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Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Starr CR, Lee EJ, Park KS, Zhylkibayev A, Medina A, Lin JH, Gorbatyuk M. The endoplasmic reticulum: Homeostasis and crosstalk in retinal health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 98:101231. [PMID: 38092262 PMCID: PMC11056313 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular organelle carrying out a broad range of important cellular functions including protein biosynthesis, folding, and trafficking, lipid and sterol biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcium storage and gated release. In addition, the ER makes close contact with multiple intracellular organelles such as mitochondria and the plasma membrane to actively regulate the biogenesis, remodeling, and function of these organelles. Therefore, maintaining a homeostatic and functional ER is critical for the survival and function of cells. This vital process is implemented through well-orchestrated signaling pathways of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is activated when misfolded or unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, a condition known as ER stress, and functions to restore ER homeostasis thus promoting cell survival. However, prolonged activation or dysregulation of the UPR can lead to cell death and other detrimental events such as inflammation and oxidative stress; these processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including retinal disorders. In this review manuscript, we discuss the unique features of the ER and ER stress signaling in the retina and retinal neurons and describe recent advances in the research to uncover the role of ER stress signaling in neurodegenerative retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration, inherited retinal degeneration, achromatopsia and cone diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. In some chapters, we highlight the complex interactions between the ER and other intracellular organelles focusing on mitochondria and illustrate how ER stress signaling regulates common cellular stress pathways such as autophagy. We also touch upon the integrated stress response in retinal degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Finally, we provide an update on the current development of pharmacological agents targeting the UPR response and discuss some unresolved questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Josh J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Christopher R Starr
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Karen Sophia Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Assylbek Zhylkibayev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andy Medina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Marina Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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The Role of ER Stress in Diabetes: Exploring Pathological Mechanisms Using Wolfram Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010230. [PMID: 36613674 PMCID: PMC9820298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cytosolic organelle that plays an essential role in the folding and processing of new secretory proteins, including insulin. The pathogenesis of diabetes, a group of metabolic disorders caused by dysfunctional insulin secretion (Type 1 diabetes, T1DM) or insulin sensitivity (Type 2 diabetes, T2DM), is known to involve the excess accumulation of "poorly folded proteins", namely, the induction of pathogenic ER stress in pancreatic β-cells. ER stress is known to contribute to the dysfunction of the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. T1DM and T2DM are multifactorial diseases, especially T2DM; both environmental and genetic factors are involved in their pathogenesis, making it difficult to create experimental disease models. In recent years, however, the development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and other regenerative technologies has greatly expanded research capabilities, leading to the development of new candidate therapies. In this review, we will discuss the mechanism by which dysregulated ER stress responses contribute to T2DM pathogenesis. Moreover, we describe new treatment methods targeting protein folding and ER stress pathways with a particular focus on pivotal studies of Wolfram syndrome, a monogenic form of syndromic diabetes caused by pathogenic variants in the WFS1 gene, which also leads to ER dysfunction.
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Shrestha N, De Franco E, Arvan P, Cnop M. Pathological β-Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Evidence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:650158. [PMID: 33967960 PMCID: PMC8101261 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.650158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion that in diabetes pancreatic β-cells express endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers indicative of increased unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling is no longer in doubt. However, what remains controversial is whether this increase in ER stress response actually contributes importantly to the β-cell failure of type 2 diabetes (akin to 'terminal UPR'), or whether it represents a coping mechanism that represents the best attempt of β-cells to adapt to changes in metabolic demands as presented by disease progression. Here an intercontinental group of experts review evidence for the role of ER stress in monogenic and type 2 diabetes in an attempt to reconcile these disparate views. Current evidence implies that pancreatic β-cells require a regulated UPR for their development, function and survival, as well as to maintain cellular homeostasis in response to protein misfolding stress. Prolonged ER stress signaling, however, can be detrimental to β-cells, highlighting the importance of "optimal" UPR for ER homeostasis, β-cell function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Shrestha
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Arvan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter Arvan, ; Miriam Cnop,
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Peter Arvan, ; Miriam Cnop,
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Glembotski CC, Rosarda JD, Wiseman RL. Proteostasis and Beyond: ATF6 in Ischemic Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:538-550. [PMID: 31078432 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a pathological hallmark of numerous ischemic diseases, including stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). In these diseases, ER stress leads to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and subsequent adaptation of cellular physiology in ways that dictate cellular fate following ischemia. Recent evidence highlights a protective role for the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arm of the UPR in mitigating adverse outcomes associated with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in multiple disease models. This suggests ATF6 as a potential therapeutic target for intervening in diverse ischemia-related disorders. Here, we discuss the evidence demonstrating the importance of ATF6 signaling in protecting different tissues against ischemic damage and discuss preclinical results focused on defining the potential for pharmacologically targeting ATF6 to intervene in such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Glembotski
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jessica D Rosarda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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ATF6 polymorphisms and protective effect in diabetic retinopathy. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Cnop M, Toivonen S, Igoillo-Esteve M, Salpea P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and eIF2α phosphorylation: The Achilles heel of pancreatic β cells. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1024-1039. [PMID: 28951826 PMCID: PMC5605732 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic β cell dysfunction and death are central in the pathogenesis of most if not all forms of diabetes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying β cell failure is important to develop β cell protective approaches. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we review the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysregulated endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in β cell failure in monogenic and polygenic forms of diabetes. There is substantial evidence for the presence of endoplasmic reticulum stress in β cells in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Direct evidence for the importance of this stress response is provided by an increasing number of monogenic forms of diabetes. In particular, mutations in the PERK branch of the unfolded protein response provide insight into its importance for human β cell function and survival. The knowledge gained from different rodent models is reviewed. More disease- and patient-relevant models, using human induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into β cells, will further advance our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms. Finally, we review the therapeutic modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and signaling in β cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic β cells are sensitive to excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysregulated eIF2α phosphorylation, as indicated by transcriptome data, monogenic forms of diabetes and pharmacological studies. This should be taken into consideration when devising new therapeutic approaches for diabetes.
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Key Words
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- CReP, constitutive repressor of eIF2α phosphorylation
- Diabetes
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERAD, ER-associated degradation
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress
- GCN2, general control non-derepressible-2
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- HNF1A, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-α
- HRI, heme-regulated inhibitor kinase
- IAPP, islet amyloid polypeptide
- IER3IP1, immediate early response-3 interacting protein-1
- IRE1, inositol-requiring protein-1
- ISR, integrated stress response
- Insulin
- Islet
- MEHMO, mental retardation, epilepsy, hypogonadism and -genitalism, microcephaly and obesity
- MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young
- NRF2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2
- PBA, 4-phenyl butyric acid
- PERK, PKR-like ER kinase
- PKR, protein kinase RNA
- PP1, protein phosphatase 1
- PPA, phenylpropenoic acid glucoside
- Pancreatic β cell
- Pdx1, pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1
- RIDD, regulated IRE1-dependent decay
- RyR2, type 2 ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel
- SERCA, sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase
- TUDCA, taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid derivative
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- WFS, Wolfram syndrome
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- eIF2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2
- eIF2α
- hESC, human embryonic stem cell
- hPSC, human pluripotent stem cell
- hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell
- uORF, upstream open reading frame
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sanna Toivonen
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mariana Igoillo-Esteve
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paraskevi Salpea
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Liu CL, Li X, Gan L, He YY, Wang LL, He KL. High-content screening identifies inhibitors of the nuclear translocation of ATF6. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:407-14. [PMID: 26707144 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) is a transmembrane protein that consists of a cytoplasmic domain and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal domain. As unfolded protein levels arise in the ER, the ER cytoplasmic domain of ATF6 moves to the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of a range of genes, including those involved in apoptosis. As ATF6 only becomes functional once it has moved to the nucleus, compounds that inhibit its re-localization are of therapeutic interest. The aim of the present study was to rapidly and accurately identify such compounds using a novel image‑based, high‑content screening (HCS) technique. The results from the HCS analysis were then confirmed by luciferase reporter assays, western blot analysis and the measurement of cell viability. We found that HCS identified compounds which inhibited ATF6 nuclear translocation with high specificity, as confirmed by the luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis. Moreover, we demonstrated that 3 of the 80 identified compounds impaired ATF6-mediated induced cell death. The data from this study support the theory that HCS is a novel, high throughput method which can be used for accurate and rapid compound screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lei Liu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Yun He
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Pharmacy Institute of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Kun-Lun He
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Kaul N, Ali S. Genes, Genetics, and Environment in Type 2 Diabetes: Implication in Personalized Medicine. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 35:1-12. [PMID: 26495765 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial anomaly involving 57 genes located on 16 different chromosomes and 136 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ten genes are located on chromosome 1, followed by seven genes on chromosome 11 and six genes on chromosomes 3. Remaining chromosomes harbor two to five genes. Significantly, chromosomes 13, 14, 16, 18, 21, 22, X, and Y do not have any associated diabetogenic gene. Genetic components have their own pathways encompassing insulin secretion, resistance, signaling, and β-cell dysfunction. Environmental factors include epigenetic changes, nutrition, intrauterine surroundings, and obesity. In addition, ethnicity plays a role in conferring susceptibility to T2D. This scenario poses a challenge toward the development of biomarker for quick disease diagnosis or for generating a consensus to delineate different categories of T2D patients. We believe, before prescribing a generic drug, detailed genotypic information with the background of ethnicity and environmental factors may be taken into consideration. This nonconventional approach is envisaged to be more robust in the context of personalized medicine and perhaps would cause lot less burden on the patient ensuring better management of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabodita Kaul
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , New Delhi, India
| | - Sher Ali
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , New Delhi, India
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Mahdi AA, Rizvi SHM, Parveen A. Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Responses in Health and Diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015; 31:127-37. [PMID: 27069320 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-015-0502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of protein synthesis, protein folding, maintainance of calcium homeostasis, synthesis of lipids and sterols. Genetic or environmental insults can alter its function generating ER stress. ER senses stress mainly by three stress sensor pathways, namely protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2α, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α-X-box-binding protein 1 and activating transcription factor 6-CREBH, which induce unfolded protein responses (UPR) after the recognition of stress. Recent studies have demonstrated that ER stress and UPR signaling are involved in cancer, metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the precise knowledge regarding involvement of ER stress in different disease processes is still debatable. Here we discuss the possible role of ER stress in various disorders on the basis of existing literature. An attempt has also been made to highlight the present knowledge of this field which may help to elucidate and conjure basic mechanisms and novel insights into disease processes which could assist in devising better future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - Arshiya Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 Uttar Pradesh India
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Chambers JE, Marciniak SJ. Cellular mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in health and disease. 2. Protein misfolding and ER stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C657-70. [PMID: 24944205 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00183.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major site of protein synthesis, most strikingly in the specialized secretory cells of metazoans, which can produce their own weight in proteins daily. Cells possess a diverse machinery to ensure correct folding, assembly, and secretion of proteins from the ER. When this machinery is overwhelmed, the cell is said to experience ER stress, a result of the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the organelle. Here we discuss the causes of ER stress and the mechanisms by which cells elicit a response, with an emphasis on recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Chambers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan J Marciniak
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Gu N, Ma X, Zhang J, Dong A, Jin M, Feng N, Zhang H, Guo X. Obesity has an interactive effect with genetic variation in the activating transcription factor 6 gene on the risk of pre-diabetes in individuals of Chinese Han descent. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109805. [PMID: 25302688 PMCID: PMC4193822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the contributing factors to the development of β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes. ER stress response through ATF6 has been shown to play an important role in insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell function. We investigated whether genetic polymorphisms in ATF6 were associated with the risk of pre-diabetes in a Chinese Han population, and whether they had a synergistic effect with obesity. Our samples included 828 individuals who were diagnosed as pre-diabetic, and 620 controls. The minor allele A at rs2340721 was associated with increased risk for pre-diabetes(p = 0.013), and this association was still significant after adjusting for gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and waist-hip ratio(p' = 0.011). BMI, treated as a continuous variable, and rs2340721 had an interactive effect on pre-diabetic risk(p for interaction = 0.003, β = 0.106). Carriers of GG at rs7522210 were also at a higher risk compared to non-carriers (OR = 1.390, 95%CI:1.206-1.818, p = 0.013, adjusted OR' = 1.516, 95%CI:1.101-2.006, p' = 0.006). GG homozygotes had increased fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels(GG vs CX: 5.6 ± 0.52 vs 5.5 ± 0.57 mmol/L, p = 0.016), lower insulin levels (0,30,120 minutes after glucose load) (p < 0.05), and reduced areas under the insulin curve than non-carriers(GG vs CX:67.3(44.2-102.3) vs 73.1(49.4-111.4), p = 0.014). rs10918270 was associated with FBG, and rs4657103 with 2 hour glucose levels after a 75 g glucose load. We also identified a haplotype of TTAG composed of rs4657103, rs2134697, rs2340721, and rs12079579, which was associated with pre-diabetes. The genetic variation in ATF6 is associated with pre-diabetes and has interactive effects with BMI on pre-diabetes in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gu
- Endocrinology Department, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Endocrinology Department, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Endocrinology Department, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aimei Dong
- Endocrinology Department, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Jin
- Endocrinology Department, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Feng
- Endocrinology Department, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Endocrinology Department, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Endocrinology Department, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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12
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Zhuang A, Forbes JM. Stress in the kidney is the road to pERdition: is endoplasmic reticulum stress a pathogenic mediator of diabetic nephropathy? J Endocrinol 2014; 222:R97-111. [PMID: 24982467 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that primarily functions to synthesise new proteins and degrade old proteins. Owing to the continual and variable nature of protein turnover, protein synthesis is inherently an error-prone process and is therefore tightly regulated. Fortunately, if this balance between synthesis and degradation is perturbed, an intrinsic response, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to restore ER homoeostasis through the action of inositol-requiring protein 1, activating transcription factor 6 and PKR-like ER kinase transmembrane sensors. However, if the UPR is oversaturated and misfolded proteins accumulate, the ER can shift into a cytotoxic response, a physiological phenomenon known as ER stress. The mechanistic pathways of the UPR have been extensively explored; however, the role of this process in such a synthetic organ as the kidney requires further clarification. This review will focus on these aspects and will discuss the role of ER stress in specific resident kidney cells and how this may be integral in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Given that diabetes is a perturbed state of protein turnover in most tissues, it is important to understand if ER stress is a secondary or tertiary response to other changes within the diabetic milieu or if it is an independent accelerator of kidney disease. Modulators of ER stress could provide a valuable tool for the treatment of DN and are under active investigation in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aowen Zhuang
- Glycation and Diabetes GroupMater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, South Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaMater Clinical SchoolThe University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Josephine M Forbes
- Glycation and Diabetes GroupMater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, South Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaMater Clinical SchoolThe University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaGlycation and Diabetes GroupMater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, South Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaMater Clinical SchoolThe University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Montane J, Cadavez L, Novials A. Stress and the inflammatory process: a major cause of pancreatic cell death in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014; 7:25-34. [PMID: 24520198 PMCID: PMC3917922 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s37649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia in the context of insulin resistance, which precedes insulin deficiency as a result of β-cell failure. Accumulating evidence indicates that β-cell loss in T2D results as a response to the combination of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Failure of the ER's adaptive capacity and further activation of the unfolded protein response may trigger macroautophagy (hereafter referred as autophagy) as a process of self-protection and inflammation. Many studies have shown that inflammation plays a very important role in the pathogenesis of T2D. Inflammatory mechanisms and cytokine production activated by stress via the inflammasome may further alter the normal structure of β-cells by inducing pancreatic islet cell apoptosis. Thus, the combination of oxidative and ER stress, together with autophagy insufficiency and inflammation, may contribute to β-cell death or dysfunction in T2D. Therapeutic approaches aimed at ameliorating stress and inflammation may therefore prove to be promising targets for the development of new diabetes treatment methods. Here, we discuss different mechanisms involved in stress and inflammation, and the role of antioxidants, endogenous and chemical chaperones, and autophagic pathways, which may shift the tendency from ER stress and apoptosis toward cell survival. Strategies targeting cell survival can be essential for relieving ER stress and reestablishing homeostasis, which may diminish inflammation and prevent pancreatic β-cell death associated with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Montane
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa Cadavez
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Novials
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: Anna Novials, Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, c/Rosello, 149-153 08036, Barcelona, Spain, Tel +34 93 227 5400, Fax +34 93 312 9403, Email
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Wu X, Xin Z, Zhang W, Zheng S, Wu J, Chen K, Wang H, Zhu X, Li Z, Duan Z, Li H, Liu Y. A missense polymorphism inATF6gene is associated with susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma probably by altering ATF6 level. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:61-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Wu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhui Xin
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Wu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Kangmei Chen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Huifen Wang
- Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center, the 302 Hospital of the PLA; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xilin Zhu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Infectious Disease; Affiliated You'an Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Epidemiology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
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Tang L, Wang L, Liao Q, Wang Q, Xu L, Bu S, Huang Y, Zhang C, Ye H, Xu X, Liu Q, Ye M, Mai Y, Duan S. Genetic associations with diabetes: meta-analyses of 10 candidate polymorphisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70301. [PMID: 23922971 PMCID: PMC3726433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The goal of our study is to investigate the combined contribution of 10 genetic variants to diabetes susceptibility. Methods Bibliographic databases were searched from 1970 to Dec 2012 for studies that reported on genetic association study of diabetes. After a comprehensive filtering procedure, 10 candidate gene variants with informative genotype information were collected for the current meta-anlayses. Using the REVMAN software, odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the combined contribution of the selected genetic variants to diabetes. Results A total of 37 articles among 37,033 cases and 54,716 controls were involved in the present meta-analyses of 10 genetic variants. Three variants were found to be significantly associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D): NLRP1 rs12150220 (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.55–0.92, P = 0.01), IL2RA rs11594656 (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.82–0.91, P<0.00001), and CLEC16A rs725613 (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.55–0.92, P = 0.01). APOA5 −1131T/C polymorphism was shown to be significantly associated with of type 2 diabetes (T2D, OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.03–1.57, P = 0.03). No association with diabetes was showed in the meta-analyses of other six genetic variants, including SLC2A10 rs2335491, ATF6 rs2070150, KLF11 rs35927125, CASQ1 rs2275703, GNB3 C825T, and IL12B 1188A/C. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that IL2RA rs11594656 and CLEC16A rs725613 are protective factors of T1D, while NLRP1 rs12150220 and APOA5 −1131T/C are risky factors of T1D and T2D, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Bank of Blood Products, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Liao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiting Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shizhong Bu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huadan Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuting Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (SD); (YM); (MY)
| | - Yifeng Mai
- The Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (SD); (YM); (MY)
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (SD); (YM); (MY)
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Kadowaki H, Nishitoh H. Signaling pathways from the endoplasmic reticulum and their roles in disease. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:306-33. [PMID: 24705207 PMCID: PMC3924831 DOI: 10.3390/genes4030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle in which newly synthesized secretory and transmembrane proteins are assembled and folded into their correct tertiary structures. However, many of these ER proteins are misfolded as a result of various stimuli and gene mutations. The accumulation of misfolded proteins disrupts the function of the ER and induces ER stress. Eukaryotic cells possess a highly conserved signaling pathway, termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), to adapt and respond to ER stress conditions, thereby promoting cell survival. However, in the case of prolonged ER stress or UPR malfunction, apoptosis signaling is activated. Dysfunction of the UPR causes numerous conformational diseases, including neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Thus, ER stress-induced signaling pathways may serve as potent therapeutic targets of ER stress-related diseases. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of the UPR and ER stress-induced apoptosis, as well as the possible roles of ER stress in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Kadowaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Hideki Nishitoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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The role of the unfolded protein response in diabetes mellitus. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:333-50. [PMID: 23529219 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the synthesis and modification of secretory and membrane proteins in all eukaryotic cells. Under normal conditions, these proteins are correctly folded and assembled in the ER. However, when cells are exposed to environmental factors such as overproduction of ER proteins, viral infections, or glucose deprivation, the secretory and membrane proteins can accumulate in unfolded or misfolded forms in the lumen of the ER, and consequently, cause stress in the ER. To maintain cellular homeostasis, cells induce several responses to ER stress. In mammalian cells, ER stress responses are induced by a diversity of signal pathways. There are three ER-located transmembrane proteins that play important roles in mammalian ER stress responses: activating transcription factor 6, inositol-requiring protein 1, and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase. ER stress is linked to various diseases, including diabetes. This review highlights the particular importance of ER stress-responsive molecules in insulin biosynthesis, glyconeogenesis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and pancreatic β-cell apoptosis. An understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of diabetes from the aspect of ER stress is crucial in formulating therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
A central function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is to coordinate protein biosynthetic and secretory activities in the cell. Alterations in ER homeostasis cause accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER. To maintain ER homeostasis, eukaryotic cells have evolved the unfolded protein response (UPR), an essential adaptive intracellular signaling pathway that responds to metabolic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response pathways. The UPR has been implicated in a variety of diseases including metabolic disease, neurodegenerative disease, inflammatory disease, and cancer. Signaling components of the UPR are emerging as potential targets for intervention and treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Wang
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Usui M, Yamaguchi S, Tanji Y, Tominaga R, Ishigaki Y, Fukumoto M, Katagiri H, Mori K, Oka Y, Ishihara H. Atf6α-null mice are glucose intolerant due to pancreatic β-cell failure on a high-fat diet but partially resistant to diet-induced insulin resistance. Metabolism 2012; 61:1118-28. [PMID: 22386934 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) is essential for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Since recent studies suggested that ER stress is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, we have analyzed Atf6α-null (Atf6α(-/-)) mice challenged with metabolic overload or genetic manipulations. Atf6α(-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet to create diet-induced obese (DO) mice, and were subjected to examination of glucose homeostasis with biochemical and morphological analysis of the pancreatic β-cell and liver tissues. Atf6α-null mice were also crossed with genetic models of diabetes caused either by insulin resistance (Agouti obese mice) or by impaired insulin secretion (Ins2(WT/C96Y) mice). Atf6α(-/-) DO mice were less glucose tolerant with blunted insulin secretion compared to littermates on a high-fat diet. Pancreatic insulin content was lower in Atf6α(-/-) DO mice with the swollen β-cell ER, a typical feature of cells with ER stress. In the liver of Atf6α(-/-) DO mice, XBP-1 splicing was increased, suggesting that higher ER stress was present. ATF6-deficient mice showed increased mRNA expressions of glucose-6-phosphatase and SREBP1c associated with a tendency for a higher degree of steatosis in the liver. However, Atf6α(-/-) DO mice exhibited higher insulin sensitivity with lower serum triglyceride levels. Similar phenotypes were observed in ATF6α-deficient Agouti mice. In addition, ATF6α-deficiency accelerated reduction in pancreatic insulin content in Ins2(WT/C96Y) mice. These data suggested that ATF6α contributes to both prevention and promotion of diabetes; it protects β-cells from ER stress and suppresses hepatosteatosis, but plays a role in the development of hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Usui
- Division of Molecular Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Tabassum R, Mahajan A, Dwivedi OP, Chauhan G, Spurgeon CJ, Kumar MVK, Ghosh S, Madhu SV, Mathur SK, Chandak GR, Tandon N, Bharadwaj D. Common variants of SLAMF1 and ITLN1 on 1q21 are associated with type 2 diabetes in Indian population. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:184-90. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Fougeray S, Loriot MA, Nicaud V, Legendre C, Thervet E, Pallet N. Increased Body Mass Index After Kidney Transplantation in Activating Transcription Factor 6 Single Polymorphism Gene Carriers. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:3418-22. [PMID: 22099811 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Hu C, Zhang R, Wang C, Ma X, Wang J, Bao Y, Xiang K, Jia W. Lack of association between genetic polymorphisms within DUSP12 - ATF6 locus and glucose metabolism related traits in a Chinese population. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:3. [PMID: 21211013 PMCID: PMC3022799 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Genome-wide linkage studies in multiple ethnic populations found chromosome 1q21-q25 was the strongest and most replicable linkage signal in the human chromosome. Studies in Pima Indian, Caucasians and African Americans identified several SNPs in DUSP12 and ATF6, located in chromosome 1q21-q23, were associated with type 2 diabetes. Methods We selected 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could tag 98% of the SNPs with minor allele frequencies over 0.1 within DUSP12-ATF6 region. These SNPs were genotyped in a total of 3,700 Chinese Han subjects comprising 1,892 type 2 diabetes patients and 1,808 controls with normal glucose regulation. Results None of the SNPs and haplotypes showed significant association to type 2 diabetes in our samples. No association between the SNPs and quantitative traits was observed either. Conclusions Our data suggests common SNPs within DUSP12-ATF6 locus may not play a major role in glucose metabolism in the Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
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Hu C, Wang C, Zhang R, Ng MC, Bao Y, Wang C, So WY, Ma RC, Ma X, Chan JC, Xiang K, Jia W. Association of genetic variants of NOS1AP with type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population. Diabetologia 2010; 53:290-8. [PMID: 19937226 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Chromosome 1q21-q24 has been shown to be linked to type 2 diabetes. The International Type 2 Diabetes 1q Consortium showed that one of the nominal associations was located in the NOS1AP gene. Although this association was not replicated in additional samples of European descent, it remains unknown whether NOS1AP plays a role in Chinese individuals. METHODS In stage 1 analyses, 79 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the NOS1AP gene were successfully genotyped in a group of Shanghai Chinese individuals, comprising 1,691 type 2 diabetes patients and 1,720 control participants. In stage 2 analyses, the SNP showing the strongest association was genotyped in additional Chinese individuals, including 1,663 type 2 diabetes patients and 1,408 control participants. RESULTS In stage 1 analyses, 20 SNPs were nominally associated with type 2 diabetes (p < 0.05), with SNP rs12742393 showing the strongest association (OR 1.24 [95% CI 1.11-1.38]; p = 0.0002, empirical p = 0.019). Haplotype analysis also confirmed the association between rs12742393 and type 2 diabetes. In stage 2 analyses, the difference in allele frequency distribution of rs12742393 did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.254). However, the meta-analysis showed a significant association between rs12742393 and type 2 diabetes with an OR of 1.17 (95% CI 1.07-1.26; p = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that NOS1AP variants may not play a dominant role in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but a minor effect cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
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Wang H, Hays NP, Das SK, Craig RL, Chu WS, Sharma N, Elbein SC. Phenotypic and molecular evaluation of a chromosome 1q region with linkage and association to type 2 diabetes in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1401-8. [PMID: 19141583 PMCID: PMC2682467 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Linkage to type 2 diabetes (T2D) is well replicated on chromosome 1q21-q23. Within this region, T2D was associated with common single nucleotide polymorphisms that marked an extended linkage disequilibrium block, including the liver pyruvate kinase gene (PKLR), in several European-derived populations. In this study we sought to determine the molecular basis for the association and the phenotypic consequences of the risk haplotype. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Genes surrounding PKLR were resequenced in European-American and African-American cases and controls, and association with T2D was tested. Copy number variants (CNVs) were tested for four regions with real-time PCR. Expression of genes in the region was tested in adipose and muscle from nondiabetic subjects with each genotype. Insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and hepatic glucose production were tested in nondiabetic individuals with each haplotype combination. RESULTS No coding variant in the region was associated with T2D. CNVs were rare and not associated with T2D. PKLR was not expressed in available tissues, but expression of genes HCN3, CLK2, SCAMP3, and FDPS was not associated with haplotype combinations in adipose or muscle. Haplotype combinations were not associated with insulin secretion or peripheral insulin sensitivity, but homozygous carriers of the risk haplotype had increased hepatic glucose production during hyperinsulinemia. CONCLUSIONS Noncoding variants in the PKLR region likely alter gene expression of one or more genes. Our extensive physiological and molecular studies suggest increased hepatic glucose production and reduced hepatic insulin sensitivity, thus pointing to PKLR itself as the most likely candidate gene in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Hasstedt SJ, Chu WS, Das SK, Wang H, Elbein SC. Type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes on chromosome 1q21-24. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:163-9. [PMID: 18269685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been linked to chromosome 1q21-24 in multiple samples, including a Utah family sample. Variants in 13 of the numerous candidate genes in the 1q region were tested for association with T2D in a Utah case-control sample. The most promising, 19 variants in 6 candidates, were genotyped on the Utah family sample. Herein, we tested the 19 variants individually and in pairs for an effect on T2D risk in family members using a logistic regression model that accounted for gender, age, and BMI and attributed residual genetic effects to a polygenic component. Seven variants increased risk significantly through 5 pairs of interactions. The significant variant pairs were apolipoprotein A-II (APOA2) rs6413453 interacting with calsequestrin 1 (CASQ1) rs617698, dual specificity phosphatase 12 (DUSP12) rs1503814, and retinoid X receptor gamma (RXRG) rs10918169, a poly-T insertion-deletion polymorphism in liver pyruvate kinase (PKLR) interacting with APOA2 rs12143180, and DUSP12 rs1027702 interacting with RXRG rs10918169. Genotypes of these 5 variant pairs accounted for 25.8% of the genetic variance in T2D in these pedigrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hasstedt
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 N. 2030 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Das SK, Sharma NK, Chu WS, Wang H, Elbein SC. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) gene as a positional and functional candidate for type 2 diabetes and prediabetic intermediate traits: Mutation detection, case-control studies, and gene expression analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:16. [PMID: 18366646 PMCID: PMC2323364 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ARNT, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors, is located on human chromosome 1q21-q24, a region which showed well replicated linkage to type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that common polymorphisms in the ARNT gene might increase the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes through impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. METHODS We selected 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms to tag common variation across the ARNT gene. Additionally we searched for novel variants in functional coding domains in European American and African American samples. Case-control studies were performed in 191 European American individuals with type 2 diabetes and 187 nondiabetic European American control individuals, and in 372 African American individuals with type 2 diabetes and 194 African American control individuals. Metabolic effects of ARNT variants were examined in 122 members of 26 European American families from Utah and in 225 unrelated individuals from Arkansas. Gene expression was tested in 8 sibling pairs discordant for type 2 diabetes. RESULTS No nonsynonymous variants or novel polymorphisms were identified. No SNP was associated with type 2 diabetes in either African Americans or European Americans, but among nondiabetic European American individuals, ARNT SNPs rs188970 and rs11204735 were associated with acute insulin response (AIRg; p = or < 0.005). SNP rs2134688 interacted with body mass index to alter beta-cell compensation to insulin resistance (disposition index; p = 0.004). No significant difference in ARNT mRNA levels was observed in transformed lymphocytes from sibling pairs discordant for type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Common ARNT variants are unlikely to explain the linkage signal on chromosome 1q, but may alter insulin secretion in nondiabetic subjects. Our studies cannot exclude a role for rare variants or variants of small (< 1.6) effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Das
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Neeraj K Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Winston S Chu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Steven C Elbein
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Endocrinology Section, Medicine and Research Services, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Das SK, Sharma NK, Chu WS, Wang H, Elbein SC. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) gene as a positional and functional candidate for type 2 diabetes and prediabetic intermediate traits: Mutation detection, case-control studies, and gene expression analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008. [PMID: 18366646 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2350‐9‐16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ARNT, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors, is located on human chromosome 1q21-q24, a region which showed well replicated linkage to type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that common polymorphisms in the ARNT gene might increase the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes through impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. METHODS We selected 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms to tag common variation across the ARNT gene. Additionally we searched for novel variants in functional coding domains in European American and African American samples. Case-control studies were performed in 191 European American individuals with type 2 diabetes and 187 nondiabetic European American control individuals, and in 372 African American individuals with type 2 diabetes and 194 African American control individuals. Metabolic effects of ARNT variants were examined in 122 members of 26 European American families from Utah and in 225 unrelated individuals from Arkansas. Gene expression was tested in 8 sibling pairs discordant for type 2 diabetes. RESULTS No nonsynonymous variants or novel polymorphisms were identified. No SNP was associated with type 2 diabetes in either African Americans or European Americans, but among nondiabetic European American individuals, ARNT SNPs rs188970 and rs11204735 were associated with acute insulin response (AIRg; p = or < 0.005). SNP rs2134688 interacted with body mass index to alter beta-cell compensation to insulin resistance (disposition index; p = 0.004). No significant difference in ARNT mRNA levels was observed in transformed lymphocytes from sibling pairs discordant for type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Common ARNT variants are unlikely to explain the linkage signal on chromosome 1q, but may alter insulin secretion in nondiabetic subjects. Our studies cannot exclude a role for rare variants or variants of small (< 1.6) effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Das
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Fachin AL, Mello SS, Sandrin-Garcia P, Junta CM, Donadi EA, Passos GAS, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Gene expression profiles in human lymphocytes irradiated in vitro with low doses of gamma rays. Radiat Res 2008; 168:650-65. [PMID: 18088177 DOI: 10.1667/rr0487.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying responses to low radiation doses are still unknown, especially in normal lymphocytes, despite the evidence suggesting specific changes that may characterize cellular responses. Our purpose was to analyze gene expression profiles by DNA microarrays in human lymphocytes after in vitro irradiation (10, 25 and 50 cGy) with gamma rays. A cytogenetic analysis was also carried out for different radiation doses. G 0 lymphocytes were irradiated and induced to proliferate for 48 h; then RNA samples were collected for gene expression analysis. ANOVA was applied to data obtained in four experiments with four healthy donors, followed by SAM analysis and hierarchical clustering. For 10, 25 and 50 cGy, the numbers of significantly (FDR <or= 0.05) modulated genes were 86, 130 and 142, respectively, and 25, 35 and 33 genes were exclusively modulated for each dose, respectively. We found CYP4X1, MAPK10 and ATF6 (10 cGy), DUSP16 and RAD51L1 (25 cGy), and RAD50, REV3L and DCLRE1A (50 cGy). A set of 34 significant genes was common for all doses; while SERPINB2 and C14orf104 were up-regulated, CREB3L2, DDX49, STK25 and XAB2 were down-regulated. Chromosome damage was significantly induced for doses >or=10 cGy (total aberrations) and >or=50 cGy (dicentrics/ rings). Therefore, low to moderate radiation doses induced qualitative and/or quantitative differences and similarities in transcript profiles, reflecting the type and extent of DNA lesions. The main biological processes associated with modulated genes were metabolism, stress response/DNA repair, cell growth/differentiation, and transcription regulation. The results indicate a potential risk to humans regarding the development of genetic instability and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Fachin
- Departamento de Genética e, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Kalis M, Levéen P, Lyssenko V, Almgren P, Groop L, Cilio CM. Variants in the FFAR1 gene are associated with beta cell function. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1090. [PMID: 17987108 PMCID: PMC2042513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The FFAR1 receptor is expressed mainly in pancreatic beta cells and is activated by medium to long chain free fatty acids (FFAs), as well as by thiazolidinediones, resulting in elevated Ca2+ concentrations and promotion of insulin secretion. These properties suggest that FFAR1 could be a mediator of lipotoxicity and a potential candidate gene for Type 2 diabetes (T2D). We therefore investigated whether variations at the FFAR1 locus are associated with T2D and beta cell function. Methodology/Principal Findings We re-sequenced the FFAR1 region in 96 subjects (48 healthy and 48 T2D individuals) and found 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 8 of which were not previously described. Two SNPs located in the upstream region of the FFAR1 gene (rs1978013 and rs1978014) were chosen and genotyped in 1929 patients with T2D and 1405 healthy control subjects. We observed an association of rs1978013 and rs1978014 with insulinogenic index in males (p = 0.024) and females (p = 0.032), respectively. After Bonferroni corrections, no association with T2D was found in the case-control material, however a haplotype consisting of the T-G alleles conferred protection against T2D (p = 0.0010). Conclusions/Significance Variation in the FFAR1 gene may contribute to impaired beta cell function in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Kalis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cellular Autoimmunity Unit, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Levéen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cellular Autoimmunity Unit, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Corrado M. Cilio
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cellular Autoimmunity Unit, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
The unbiased approach of genome-wide linkage analysis has shown evidence for linkage of type 2 diabetes mellitus to the chromosome 1q21-25 region in at least eight independent studies. More than 26 candidate genes have already been evaluated, but to date none explain the evidence for linkage in this gene-dense region. Considerable data suggest that multiple genes account for this linkage result. The search for these genes is now the focus of an international consortium of groups reporting linkage of type 2 diabetes to this region of chromosome 1q21-q25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Kumar Das
- John L. McClellan Veterans Hospital, Endocrinology 111J-1/LR, 4301 West 7th Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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