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Perez-Robles M, Campos-Perez W, Torres-Vanegas J, Rodriguez-Reyes SC, Rivera-Valdés JJ, Martínez-Lopez E. Abdominal Obesity, Excessive Adiposity, and the Taq1B CETP Variant Are Positively Associated with Serum Lipid Levels in Mexican Women. Lifestyle Genom 2023; 16:83-89. [PMID: 36652934 DOI: 10.1159/000529053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a prevalent multifactorial disease whose main complication is dyslipidemia. Serum lipid levels also depend on genetic factors including the Taq1B variant of the CETP gene, which is suggested to be influenced by environmental factors and adiposity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of the Taq1B CETP variant on serum lipid levels associated with anthropometrical variables. METHODS 165 women from western Mexico were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Weight and body fat were measured by bioimpedance and waist circumference with a measuring tape. Serum lipid levels were determined by dry chemistry. The Taq1B CETP variant was analyzed by allelic discrimination. RESULTS Women with abdominal obesity and the B1B2/B2B2 genotype had significantly higher total cholesterol levels (195.17 [185.95-204.39] vs. 183 mg/dL [169.83-196.16], p = 0.007) and low density lipoprotein (118.84 [110.65-127.03] vs. 113.84 mg/dL [102.37-125.31], p = 0.037) than carriers of the B1B1 genotype. Likewise, subjects with excessive adiposity and the B1B2/B2B2 genotype showed significantly higher total cholesterol levels (195.05 [186.04-204.06] vs. 182.40 mg/dL [169.03-195.76], p = 0.003) than those with the B1B1 genotype. CONCLUSION Women with abdominal obesity or excessive adiposity, who are also carriers of the B1B2/B2B2 genotype, have higher serum lipid levels than women with the B1B1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Perez-Robles
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Doctorado en Ciencias en Biología Molecular en Medicina, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Wendy Campos-Perez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Joel Torres-Vanegas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Departamento de Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo. Doctorado en Ciencias en Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Sarai Citlalic Rodriguez-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan José Rivera-Valdés
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Erika Martínez-Lopez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Cyrus C, Vatte C, Al-Nafie A, Chathoth S, Al-Ali R, Al-Shehri A, Akhtar MS, Almansori M, Al-Muhanna F, Keating B, Al-Ali A. The impact of common polymorphisms in CETP and ABCA1 genes with the risk of coronary artery disease in Saudi Arabians. Hum Genomics 2016; 10:8. [PMID: 26936456 PMCID: PMC4776394 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-016-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many genetic and environmental risk factors including atherogenic dyslipidemia contribute towards the development of CAD. Functionally relevant mutations in the dyslipidemia-related genes and enzymes involved in the reverse cholesterol transport system are associated with CAD and contribute to increased susceptibility of myocardial infarction (MI). Method Blood samples from 990 angiographically confirmed Saudi CAD patients with at least one event of myocardial infarction were collected between 2012 and 2014. A total of 618 Saudi controls with no history or family history of CAD participated in the study. Four polymorphisms, rs2230806, rs2066715 (ABCA1), rs5882, and rs708272 (CETP), were genotyped using TaqMan Assay. Results CETP rs5882 (OR = 1.45, P < 0.005) and ABCA1 rs2230806 (OR = 1.42, P = 0.017) polymorphisms were associated with increased risk of CAD. However, rs708272 polymorphism showed protective effect (B1 vs. B2: OR = 0.80, P = 0.003 and B2B2 vs. B1B1: OR = 0.68, P = 0.012) while the ABCA1 variant rs2066715 was not associated. Conclusion This study is the first to report the association of these polymorphisms with CAD in the population of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The rs5882 polymorphism (CETP) showed a significant association and therefore could be a promising marker for CAD risk estimation while the rs708272 polymorphism had a protective effect from CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Cyrus
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultation, University of Dammam, P.O.Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Chittibabu Vatte
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultation, University of Dammam, P.O.Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif Al-Nafie
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, P.O.Box 4001, Al-Khobar, 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahanas Chathoth
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultation, University of Dammam, P.O.Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rudaynah Al-Ali
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, P.O.Box 4001, Al-Khobar, 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Shehri
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, P.O.Box 4001, Al-Khobar, 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Shakil Akhtar
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, P.O.Box 4001, Al-Khobar, 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almansori
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, P.O.Box 4001, Al-Khobar, 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al-Muhanna
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, P.O.Box 4001, Al-Khobar, 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Brendan Keating
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amein Al-Ali
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultation, University of Dammam, P.O.Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Bunn D, Brown T, Summerbell CD, Skeaff CM. Effects of total fat intake on body weight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2016:CD011834. [PMID: 26250104 PMCID: PMC10403157 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to prevent overweight and obesity in the general population we need to understand the relationship between the proportion of energy from fat and resulting weight and body fatness in the general population. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of proportion of energy intake from fat on measures of weight and body fatness (including obesity, waist circumference and body mass index) in people not aiming to lose weight, using all appropriate randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies in adults, children and young people SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL to March 2014 and MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL to November 2014. We did not limit the search by language. We also checked the references of relevant reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised intervention trial, 2) included children (aged ≥ 24 months), young people or adults, 3) randomised to a lower fat versus usual or moderate fat diet, without the intention to reduce weight in any participants, 4) not multifactorial and 5) assessed a measure of weight or body fatness after at least six months. We also included cohort studies in children, young people and adults that assessed the proportion of energy from fat at baseline and assessed the relationship with body weight or fatness after at least one year. We duplicated inclusion decisions and resolved disagreement by discussion or referral to a third party. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data on the population, intervention, control and outcome measures in duplicate. We extracted measures of weight and body fatness independently in duplicate at all available time points. We performed random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression, subgrouping, sensitivity and funnel plot analyses. MAIN RESULTS We included 32 RCTs (approximately 54,000 participants) and 30 sets of analyses of 25 cohorts. There is consistent evidence from RCTs in adults of a small weight-reducing effect of eating a smaller proportion of energy from fat; this was seen in almost all included studies and was highly resistant to sensitivity analyses. The effect of eating less fat (compared with usual diet) is a mean weight reduction of 1.5 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) -2.0 to -1.1 kg), but greater weight loss results from greater fat reductions. The size of the effect on weight does not alter over time and is mirrored by reductions in body mass index (BMI) (-0.5 kg/m(2), 95% CI -0.7 to -0.3) and waist circumference (-0.3 cm, 95% CI -0.6 to -0.02). Included cohort studies in children and adults most often do not suggest any relationship between total fat intake and later measures of weight, body fatness or change in body fatness. However, there was a suggestion that lower fat intake was associated with smaller increases in weight in middle-aged but not elderly adults, and in change in BMI in the highest validity child cohort. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Trials where participants were randomised to a lower fat intake versus usual or moderate fat intake, but with no intention to reduce weight, showed a consistent, stable but small effect of low fat intake on body fatness: slightly lower weight, BMI and waist circumference compared with controls. Greater fat reduction and lower baseline fat intake were both associated with greater reductions in weight. This effect of reducing total fat was not consistently reflected in cohort studies assessing the relationship between total fat intake and later measures of body fatness or change in body fatness in studies of children, young people or adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK, NR4 7TJ
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Yu Q, Liu EQ, Zhao SH, Li YF, Wang YL, Chen YL, Wei KN, Huang BQ, Fan JL, Yang PH. Association between TaqIB polymorphism of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and coronary artery disease in the Chinese population. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2012; 13:342-7. [PMID: 22556171 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether the TaqIB polymorphism of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chinese population, we performed a meta-analysis in this paper. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, the Science Citation Index (SCI), the China Biological Medicine database (CBM), the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and the Wanfang database for relevant articles. Data were extracted, and pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS The literature search yielded 448 studies, in which 10 case-control studies including 1694 cases and 1456 controls matched the selection criteria. The combined B1 and B2 allele frequencies were 0.587 and 0.413, respectively. The pooled OR was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.89-1.34) for comparing the B1B1 or B1B2 carriers with B2B2 carriers, and was 1.27 (95% CI, 1.09-1.49) in the B1B1 carriers versus B2B2 or B1B2 carriers. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, the TaqIB polymorphism of CETP was found to be associated with CAD in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
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Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Thompson R, Sills D, Roberts FG, Moore HJ, Davey Smith G. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012:CD002137. [PMID: 22592684 PMCID: PMC6486029 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002137.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction and modification of dietary fats have differing effects on cardiovascular risk factors (such as serum cholesterol), but their effects on important health outcomes are less clear. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of reduction and/or modification of dietary fats on mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular morbidity and individual outcomes including myocardial infarction, stroke and cancer diagnoses in randomised clinical trials of at least 6 months duration. SEARCH METHODS For this review update, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE, were searched through to June 2010. References of Included studies and reviews were also checked. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised with appropriate control group, 2) intention to reduce or modify fat or cholesterol intake (excluding exclusively omega-3 fat interventions), 3) not multi factorial, 4) adult humans with or without cardiovascular disease, 5) intervention at least six months, 6) mortality or cardiovascular morbidity data available. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Participant numbers experiencing health outcomes in each arm were extracted independently in duplicate and random effects meta-analyses, meta-regression, sub-grouping, sensitivity analyses and funnel plots were performed. MAIN RESULTS This updated review suggested that reducing saturated fat by reducing and/or modifying dietary fat reduced the risk of cardiovascular events by 14% (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.96, 24 comparisons, 65,508 participants of whom 7% had a cardiovascular event, I(2) 50%). Subgrouping suggested that this reduction in cardiovascular events was seen in studies of fat modification (not reduction - which related directly to the degree of effect on serum total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides), of at least two years duration and in studies of men (not of women). There were no clear effects of dietary fat changes on total mortality (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.04, 71,790 participants) or cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.04, 65,978 participants). This did not alter with sub-grouping or sensitivity analysis.Few studies compared reduced with modified fat diets, so direct comparison was not possible. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The findings are suggestive of a small but potentially important reduction in cardiovascular risk on modification of dietary fat, but not reduction of total fat, in longer trials. Lifestyle advice to all those at risk of cardiovascular disease and to lower risk population groups, should continue to include permanent reduction of dietary saturated fat and partial replacement by unsaturates. The ideal type of unsaturated fat is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Ruan X, Ma L, Wang S, Lindpaintner K, Liu X, Wang B, Peng Z, Ma X, Cheng M, Zhang J, Liu L, Wang X. Association of two CETP polymorphisms with HDL levels in the Chinese obese population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:2196-201. [PMID: 19444232 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The association of two cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) polymorphisms, D442G and TAQIB (B1-->B2), with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in 932 Chinese obese individuals (BMI >or= 27) was investigated in comparison with normal controls (BMI <or= 24). Independent association was demonstrated for TAQIB minor allele B2 and CETP442 minor allele G with elevated HDL levels. The CETP D442G polymorphism was associated with a much greater increase in HDL levels in subjects with BMI exceeding 27 kg/m(2) (+5.42 mg/dl, P = 0.0007) compared to normal controls (+1.97 mg/dl, P = 0.275), and the increase in HDL reached the highest level among subjects with BMI exceeding 30 kg/m(2) (+6.80 mg/dl, P = 0.016). TAQIB showed significant association with HDL levels only in normal BMI subgroup (P = 0.0017). TAQIB significantly interacted with serum triglyceride (TG) on modulating HDL levels (P = 0.027). The TAQIB-TG interaction effect remained marginally significant after controlling for BMI (P = 0.057). We conclude that D442G polymorphism is associated with more HDL elevation in obesity. TAQIB interacts with serum TG on modulating HDL levels, and the interaction is partly independent of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Ruan
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Beijing Hypertension League Institute, Beijing, China
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Morehouse LA, Sugarman ED, Bourassa PA, Sand TM, Zimetti F, Gao F, Rothblat GH, Milici AJ. Inhibition of CETP activity by torcetrapib reduces susceptibility to diet-induced atherosclerosis in New Zealand White rabbits. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:1263-72. [PMID: 17325387 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600332-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors increase high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in animals and humans, but whether CETP inhibition will be antiatherogenic is still uncertain. We tested the CETP inhibitor torcetrapib in rabbits fed an atherogenic diet at a dose sufficient to increase HDL-C by at least 3-fold (207 +/- 32 vs. 57 +/- 6 mg/dl in controls at 16 weeks). CETP activity was inhibited by 70-80% throughout the study. Non-HDL-C increased in both groups, but there was no difference apparent by the study's end. At 16 weeks, aortic atherosclerosis was 60% lower in torcetrapib-treated animals (16.4 +/- 3.4% vs. 39.8 +/- 5.4% in controls) and aortic cholesterol content was reduced proportionally. Sera from a separate group of rabbits administered torcetrapib effluxed 48% more cholesterol from Fu5AH cells than did sera from control animals, possibly explaining the reduced aortic cholesterol content. Regression analyses indicated that lesion area in the torcetrapib-treated group was strongly correlated with the ratio of total plasma cholesterol to HDL-C but not with changes in other lipid or lipoprotein levels. CETP inhibition with torcetrapib retards atherosclerosis in rabbits, and the reduced lesion area is associated with increased levels of HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Morehouse
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT.
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Inukai Y, Ito K, Hara K, Yamazaki A, Takebayashi K, Aso Y, Inukai T. Serum cholesteryl ester transfer protein concentrations are associated with serum levels of total cholesterol, beta-lipoprotein and apoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Princ Pract 2007; 16:367-72. [PMID: 17709925 DOI: 10.1159/000104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of serum cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) and the metabolism of various lipids including apoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relationships between serum concentrations of CETP and various lipids and apoproteins were investigated in 193 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 68 age-matched healthy subjects. Serum CETP concentrations were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Serum CETP values were lower in diabetic patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.01). Female diabetic patients had significantly higher CETP concentrations than male patients. Serum CETP concentrations exhibited a significant positive correlation with serum concentrations of cholesterol (TC) and beta-lipoproteins in diabetic patients (r = 0.485, p = 0.013). Patients with relatively high serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) tended to have much lower CETP concentrations than patients with lower HDL-C concentrations. Serum CETP concentrations showed significant positive correlations with those of apoproteins B (Apo B; r = 0.384, p = 0.024) and E (Apo E; r = 0.341, p = 0.035). CONCLUSION The data indicate that serum CETP is closely involved in the metabolism of TC, beta-lipoprotein, Apo B and Apo E in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inukai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Koshigaya, Japan.
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Borggreve SE, De Vries R, Dullaart RPF. Alterations in high-density lipoprotein metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus: role of lipolytic enzymes, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer proteins. Eur J Clin Invest 2003; 33:1051-69. [PMID: 14636288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2003.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus are generally accompanied by low HDL cholesterol and high plasma triglycerides, which are major cardiovascular risk factors. This review describes abnormalities in HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport, i.e. the transport of cholesterol from peripheral cells back to the liver for metabolism and biliary excretion, in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several enzymes including lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL) and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), as well as cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), participate in HDL metabolism and remodelling. Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses lipoprotein triglycerides, thus providing lipids for HDL formation. Hepatic lipase reduces HDL particle size by hydrolysing its triglycerides and phospholipids. A decreased postheparin plasma LPL/HL ratio is a determinant of low HDL2 cholesterol in insulin resistance. The esterification of free cholesterol by LCAT increases HDL particle size. Plasma cholesterol esterification is unaltered or increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus, probably depending on the extent of triglyceride elevation. Subsequent CETP action results in transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL towards triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and is involved in decreasing HDL size. An increased plasma cholesteryl ester transfer is frequently observed in insulin-resistant conditions, and is considered to be a determinant of low HDL cholesterol. Phospholipid transfer protein generates small pre beta-HDL particles that are initial acceptors of cell-derived cholesterol. Its activity in plasma is elevated in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in association with high plasma triglycerides and obesity. In insulin resistance, the ability of plasma to promote cellular cholesterol efflux may be maintained consequent to increases in PLTP activity and pre beta-HDL. However, cellular cholesterol efflux to diabetic plasma is probably impaired. Besides, cellular abnormalities that are in part related to impaired actions of ATP binding cassette transporter 1 and scavenger receptor class B type I are likely to result in diminished cellular cholesterol efflux in the diabetic state. Whether hepatic metabolism of HDL-derived cholesterol and subsequent hepatobiliary transport is altered in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus is unknown. Specific CETP inhibitors have been developed that exert major HDL cholesterol-raising effects in humans and retard atherosclerosis in animals. As an increased CETP-mediated cholesteryl ester transfer represents a plausible metabolic intermediate between high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol, studies are warranted to evaluate the effects of these agents in insulin resistance- and diabetes-associated dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Borggreve
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Winkelmann BR, Hoffmann MM, Nauck M, Kumar AM, Nandabalan K, Judson RS, Boehm BO, Tall AR, Ruaño G, März W. Haplotypes of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene predict lipid-modifying response to statin therapy. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2003; 3:284-96. [PMID: 14583798 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) plays a central role in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in the CETP gene were determined in 98 patients with untreated dyslipidemias and analyzed for associations with plasma CETP and plasma lipids before and during statin treatment. Individual CETP SNPs and haplotypes were both significantly associated with CETP enzyme mass and activity. However, only certain CETP haplotypes, but not individual SNPs, significantly predicted the magnitude of change in HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides. After adjusting for covariates and multiple testing, the TTCAAA haplotype showed a gene-dose effect in predicting the HDL-C increase (P=0.03), while the TTCAAAGGG and AAAGGG haplotypes predicted a decrease in triglycerides (P=0.04 both). This is the first study to demonstrate that SNP haplotypes derived from allelic SNP combinations in the CETP gene were more informative than single SNPs in predicting the response to lipid-modifying therapy with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Winkelmann
- Cooperation Unit of Pharmacogenomics/Applied Genomics, Ruprecht Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Boekholdt SM, Thompson JF. Natural genetic variation as a tool in understanding the role of CETP in lipid levels and disease. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:1080-93. [PMID: 12639975 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r200018-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), its role in the modulation of HDL levels and cardiovascular disease has been debated. With the early detection of genetic variants followed by the finding of families deficient in CETP, genetic studies have played a large role in the attempts to understand the association of CETP with lipids and disease; however, results of these studies have often led to disparate conclusions. With the availability of a greater variety of genetic polymorphisms and larger studies in which disease has been examined, it is now possible to compare the breadth of CETP genetic studies and draw better conclusions. The most broadly studied polymorphism is TaqIB for which over 10,000 individuals have been genotyped and had HDL levels determined. When these studies are subjected to a meta-analysis, the B2B2 homozygotes are found to have higher HDL levels than B1B1 homozygotes (0.12 mmol/l, 95% CI = 0.11-0.13, P < 0.0001). A similar analysis of the I405V polymorphism yields 0.05 mmol/l higher HDL levels in 405VV homozygotes than in 405II homozygotes (95% CI = 0.03-0.07, P < 0.0001). The implications of these studies for cardiovascular disease will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matthijs Boekholdt
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Room F3-241, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Weggemans RM, Zock PL, Ordovas JM, Ramos-Galluzzi J, Katan MB. Genetic polymorphisms and lipid response to dietary changes in humans. Eur J Clin Invest 2001; 31:950-7. [PMID: 11737237 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on the effects of genetic polymorphisms on the serum cholesterol response to dietary treatments were often inconsistent and frequently involved small numbers of subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the effect of 10 genetic polymorphisms on the responses of serum cholesterol to saturated and trans fat, cholesterol and the coffee diterpene, cafestol, as measured in 26 dietary trials performed over 20 years in 405 mostly normolipidaemic subjects. RESULTS Apoprotein A4 360-2 allele attenuated the response of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to dietary cholesterol, but not in women. Subjects with the cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIb-1 allele had -0.02 to -0.05 mmol L-1 smaller responses of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to diet than those with the 2/2 genotype. The effects of the other eight polymorphisms on cholesterol response were either inconsistent with results in previous studies or need to be replicated in other studies. CONCLUSIONS Apoprotein A4360 and cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIb polymorphisms may affect dietary responses. However, no one single genotype was a major determinant of a subject's lipid response to diet. Therefore, knowledge of these genotypes by themselves is of little use in the identification of subjects who may or may not benefit from dietary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Weggemans
- Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Centre for Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6073 HD Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Research in the field of gene-diet interactions as determinants of plasma lipid response to dietary interventions has accumulated a substantial body of evidence during the past decade. Several candidate genes have shown some promise as potential markers of individual dietary responsiveness. Among the best characterized are the APOE, APOA4, APOB, APOC3, and LPL loci. Other genes are being continuously incorporated to this most interesting search. However, in very few cases has consensus been achieved about the usefulness of genetic markers as clinically significant predictors of dietary response. The increased ability to generate genotypic information, in combination with the knowledge from the human genome project and more comprehensive experimental designs, will dramatically improve our capacity to answer many of our current questions. It will also help to prove that knowledge of an individual's genetic background will facilitate more precise dietary counseling and intervention, and more efficacious primary and secondary coronary heart disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ordovas
- JM-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University School of Medicine, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Marian AJ, Safavi F, Ferlic L, Dunn JK, Gotto AM, Ballantyne CM. Interactions between angiotensin-I converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and response of plasma lipids and coronary atherosclerosis to treatment with fluvastatin: the lipoprotein and coronary atherosclerosis study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35:89-95. [PMID: 10636265 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to determine whether angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism was associated with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and its progression/regression in response to fluvastatin therapy in the Lipoprotein and Coronary Atherosclerosis Study (LCAS) population. BACKGROUND Genetic factors are involved in susceptibility to CAD. Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme I/D polymorphism, which accounts for half of the variance of plasma and tissue levels of ACE, has been implicated in susceptibility to CAD and myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fasting plasma lipids were measured and quantitative coronary angiograms were obtained at baseline and 2.5 years following randomization to fluvastatin or placebo. RESULTS Ninety-one subjects had DD, 198 ID and 75 II genotypes. The mean blood pressure, minimum lumen diameter (MLD), number of coronary lesions and total occlusions were not significantly different at baseline or follow-up among the genotypes. There was a significant genotype-by-treatment interaction for total cholesterol (p = 0.018), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p = 0.005) and apolipoprotein (apo) B (p = 0.045). In response to fluvastatin therapy, subjects with DD, compared with those with ID and II genotypes, had a greater reduction in total cholesterol (19% vs. 15% vs. 13%), LDL-C (31% vs. 25% vs. 21%) and apo B (23% vs. 15% vs. 12%). Definite progression was less (14%) and regression was more common (24%) in DD as compared with those with ID (32% and 17%) and II (33% and 3%) genotypes (p = 0.023). Changes in the mean MLD and lesion-specific MLD also followed the same trend. CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme I/D polymorphism is associated with the response of plasma lipids and coronary atherosclerosis to treatment with fluvastatin. Subjects with DD genotype had a greater reduction in LDL-C, a higher rate of regression and a lower rate of progression of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Marian
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Riemens S, Van Tol A, Stulp B, Dullaart R. Influence of insulin sensitivity and the TaqIB cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene polymorphism on plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer protein activities and their response to hyperinsulinemia in non-diabetic men. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ. Treatment of dyslipidemia: genetic interactions with diet and drug therapy. Curr Atheroscler Rep 1999; 1:16-23. [PMID: 11122687 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-999-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is multifactorial, and its manifestation is determined by multiple gene loci and their interaction with a cohort of environmental factors. Variation at several candidate gene loci has already been shown to have a significant effect over the spectrum of plasma lipid levels observed in the population. Moreover, some variants are known to influence the interindividual variability in response to dietary and pharmacologic interventions aimed to reduce atherogenic lipoproteins. The continuous progress in this area of research is getting us closer to the development of genetic screening panels that will allow a more precise assessment of individual CHD risk and response to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ordovas
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, JM-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
CHD is a multifactorial disease that is associated with non-modifiable risk factors, such as age, gender and genetic background, and with modifiable risk factors, including elevated total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Lifestyle modification should be the primary treatment for lowering cholesterol values. The modifications recommended include dietary changes, regular aerobic exercise, and normalization of body weight. The recommended dietary changes include restriction in the amount of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol together with an increase in the consumption of complex carbohydrate and dietary fibre, especially water-soluble fibre. However, nutrition scientists continue to question the value of these universal concepts and the public health benefits of low-fat diets, and an intense debate has been conducted in the literature on whether to focus on reduction of total fat or to aim efforts primarily towards reducing the consumption of saturated and trans fats. Moreover, it is well known that there is a striking variability between subjects in the response of serum cholesterol to diet. Multiple studies have examined the gene-diet interactions in the response of plasma lipid concentrations to changes in dietary fat and/or cholesterol. These studies have focused on candidate genes known to play key roles in lipoprotein metabolism. Among the gene loci examined, APOE has been the most studied, and the current evidence suggests that this locus might be responsible for some of the inter-individual variability in dietary response. Other loci, including APOA4, APOA1, APOB, APOC3, LPL and CETP have also been found to account for some of the variability in the fasting and fed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ordovas
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, JM-USDA HNRCA, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Several studies have examined gene-diet interactions in the response of plasma lipid concentrations to changes in dietary fat and/or cholesterol. Among the gene loci examined, APOE has been the most studied, and the current evidence suggests that this locus might be responsible for some of the interindividual variability in dietary response. Other loci, including APOA4, APOA1 and APOB have also been found to account for some of the variability in the fasting and fed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ordovas
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, JM-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Centre on Ageing, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Pratt RE, Dzau VJ. Genomics and hypertension: concepts, potentials, and opportunities. Hypertension 1999; 33:238-47. [PMID: 9931111 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.33.1.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/1998] [Accepted: 11/06/1998] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We are at the beginning of a biological revolution, spurred on by the Human Genome Project and associated studies. Within the next few years, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) representing all sequences expressed in humans will be determined and their genomic positions will be defined (STSs). The discovery of all the variants in the human genome that contribute to the genetic diversity of the human population will result in the construction of dense polymorphic maps. The rapid growth of the EST, STS, and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) databases, coupled with impressive technological advances, will surely have a dramatic effect on biomedical research. In this review, we will examine the recent advances in genetics and genomics and place these within the context of medical research and patient care, with an emphasis on studies in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Pratt
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.02115, USA.
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