elongation in hypothalamic neurons that was completely abrogated by co-treatment with the F-actin polymerizer phalloidin. Our findings suggest that leptin elongates hypothalamic neuronal cilia by stimulating the production of intraflagellar transport proteins and destabilizing actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Myoung Kang
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Han
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Hyuk Whan Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyangsi, Gyeonggido 410-773, Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-338, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Ijoo Kwon
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea.
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29
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Rutter GA, Hodson DJ. Beta cell connectivity in pancreatic islets: a type 2 diabetes target? Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:453-467. [PMID: 25323131 PMCID: PMC11113448 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beta cell connectivity describes the phenomenon whereby the islet context improves insulin secretion by providing a three-dimensional platform for intercellular signaling processes. Thus, the precise flow of information through homotypically interconnected beta cells leads to the large-scale organization of hormone release activities, influencing cell responses to glucose and other secretagogues. Although a phenomenon whose importance has arguably been underappreciated in islet biology until recently, a growing number of studies suggest that such cell-cell communication is a fundamental property of this micro-organ. Hence, connectivity may plausibly be targeted by both environmental and genetic factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to perturb normal beta cell function and insulin release. Here, we review the mechanisms that contribute to beta cell connectivity, discuss how these may fail during T2DM, and examine approaches to restore insulin secretion by boosting cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - David J Hodson
- Section of Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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30
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Oh EC, Vasanth S, Katsanis N. Metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis through the primary Cilium. Cell Metab 2015; 21:21-31. [PMID: 25543293 PMCID: PMC4370781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes represent a significant healthcare concern. In contrast to genome-wide association studies that, some exceptions notwithstanding, have offered modest clues about pathomechanism, the dissection of rare disorders in which obesity represents a core feature have highlighted key molecules and structures critical to energy regulation. Here we focus on the primary cilium, an organelle whose roles in energy homeostasis have been underscored by the high incidence of obesity and type II diabetes in patients and mouse mutants with compromised ciliary function. We discuss recent evidence linking ciliary dysfunction to metabolic defects and we explore the contribution of neuronal and nonneuronal cilia to these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C Oh
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Shivakumar Vasanth
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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31
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Chandra V, Albagli-Curiel O, Hastoy B, Piccand J, Randriamampita C, Vaillant E, Cavé H, Busiah K, Froguel P, Vaxillaire M, Rorsman P, Polak M, Scharfmann R. RFX6 Regulates Insulin Secretion by Modulating Ca2+ Homeostasis in Human β Cells. Cell Rep 2014; 9:2206-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Vieillard J, Jerber J, Durand B. Contrôle transcriptionnel des gènes ciliaires. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:968-75. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143011010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lodh S, O’Hare EA, Zaghloul NA. Primary cilia in pancreatic development and disease. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2014; 102:139-58. [PMID: 24864023 PMCID: PMC4213238 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia and their anchoring basal bodies are important regulators of a growing list of signaling pathways. Consequently, dysfunction in proteins associated with these structures results in perturbation of the development and function of a spectrum of tissue and cell types. Here, we review the role of cilia in mediating the development and function of the pancreas. We focus on ciliary regulation of major pathways involved in pancreatic development, including Shh, Wnt, TGF-β, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor. We also discuss pancreatic phenotypes associated with ciliary dysfunction, including pancreatic cysts and defects in glucose homeostasis, and explore the potential role of cilia in such defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Lodh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A. O’Hare
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Norann A. Zaghloul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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34
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diIorio P, Rittenhouse AR, Bortell R, Jurczyk A. Role of cilia in normal pancreas function and in diseased states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:126-38. [PMID: 24861006 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia play an essential role in modulating signaling cascades that shape cellular responses to environmental cues to maintain proper tissue development. Mutations in primary cilium proteins have been linked to several rare developmental disorders, collectively known as ciliopathies. Together with other disorders associated with dysfunctional cilia/centrosomes, affected individuals have increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, neurologic disorders, and diabetes. In pancreatic tissues, cilia are found exclusively in islet and ductal cells where they play an essential role in pancreatic tissue organization. Their absence or disorganization leads to pancreatic duct abnormalities, acinar cell loss, polarity defects, and dysregulated insulin secretion. Cilia in pancreatic tissues are hubs for cellular signaling. Many signaling components, such as Hh, Notch, and Wnt, localize to pancreatic primary cilia and are necessary for proper development of pancreatic epithelium and β-cell morphogenesis. Receptors for neuroendocrine hormones, such as Somatostatin Receptor 3, also localize to the cilium and may play a more direct role in controlling insulin secretion due to somatostatin's inhibitory function. Finally, unique calcium signaling, which is at the heart of β-cell function, also occurs in primary cilia. Whereas voltage-gated calcium channels trigger insulin secretion and serve a variety of homeostatic functions in β-cells, transient receptor potential channels regulate calcium levels within the cilium that may serve as a feedback mechanism, regulating insulin secretion. This review article summarizes our current understanding of the role of primary cilia in normal pancreas function and in the diseased state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip diIorio
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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35
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Choksi SP, Lauter G, Swoboda P, Roy S. Switching on cilia: transcriptional networks regulating ciliogenesis. Development 2014; 141:1427-41. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.074666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cilia play many essential roles in fluid transport and cellular locomotion, and as sensory hubs for a variety of signal transduction pathways. Despite having a conserved basic morphology, cilia vary extensively in their shapes and sizes, ultrastructural details, numbers per cell, motility patterns and sensory capabilities. Emerging evidence indicates that this diversity, which is intimately linked to the different functions that cilia perform, is in large part programmed at the transcriptional level. Here, we review our understanding of the transcriptional control of ciliary biogenesis, highlighting the activities of FOXJ1 and the RFX family of transcriptional regulators. In addition, we examine how a number of signaling pathways, and lineage and cell fate determinants can induce and modulate ciliogenic programs to bring about the differentiation of distinct cilia types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semil P. Choksi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
| | - Gilbert Lauter
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Swoboda
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
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Manojlovic Z, Earwood R, Kato A, Stefanovic B, Kato Y. RFX7 is required for the formation of cilia in the neural tube. Mech Dev 2014; 132:28-37. [PMID: 24530844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory Factor X (RFX) transcription factors are important for development and are likely involved in the pathogenesis of serious human diseases including ciliopathies. While seven RFX genes have been identified in vertebrates and several RFX transcription factors have been reported to be regulators of ciliogenesis, the role of RFX7 in development including ciliogenesis is not known. Here we show that RFX7 in Xenopus laevis is expressed in the neural tube, eye, otic vesicles, and somites. Knockdown of RFX7 in Xenopus embryos resulted in a defect of ciliogenesis in the neural tube and failure of neural tube closure. RFX7 controlled the formation of cilia by regulating the expression of RFX4 gene, which has been reported to be required for ciliogenesis in the neural tube. Moreover, ectopic expression of Foxj1, which is a master regulator of motile cilia formation, suppressed the expression of RFX4 but not RFX7. Taken together, RFX7 plays an important role in the process of neural tube closure at the top of the molecular cascade which controls ciliogenesis in the neural tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarko Manojlovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Ryan Earwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Akiko Kato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Branko Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Yoichi Kato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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Feng C, Zhang Y, Yin J, Li J, Abounader R, Zuo Z. Regulatory factor X1 is a new tumor suppressive transcription factor that acts via direct downregulation of CD44 in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1078-85. [PMID: 24526308 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological functions of regulatory factor (RF)X1, a transcription factor, are not known. Since the RFX1 gene is often epigenetically silenced and clusters of differentiation (CD)44 proteins that regulate cancer cell biology are increased in human glioblastomas, we designed this study to determine whether RFX1 could regulate CD44 expression in glioblastoma. METHODS Regulatory factor X1 was overexpressed in 4 human glioblastoma cell lines. CD44 expression and cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were assayed under in vitro conditions. In vivo growth of human glioblastoma xenografts was determined in mice. The expression of RFX1 and CD44 in human glioblastoma tissues was quantified. RESULTS A putative RFX1 binding sequence existed in the first exon of the human CD44 gene. The transcription activity of the DNA fragment containing this putative sequence was decreased in cells overexpressing RFX1. Regulatory factor X1 bound to the CD44 gene in glioblastoma cells. It reduced CD44 expression and activated Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, signaling molecules downstream of CD44 to regulate cell proliferation and survival. Overexpression of RFX1 inhibited the survival, proliferation, and transwell invasion of glioblastoma cells and in vivo growth of human glioblastoma xenografts. CD44 overexpression reversed RFX1 effects on cell proliferation. Finally, CD44 protein levels were inversely correlated with RFX1 protein levels in human glioblastoma tissues. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that RFX1 directly regulates CD44 expression. This mechanism may contribute to RFX1's effects on proliferation, survival, and invasion of glioblastoma cells. Our results provide initial evidence that RFX1 may be an important target/regulator of the malignancy of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhuo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
| | - Jinbo Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
| | - Roger Abounader
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
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Wang S, Dong Z. Primary cilia and kidney injury: current research status and future perspectives. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1085-98. [PMID: 23904226 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00399.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia, membrane-enclosed organelles protruding from the apical side of cells, can be divided into two classes: motile and primary cilia. During the past decades, motile cilia have been intensively studied. However, it was not until the 1990s that people began to realize the importance of primary cilia as cellular-specific sensors, particularly in kidney tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that primary cilia may be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and planar cell polarity. Many signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and mammalian target of rapamycin, have been located to the primary cilia. Thus primary cilia have been regarded as a hub that integrates signals from the extracellular environment. More importantly, dysfunction of this organelle may contribute to the pathogenesis of a large spectrum of human genetic diseases, named ciliopathies. The significance of primary cilia in acquired human diseases such as hypertension and diabetes has gradually drawn attention. Interestingly, recent reports disclosed that cilia length varies during kidney injury, and shortening of cilia enhances the sensitivity of epithelial cells to injury cues. This review briefly summarizes the current status of cilia research and explores the potential mechanisms of cilia-length changes during kidney injury as well as provides some thoughts to allure more insightful ideas and promotes the further study of primary cilia in the context of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Wang
- Dept. of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.
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Transcriptional activation of Odf2/Cenexin by cell cycle arrest and the stress activated signaling pathway (JNK pathway). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1338-46. [PMID: 23458833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome/basal body protein ODF2/Cenexin is necessary for the formation of the primary cilium. Primary cilia are essential organelles that sense and transduce environmental signals. Primary cilia are therefore critical for embryonic and postnatal development as well as for tissue homeostasis in adulthood. Impaired function of primary cilia causes severe human diseases. ODF2 deficiency prevents formation of the primary cilium and is embryonically lethal. To explore the regulation of primary cilia formation we analyzed the promoter region of Odf2 and its transcriptional activity. In cycling cells, Odf2 transcription is depressed but becomes up-regulated in quiescent cells. Low transcriptional activity is mediated by sequences located upstream from the basal promoter, and neither transcription factors with predicted binding sites in the Odf2 promoter nor Rfx3 or Foxj, which are known to control ciliary gene expression, could activate Odf2 transcription. However, co-expression of either C/EBPα, c-Jun or c-Jun and its regulator MEKK1 enhances Odf2 transcription in cycling cells. Our results provide the first analysis of transcriptional regulation of a ciliary gene. Furthermore, we suggest that transcription of even more ciliary genes is largely inhibited in cycling cells but could be activated by cell cycle arrest and by the stress signaling JNK pathway.
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Suzuki K, Harada N, Yamane S, Nakamura Y, Sasaki K, Nasteska D, Joo E, Shibue K, Harada T, Hamasaki A, Toyoda K, Nagashima K, Inagaki N. Transcriptional regulatory factor X6 (Rfx6) increases gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) expression in enteroendocrine K-cells and is involved in GIP hypersecretion in high fat diet-induced obesity. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:1929-38. [PMID: 23192339 PMCID: PMC3548501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.423137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin released from enteroendocrine K-cells in response to nutrient ingestion. GIP potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and induces energy accumulation into adipose tissue, resulting in obesity. Plasma GIP levels are reported to be increased in the obese state. However, the molecular mechanisms of GIP secretion and high fat diet (HFD)-induced GIP hypersecretion remain unclear, primarily due to difficulties in separating K-cells from other intestinal epithelial cells in vivo. In this study, GIP-GFP knock-in mice that enable us to visualize K-cells by enhanced GFP were established. Microarray analysis of isolated K-cells from these mice revealed that transcriptional regulatory factor X6 (Rfx6) is expressed exclusively in K-cells. In vitro experiments using the mouse intestinal cell line STC-1 showed that knockdown of Rfx6 decreased mRNA expression, cellular content, and secretion of GIP. Rfx6 bound to the region in the gip promoter that regulates gip promoter activity, and overexpression of Rfx6 increased GIP mRNA expression. HFD induced obesity and GIP hypersecretion in GIP-GFP heterozygous mice in vivo. Immunohistochemical and flow cytometry analysis showed no significant difference in K-cell number between control fat diet-fed (CFD) and HFD-fed mice. However, GIP content in the upper small intestine and GIP mRNA expression in K-cells were significantly increased in HFD-fed mice compared with those in CFD-fed mice. Furthermore, expression levels of Rfx6 mRNA were increased in K-cells of HFD-fed mice. These results suggest that Rfx6 increases GIP expression and content in K-cells and is involved in GIP hypersecretion in HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Suzuki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nakamura
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Erina Joo
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Shibue
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takanari Harada
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hamasaki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kentaro Toyoda
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nagashima
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Jerber J, Thomas J, Durand B. [Transcriptional control of ciliogenesis in animal development]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:205-18. [PMID: 23171843 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are eukaryotic organelles with a conserved structure and function from unicellular organisms to human. In animals, different types of cilia can be found and cilia assembly during development is a highly dynamic process. Ciliary defects in human lead to a wide spectrum of diseases called ciliopathies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern dynamic cilia assembly during development and in different tissues in metazoans is an important biological challenge. The FOXJ1 (Forkhead Box J1) and RFX (Regulatory Factor X) family of transcription factors have been shown to be important factors in ciliogenesis control. FOXJ1 proteins are required for motile ciliogenesis in vertebrates. By contrast, RFX proteins are essential to assemble both primary and motile cilia through the regulation of specific sets of genes such as those encoding intraflagellar transport components. Recently, new actors with more specific roles in cilia biogenesis and physiology have also been discovered. All these factors are subject to complex regulation, allowing for the dynamic and specific regulation of ciliogenesis in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jerber
- Centre de Genetique et de Physiologie Moleculare et Cellulaire, Universite Lyon, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
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Vij S, Rink JC, Ho HK, Babu D, Eitel M, Narasimhan V, Tiku V, Westbrook J, Schierwater B, Roy S. Evolutionarily ancient association of the FoxJ1 transcription factor with the motile ciliogenic program. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003019. [PMID: 23144623 PMCID: PMC3493443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) was a unicellular organism with motile cilia. In the vertebrates, the winged-helix transcription factor FoxJ1 functions as the master regulator of motile cilia biogenesis. Despite the antiquity of cilia, their highly conserved structure, and their mechanism of motility, the evolution of the transcriptional program controlling ciliogenesis has remained incompletely understood. In particular, it is presently not known how the generation of motile cilia is programmed outside of the vertebrates, and whether and to what extent the FoxJ1-dependent regulation is conserved. We have performed a survey of numerous eukaryotic genomes and discovered that genes homologous to foxJ1 are restricted only to organisms belonging to the unikont lineage. Using a mis-expression assay, we then obtained evidence of a conserved ability of FoxJ1 proteins from a number of diverse phyletic groups to activate the expression of a host of motile ciliary genes in zebrafish embryos. Conversely, we found that inactivation of a foxJ1 gene in Schmidtea mediterranea, a platyhelminth (flatworm) that utilizes motile cilia for locomotion, led to a profound disruption in the differentiation of motile cilia. Together, all of these findings provide the first evolutionary perspective into the transcriptional control of motile ciliogenesis and allow us to propose a conserved FoxJ1-regulated mechanism for motile cilia biogenesis back to the origin of the metazoans. Cilia are microtubule-based, hair-like organelles that project from the surfaces of eukaryotic cells. Protists use motile cilia for locomotion as well as for sensory perception. In metazoans, motile cilia also function in fluid transport over epithelia, such as in the mammalian lungs. Most vertebrate and some invertebrate cell-types differentiate non-motile primary cilia, which function exclusively in sensory transduction. It is believed that primary cilia arose from motile cilia through the loss of the motility apparatus. Cilia are complex organelles: a large number of proteins are involved in their assembly and maintenance. FoxJ1, a forkhead-domain transcription factor, is the master regulator of motile ciliogenesis in vertebrates. It is not known to what extent this transcriptional control is conserved and how it may have evolved. Here, we document the existence of FoxJ1 orthologs in several eukaryotic groups besides the vertebrates. FoxJ1 proteins from three representative phyla—Placozoa, Platyhelminthes, and Echinodermata—were able to activate the expression of ciliary genes when mis-expressed in zebrafish embryos. Moreover, inactivation of FoxJ1 in planaria (Platyhelminthes) abolished motile cilia differentiation. These results provide new insights into the transcriptional regulation of motile cilia biogenesis outside the vertebrates and demonstrate a remarkable conservation of the activity of FoxJ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Vij
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jochen C. Rink
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hao Kee Ho
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepak Babu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Eitel
- ITZ Division of Ecology and Evolution, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Varnesh Tiku
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jody Westbrook
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- ITZ Division of Ecology and Evolution, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Hsu YC, Kao CY, Chung YF, Chen MS, Chiu IM. Ciliogenic RFX transcription factors regulate FGF1 gene promoter. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2511-22. [PMID: 22415835 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell division, and neurogenesis. Human FGF1 gene 1B promoter (-540 to +31)-driven green fluorescence (F1BGFP) was shown to recapitulate endogenous FGF1 gene expression. It can also be used to isolate neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) and glioblastoma stem cells (GBM-SCs) from developing mouse brains and human glioblastoma tissues, respectively. However, the regulatory mechanisms of FGF-1B promoter and F1BGFP(+) cells are not clear. In this study, we present several lines of evidence to show the roles of ciliogenic RFX transcription factors in the regulation of FGF-1B gene promoter and F1BGFP(+) cells: (i) RFX1, RFX2, and RFX3 transcription factors could directly bind the 18-bp cis-element (-484 to -467), and contribute to the regulation of FGF1 promoter and neurosphere formation. (ii) We demonstrated RFX2/RFX3 complex could only be detected in the nuclear extract of FGF-1B positive cells, but not in FGF-1B negative cells. (iii) Protein kinase C inhibitors, staurosporine and rottlerin, could decrease the percentage of F1BGFP(+) cells and their neurosphere formation efficiency through reducing the RFX2/3 complex. (iv) RNA interference knockdown of RFX2 could significantly reduce the percentage of F1BGFP(+) cells and their neurosphere formation efficiency whereas overexpression of RFX2 resulted in the opposite effects. Taken together, this study suggests ciliogenic RFX transcription factors regulate FGF-1B promoter activity and the maintenance of F1BGFP(+) NSPCs and GBM-SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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Abstract
The pancreas is characterized by a major component, an exocrine and ductal system involved in digestion, and a minor component, the endocrine islets represented by islet micro-organs that tightly regulate glucose homoeostasis. Pancreatic organogenesis is strictly co-ordinated by transcription factors that are expressed sequentially to yield functional islets capable of maintaining glucose homoeostasis. Angiogenesis and innervation complete islet development, equipping islets to respond to metabolic demands. Proper regulation of this triad of processes during development is critical for establishing functional islets.
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Chung MI, Peyrot SM, LeBoeuf S, Park TJ, McGary KL, Marcotte EM, Wallingford JB. RFX2 is broadly required for ciliogenesis during vertebrate development. Dev Biol 2011; 363:155-65. [PMID: 22227339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, the RFX (Daf19) transcription factor is a major regulator of ciliogenesis, controlling the expression of the many essential genes required for making cilia. In vertebrates, however, seven RFX genes have been identified. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that Rfx2 is among the closest homologues of Daf19. We therefore hypothesize that Rfx2 broadly controls ciliogenesis during vertebrate development. Indeed, here we show that Rfx2 in Xenopus is expressed preferentially in ciliated tissues, including neural tube, gastrocoel roof plate, epidermal multi-ciliated cells, otic vesicles, and kidneys. Knockdown of Rfx2 results in cilia-defective embryonic phenotypes and fewer or truncated cilia are observed in Rfx2 morphants. These results indicate that Rfx2 is broadly required for ciliogenesis in vertebrates. Furthermore, we show that Rfx2 is essential for expression of several ciliogenic genes, including TTC25, which we show here is required for ciliogenesis, HH signaling, and left-right patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Chung
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Chu JSC, Tarailo-Graovac M, Zhang D, Wang J, Uyar B, Tu D, Trinh J, Baillie DL, Chen N. Fine tuning of RFX/DAF-19-regulated target gene expression through binding to multiple sites in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:53-64. [PMID: 21908398 PMCID: PMC3245922 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, mutations of a growing list of regulatory factor X (RFX) target genes have been associated with devastating genetics disease conditions including ciliopathies. However, mechanisms underlying RFX transcription factors (TFs)-mediated gene expression regulation, especially differential gene expression regulation, are largely unknown. In this study, we explore the functional significance of the co-existence of multiple X-box motifs in regulating differential gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. We hypothesize that the effect of multiple X-box motifs is not a simple summation of binding effect to individual X-box motifs located within a same gene. To test this hypothesis, we identified eight C. elegans genes that contain two or more X-box motifs using comparative genomics. We examined one of these genes, F25B4.2, which contains two 15-bp X-box motifs. F25B4.2 expression in ciliated neurons is driven by the proximal motif and its expression is repressed by the distal motif. Our data suggest that two X-box motifs cooperate together to regulate the expression of F25B4.2 in location and intensity. We propose that multiple X-box motifs might be required to tune specific expression level. Our identification of genes with multiple X-box motifs will also improve our understanding of RFX/DAF-19-mediated regulation in C. elegans and in other organisms including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S C Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Abstract
The role of centrioles changes as a function of the cell cycle. Centrioles promote formation of spindle poles in mitosis and act as basal bodies to assemble primary cilia in interphase. Stringent regulations govern conversion between these two states. Although the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, recent findings have begun to shed light on pathways that regulate the conversion of centrioles to basal bodies and vice versa. Emerging studies also provide insights into how defects in the balance between centrosome and cilia function could promote ciliopathies and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Pearl EJ, Jarikji Z, Horb ME. Functional analysis of Rfx6 and mutant variants associated with neonatal diabetes. Dev Biol 2011; 351:135-45. [PMID: 21215266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in rfx6 were recently associated with Mitchell-Riley syndrome, which involves neonatal diabetes, and other digestive system defects. To better define the function of Rfx6 in early endoderm development we cloned the Xenopus homologue. Expression of rfx6 begins early, showing broad expression throughout the anterior endoderm; at later stages rfx6 expression becomes restricted to the endocrine cells of the gut and pancreas. Morpholino knockdown of rfx6 caused a loss of pancreas marker expression, as well as other abnormalities. Co-injection of exogenous wild-type rfx6 rescued the morpholino phenotype in Xenopus tadpoles, whereas attempts to rescue the loss-of-function phenotype using mutant rfx6 based on Mitchell-Riley patients were unsuccessful. To better define the pleiotropic effects, we performed microarray analyses of gene expression in knockdown foregut tissue. In addition to pancreatic defects, the microarray analyses revealed downregulation of lung, stomach and heart markers and an upregulation of kidney markers. We verified these results using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Based on the different rfx6 expression patterns and our functional analyses, we propose that rfx6 has both early and late functions. In early development Rfx6 plays a broad role, being essential for development of most anterior endodermal organs. At later stages however, Rfx6 function is restricted to endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J Pearl
- Laboratory of Molecular Organogenesis, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montreal, QC H2V4K1, Canada.
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Transcriptional control of genes involved in ciliogenesis: a first step in making cilia. Biol Cell 2010; 102:499-513. [PMID: 20690903 DOI: 10.1042/bc20100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella have essential functions in a wide range of organisms. Cilia assembly is dynamic during development and different types of cilia are found in multicellular organisms. How this dynamic and specific assembly is regulated remains an important question in cilia biology. In metazoans, the regulation of the overall expression level of key components necessary for cilia assembly or function is an important way to achieve ciliogenesis control. The FOXJ1 (forkhead box J1) and RFX (regulatory factor X) family of transcription factors have been shown to be important players in controlling ciliary gene expression. They fulfill a complementary and synergistic function by regulating specific and common target genes. FOXJ1 is essential to allow for the assembly of motile cilia in vertebrates through the regulation of genes specific to motile cilia or necessary for basal body apical transport, whereas RFX proteins are necessary to assemble both primary and motile cilia in metazoans, in particular, by regulating genes involved in intraflagellar transport. Recently, different transcription factors playing specific roles in cilia biogenesis and physiology have also been discovered. All these factors are subject to complex regulation to allow for the dynamic and specific regulation of ciliogenesis in metazoans.
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Heinis M, Simon M, Duvillié B. New insights into endocrine pancreatic development: the role of environmental factors. Horm Res Paediatr 2010; 74:77-82. [PMID: 20551619 PMCID: PMC3202916 DOI: 10.1159/000314894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas is a mixed gland that contains endocrine and exocrine components. Within the pancreatic islets, beta cells produce insulin and control the glycemia. Their deficiency leads to diabetes and several potential complications. In the last decade, numerous studies have focused on pancreas development. The objective was to characterize the cellular and molecular factors that control the differentiation of endocrine and exocrine cell types. Investigation of the role of transcription factors by using genetic approaches led to the discovery of key molecules that are expressed both in rodents and humans. Some of them are ubiquitous, and some others are specifically involved in endocrine or exocrine specification. In addition to these intrinsic factors, recent studies have focused on the role of environmental factors. In the present review, we describe the roles of nutrients and oxygen in the embryonic pancreas. Interestingly, these extrinsic parameters can interfere with beta-cell differentiation and function. Altogether, these data should help to generate beta cells in vitro and define strategies for a cell-based therapy of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Heinis
- INSERM U845, Research Center Growth and Signalling, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - M.T. Simon
- INSERM U845, Research Center Growth and Signalling, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - B. Duvillié
- *Dr. Bertrand Duvillié, U845 INSERM, Faculty Necker, 156, rue de Vaugirard, FR–75015 Paris (France), Tel. +33 1 40 61 55 71, Fax +33 1 43 06 04 43, E-Mail
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