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Luciani L, Pedrelli M, Parini P. Modification of lipoprotein metabolism and function driving atherogenesis in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2024; 394:117545. [PMID: 38688749 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by raised blood glucose levels and impaired lipid metabolism resulting from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. In diabetes, the peculiar plasma lipoprotein phenotype, consisting in higher levels of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, elevated number of small, dense LDL, and increased non-HDL cholesterol, results from an increased synthesis and impaired clearance of triglyceride rich lipoproteins. This condition accelerates the development of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), the most common cause of death in T2DM patients. Here, we review the alteration of structure, functions, and distribution of circulating lipoproteins and the pathophysiological mechanisms that induce these modifications in T2DM. The review analyzes the influence of diabetes-associated metabolic imbalances throughout the entire process of the atherosclerotic plaque formation, from lipoprotein synthesis to potential plaque destabilization. Addressing the different pathophysiological mechanisms, we suggest improved approaches for assessing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and clinical strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Luciani
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Peter A, Schleicher E, Kliemank E, Szendroedi J, Königsrainer A, Häring HU, Nawroth PP, Fleming T. Accumulation of Non-Pathological Liver Fat Is Associated with the Loss of Glyoxalase I Activity in Humans. Metabolites 2024; 14:209. [PMID: 38668337 PMCID: PMC11051733 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The underlying molecular mechanisms for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and its progression to advanced liver diseases remain elusive. Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) loss, leading to elevated methylglyoxal (MG) and dicarbonyl stress, has been implicated in various diseases, including obesity-related conditions. This study aimed to investigate changes in the glyoxalase system in individuals with non-pathological liver fat. Liver biopsies were obtained from 30 individuals with a narrow range of BMI (24.6-29.8 kg/m2). Whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed using HOMA-IR. Liver biopsies were analyzed for total triglyceride content, Glo1 and Glo2 mRNA, protein expression, and activity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determined liver dicarbonyl content and oxidation and glycation biomarkers. Liver Glo1 activity showed an inverse correlation with HOMA-IR and liver triglyceride content, but not BMI. Despite reduced Glo1 activity, no associations were found with elevated liver dicarbonyls or glycation markers. A sex dimorphism was observed in Glo1, with females exhibiting significantly lower liver Glo1 protein expression and activity, and higher liver MG-H1 content compared to males. This study demonstrates that increasing liver fat, even within a non-pathological range, is associated with reduced Glo1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peter
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erwin Schleicher
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kliemank
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter P. Nawroth
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Alhujaily M. Molecular Assessment of Methylglyoxal-Induced Toxicity and Therapeutic Approaches in Various Diseases: Exploring the Interplay with the Glyoxalase System. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:263. [PMID: 38398772 PMCID: PMC10890012 DOI: 10.3390/life14020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive exploration delves into the intricate interplay of methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxalase 1 (GLO I) in various physiological and pathological contexts. The linchpin of the narrative revolves around the role of these small molecules in age-related issues, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Methylglyoxal, a reactive dicarbonyl metabolite, takes center stage, becoming a principal player in the development of AGEs and contributing to cell and tissue dysfunction. The dual facets of GLO I-activation and inhibition-unfold as potential therapeutic avenues. Activators, spanning synthetic drugs like candesartan to natural compounds like polyphenols and isothiocyanates, aim to restore GLO I function. These molecular enhancers showcase promising outcomes in conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, kidney disease, and beyond. On the contrary, GLO I inhibitors emerge as crucial players in cancer treatment, offering new possibilities in diseases associated with inflammation and multidrug resistance. The symphony of small molecules, from GLO I activators to inhibitors, presents a nuanced understanding of MG regulation. From natural compounds to synthetic drugs, each element contributes to a molecular orchestra, promising novel interventions and personalized approaches in the pursuit of health and wellbeing. The abstract concludes with an emphasis on the necessity of rigorous clinical trials to validate these findings and acknowledges the importance of individual variability in the complex landscape of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhanad Alhujaily
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
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Driessen S, Francque SM, Anker SD, Castro Cabezas M, Grobbee DE, Tushuizen ME, Holleboom AG. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and the heart. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00699. [PMID: 38147315 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are increasing. Physicians who treat patients with MASLD may acknowledge the strong coincidence with cardiometabolic disease, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (asCVD). This raises questions on co-occurrence, causality, and the need for screening and multidisciplinary care for MASLD in patients with asCVD, and vice versa. Here, we review the interrelations of MASLD and heart disease and formulate answers to these matters. Epidemiological studies scoring proxies for atherosclerosis and actual cardiovascular events indicate increased atherosclerosis in patients with MASLD, yet no increased risk of asCVD mortality. MASLD and asCVD share common drivers: obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), smoking, hypertension, and sleep apnea syndrome. In addition, Mendelian randomization studies support that MASLD may cause atherosclerosis through mixed hyperlipidemia, while such evidence is lacking for liver-derived procoagulant factors. In the more advanced fibrotic stages, MASLD may contribute to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction by reduced filling of the right ventricle, which may induce fatigue upon exertion, often mentioned by patients with MASLD. Some evidence points to an association between MASLD and cardiac arrhythmias. Regarding treatment and given the strong co-occurrence of MASLD and asCVD, pharmacotherapy in development for advanced stages of MASLD would ideally also reduce cardiovascular events, as has been demonstrated for T2DM treatments. Given the common drivers, potential causal factors and especially given the increased rate of cardiovascular events, comprehensive cardiometabolic risk management is warranted in patients with MASLD, preferably in a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Driessen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven M Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charité, Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Manuel Castro Cabezas
- Julius Clinical, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Clinical, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten E Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan G Holleboom
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chen J, Arshi B, Waqas K, Lu T, Bos D, Ikram MA, Uitterlinden AG, Kavousi M, Zillikens MC. Advanced glycation end products measured by skin autofluorescence and subclinical cardiovascular disease: the Rotterdam Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:326. [PMID: 38017418 PMCID: PMC10685533 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-02052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially coronary heart disease (CHD), but their role in CVD pathogenesis remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated cross-sectional associations of skin AGEs with subclinical atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness, and hypertension after confirming their relation with CHD. METHODS In the population-based Rotterdam Study, skin AGEs were measured as skin autofluorescence (SAF). Prevalent MI was obtained from digital medical records. Carotid plaques, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), coronary artery calcification (CAC), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and hypertension were assessed. Associations of SAF with endophenotypes were investigated in logistic and linear regression models adjusting for common cardiovascular risk factors. Effect modification by sex, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) was tested. RESULTS 3001 participants were included (mean age 73 (SD 9) years, 57% women). One unit higher SAF was associated with the presence of carotid plaques (OR 1.2 (0.92, 1.57)), a higher max IMT (0.08 SD (0.01, 0.15)), higher CAC (OR 2.2 (1.39, 3.48)), and PWV (0.09 SD (0.01, 0.16)), but not with hypertension (OR 0.99 (0.81, 1.21)). The associations with endophenotypes were more pronounced in men and participants with diabetes or CKD with significant interactions. CONCLUSIONS Previously documented associations between SAF and CVD, also found in our study, may be explained by the endophenotypes atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness, especially in men and individuals with diabetes or CKD, but not by hypertension. Longitudinal studies are needed to replicate these findings and to test if SAF is an independent risk factor or biomarker of CVD. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Rotterdam Study has been entered into the Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR; www.trialregister.nl ) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; www.who.int/ictrp/network/primary/en/ ) under shared catalogue number NTR6831.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinluan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Banafsheh Arshi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Komal Waqas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tianqi Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Berdowska I, Matusiewicz M, Fecka I. Methylglyoxal in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Routes Leading to Pathology Counterbalanced by Treatment Strategies. Molecules 2023; 28:7742. [PMID: 38067472 PMCID: PMC10708463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the major compound belonging to reactive carbonyl species (RCS) responsible for the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Its upregulation, followed by deleterious effects at the cellular and systemic levels, is associated with metabolic disturbances (hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance/hyperlipidemia/inflammatory processes/carbonyl stress/oxidative stress/hypoxia). Therefore, it is implicated in a variety of disorders, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, an interplay between pathways leading to MGO generation and scavenging is addressed in regard to this system's impairment in pathology. The issues associated with mechanistic MGO involvement in pathological processes, as well as the discussion on its possible causative role in cardiometabolic diseases, are enclosed. Finally, the main strategies aimed at MGO and its AGEs downregulation with respect to cardiometabolic disorders treatment are addressed. Potential glycation inhibitors and MGO scavengers are discussed, as well as the mechanisms of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Berdowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Stampouloglou PK, Anastasiou A, Bletsa E, Lygkoni S, Chouzouri F, Xenou M, Katsarou O, Theofilis P, Zisimos K, Tousoulis D, Vavuranakis M, Siasos G, Oikonomou E. Diabetes Mellitus in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2226. [PMID: 38004366 PMCID: PMC10671950 DOI: 10.3390/life13112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has led to a pandemic, with significant microvascular and macrovascular complications including coronary artery disease (CAD), which worsen clinical outcomes and cardiovascular prognosis. Patients with both acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and DM have worse prognosis and several pathophysiologic mechanisms have been implicated including, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation and aggregations as well as plaque characteristics and extent of coronary lesions. Therefore, regarding reperfusion strategies in the more complex anatomies coronary artery bypass surgery may be the preferred therapeutic strategy over percutaneous coronary intervention while both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia should be avoided with closed monitoring of glycemic status during the acute phase of myocardial infraction. However, the best treatment strategy remains undefined. Non-insulin therapies, due to the low risk of hypoglycemia concurrently with the multifactorial CV protective effects, may be proved to be the best treatment option in the future. Nevertheless, evidence for the beneficial effects of glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors and sodium glycose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, despite accumulating, is not robust and future randomized control trials may provide more definitive data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota K. Stampouloglou
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Artemis Anastasiou
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Evanthia Bletsa
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Stavroula Lygkoni
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Flora Chouzouri
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Maria Xenou
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Ourania Katsarou
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, “Hippokration” General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Konstantinos Zisimos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, “Hippokration” General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Manolis Vavuranakis
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital “Sotiria”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.K.S.); (A.A.); (E.B.); (S.L.); (F.C.); (M.X.); (K.Z.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
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Sutkowska E, Fecka I, Marciniak D, Bednarska K, Sutkowska M, Hap K. Analysis of Methylglyoxal Concentration in a Group of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Prediabetes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2968. [PMID: 38001968 PMCID: PMC10669086 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abnormal serum concentration of methylglyoxal (MGO) has been presented as an indicator of chronic complications in diabetes (DM). Because such complications are also found in pre-DM, we decided to assess the concentration of this compound in individuals with pre-DM, without cardio-vascular diseases. METHODS Frozen samples from individuals newly diagnosed with pre-DM (N = 31) and healthy subjects (N = 11) were prepared and MGO concentration was determined using UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS. RESULTS Statistical significance was established when the groups were compared for body weight, BMI, fasting glucose level, fatty liver and use of statins but not for the other descriptive parameters. The positive linear correlation showed that the higher HbA1c, the higher MGO concentration (p = 0.01). The values of MGO were within the normal range in both groups (mean value for pre-DM: 135.44 nM (±SD = 32.67) and for the control group: 143.25 nM (±SD = 17.93); p = 0.46 (±95% CI)), with no statistical significance between the groups. CONCLUSIONS We did not confirm the elevated MGO levels in the group of patients with pre-DM. The available data suggests a possible effect of statin intake on MGO levels. This thesis requires confirmation on a larger number of patients with an assessment of MGO levels before and after the introduction of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Sutkowska
- University Rehabilitation Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.F.); (K.B.)
- The Committee on Therapeutics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Polish Academy of Sciences, pl. Defilad 1, 00-901 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Dominik Marciniak
- Department of Drugs Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Bednarska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.F.); (K.B.)
| | - Magdalena Sutkowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Hap
- University Rehabilitation Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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9
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Sakr HF, Sirasanagandla SR, Das S, Bima AI, Elsamanoudy AZ. Insulin Resistance and Hypertension: Mechanisms Involved and Modifying Factors for Effective Glucose Control. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2271. [PMID: 37626767 PMCID: PMC10452601 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors such as aging, an unhealthy lifestyle with decreased physical activity, snacking, a standard Western diet, and smoking contribute to raising blood pressure to a dangerous level, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease and heart failure. Atherosclerosis, or aging of the blood vessels, is a physiological process that has accelerated in the last decades by the overconsumption of carbohydrates as the primary sources of caloric intake, resulting in increased triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol and insulin spikes. Classically, medications ranging from beta blockers to angiotensin II blockers and even calcium channel blockers were used alone or in combination with lifestyle modifications as management tools in modern medicine to control arterial blood pressure. However, it is not easy to control blood pressure or the associated complications. A low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet can reduce glucose and insulin spikes, improve insulin sensitivity, and lessen atherosclerosis risk factors. We reviewed articles describing the etiology of insulin resistance (IR) and its impact on arterial blood pressure from databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar. We discuss how the LCHF diet is beneficial to maintaining arterial blood pressure at normal levels, slowing down the progression of atherosclerosis, and reducing the use of antihypertensive medications. The mechanisms involved in IR associated with hypertension are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F. Sakr
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (S.R.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (S.R.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Abdulhadi I. Bima
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21465, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.B.); (A.Z.E.)
| | - Ayman Z. Elsamanoudy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21465, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.B.); (A.Z.E.)
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Shin A, Connolly S, Kabytaev K. Protein glycation in diabetes mellitus. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 113:101-156. [PMID: 36858645 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the ninth leading cause of mortality worldwide. It is a complex disease that manifests as chronic hyperglycemia. Glucose exposure causes biochemical changes at the proteome level as reflected in accumulation of glycated proteins. A prominent example is hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a glycated protein widely accepted as a diabetic indicator. Another emerging biomarker is glycated albumin which has demonstrated utility in situations where HbA1c cannot be used. Other proteins undergo glycation as well thus impacting cellular function, transport and immune response. Accordingly, these glycated counterparts may serve as predictors for diabetic complications and thus warrant further inquiry. Fortunately, modern proteomics has provided unique analytic capability to enable improved and more comprehensive exploration of glycating agents and glycated proteins. This review broadly covers topics from epidemiology of diabetes to modern analytical tools such as mass spectrometry to facilitate a better understanding of diabetes pathophysiology. This serves as an attempt to connect clinically relevant questions with findings of recent proteomic studies to suggest future avenues of diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleks Shin
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shawn Connolly
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kuanysh Kabytaev
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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11
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Poznyak AV, Sukhorukov VN, Surkova R, Orekhov NA, Orekhov AN. Glycation of LDL: AGEs, impact on lipoprotein function, and involvement in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1094188. [PMID: 36760567 PMCID: PMC9904536 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1094188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease, and there are many factors that influence its development and the course of the disease. A deep understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying atherogenesis is needed to develop optimal therapeutic strategies and treatments. In this review, we have focused on low density lipoproteins. According to multiple studies, their atherogenic properties are associated with multiple modifications of lipid particles. One of these modifications is Glycation. We considered aspects related to the formation of modified particles, as well as the influence of modification on their functioning. We paid special attention to atherogenicity and the role of glycated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Anastasia V. Poznyak,
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Raisa Surkova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay A. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Moscow, Russia,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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12
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The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products on Dyslipidemia. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010077. [PMID: 36677002 PMCID: PMC9862879 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and glucose homeostasis are common consequences of insulin resistance and usually co-segregate in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin-resistant subjects are characterized by atherogenic dyslipidemia, a specific lipid pattern which includes hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and increased proportion of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Chronic hyperglycemia favors the processes of non-enzymatic glycation, leading to the increased production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Apart from direct harmful effects, AGEs are also potent inducers of oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, increased AGEs' production may induce further qualitative modifications of small, dense LDL particles, converting them to glycated LDLs. These particles are even more atherogenic and may confer an increased cardiovascular risk. In this narrative review, we summarize the available evidence of the pathophysiological role and clinical importance of circulating AGEs and glycated LDLs in patients with dyslipidemia, particularly those with DM and related complications. In addition, we discuss recent advances and the issues that should be improved regarding laboratory assessment of AGEs and glycated LDLs, as well as the possibilities for their therapeutic modulation.
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13
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Sana SRGL, Lv Y, Chen G, Guo L, Li E. Analysis of the volatile organic compounds of epidural analgesia-ameliorated metabolic disorder in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus based on untargeted metabolomics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1009888. [PMID: 36864845 PMCID: PMC9970997 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1009888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disease with an increasing annual incidence. Our previous observational study found that pregnant women with gestational diabetes had mild cognitive decline, which may be related to methylglyoxal (MGO). This study aimed to investigate whether labor pain aggravates the increase in MGO and explored the protective effect of epidural analgesia on metabolism in pregnant women with GDM based on solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). Pregnant women with GDM were divided into a natural birth group (ND group, n = 30) and epidural analgesia group (PD group, n = 30). After fasting for ≥ 10 h overnight, venous blood samples were collected pre- and post-delivery to detect MGO, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha (8-iso-PGF2α) by ELISA. Serum samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using SPME-GC-MS. MGO, IL-6, and 8-iso-PGF2α levels in the ND group increased significantly post-delivery (P < 0.05) and were significantly higher in this group than the levels in the PD group (P < 0.05). Compared to the PD group, VOCs in the ND group increased significantly post-delivery. Further results indicated that propionic acid may be associated with metabolic disorders in pregnant women with GDM. Epidural analgesia can effectively improve the metabolism and immune function in pregnant women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Guo
- *Correspondence: Lei Guo, ; Enyou Li,
| | - Enyou Li
- *Correspondence: Lei Guo, ; Enyou Li,
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14
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He L, Liu Y, Xu J, Li J, Cheng G, Cai J, Dang J, Yu M, Wang W, Duan W, Liu K. Inhibitory Effects of Myriocin on Non-Enzymatic Glycation of Bovine Serum Albumin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206995. [PMID: 36296589 PMCID: PMC9607541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the compounds produced by non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, which are involved in diabetic-related complications. To investigate the potential anti-glycation activity of Myriocin (Myr), a fungal metabolite of Cordyceps, the effect of Myr on the formation of AGEs resulted from the glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the interaction between Myr and BSA were studied by multiple spectroscopic techniques and computational simulations. We found that Myr inhibited the formation of AGEs at the end stage of glycation reaction and exhibited strong anti-fibrillation activity. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that Myr quenched the fluorescence of BSA in a static process, with the possible formation of a complex (approximate molar ratio of 1:1). The binding between BSA and Myr mainly depended on van der Waals interaction, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bond. The synchronous fluorescence and UV-visible (UV-vis) spectra results indicated that the conformation of BSA altered in the presence of Myr. The fluorescent probe displacement experiments and molecular docking suggested that Myr primarily bound to binding site 1 (subdomain IIA) of BSA. These findings demonstrate that Myr is a potential anti-glycation agent and provide a theoretical basis for the further functional research of Myr in the prevention and treatment of AGEs-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Junling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Guohua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiaxiu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jinye Dang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Priyadarshini G, Rajappa M. Predictive markers in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 535:180-186. [PMID: 35995274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by gradual deterioration of the renal parenchyma and decline of functioning nephrons. CKD is now recognized as a distinct risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This risk rises in tandem with the decline in kidney function and peaks at the end-stage. It is important to identify individuals with CKD who are at a higher risk of advancing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and the beginning of CVD. This will enhance the clinical benefits and so that evidence-based therapy may be started at the initial stages for those individuals. A promising biomarker must represent tissue damage, and be easy to detect using non-invasive methods. Current CKD progression indicators have difficulties in reaching this aim. Hence this review presents an update on markers studied in the last decade, which help in the prediction of CKD progression such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein, cystatin-C, asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine, endotrophin, methylglyoxal, sclerostin, uric acid, and miRNA-196a. Additional research is needed to determine the predictive usefulness of these indicators in clinical samples for disease development. Their utility as surrogate markers need to be explored further for the early identification of CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Priyadarshini
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Medha Rajappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
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16
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Lamprea-Montealegre JA, Arnold AM, McCLelland RL, Mukamal KJ, Djousse L, Biggs ML, Siscovick DS, Tracy RP, Beisswenger PJ, Psaty BM, Ix JH, Kizer JR. Plasma Levels of Advanced Glycation Endproducts and Risk of Cardiovascular Events: Findings From 2 Prospective Cohorts. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024012. [PMID: 35904195 PMCID: PMC9375486 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) have been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in cohorts with and without diabetes. Data are lacking on prospective associations of various α-dicarbonyl-derived AGEs and incident CVD in the general population. We tested the hypothesis that major plasma AGEs are associated with new-onset CVD in 2 population-based cohorts of differing age and comorbidities. Methods and Results Analyses involved a random subcohort (n=466) from the Cardiovascular Health Study and a case-cohort sample (n=1631) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Five AGEs and 2 oxidative products were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Associations with CVD (myocardial infarction and stroke) were evaluated with Cox regression. Participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study were older than the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and had more comorbidities, along with higher levels of all AGEs. During median follow-up of 11 years, 439 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and 200 in the Cardiovascular Health Study developed CVD. After multivariable adjustment, carboxymethyl-lysine, 3-deoxyglucosone hydroimidazolones and a summary variable of all measured AGEs (principal component 1) were significantly associated with incident CVD in the Cardiovascular Health Study (HRs [95% CI]: 1.20 [1.01, 1.42], 1.45 [1.23, 1.72], and 1.29 [1.06, 1.56], respectively), but not the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Oxidative products were not associated with CVD in either cohort. Conclusions We found α-dicarbonyl-derived AGEs to be associated with CVD in an older cohort, but not in a healthier middle-aged/older cohort. Our results suggest that AGEs may exert detrimental cardiovascular effects only under conditions of marked dicarbonyl and oxidative stress. Further investigation of α-dicarbonyl derivatives could lead to potential new strategies for CVD prevention in high-risk older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Lamprea-Montealegre
- Cardiology Section San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System San Francisco CA.,Kidney Health Research Collaborative San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California San Francisco CA.,Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco CA
| | - Alice M Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Robyn L McCLelland
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Luc Djousse
- Division of Aging, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Mary L Biggs
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health University of Washington Seattle WA
| | | | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington VT
| | | | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Joachim H Ix
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine University of California San Diego CA
| | - Jorge R Kizer
- Cardiology Section San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System San Francisco CA.,Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco CA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco CA
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17
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Aftermath of AGE-RAGE Cascade in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular ailments. Life Sci 2022; 307:120860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Bruno J, Verano M, Vanegas SM, Weinshel E, Ren-Fielding C, Lofton H, Fielding G, Schwack B, Chua DL, Wang C, Li H, Alemán JO. Body Weight and Prandial Variation of Plasma Metabolites in Subjects Undergoing Gastric Band-Induced Weight Loss. OBESITY MEDICINE 2022; 33:100434. [PMID: 37216066 PMCID: PMC10195098 DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2022.100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bariatric procedures are safe and effective treatments for obesity, inducing rapid and sustained loss of excess body weight. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is unique among bariatric interventions in that it is a reversible procedure in which normal gastrointestinal anatomy is maintained. Knowledge regarding how LAGB effects change at the metabolite level is limited. OBJECTIVES To delineate the impact of LAGB on fasting and postprandial metabolite responses using targeted metabolomics. SETTING Individuals undergoing LAGB at NYU Langone Medical Center were recruited for a prospective cohort study. METHODS We prospectively analyzed serum samples from 18 subjects at baseline and 2 months after LAGB under fasting conditions and after a 1-hour mixed meal challenge. Plasma samples were analyzed on a reverse-phase liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabolomics platform. The main outcome measure was their serum metabolite profile. RESULTS We quantitatively detected over 4,000 metabolites and lipids. Metabolite levels were altered in response to surgical and prandial stimuli, and metabolites within the same biochemical class tended to behave similarly in response to either stimulus. Plasma levels of lipid species and ketone bodies were statistically decreased after surgery whereas amino acid levels were affected more by prandial status than surgical condition. CONCLUSIONS Changes in lipid species and ketone bodies postoperatively suggest improvements in the rate and efficiency of fatty acid oxidation and glucose handling after LAGB. Further investigation is necessary to understand how these findings relate to surgical response, including long term weight maintenance, and obesity-related comorbidities such as dysglycemia and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Bruno
- Laboratory of Translational Obesity Research, 435 East 30 St, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michael Verano
- Laboratory of Translational Obesity Research, 435 East 30 St, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Sally M. Vanegas
- Laboratory of Translational Obesity Research, 435 East 30 St, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Population Health and Comprehensive Program in Obesity Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Elizabeth Weinshel
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Christine Ren-Fielding
- Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Holly Lofton
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - George Fielding
- Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Bradley Schwack
- Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Deborah L Chua
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Chan Wang
- Department of Population Health and Comprehensive Program in Obesity Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Population Health and Comprehensive Program in Obesity Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - José O. Alemán
- Laboratory of Translational Obesity Research, 435 East 30 St, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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19
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Gupta A, Khursheed M, Arif Z, Badar A, Alam K. Methylglyoxal-induces multiple stable changes in human serum albumin before forming nephrotoxic advanced glycation end-products: Injury demonstration in human embryonic kidney cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:252-263. [PMID: 35716786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The minor fraction of methylglyoxal that is not metabolized in healthy humans reacts with macromolecules to form AGEs. In diabetics, the formation of MG is accelerated; its level may be enhanced multifold. The glyoxalase enzymes responsible for the regular and effective clearance of excess methylglyoxal may become defective in diabetes mellitus leading to its retention in cells and plasma. The methylglyoxal-modified-HSA was prepared, characterised by multiple biophysical techniques and biochemical (s) and its damaging effect was examined on embryonic kidney cell line HEK 293. The UV results showed hyperchromicity in MG-modified-HSA while nitroblue tetrazolium and fluorescence data suggested AGEs formation in comparison to control HSA. Upward shift of negative peaks in CD suggested reduction in α-helicity. Accelerated mobility and diffused broad bands observed in native and SDS polyacrylamide gel, respectively suggest neutralization of some of the positive charges on MG-modified-HSA as well as generation of cross-links. As observed by trypan blue assay, MTT, LDH activity assay, acridine orange, propidium iodide, ethidium bromide, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and ROS measurements, the MG-HSA AGEs caused damage to human embryonic kidney cells. The data suggest that MG-HSA AGEs may trigger powerful inflammatory responses at cellular level which might set the stage for nephrotoxicity in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akankcha Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Manal Khursheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Zarina Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Asim Badar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Khursheed Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India.
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20
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Dicarbonyl Stress in Diabetic Vascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116186. [PMID: 35682865 PMCID: PMC9181283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Late vascular complications play a prominent role in the diabetes-induced increase in morbidity and mortality. Diabetes mellitus is recognised as a risk factor driving atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality; even after the normalisation of blood glucose concentration, the event risk is amplified—an effect called “glycolytic memory”. The hallmark of this glycolytic memory and diabetic pathology are advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and reactive glucose metabolites such as methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound derived mainly from glycolysis. MGO and AGEs have an impact on vascular and organ structure and function, contributing to organ damage. As MGO is not only associated with hyperglycaemia in diabetes but also with other risk factors for diabetic vascular complications such as obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension, MGO is identified as a major player in the development of vascular complications in diabetes both on micro- as well as macrovascular level. In diabetes mellitus, the detoxifying system for MGO, the glyoxalase system, is diminished, accounting for the increased MGO concentration and glycotoxic load. This overview will summarise current knowledge on the effect of MGO and AGEs on vascular function.
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21
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Xie Q, Zhan Y, Guo L, Hao H, Shi X, Yang J, Luo F, Qiu B, Lin Z. A Ratiometric Fluorescence Probe for Selective Detection of ex vivo Methylglyoxal in Diabetic Mice. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200055. [PMID: 35543213 PMCID: PMC9092288 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate monitoring of methylglyoxal (MGO) at cell and living level was crucial to reveal its role in the pathogenesis of diabetes since MGO was closely related to diabetes. Herein, a ratiometric fluorescence strategy was constructed based on the capture probe 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) for the specific detection of MGO. Compared to the fluorescent probes with a single emission wavelength, the ratiometric mode by monitoring two emissions can effectively avoid the interference from the biological background, and provided additional self-calibration ability, which can realize accurate detection of MGO. The proposed method showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0-75 μm for MGO detection, and the limit of detection was 0.33 μm. DAN responded to MGO with good specificity and was successfully applied for detecting the ex vivo MGO level in plasma of KK-Ay mice as a type II diabetes model. Besides, the prepared DAN test strip can be visualized for rapid semi-quantitative analysis of MGO using the naked eye. Furthermore, human skin fibroblasts and HeLa cells were utilized for exogenous MGO imaging, and ex vivo MGO imaging was performed on tissues of KK-Ay mice. All results indicated that the DAN-based ratiometric fluorescence probe can be used as a potential method to detect the level of MGO, thus enabling indications for the occurrence of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfang Xie
- Department of Cadre's WardThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujian, 350005P. R. China
| | - Yuanjin Zhan
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing; MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and BiologyFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food SafetyCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | - Longhua Guo
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and EngineeringJiaxing UniversityJiaxingZhejiang 314001P. R. China
| | - Huili Hao
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhouFujian 350116P. R. China
| | - Xianai Shi
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhouFujian 350116P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhouFujian 350116P. R. China
| | - Fang Luo
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhouFujian 350116P. R. China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing; MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and BiologyFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food SafetyCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- Institute of Nanomedicine and Nanobiosensing; MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and BiologyFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food SafetyCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
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22
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AGEomics Biomarkers and Machine Learning-Realizing the Potential of Protein Glycation in Clinical Diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094584. [PMID: 35562975 PMCID: PMC9099912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein damage by glycation, oxidation and nitration is a continuous process in the physiological system caused by reactive metabolites associated with dicarbonyl stress, oxidative stress and nitrative stress, respectively. The term AGEomics is defined as multiplexed quantitation of spontaneous modification of proteins damage and other usually low-level modifications associated with a change of structure and function—for example, citrullination and transglutamination. The method of quantitation is stable isotopic dilution analysis liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This provides robust quantitation of normal and damaged or modified amino acids concurrently. AGEomics biomarkers have been used in diagnostic algorithms using machine learning methods. In this review, I describe the utility of AGEomics biomarkers and provide evidence why these are close to the phenotype of a condition or disease compared to other metabolites and metabolomic approaches and how to train and test algorithms for clinical diagnostic and screening applications with high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity using machine learning approaches.
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Emerging Glycation-Based Therapeutics-Glyoxalase 1 Inducers and Glyoxalase 1 Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052453. [PMID: 35269594 PMCID: PMC8910005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of methylglyoxal (MG) leading to increased glycation of protein and DNA has emerged as an important metabolic stress, dicarbonyl stress, linked to aging, and disease. Increased MG glycation produces inactivation and misfolding of proteins, cell dysfunction, activation of the unfolded protein response, and related low-grade inflammation. Glycation of DNA and the spliceosome contribute to an antiproliferative and apoptotic response of high, cytotoxic levels of MG. Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) of the glyoxalase system has a major role in the metabolism of MG. Small molecule inducers of Glo1, Glo1 inducers, have been developed to alleviate dicarbonyl stress as a prospective treatment for the prevention and early-stage reversal of type 2 diabetes and prevention of vascular complications of diabetes. The first clinical trial with the Glo1 inducer, trans-resveratrol and hesperetin combination (tRES-HESP)-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover phase 2A study for correction of insulin resistance in overweight and obese subjects, was completed successfully. tRES-HESP corrected insulin resistance, improved dysglycemia, and low-grade inflammation. Cell permeable Glo1 inhibitor prodrugs have been developed to induce severe dicarbonyl stress as a prospective treatment for cancer-particularly for high Glo1 expressing-related multidrug-resistant tumors. The prototype Glo1 inhibitor is prodrug S-p-bromobenzylglutathione cyclopentyl diester (BBGD). It has antitumor activity in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. In the National Cancer Institute human tumor cell line screen, BBGD was most active against the glioblastoma SNB-19 cell line. Recently, potent antitumor activity was found in glioblastoma multiforme tumor-bearing mice. High Glo1 expression is a negative survival factor in chemotherapy of breast cancer where adjunct therapy with a Glo1 inhibitor may improve treatment outcomes. BBGD has not yet been evaluated clinically. Glycation by MG now appears to be a pathogenic process that may be pharmacologically manipulated for therapeutic outcomes of potentially important clinical impact.
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Jin X, Yang S, Lu J, Wu M. Small, Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis: Relationship and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:804214. [PMID: 35224026 PMCID: PMC8866335 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.804214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays an important role in the formation, incidence, and development of atherosclerosis (AS). Low-density lipoproteins can be divided into two categories: large and light LDL-C and small, dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C). In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that sdLDL-C has a strong ability to cause AS because of its unique characteristics, such as having small-sized particles and low density. Therefore, this has become the focus of further research. However, the specific mechanisms regarding the involvement of sdLDL-C in AS have not been fully explained. This paper reviews the possible mechanisms of sdLDL-C in AS by reviewing relevant literature in recent years. It was found that sdLDL-C can increase the atherogenic effect by regulating the activity of gene networks, monocytes, and enzymes. This article also reviews the research progress on the effects of sdLDL-C on endothelial function, lipid metabolism, and inflammation; it also discusses its intervention effect. Diet, exercise, and other non-drug interventions can improve sdLDL-C levels. Further, drug interventions such as statins, fibrates, ezetimibe, and niacin have also been found to improve sdLDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jin
- General Department of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- General Department of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- General Department of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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YUSUFOĞLU B, KARAKUŞ E, YAMAN M. Determining the amount and bioaccessibility of methylglyoxal and glyoxal in functional snack foods with herbal teas: effect of different herbal teas on α-Dicarbonyls. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.82621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Passarelli M, Machado UF. AGEs-Induced and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/Inflammation-Mediated Regulation of GLUT4 Expression and Atherogenesis in Diabetes Mellitus. Cells 2021; 11:104. [PMID: 35011666 PMCID: PMC8750246 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, complex and exquisite pathways involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and inflammatory stress responses have been demonstrated to participate in the development and progression of numerous diseases, among them diabetes mellitus (DM). In those pathways, several players participate in both, reflecting a complicated interplay between ER and inflammatory stress. In DM, ER and inflammatory stress are involved in both the pathogenesis of the loss of glycemic control and the development of degenerative complications. Furthermore, hyperglycemia increases the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which in turn refeed ER and inflammatory stress, contributing to worsening glycemic homeostasis and to accelerating the development of DM complications. In this review, we present the current knowledge regarding AGEs-induced and ER/inflammation-mediated regulation of the expression of GLUT4 (solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4), as a marker of glycemic homeostasis and of cardiovascular disease (CVD) development/progression, as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Passarelli
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clínicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo 01525-000, Brazil
| | - Ubiratan Fabres Machado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Wu Z, Jankowski V, Jankowski J. Irreversible post-translational modifications - Emerging cardiovascular risk factors. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 86:101010. [PMID: 34404548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of lipid-lowering drugs, antihypertensives, antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies for primary prevention of cardiovascular and heart diseases (CVD), it remains the number one cause of death globally, raising the question for novel/further essential factors besides traditional risk factors such as cholesterol, blood pressure and coagulation. With continuous identification and characterization of non-enzymatic post-translationally modified isoforms of proteins and lipoproteins, it is becoming increasingly clear that irreversible non-enzymatic post-translational modifications (nPTMs) alter the biological functions of native proteins and lipoproteins thereby transforming innate serum components into CVD mediators. In particular renal insufficiency and metabolic imbalance are major contributors to the systemically increased concentration of reactive metabolites and thus increased frequency of nPTMs, promoting multi-morbid disease development centering around cardiovascular disease. nPTMs are significantly involved in the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease and represent a significant and novel risk factor. These insights represent potentially new avenues for risk assessment, prevention and therapy. This review chapter summarizes all forms of nPTMs found in CKD and under metabolic imbalance and discusses the biochemical connections between molecular alterations and the pathological impact on increased cardiovascular risk, novel nPTM-associated non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and clinical implication of nPTM in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Wu
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Rabbani N, Xue M, Weickert MO, Thornalley PJ. Reversal of Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese Subjects by trans-Resveratrol and Hesperetin Combination-Link to Dysglycemia, Blood Pressure, Dyslipidemia, and Low-Grade Inflammation. Nutrients 2021; 13:2374. [PMID: 34371884 PMCID: PMC8308792 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary supplement, trans-resveratrol and hesperetin combination (tRES-HESP), induces expression of glyoxalase 1, countering the accumulation of reactive dicarbonyl glycating agent, methylglyoxal (MG), in overweight and obese subjects. tRES-HESP produced reversal of insulin resistance, improving dysglycemia and low-grade inflammation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Herein, we report further analysis of study variables. MG metabolism-related variables correlated with BMI, dysglycemia, vascular inflammation, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. With tRES-HESP treatment, plasma MG correlated negatively with endothelial independent arterial dilatation (r = -0.48, p < 0.05) and negatively with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) quinone reductase activity (r = -0.68, p < 0.05)-a marker of the activation status of transcription factor Nrf2. For change from baseline of PBMC gene expression with tRES-HESP treatment, Glo1 expression correlated negatively with change in the oral glucose tolerance test area-under-the-curve plasma glucose (ΔAUGg) (r = -0.56, p < 0.05) and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) correlated positively with ΔAUGg (r = 0.59, p < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) correlated positively with change in fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) and negatively with change in insulin sensitivity (r = -0.68, p < 0.01). These correlations were not present with placebo. tRES-HESP decreased low-grade inflammation, characterized by decreased expression of CCL2, COX-2, IL-8, and RAGE. Changes in CCL2, IL-8, and RAGE were intercorrelated and all correlated positively with changes in MLXIP, MAFF, MAFG, NCF1, and FTH1, and negatively with changes in HMOX1 and TKT; changes in IL-8 also correlated positively with change in COX-2. Total urinary excretion of tRES and HESP metabolites were strongly correlated. These findings suggest tRES-HESP counters MG accumulation and protein glycation, decreasing activation of the unfolded protein response and expression of TXNIP and TNFα, producing reversal of insulin resistance. tRES-HESP is suitable for further evaluation for treatment of insulin resistance and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Mingzhan Xue
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
| | - Martin O. Weickert
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, University Hospitals of Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK;
| | - Paul J. Thornalley
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
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Sveen KA, Bech Holte K, Svanteson M, Hanssen KF, Nilsson J, Bengtsson E, Julsrud Berg T. Autoantibodies Against Methylglyoxal-Modified Apolipoprotein B100 and ApoB100 Peptide Are Associated With Less Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis and Retinopathy in Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:1402-1409. [PMID: 33858856 PMCID: PMC8247486 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methylglyoxal (MGO), a reactive aldehyde forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs), is increased in diabetes and recognized by the immune system, resulting in anti-AGE-specific autoantibodies. The association of these immune responses with macro- and microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes remains unclarified. We investigated associations between MGO-modified apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) and apoB100 peptide 5 (MGO-p5) autoantibodies and coronary atherosclerosis and retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS IgM and IgG against MGO-apoB100 and MGO-p5 were measured by ELISA in plasma from 103 subjects with type 1 diabetes and 63 control subjects (Dialong study) and in a replication cohort of 27 subjects with type 1 diabetes (Oslo study). Coronary atherosclerosis was assessed by computed tomography coronary angiography or intravascular ultrasound. Retinopathy was classified by retinal photos. RESULTS MGO-apoB100 IgM and MGO-p5 IgM levels were higher in subjects with diabetes with no coronary artery stenosis compared with subjects with significant stenosis (median [interquartile range]: 96.2 arbitrary units [AU] [71-126.8] vs. 54 AU [36.1-85.4], P = 0.003 for MGO-apoB100; and 77.4 AU [58-106] vs. 36.9 AU [28.9-57.4], P = 0.005 for MGO-p5). MGO-apoB100 IgM and MGO-p5 IgM were associated with less severe coronary stenosis after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio 0.2 [95% CI 0.05-0.6], P = 0.01; and 0.22 [0.06-0.75], P = 0.02). The inverse association of MGO-p5 IgM and coronary stenosis was confirmed in the replication cohort. Subjects with proliferative retinopathy had significantly lower MGO-apoB100 IgM and MGO-p5 IgM than those with background retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Autoantibodies against AGE-modified apoB100 are inversely associated with coronary atherosclerosis and proliferative retinopathy, suggesting vascular protective effects of these autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Anne Sveen
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine Bech Holte
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Svanteson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian F Hanssen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmø, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmø, Sweden
| | - Tore Julsrud Berg
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Protein glycation - biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction and early-stage decline in health in the era of precision medicine. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101920. [PMID: 33707127 PMCID: PMC8113047 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein glycation provides a biomarker in widespread clinical use, glycated hemoglobin HbA1c (A1C). It is a biomarker for diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes and of medium-term glycemic control in patients with established diabetes. A1C is an early-stage glycation adduct of hemoglobin with glucose; a fructosamine derivative. Glucose is an amino group-directed glycating agent, modifying N-terminal and lysine sidechain amino groups. A similar fructosamine derivative of serum albumin, glycated albumin (GA), finds use as a biomarker of glycemic control, particularly where there is interference in use of A1C. Later stage adducts, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), are formed by the degradation of fructosamines and by the reaction of reactive dicarbonyl metabolites, such as methylglyoxal. Dicarbonyls are arginine-directed glycating agents forming mainly hydroimidazolone AGEs. Glucosepane and pentosidine, an intense fluorophore, are AGE covalent crosslinks. Cellular proteolysis of glycated proteins forms glycated amino acids, which are released into plasma and excreted in urine. Development of diagnostic algorithms by artificial intelligence machine learning is enhancing the applications of glycation biomarkers. Investigational glycation biomarkers are in development for: (i) healthy aging; (ii) risk prediction of vascular complications of diabetes; (iii) diagnosis of autism; and (iv) diagnosis and classification of early-stage arthritis. Protein glycation biomarkers are influenced by heritability, aging, decline in metabolic, vascular, renal and skeletal health, and other factors. They are applicable to populations of differing ethnicities, bridging the gap between genotype and phenotype. They are thereby likely to find continued and expanding clinical use, including in the current era of developing precision medicine, reporting on multiple pathogenic processes and supporting a precision medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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Saeed M, Kausar MA, Singh R, Siddiqui AJ, Akhter A. The Role of Glyoxalase in Glycation and Carbonyl Stress Induced Metabolic Disorders. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:846-859. [PMID: 32368974 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200505101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycation refers to the covalent binding of sugar molecules to macromolecules, such as DNA, proteins, and lipids in a non-enzymatic reaction, resulting in the formation of irreversibly bound products known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are synthesized in high amounts both in pathological conditions, such as diabetes and under physiological conditions resulting in aging. The body's anti-glycation defense mechanisms play a critical role in removing glycated products. However, if this defense system fails, AGEs start accumulating, which results in pathological conditions. Studies have been shown that increased accumulation of AGEs acts as key mediators in multiple diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, arthritis, cancer, atherosclerosis, decreased skin elasticity, male erectile dysfunction, pulmonary fibrosis, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, glycation of nucleotides, proteins, and phospholipids by α-oxoaldehyde metabolites, such as glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO), causes potential damage to the genome, proteome, and lipidome. Glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1) acts as a part of the anti-glycation defense system by carrying out detoxification of GO and MGO. It has been demonstrated that GLO-1 protects dicarbonyl modifications of the proteome and lipidome, thereby impeding the cell signaling and affecting age-related diseases. Its relationship with detoxification and anti-glycation defense is well established. Glycation of proteins by MGO and GO results in protein misfolding, thereby affecting their structure and function. These findings provide evidence for the rationale that the functional modulation of the GLO pathway could be used as a potential therapeutic target. In the present review, we summarized the newly emerged literature on the GLO pathway, including enzymes regulating the process. In addition, we described small bioactive molecules with the potential to modulate the GLO pathway, thereby providing a basis for the development of new treatment strategies against age-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Sataywati College, Delhi University, Delhi, India
| | - Arif J Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Akhter
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India
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Francisco FA, Saavedra LPJ, Junior MDF, Barra C, Matafome P, Mathias PCF, Gomes RM. Early AGEing and metabolic diseases: is perinatal exposure to glycotoxins programming for adult-life metabolic syndrome? Nutr Rev 2021; 79:13-24. [PMID: 32951053 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal early nutritional disorders are critical for the developmental origins of health and disease. Glycotoxins, or advanced glycation end-products, and their precursors such as the methylglyoxal, which are formed endogenously and commonly found in processed foods and infant formulas, may be associated with acute and long-term metabolic disorders. Besides general aspects of glycotoxins, such as their endogenous production, exogenous sources, and their role in the development of metabolic syndrome, we discuss in this review the sources of perinatal exposure to glycotoxins and their involvement in metabolic programming mechanisms. The role of perinatal glycotoxin exposure in the onset of insulin resistance, central nervous system development, cardiovascular diseases, and early aging also are discussed, as are possible interventions that may prevent or reduce such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio A Francisco
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucas P J Saavedra
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcos D F Junior
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Cátia Barra
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, and the Center for Innovative Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra; and the Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, and the Center for Innovative Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra; and the Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo C F Mathias
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Gomes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Namkhah Z, Ashtary-Larky D, Naeini F, Clark CCT, Asbaghi O. Does vitamin C supplementation exert profitable effects on serum lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes? A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105665. [PMID: 33984490 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that vitamin C supplementation may decrease lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the influence of vitamin C supplementation on lipid profile in patients with T2DM. Studies examining the effects of vitamin C supplementation on lipid profile in patients with T2DM, published up to November 2020, were identified through PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase databases. 15 studies, including 872 participants, were included and analyzed using a random-effects model to calculate weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Findings from 15 studies indicated that vitamin C supplementation significantly decreased Triglyceride (TG) (WMD: -16.48 mg/dl, 95% CI (-31.89, -1.08), P < 0.001) and total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: -13.00 mg/dl, 95% CI (-23.10, -2.91), P < 0.001) in patients with T2DM. However, vitamin C supplementation failed to improve LDL and HDL. The meta-regression analysis suggested that lipid profile improvement was affected by duration of vitamin C treatment. Dose-response analysis showed that vitamin C supplementation changed LDL significantly based on vitamin C dose. According to our findings, vitamin C supplementation significantly improved lipid profile via decreases in TG and TC. However, vitamin C failed to affect LDL and HDL in diabetic populations. It appears that vitamin C supplementation is more beneficial to lipid profile in long-term vs. short term interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Namkhah
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran university of medical science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Naeini
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran university of medical science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, U.K
| | - Omid Asbaghi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Dicarbonyl stress, protein glycation and the unfolded protein response. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:331-340. [PMID: 33644826 PMCID: PMC8116241 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactive dicarbonyl metabolite, methylglyoxal (MG), is increased in obesity and diabetes and is implicated in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular complications of diabetes. Dicarbonyl stress is the metabolic state of abnormal high MG concentration. MG is an arginine-directed glycating agent and precursor of the major advanced glycation endproduct, arginine-derived hydroimidazolone MG-H1. MG-H1 is often formed on protein surfaces and an uncharged hydrophobic residue, inducing protein structural distortion and misfolding. Recent studies indicate that dicarbonyl stress in human endothelial cells and fibroblasts in vitro induced a proteomic response consistent with activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The response included: increased abundance of heat shock proteins and ubiquitin ligases catalysing the removal of proteins with unshielded surface hydrophobic patches and formation of polyubiquitinated chains to encapsulate misfolded proteins; and increased low grade inflammation. Activation of the UPR is implicated in insulin resistance. An effective strategy to counter increased MG is inducing increased expression of glyoxalase-1 (Glo1). An optimized inducer of Glo1 expression, trans-resveratrol and hesperetin combination, normalized increased MG concentration, corrected insulin resistance and decreased low grade inflammation in overweight and obese subjects. We propose that dicarbonyl stress, through increased formation of MG-glycated proteins, may be an important physiological stimulus of the UPR and Glo1 inducers may provide a route to effective suppression and therapy. With further investigation and validation, this may provide key new insight into physiological activators of the UPR and association with dicarbonyl stress.
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Rehman S, Alouffi S, Faisal M, Qahtan AA, Alatar AA, Ahmad S. Methylglyoxal mediated glycation leads to neo-epitopes generation in fibrinogen: Role in the induction of adaptive immune response. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:535-543. [PMID: 33529635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia mediated non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins results in the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated secondary complications via the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The focus of this study is to reveal the immunological aspects of methylglyoxal (MG) mediated glycation of fibrinogen protein. The induced immunogenicity of modified fibrinogen is analyzed by direct binding and inhibition ELISA. Direct binding ELISA confirmed that MG glycated fibrinogen (MG-Fib) is highly immunogenic and induces a high titer of antibodies in comparison to its native analog. Cross-reactivity and antigen-binding specificity of induced antibodies were confirmed by inhibition ELISA. The enhanced affinity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from immunized rabbits' sera and MG glycated fibrinogen is probably the aftermath of neo-epitopes generation in the native structure of protein upon modification. Thus, we deduce that under the glycative stress, MG-mediated structural alterations in fibrinogen could induce the generation of antibodies which might serve as a potential biomarker in diabetes mellitus and its associated secondary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Rehman
- IIRC-1, Laboratory of Glycation Biology and Metabolic Disorder, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Prade sh-226026, India
| | - Sultan Alouffi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia; Molecular Diagnostic & Personalized Therapeutic Unit, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Qahtan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Alatar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia.
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Fang X, Liu L, Zhou S, Zhu M, Wang B. N‑acetylcysteine inhibits atherosclerosis by correcting glutathione‑dependent methylglyoxal elimination and dicarbonyl/oxidative stress in the aorta of diabetic mice. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:201. [PMID: 33495825 PMCID: PMC7821347 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetic animal models, high plasma/tissue levels of methylglyoxal (MG) are implicated in atherosclerosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that replenishes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, which can increase the elimination of MG in diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study investigated the anti-atherosclerotic role of NAC in DM and aimed to determine whether the mechanism involved GSH-dependent MG elimination in the aorta. Apolipoprotein-E knockdown (ApoE−/−) mice injected with streptozotocin for 5 days exhibited enhanced atherosclerotic plaque size in the aortic root; notably, a high-lipid diet aggravated this alteration. NAC treatment in the drinking water for 12 weeks decreased the size of the atherosclerotic lesion, which was associated with a reduction in MG-dicarbonyl stress and oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased serum malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase-1 and glutathione peroxidase-1 levels in the diabetic aorta. Endothelial damage was also corrected by NAC, as indicated by an increase in the expression levels of phosphorylated (p-)Akt and p-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the aorta, as well as nitric oxide (NO) in the serum. In addition, MG-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exhibited increased reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant enzyme expression levels. NAC treatment corrected the alteration in HUVECs induced by MG, whereas the protective role of NAC was blocked via inhibition of GSH. These findings indicated that the diabetic aorta was more susceptible to atherosclerotic lesions compared with non-diabetic ApoE−/− mice. Furthermore, NAC may offer protection against atherosclerotic development in DM by altering aortic and systemic responses via correcting GSH-dependent MG elimination, leading to decreased oxidative stress and restoration of the p-Akt/p-eNOS pathway in the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqiong Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Mengen Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Dicarbonyl derived post-translational modifications: chemistry bridging biology and aging-related disease. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:97-110. [PMID: 31939602 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In living systems, nucleophilic amino acid residues are prone to non-enzymatic post-translational modification by electrophiles. α-Dicarbonyl compounds are a special type of electrophiles that can react irreversibly with lysine, arginine, and cysteine residues via complex mechanisms to form post-translational modifications known as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone are the major endogenous dicarbonyls, with methylglyoxal being the most well-studied. There are several routes that lead to the formation of dicarbonyl compounds, most originating from glucose and glucose metabolism, such as the non-enzymatic decomposition of glycolytic intermediates and fructosyl amines. Although dicarbonyls are removed continuously mainly via the glyoxalase system, several conditions lead to an increase in dicarbonyl concentration and thereby AGE formation. AGEs have been implicated in diabetes and aging-related diseases, and for this reason the elucidation of their structure as well as protein targets is of great interest. Though the dicarbonyls and reactive protein side chains are of relatively simple nature, the structures of the adducts as well as their mechanism of formation are not that trivial. Furthermore, detection of sites of modification can be demanding and current best practices rely on either direct mass spectrometry or various methods of enrichment based on antibodies or click chemistry followed by mass spectrometry. Future research into the structure of these adducts and protein targets of dicarbonyl compounds may improve the understanding of how the mechanisms of diabetes and aging-related physiological damage occur.
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Reading patterns of proteome damage by glycation, oxidation and nitration: quantitation by stable isotopic dilution analysis LC-MS/MS. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:169-183. [PMID: 32065835 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) provides a high sensitivity, high specificity multiplexed method for concurrent detection of adducts formed by protein glycation, oxidation and nitration, also called AGEomics. Combined with stable isotopic dilution analysis, it provides for robust quantitation of protein glycation, oxidation and nitration adduct analytes. It is the reference method for such measurements. LC-MS/MS has been used to measure glycated, oxidized and nitrated amino acids - also called glycation, oxidation and nitration free adducts, with a concurrent quantitation of the amino acid metabolome in physiological fluids. Similar adduct residues in proteins may be quantitated with prior exhaustive enzymatic hydrolysis. It has also been applied to quantitation of other post-translation modifications, such as citrullination and formation of Nε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine crosslink by transglutaminases. Application to cellular and extracellular proteins gives estimates of the steady-state levels of protein modification by glycation, oxidation and nitration, and measurement of the accumulation of glycation, oxidation and nitration adducts in cell culture medium and urinary excretion gives an indication of flux of adduct formation. Measurement of glycation, oxidation and nitration free adducts in plasma and urine provides for estimates of renal clearance of free adducts. Diagnostic potential in clinical studies has been enhanced by the combination of estimates of multiple adducts in optimized diagnostic algorithms by machine learning. Recent applications have been in early-stage detection of metabolic, vascular and renal disease, and arthritis, metabolic control and risk of developing vascular complication in diabetes, and a blood test for autism.
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Rehman S, Aatif M, Rafi Z, Khan MY, Shahab U, Ahmad S, Farhan M. Effect of non-enzymatic glycosylation in the epigenetics of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:543-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Fan X, Sell DR, Hao C, Liu S, Wang B, Wesson DW, Siedlak S, Zhu X, Kavanagh TJ, Harrison FE, Monnier VM. Vitamin C is a source of oxoaldehyde and glycative stress in age-related cataract and neurodegenerative diseases. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13176. [PMID: 32567221 PMCID: PMC7418511 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxoaldehyde stress has recently emerged as a major source of tissue damage in aging and age-related diseases. The prevailing mechanism involves methylglyoxal production during glycolysis and modification of arginine residues through the formation of methylglyoxal hydroimidazolones (MG-H1). We now tested the hypothesis that oxidation of vitamin C (ascorbic acid or ASA) contributes to this damage when the homeostatic redox balance is disrupted especially in ASA-rich tissues such as the eye lens and brain. MG-H1 measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry is several fold increased in the lens and brain from transgenic mice expressing human vitamin C transporter 2 (hSVCT2). Similarly, MG-H1 levels are increased two- to fourfold in hippocampus extracts from individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and significantly higher levels are present in sarkosyl-insoluble tissue fractions from AD brain proteins than in the soluble fractions. Moreover, immunostaining with antibodies against methylglyoxal hydroimidazolones reveals similar increase in substantia nigra neurons from individuals with Parkinson's disease. Results from an in vitro incubation experiment suggest that accumulated catalytic metal ions in the hippocampus during aging could readily accelerate ASA oxidation and such acceleration was significantly enhanced in AD. Modeling studies and intraventricular injection of 13 C-labeled ASA revealed that ASA backbone carbons 4-6 are incorporated into MG-H1 both in vitro and in vivo, likely via a glyceraldehyde precursor. We propose that drugs that prevent oxoaldehyde stress or excessive ASA oxidation may protect against age-related cataract and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Fan
- Department of Cellular Biology and AnatomyMedical College of Georgia at Augusta UniversityAugustaGeorgia
- Department of PathologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - David R. Sell
- Department of PathologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Caili Hao
- Department of Cellular Biology and AnatomyMedical College of Georgia at Augusta UniversityAugustaGeorgia
| | | | - Benlian Wang
- Center for ProteomicsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Daniel W. Wesson
- NeurosciencesCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- Present address:
Department of Pharmacology & TherapeuticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Sandra Siedlak
- Department of PathologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of PathologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Terrance J. Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Fiona E. Harrison
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Vincent M. Monnier
- Department of PathologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- BiochemistryCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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Jayaraman S, Chavez OR, Pérez A, Miñambres I, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Gursky O. Binding to heparin triggers deleterious structural and biochemical changes in human low-density lipoprotein, which are amplified in hyperglycemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158712. [PMID: 32289504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) binding to arterial proteoglycans initiates LDL retention and modification in the arterial wall, triggering atherosclerosis. The details of this binding, its effectors, and its ramifications are incompletely understood. We combined heparin affinity chromatography with biochemical, spectroscopic and electron microscopic techniques to show that brief binding to heparin initiates irreversible pro-atherogenic remodeling of human LDL. This involved decreased structural stability of LDL and increased susceptibility to hydrolysis, oxidation and fusion. Furthermore, phospholipid hydrolysis, mild oxidation and/or glycation of LDL in vitro increase the proteolytic susceptibility of apoB and its heparin binding affinity, perhaps by unmasking additional heparin-binding sites. For LDL from hyperglycemic type-2 diabetic patients, heparin binding was particularly destabilizing and caused apoB fragmentation and LDL fusion. However, for similar patients whose glycemic control was restored upon therapy, LDL-heparin binding affinity was rectified and LDL structural stability was partially restored. These results complement previous studies of LDL binding to arterial proteoglycans and suggest that such interactions may produce a particularly pro-atherogenic subclass of electronegative LDL. In summary, binding to heparin alters apoB conformation, perhaps by partially peeling it off the lipid, and triggers pro-atherogenic LDL modifications including hydrolysis, oxidation, and destabilization. Furthermore, phospholipid lipolysis, mild oxidation and glycation of LDL in vitro strengthen its binding to heparin, which helps explain stronger binding observed in hyperglycemic LDL. Combined effects of hyperglycemia and heparin binding are especially deleterious but are largely rectified upon diabetes therapy. These findings help establish a mechanistic link between diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobini Jayaraman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Olivia R Chavez
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Antonio Pérez
- Endocrinology Department of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Inka Miñambres
- Endocrinology Department of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Spain; Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
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Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CDA. Methylglyoxal, a Highly Reactive Dicarbonyl Compound, in Diabetes, Its Vascular Complications, and Other Age-Related Diseases. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:407-461. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation and accumulation of methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, vascular complications of diabetes, and several other age-related chronic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and disorders of the central nervous system. MGO is mainly formed as a byproduct of glycolysis and, under physiological circumstances, detoxified by the glyoxalase system. MGO is the major precursor of nonenzymatic glycation of proteins and DNA, subsequently leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). MGO and MGO-derived AGEs can impact on organs and tissues affecting their functions and structure. In this review we summarize the formation of MGO, the detoxification of MGO by the glyoxalase system, and the biochemical pathways through which MGO is linked to the development of diabetes, vascular complications of diabetes, and other age-related diseases. Although interventions to treat MGO-associated complications are not yet available in the clinical setting, several strategies to lower MGO have been developed over the years. We will summarize several new directions to target MGO stress including glyoxalase inducers and MGO scavengers. Targeting MGO burden may provide new therapeutic applications to mitigate diseases in which MGO plays a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. G. Schalkwijk
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C. D. A. Stehouwer
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Dicarbonyl Stress at the Crossroads of Healthy and Unhealthy Aging. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070749. [PMID: 31331077 PMCID: PMC6678343 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicarbonyl stress occurs when dicarbonyl metabolites (i.e., methylglyoxal, glyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone) accumulate as a consequence of their increased production and/or decreased detoxification. This toxic condition has been associated with metabolic and age-related diseases, both of which are characterized by a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant state. Methylglyoxal (MGO) is the most reactive dicarbonyl and the one with the highest endogenous flux. It is the precursor of the major quantitative advanced glycated products (AGEs) in physiological systems, arginine-derived hydroimidazolones, which accumulate in aging and dysfunctional tissues. The aging process is characterized by a decline in the functional properties of cells, tissues and whole organs, starting from the perturbation of crucial cellular processes, including mitochondrial function, proteostasis and stress-scavenging systems. Increasing studies are corroborating the causal relationship between MGO-derived AGEs and age-related tissue dysfunction, unveiling a previously underestimated role of dicarbonyl stress in determining healthy or unhealthy aging. This review summarizes the latest evidence supporting a causal role of dicarbonyl stress in age-related diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration.
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Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Hexokinase-2 Glycolytic Overload in Diabetes and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:419-431. [PMID: 31221272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase-2 (HK2) was recently found to produce increased metabolic flux through glycolysis in hyperglycemia without concurrent transcriptional or other functional regulation. Rather, stabilization to proteolysis by increased glucose substrate binding produced unscheduled increased glucose metabolism in response to high cytosolic glucose concentration. This produces abnormal increases in glycolytic intermediates or glycolytic overload, driving cell dysfunction and vulnerability to the damaging effects of hyperglycemia in diabetes, explaining tissue-specific pathogenesis. Glycolytic overload is also activated in ischemia-reperfusion injury and cell senescence. A further key feature is HK2 displacement from mitochondria by increased glucose-6-phosphate concentration, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. This pathogenic mechanism suggested new targets for therapeutics development that gave promising outcomes in initial clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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Tezuka Y, Nakaya I, Nakayama K, Nakayama M, Yahata M, Soma J. Methylglyoxal as a prognostic factor in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 24:943-950. [PMID: 30407693 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM Advanced glycation end products and their precursors cause vascular damage through oxidative stress. We investigated the hypothesis that methylglyoxal (MG), 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) and pentosidine influence outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. METHODS We conducted a 3 years prospective observational study involving 150 outpatients at CKD stages 3-5. At enrolment, MG, 3-DG and pentosidine plasma concentrations were measured; patients were divided into tertiles according to the concentration of each substance. The primary endpoint was death, a cardiovascular event or end-stage renal disease. Survival analysis was performed using the Cox regression model. RESULTS The patients' mean age was 62 ± 12 years, 97 were men, and 20 had diabetic nephropathy. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 25.0 ± 12.1 mL/min per 1.73 m2 , which negatively correlated with MG but not with 3-DG and pentosidine. Forty-eight patients reached the primary endpoint. Compared with the lowest MG tertile, the hazard ratio for the primary endpoint was 7.57 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.71-33.54) in the middle tertile and 27.00 (CI: 6.46-112.82) in the highest tertile. When adjusted for characteristics at baseline, the corresponding hazard ratio decreased to 2.09 (CI: 0.37-11.96) and 6.13 (CI: 0.97-38.82), but MG tertile remained an independent risk factor for the primary endpoint. However, 3-DG and pentosidine were not related to the primary outcome. CONCLUSION Methylglyoxal has a close clinical association with CKD. Higher MG concentrations may contribute renal function deterioration in CKD. In CKD patients, MG concentration might be useful when determining the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tezuka
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Morioka, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Izaya Nakaya
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Morioka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakayama
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakayama
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yahata
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Morioka, Japan
| | - Jun Soma
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Morioka, Japan
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Increased retention of LDL from type 1 diabetic patients in atherosclerosis-prone areas of the murine arterial wall. Atherosclerosis 2019; 286:156-162. [PMID: 30871723 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Type 1 diabetes accelerates the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Retention of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial wall is a causal step in atherogenesis, but it is unknown whether diabetes alters the propensity of LDL for retention. The present study investigated whether LDL from type 1 diabetic and healthy non-diabetic subjects differed in their ability to bind to the arterial wall in a type 1 diabetic mouse model. METHODS Fluorescently-labeled LDL obtained from type 1 diabetic patients or healthy controls was injected into mice with type 1 diabetes. The amount of retained LDL in the atherosclerosis-prone inner curvature of the aortic arch was quantified by fluorescence microscopy. Healthy control LDL was in vitro glycated, analyzed for protein glycation by LC-MS/MS, and tested for retention propensity. RESULTS Retention of LDL from type 1 diabetic patients was 4.35-fold higher compared to LDL from nondiabetic subjects. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis of LDL revealed no differences in the concentration of the atherogenic small dense LDL between type 1 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In vitro glycation of LDL from a non-diabetic subject increased retention compared to non-glycated LDL. LC-MS/MS revealed four new glycated spots in the protein sequence of ApoB of in vitro glycated LDL. CONCLUSIONS LDL from type 1 diabetic patients showed increased retention at atherosclerosis-prone sites in the arterial wall of diabetic mice. Glycation of LDL is one modification that may increase retention, but other, yet unknown, mechanisms are also likely to contribute.
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Kheniser KG, Kashyap SR, Kasumov T. A systematic review: the appraisal of the effects of metformin on lipoprotein modification and function. Obes Sci Pract 2019; 5:36-45. [PMID: 30820329 PMCID: PMC6381305 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Metformin is a commonly prescribed anti-hyperglycaemic pharmacological agent, and it remains a staple in the management of type II diabetes. In addition to metformin's glucose lowering effects, research has indicated that metformin inhibits glycation-mediated and oxidative modification of lipoprotein residues. The purpose was to discuss the effects of metformin as it relates to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modification. MATERIALS AND METHODS The purpose was to conduct a narrative and pragmatic review on the effects of metformin as it pertains to HDL and LDL modification. RESULTS High-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration is a quantitative measure and therefore does not provide insight into its function, which is a qualitative property. Dysfunctional HDLs are unable to carry out functions normally associated with HDL because they can be modified by glycating agents. Metformin may counteract HDL dysfunction by abating HDL modification. Reductions in HDL modification may improve reverse cholesterol transport ability and thus possibly diminish cardiovascular risk. Similarly, metformin-mediated attenuations in LDL modification may reduce their atherogenic potency. CONCLUSION Metformin may partially ameliorate HDL dysfunction and reduce LDL modification by inhibiting alpha-dicarbonyl-mediated modification of apolipoprotein residues; consequently, the results are salient because cardiovascular disease incidence may be reduced given that reverse cholesterol transport activity predicts risk, and modified LDL are proatherogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Kheniser
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - S. R. Kashyap
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - T. Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOHUSA
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Abstract
Significance: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are increasing globally. There is also increasing associated complications, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and vascular complications of diabetes. There is currently no licensed treatment for NAFLD and no recent treatments for diabetic complications. New approaches are required, particularly those addressing mechanism-based risk factors for health decline and disease progression. Recent Advances: Dicarbonyl stress is the abnormal accumulation of reactive dicarbonyl metabolites such as methylglyoxal (MG) leading to cell and tissue dysfunction. It is a potential driver of obesity, diabetes, and related complications that are unaddressed by current treatments. Increased formation of MG is linked to increased glyceroneogenesis and hyperglycemia in obesity and diabetes and also down-regulation of glyoxalase 1 (Glo1)-which provides the main enzymatic detoxification of MG. Glo1 functional genomics studies suggest that increasing Glo1 expression and activity alleviates dicarbonyl stress; slows development of obesity, related insulin resistance; and prevents development of diabetic nephropathy and other microvascular complications of diabetes. A new therapeutic approach constitutes small-molecule inducers of Glo1 expression-Glo1 inducers-exploiting a regulatory antioxidant response element in the GLO1 gene. A prototype Glo1 inducer, trans-resveratrol (tRES)-hesperetin (HESP) combination, in corrected insulin resistance, improved glycemic control and vascular inflammation in healthy overweight and obese subjects in clinical trial. Critical Issues: tRES and HESP synergize pharmacologically, and HESP likely overcomes the low bioavailability of tRES by inhibition of intestinal glucuronosyltransferases. Future Directions: Glo1 inducers may now be evaluated in Phase 2 clinical trials for treatment of NAFLD and vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- 1 Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital , Coventry, United Kingdom .,2 Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick , Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- 1 Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital , Coventry, United Kingdom .,2 Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick , Coventry, United Kingdom
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D'Aronco S, Crotti S, Agostini M, Traldi P, Chilelli NC, Lapolla A. The role of mass spectrometry in studies of glycation processes and diabetes management. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:112-146. [PMID: 30423209 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, mass spectrometry has been widely employed in the study of diabetes. This was mainly due to the development of new, highly sensitive, and specific methods representing powerful tools to go deep into the biochemical and pathogenetic processes typical of the disease. The aim of this review is to give a panorama of the scientifically valid results obtained in this contest. The recent studies on glycation processes, in particular those devoted to the mechanism of production and to the reactivity of advanced glycation end products (AGEs, AGE peptides, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, dicarbonyl compounds) allowed to obtain a different view on short and long term complications of diabetes. These results have been employed in the research of effective markers and mass spectrometry represented a precious tool allowing the monitoring of diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular complications, and gestational diabetes. The same approaches have been employed to monitor the non-insulinic diabetes pharmacological treatments, as well as in the discovery and characterization of antidiabetic agents from natural products. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 38:112-146, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D'Aronco
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Crotti
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Traldi
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
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50
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Sibbersen C, Schou Oxvig AM, Bisgaard Olesen S, Nielsen CB, Galligan JJ, Jørgensen KA, Palmfeldt J, Johannsen M. Profiling of Methylglyoxal Blood Metabolism and Advanced Glycation End-Product Proteome Using a Chemical Probe. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3294-3305. [PMID: 30508371 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is quantitatively the most important precursor to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and evidence is accumulating that it is also a causally linked to diabetes and aging related diseases. Living systems primarily reside on the glyoxalase system to detoxify MG into benign d-lactate. The flux to either glycation or detoxification, accordingly, is a key parameter for how well a system handles the ubiquitous glyoxal burden. Furthermore, insight into proteins and in particular their individual modification sites are central to understanding the involvement of MG and AGE in diabetes and aging related diseases. Here, we present a simple method to simultaneously monitor the flux of MG both to d-lactate and to protein AGE formation in a biological sample by employing an alkyne-labeled methylglyoxal probe. We apply the method to blood and plasma to demonstrate the impact of blood cell glyoxalase activity on plasma protein AGE formation. We move on to isolate proteins modified by the MG probe and accordingly can present the first general inventory of more than 100 proteins and 300 binding sites of the methylglyoxal probe on plasma as well as erythrocytic proteins. Some of the data could be validated against a number of in vivo and in vitro targets for advanced glycation previously known from the literature; the majority of proteins and specific sites however were previously unknown and may guide future research into MG and AGE to elucidate how these are functionally linked to diabetic disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sibbersen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Schou Oxvig
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Sarah Bisgaard Olesen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | | | - James J. Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | | | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
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