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Langley-Evans SC. Early life programming of health and disease: the long-term consequences of obesity in pregnancy: a narrative review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022; 35:816-832. [PMID: 35475555 PMCID: PMC9540012 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rising in all parts of the world and among young women it presents a very clear danger during pregnancy. Women who are overweight or who gain excessive weight during pregnancy are at greater risk of complications in pregnancy and labour, and are more likely to lose their child to stillbirth, or themselves die during pregnancy. This narrative review considers the evidence that in addition to increasing risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, obesity has the capacity to programme fetuses to be at greater risk of cardiometabolic disorders later in life. An extensive body of evidence from prospective and retrospective cohorts, and record linkage studies demonstrates associations of maternal obesity and/or gestational diabetes with cardiovascular disease, type-1 and type-2 diabetes. Studies in animals suggest that these associations are underpinned by adaptations that occur in fetal life, which remodel the structures of major organs including the brain, kidney and pancreas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Langley-Evans
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD
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2
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Williams PT. Quantile-Dependent Heritability of Glucose, Insulin, Proinsulin, Insulin Resistance, and Glycated Hemoglobin. Lifestyle Genom 2021; 15:10-34. [PMID: 34872092 PMCID: PMC8766916 DOI: 10.1159/000519382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Quantile-dependent expressivity" is a dependence of genetic effects on whether the phenotype (e.g., insulin resistance) is high or low relative to its distribution. METHODS Quantile-specific offspring-parent regression slopes (βOP) were estimated by quantile regression for fasting glucose concentrations in 6,453 offspring-parent pairs from the Framingham Heart Study. RESULTS Quantile-specific heritability (h2), estimated by 2βOP/(1 + rspouse), increased 0.0045 ± 0.0007 (p = 8.8 × 10-14) for each 1% increment in the fasting glucose distribution, that is, h2 ± SE were 0.057 ± 0.021, 0.095 ± 0.024, 0.146 ± 0.019, 0.293 ± 0.038, and 0.456 ± 0.061 at the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of the fasting glucose distribution, respectively. Significant increases in quantile-specific heritability were also suggested for fasting insulin (p = 1.2 × 10-6), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, p = 5.3 × 10-5), insulin/glucose ratio (p = 3.9 × 10-5), proinsulin (p = 1.4 × 10-6), proinsulin/insulin ratio (p = 2.7 × 10-5), and glucose concentrations during a glucose tolerance test (p = 0.001), and their logarithmically transformed values. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION These findings suggest alternative interpretations to precision medicine and gene-environment interactions, including alternative interpretation of reported synergisms between ACE, ADRB3, PPAR-γ2, and TNF-α polymorphisms and being born small for gestational age on adult insulin resistance (fetal origin theory), and gene-adiposity (APOE, ENPP1, GCKR, IGF2BP2, IL-6, IRS-1, KIAA0280, LEPR, MFHAS1, RETN, TCF7L2), gene-exercise (INS), gene-diet (ACSL1, ELOVL6, IRS-1, PLIN, S100A9), and gene-socioeconomic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Williams
- Division of Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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3
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Low birth weight, a risk factor for diseases in later life, is a surrogate of insulin resistance at birth. J Hypertens 2019; 37:2123-2134. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Briana DD, Malamitsi-Puchner A. Intrauterine growth restriction: the controversial role of perinatal adipocytokines in the prediction of metabolic adult disease. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:2577-2582. [PMID: 31530060 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1669556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
"Prenatal/fetal programming," implying structural/functional disorders of developing tissues/organs, consequent to an adverse intrauterine environment leading to asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), predisposes to metabolic syndrome and noncommunicable diseases in adulthood, in the framework of the "Developmental Origins of Health and Disease" (DOHaD) concept. DOHaD consequences are associated with adipose tissue, particularly the visceral one, occurring in relative abundance in IUGR infants. Adipose tissue secretes numerous hormones, collectively called adipocytokines, as leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, resistin, apelin, visfatin, omentin, vaspin, preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1), fatty acid-binding protein-4, lipocalin-2, and others, implicated in fetal growth, body metabolism, energy homeostasis, and insulin resistance. Early identification of adipocytokines as biomarkers predicting later metabolic disorders/diseases in IUGR individuals, enabling relevant protective interventions, would be of utmost importance. Current data do not support this perspective, due to controversial results in the literature, with the eventual exception of visfatin and possibly Pref-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina D Briana
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Sözen M, Özcan M, Çıldır M, Doğru I, Aygök A, Balkan K. ASSOCIATION OF THE HUMAN PPARγ2 PRO12ALA POLYMORPHISM WITH OBESITY IN A POPULATION FROM TURKEY. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2018; 14:459-465. [PMID: 31149297 PMCID: PMC6516403 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2018.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been a number of reports on the relationship between the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala genotype and the development of obesity. OBJECTIVE A case-control survey was designed to investigate the potential association between a Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPARγ2 gene and obesity and/or obesity-related phenotypes in a population from Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS The polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion were used to genotype the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARγ2 gene in 149 unrelated obese and 105 non-obese control subjects from Turkey. The data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS We found that the overall minor allele frequency was 0.12 in cases and 0.095 in controls. In terms of genotype distribution and allele frequencies among the cases versus controls in the population studied, only the gender-stratified analysis revealed a significantly higher frequency of Pro/Ala genotype within males. The polymorphism was associated with significantly higher weight, height, waist circumference, central adiposity (waist-to-hip ratio, WHR), lean body weight as well as dry body weight, but not overall adiposity (total body fat percentage, TBF) in cases carrying Ala allele (Pro/Ala or Ala/Ala). However, in the subjects carrying Ala allele of the control group, WHR values were found significantly lower. CONCLUSION Our results showed that the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPARγ2 gene is associated with obesity in the studied adult population from Turkey. These data suggest that the Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARγ2 may be a potential genetic risk factor for central obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Sözen
- Med Biology, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - M.U. Özcan
- Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - M. Çıldır
- Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - I.H. Doğru
- Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - A.G. Aygök
- Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - K.Ü. Balkan
- Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Bernardi JR, Goldani MZ, Pinheiro TV, Guimarães LSP, Bettiol H, da Silva AAM, Barbieri MA. Gender and social mobility modify the effect of birth weight on total and central obesity. Nutr J 2017. [PMID: 28651584 PMCID: PMC5485694 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the interaction between gender and low birth weight (LBW) and lifelong social mobility as an explanation of the etiology of obesity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate total and central obesity according to gender, LBW and social mobility, within the context of the epidemiological transition in middle-income countries. We hypothesize that there are more pronounced metabolic consequences of social mobility for women born with LBW. METHODS We used data from a birth cohort study conducted in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Data regarding anthropometric measurements, schooling and smoking status were collected at 23-25 years of age. Social mobility was determined based on maternal and adult offspring schooling and categorized as Low-Low, Low-High and High-High. Analysis of covariance was performed to assess the association between social mobility and body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) in adulthood, stratified by LBW and gender. RESULTS Data on 6827 singleton pregnancies were collected at birth in 1978/79 and a sample was followed up in 2002/04. A total of 2063 subjects were included in the study. Mean age was 23.9 ± 0.7 years, 51.8% (n = 1068) were female and the LBW was 6.2% (n = 128). There was a triple interaction between social mobility, LBW and gender. Among women born without LBW, BMI and WC were higher in the Low-Low group compared to High-High schooling group. Among LBW women, BMI and WC were higher in the Low-Low group compared to the Low-High group. CONCLUSIONS Women born with LBW belonging to the low schooling group in early adulthood had high BMI and WC, compared to the Low-High social mobility group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Jerônimo de Ornelas, 721 - Santana, 90040-341, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. .,Departamento de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santana, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Zubaran Goldani
- Departamento de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santana, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tanara Vogel Pinheiro
- Departamento de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santana, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciano Santos Pinto Guimarães
- Unidade de Bioestatística, Grupo de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Santa Cecilia, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Bettiol
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966 - Vila Bacanga, MA, 65085-580, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Barbieri
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
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Knight BS, Pennell CE, Shah R, Lye SJ. Strain Differences in the Impact of Dietary Restriction on Fetal Growth and Pregnancy in Mice. Reprod Sci 2016; 14:81-90. [PMID: 17636220 DOI: 10.1177/1933719106298217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The association between suboptimal intrauterine environment and developmental origins of adult health and disease is variable, suggesting that genotype may contribute to eventual outcome. The objective of this study was to characterize maternal and fetal responses to maternal dietary restriction during pregnancy in 2 phylogenetically distant strains of mice. Pregnant A/J (n=35) and C57BL/6J (B6) (n=36) mice underwent either a 30% dietary restriction (DR) from day 6.5 until day 17.5 of gestation or were fed ad libitum. Seven mothers from each strain and diet were randomly selected for dissection on day 18.5 to assess fetal body and organ weights and maternal endocrine status through the collection of serum to measure progesterone, corticosterone, cortisol, and estradiol levels. The remaining mice were allowed to deliver spontaneously to assess gestational effects. Both strains showed similar responses to maternal DR during pregnancy in terms of reductions in maternal weight gain during pregnancy, reductions in fetal body weight, increased pup death within 24 hours of birth, and decreased placental 11beta-HSD2 protein expression. The impact of maternal DR was greater in B6 mice than A/J when assessing reductions in fetal kidney weight, embryo-placenta ratio, increases in placental weight, fetal brain-liver ratio, and maternal corticosterone and cortisol levels. Moreover, preterm delivery was significantly increased in DR B6 mice compared to DR A/J mice. The observed strain variations in response to dietary restriction may offer a unique opportunity to investigate gene-environment interactions associated with developmental origins of adult health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Knight
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis proposes that several non-communicable diseases have their origins in prenatal life and in early childhood. This is believed to work through programming, an insult, taking place at a sensitive period of development, may have lifelong consequences, increasing and programming disease risk later in life. The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS) has been focusing upon the importance of factors active during periods in early life and their influence on later health in 20,431 people born 1924-44. This review will focus upon findings from the HBCS over the past 20 years. Early growth patterns associated with coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and other health outcomes are described. The long-term health impact of maternal adiposity is also discussed. Potential underlying mechanisms explaining the associations are discussed including epigenetic factors. Key messages Several non-communicable diseases - including coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes - have their origins in early life. Early life programming during sensitive periods of development may permanently program future health and disease risk. Optimizing the health and lifestyle of women of reproductive age will have positive health consequences for their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan G Eriksson
- a Department of Chronic Disease Prevention , National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland.,b Folkhälsan Research Center , Helsinki , Finland.,c Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
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Association of Pro12Ala Polymorphism of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2) Gene with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Ethnic Kashmiri Population. Biochem Genet 2016; 55:10-21. [PMID: 27567620 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-016-9765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. T2DM is believed to be attributable to the combined effect of genetic and environmental factors. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2) is one of the main candidate genes that are implicated in T2DM. A common proline 12 alanine (Pro12Ala) polymorphism in PPARγ2 has been shown to be associated with T2DM. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible role of PPARγ2 gene polymorphism, as a genetic risk factor for T2DM. The study comprised 200 ethnic unrelated subjects (100 T2DM patients and 100 controls). PCR-RFLP technique was used for genotyping analysis. The frequency of the Pro allele was 79 and 91.5 % for controls and cases, respectively (P < 0.05; OR 3.2; 95 % CI 1.64-6.3). The Pro12Ala polymorphism was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both patients and controls (χ 2 = 0.13, P > 0.05). We found a significant association of Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARγ2 gene with T2DM, however the genotypes showed statistically significant association only with few clinical parameters including body mass index, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05). The study signifies that Pro allele in PPARγ2 may be a genotypic risk factor that confers susceptibility to T2DM in ethnic Kashmiri population.
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Korkmaz L, Baştuğ O, Kurtoğlu S. Maternal Obesity and its Short- and Long-Term Maternal and Infantile Effects. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:114-24. [PMID: 26758575 PMCID: PMC5096465 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, in childhood or in adulthood, remains to be a global health problem. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased in the last few decades, and consequently, the women of our time suffer more gestational problems than women in the past. The prevalence of obesity is greater in older women than in younger ones and in women with low educational level than in their counterparts with a higher level of education. Maternal obesity during pregnancy may increase congenital malformations and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Maternal obesity is associated with a decreased intention to breastfeed, decreased initiation of breastfeeding, and decreased duration of breastfeeding. We discuss the current epidemiological evidence for the association of maternal obesity with congenital structural neural tube and cardiac defects, fetal macrosomia that predisposes infants to birth injuries and to problems with physiological and metabolic transition, as well as potential for long-term complications secondary to prenatal and neonatal programming effects compounded by a reduction in sustained breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Korkmaz
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Kayseri, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Osman Baştuğ
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Selim Kurtoğlu
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey
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Laureano DP, Dalle Molle R, Alves MB, Luft C, Desai M, Ross MG, Silveira PP. Intrauterine growth restriction modifies the hedonic response to sweet taste in newborn pups - Role of the accumbal μ-opioid receptors. Neuroscience 2016; 322:500-8. [PMID: 26926962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with increased preference for palatable foods. The hedonic response to sweet taste, modulated by the nucleus accumbens μ-opioid-receptors, may be involved. We investigated hedonic responses and receptor levels in IUGR and Control animals. From pregnancy day 10, Sprague-Dawley dams received either an ad libitum (Control), or a 50% food restricted (FR) diet. At birth, pups were cross-fostered, and nursed by Adlib fed dams. The hedonic response was evaluated at 1 day after birth and at 90 days of life, by giving sucrose solution or water and analyzing the hedonic facial responses (within 60s). Control pups exposed either to water or sucrose resolved their hedonic responses after 16 and 18s, respectively, while FR hedonic responses to sucrose persisted over 20s. FR pups had deceased phospho-μ-opioid-receptor (p=0.009) and reduced phosphor:total mu opioid receptor ratio compared to controls pups (p=0.003). In adults, there was an interaction between group and solution at the end of the evaluation (p=0.044): Control decreased the response after sucrose solution, FR did not change over time. There were no differences in phosphorylation of μ-opioid-receptor in adults. These results demonstrate IUGR newborn rats exhibit alterations in hedonic response accompanied by a decrease in μ-opioid-receptor phosphorylation, though these alterations do not persist at 3 months of age. Opioid system alterations in early life may contribute to the development of preference for highly palatable foods and contribute to rapid weight gain and obesity in IUGR offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M B Alves
- PPG Neurociências UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C Luft
- Pontífica Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M Desai
- Dept of Ob/Gyn, Harbor-UCLA Med Ctr, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - M G Ross
- Dept of Ob/Gyn, Harbor-UCLA Med Ctr, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - P P Silveira
- PPG Neurociências UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; PPGSCA-HCPA-FAMED UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Mansoori A, Amini M, Kolahdooz F, Seyedrezazadeh E. Obesity and Pro12Ala Polymorphism of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Gene in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015; 67:104-18. [PMID: 26361038 DOI: 10.1159/000439285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the relationship between obesity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARx03B3;) Pro12Ala polymorphism in healthy adults. SUMMARY Weighted mean differences (WMDs) of body mass index (BMI) were calculated for different inheritance models and subgroups. Fifty-six studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The result shows that the Ala allele of this polymorphism was associated with increased WMD in mean BMI (WMD = 0.29, 95% CI 0.10-0.48, p = 0.003). The Ala carriers were associated with increased WMD in mean BMI values in both genders and in the Caucasian subgroup. The associations were seen among people with higher levels of BMI (BMI ≥35). MESSAGE The Ala allele of the PPARx03B3; Pro12Ala polymorphism in healthy adults was associated with increased BMI under a dominant model of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Mansoori
- Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
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Dessì A, Pravettoni C, Cesare Marincola F, Schirru A, Fanos V. The biomarkers of fetal growth in intrauterine growth retardation and large for gestational age cases: from adipocytokines to a metabolomic all-in-one tool. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:309-16. [PMID: 25843159 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1034694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is no longer considered as inert; the literature describes the role it plays in the production of many substances, such as adiponectin, visfatin, ghrelin, S100B, apelin, TNF, IL-6 and leptin. These molecules have specific roles in humans and their potential as biomarkers useful for identifying alterations related to intrauterine growth retardation and large for gestational age neonates is emerging. Infants born in such conditions have undergone metabolic changes, such as fetal hypo- or hyperinsulinemia, which may lead to development of dysmetabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases in adulthood. In this review, these biomarkers are analyzed specifically and it is discussed how metabolomics may be an advantageous tool for detection, discrimination and prediction of metabolic alterations and diseases. Thus, a holistic approach, such as metabolomics, could help the prevention and early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Dessì
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section - Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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Parkin CG, Mlinac A, Hinzmann R. 7(th) Annual Symposium on Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG), May 8-10, 2014, Helsinki, Finland. Diabetes Technol Ther 2014; 16:794-815. [PMID: 25211215 PMCID: PMC4201241 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2014.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
International experts in the fields of diabetes, diabetes technology, endocrinology, mobile health, sport science, and regulatory issues gathered for the 7(th) Annual Symposium on Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG). The aim of this meeting was to facilitate new collaborations and research projects to improve the lives of people with diabetes. The 2014 meeting comprised a comprehensive scientific program, parallel interactive workshops, and two keynote lectures.
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Cuthbert CE, Ramdath DD, Foster JE. Frequency of fat mass and obesity-associated gene rs9939609 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 gene rs1801282 polymorphisms among Trinidadian neonates of different ethnicities and their relationship to anthropometry at birth. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2014; 7:39-47. [PMID: 24969838 DOI: 10.1159/000363138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) rs9939609 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 gene (PPARG2) rs1801282 polymorphisms are type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility gene variants associated with obesity. This study examined whether these variants are associated with anthropometry at birth among a representative multi-ethnic sample of Trinidadian neonates. METHODS Cord blood was obtained from consecutive term live births and DNA was genotyped for FTO and PPARG2 variants using polymerase chain reaction. Associations between neonate anthropometry at birth and genotype frequency were assessed using the χ(2) test and linear regression. RESULTS Significant associations were observed between neonate ethnicity and PPARG2 (p = 0.005) and FTO (p = 0.017) variants: high-risk alleles were more prevalent among African than South Asian neonates for both variants. The allelic and genotypic frequencies for mixed neonates were between those for the African and those for the South Asian neonates. No significant relationship was observed between rs9939609 and rs1801282 and anthropometric measures. For both variants, the allelic and genotypic frequencies among the African and South Asian neonates mirrored those found elsewhere for similar ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Neonates of African ethnicity possess the highest frequency of rs9939609 and rs1801282 alleles and genotypes; this may be associated with ethnic differences in the risk of lifestyle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace E Cuthbert
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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16
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Fall CHD, Kumaran K. The case for establishing a Holocaust survivors cohort in Israel. Isr J Health Policy Res 2014; 3:22. [PMID: 24987516 PMCID: PMC4077117 DOI: 10.1186/2045-4015-3-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue, Keinan-Boker summarises the main studies that have followed up offspring of women exposed to famine during pregnancy and calls for the establishment of a national cohort of Holocaust survivors and their offspring to study inter-generational effects. She suggests that the study would consolidate the fetal origins theory and lead to translational applications to deal with the inter-generational effects of the Holocaust. Barker suggested that alterations in the nutritional supply during critical stages of intra-uterine development permanently alter the structure and metabolism of fetal organs which he termed 'fetal programming' (now known as developmental origins of health and disease). The famine studies have played an important role in refining the hypothesis by allowing a 'quasi-experimental' setting that would otherwise have been impossible to recreate. The developmental origins hypothesis provides a framework to link genetic, environmental and social factors across the lifecourse and offers a primordial preventive strategy to prevent non-communicable disease. Although the famine studies have provided valuable information, the results from various studies are inconsistent. It is perhaps unsurprising given the problems with collecting and interpreting data from famine studies. Survival bias and information bias are key issues. With mortality rates being high, survivors may differ significantly from non-survivors in factors which influence disease development. Most of the data is at ecological level; a lack of individual-level data and poor records make it difficult to identify those affected and assess the severity of effect. Confounding is also possible due to the varying periods and degrees of food deprivation, physical punishment and mental stress undergone by famine survivors. Nonetheless, there would be value in setting up a cohort of Holocaust survivors and their offspring and Keinan-Boker correctly argues that they deserve special attention. National support is essential as the study may re-open old wounds. The study will need to be appropriately planned and resourced. If properly designed, it may provide further insight into the developmental origins hypothesis and suggest translational applications. It may also influence provision of support to women and children affected by man-made wars and famines that continue to happen across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline HD Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs insulin secretion in humans and in animal models of IUGR. Several underlying mechanisms have been implicated, including decreased expression of molecular regulators of β-cell mass and function, in some cases shown to be due to epigenetic changes initiated by an adverse fetal environment. Alterations in cell cycle progression contribute to loss of β-cell mass, whereas decreased islet vascularity and mitochondrial dysfunction impair β-cell function in IUGR rodents. Animal models of IUGR sharing similar insulin secretion outcomes as the IUGR human are allowing underlying mechanisms to be identified. This review will focus on models of uteroplacental insufficiency.
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Langley-Evans SC. Nutrition in early life and the programming of adult disease: a review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 28 Suppl 1:1-14. [PMID: 24479490 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foetal development and infancy are life stages that are characterised by rapid growth, development and maturation of organs and systems. Variation in the quality or quantity of nutrients consumed by mothers during pregnancy, or infants during the first year of life, can exert permanent and powerful effects upon developing tissues. These effects are termed 'programming' and represent an important risk factor for noncommunicable diseases of adulthood, including the metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease. This narrative review provides an overview of the evidence-base showing that indicators of nutritional deficit in pregnancy are associated with a greater risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. There is also a limited evidence-base that suggests some relationship between breastfeeding and the timing and type of foods used in weaning, and disease in later life. Many of the associations reported between indicators of early growth and adult disease appear to interact with specific genotypes. This supports the idea that programming is one of several cumulative influences upon health and disease acting across the lifespan. Experimental studies have provided important clues to the mechanisms that link nutritional challenges in early life to disease in adulthood. It is suggested that nutritional programming is a product of the altered expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle, resulting in effective remodelling of tissue structure and functionality. The observation that traits programmed by nutritional exposures in foetal life can be transmitted to further generations adds weight the argument that heritable epigenetic modifications play a critical role in nutritional programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Langley-Evans
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
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The Rate of Decline of Glomerular Filtration Rate May Not Be Associated with Polymorphism of the PPARγ2 Gene in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Nephropathy. PPAR Res 2014; 2014:523584. [PMID: 24587794 PMCID: PMC3920619 DOI: 10.1155/2014/523584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether a Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2) gene is associated with the progress of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. 197 Caucasian patients with type 1 diabetes and ethnically matched 151 normal healthy controls were genotyped for this polymorphism. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the frequencies of the genotypes and alleles of the polymorphism between groups. Multiple regression analysis in 77 patients demonstrated that the rate of decline in renal function in terms of glomerular filtration rate was significantly correlated to the baseline level of cholesterol (P = 0.0014), mean diastolic blood pressure during follow-up period (P = 0.019), and baseline level of HbA1c (P = 0.022) adjusting for the effect of diabetes duration and gender, but no significant association was found between the polymorphism and the progression of diabetic nephropathy in our studied population. In summary, our results show that the PPARγ2 polymorphism is unlikely to be associated with the development and progression of the diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Further studies in different populations may be warranted to confirm our findings as the sample size in our study was relatively small.
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20
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Baldani DP, Skrgatic L, Cerne JZ, Ferk P, Simunic V, Gersak K. Association of PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism with insulin sensitivity and body mass index in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Biomed Rep 2013; 2:199-206. [PMID: 24649096 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the key factors in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) plays a role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to establish a possible association of the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism with PCOS and its effect on family and personal history, as well as on the metabolic and endocrine parameters in PCOS patients. A total of 151 PCOS patients and 179 healthy women of reproductive age were enrolled. History, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio and the presence of phenotypic hyperandrogenism were recorded. Hormonal, metabolic and biochemical profiles were assessed. A molecular analysis for the genetic polymorphism was performed. One third (29.8%) of the PCOS patients were found to be carriers of at least one variant of the Ala allele (X/Ala), while 70.2% carried two wild-type Pro alleles (Pro/Pro), with an equal distribution observed in the control group. The PCOS patients carrying the X/Ala alleles exhibited lower serum fasting insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and BMI compared to Pro/Pro carriers. This finding was significant only in the lean PCOS group. The polymorphic genotype exerted no effect on history, hormonal and clinical hyperandrogenism, lipid status or C-reactive protein, leptin, adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin serum levels in women with PCOS. In conclusion, although the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism is not a major determinant of PCOS in the Croatian population, it may exert a positive effect on insulin sensitivity and BMI. As these associations were recorded exclusively in the lean group of patients with PCOS, this polymorphism potentially contributes to a protective role against hyperinsulinemia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinka Pavicic Baldani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Human Reproduction, University of Zagreb Medical School, University of Zagreb Medical Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lana Skrgatic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Human Reproduction, University of Zagreb Medical School, University of Zagreb Medical Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Z Cerne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Ljubljana Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polonca Ferk
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Velimir Simunic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Human Reproduction, University of Zagreb Medical School, University of Zagreb Medical Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Gersak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Ljubljana Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity has risen over the past few decades and women are currently more likely than ever to enter pregnancy obese. Pre-pregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain increase miscarriage rates and obstetric and neonatal complications, which result in a lower healthy live birth rate. In addition to its negative consequences for the mother, obesity has been shown to be an important risk factor for chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the adolescence and adulthood of the offspring. Moreover, maternal obesity causes psychological problems, physical disabilities and higher healthcare costs. Fetal programming of metabolic function induced by obesity, through physiological and/or epigenetic mechanisms, may have an intergenerational effect and could, thus, perpetuate obesity in the next generation. In order to break this vicious circle and avoid serious short- and long-term negative outcomes for both mothers and fetuses, the prevention and adequate management of obesity and gestational weight gain are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Galliano
- Department of Reproduction, Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Fetal programming of CVD and renal disease: animal models and mechanistic considerations. Proc Nutr Soc 2013; 72:317-25. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665112003035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis postulates that exposure to a less than optimal maternal environment during fetal development programmes physiological function, and determines risk of disease in adult life. Much evidence of such programming comes from retrospective epidemiological cohorts, which demonstrate associations between birth anthropometry and non-communicable diseases of adulthood. The assertion that variation in maternal nutrition drives these associations is supported by studies using animal models, which demonstrate that maternal under- or over-nutrition during pregnancy can programme offspring development. Typically, the offspring of animals that are undernourished in pregnancy exhibit a relatively narrow range of physiological phenotypes that includes higher blood pressure, glucose intolerance, renal insufficiency and increased adiposity. The observation that common phenotypes arise from very diverse maternal nutritional insults has led to the proposal that programming is driven by a small number of mechanistic processes. The remodelling of tissues during development as a consequence of maternal nutritional status being signalled by endocrine imbalance or key nutrients limiting processes in the fetus may lead to organs having irreversibly altered structures that may limit their function with ageing. It has been proposed that the maternal diet may impact upon epigenetic marks that determine gene expression in fetal tissues, and this may be an important mechanism connecting maternal nutrient intakes to long-term programming of offspring phenotype. The objective for this review is to provide an overview of the mechanistic basis of fetal programming, demonstrating the critical role of animal models as tools for the investigation of programming phenomena.
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Pihlajamäki J, Vanhala M, Vanhala P, Laakso M. The Pro12Ala Polymorphism of thePPARγ2Gene Regulates Weight from Birth to Adulthood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:187-90. [PMID: 14981210 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Pro12Ala polymorphism in exon B of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR gamma 2) gene has been related to obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes. In this study, the effect of the Pro12Ala polymorphism on long-term changes in weight and body composition was investigated. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES The Pro12Ala polymorphism was genotyped in 311 subjects who participated in our previous population-based study. In that study, weight at birth, 7 years, 20 years, and 41 years, and ponderal index at birth and BMI and waist circumference at 41 years were recorded. RESULTS The Ala12 allele of the PPAR gamma 2 gene was associated with high ponderal index at birth (2.77 +/- 0.27 kg/m(3) in subjects with the Ala12Ala genotype, 2.79 +/- 0.29 kg/m(3) in subjects with the Pro12Ala genotype, and 2.63 +/- 0.25 kg/m(3) in subjects with the Pro12Pro genotype, p = 0.007, adjusted for gender) and weight at 7 years (p = 0.045) and tended to be associated with high birth weight (p = 0.094). Subjects with this allele gained less weight between 7 and 20 years (p = 0.043) and more weight between 20 and 41 years (p = 0.001) and ended up having higher waist circumference (p = 0.040) in adulthood than did subjects with the Pro12Pro genotype. DISCUSSION We conclude that the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR gamma 2 gene regulates weight and body composition from utero to adulthood.
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24
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Abstract
There is considerable evidence for the fact that early life environment in human beings are associated with future development of various metabolic diseases. Fetal programming and perinatal events appear to exert effects on later life that are independent of environmental risk factors in adults. Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms are limited and remains unclear. However several animal models and epidemiological studies have shown this association, and it is assumed secondary to the penalties of developmental plasticity. In this review, we amalgamate facts from several disciplines to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mathew
- Department of Endocrinology, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Sarjapur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S. Vageesh Ayyar
- Department of Endocrinology, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Sarjapur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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25
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Edwards M. Genetic selection of embryos that later develop the metabolic syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:621-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Ito T, Funamoto K, Sato N, Nakamura A, Tanabe K, Hoshiai T, Suenaga K, Sugawara J, Nagase S, Okamura K, Yaegashi N, Kimura Y. Maternal undernutrition induces the expression of hypoxia-related genes in the fetal brain. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 226:37-44. [PMID: 22186035 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.226.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition during pregnancy is a risk factor for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) plays an essential role in cellular hypoxic responses, and its increased expression is associated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. However, it is not known whether maternal undernutrition influences HIF1α expression in the fetal brain. We therefore analyzed the expression levels of HIF1α and its downstream genes in the fetal brain (day 17.5 of gestation, 1-2 days before birth). Maternal undernutrition did not noticeably affect the fetal body and brain weights. Both HIF1α mRNA and protein levels were increased in the brain under maternal undernutrition, despite the absence of hypoxia, as judged by the staining profile with hypoxyprobe-1 that identifies hypoxic cells. Importantly, maternal undernutrition caused the accumulation of HIF1α protein in oligodendrocyte precursor cells at the subventricular zone, a site of neurogenesis in the fetal brain. Maternal undernutrition also increased the mRNA level of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which could increase the level of HIF1α protein under normoxia. Furthermore, microarray analysis revealed that expression levels of mRNAs for 10 HIF1α downstream targets, including enolase 1 and hexokinase 1, were increased in the fetal brain under maternal undernutrition. Thus, the biochemical consequence of maternal undernutrition is similar to that of mild hypoxia. In conclusion, maternal undernutrition induces the expression of HIF1α in oligodendrocyte precursor cells at the subventricular zone, and it also induces the expression of hypoxia-related genes in the fetal brain probably via activation of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ito
- Innovation of New Biomedical Engineering Center, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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27
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Eriksson JG, Gelow J, Thornburg KL, Osmond C, Laakso M, Uusitupa M, Lindi V, Kajantie E, Barker DJP. Long-term effects of placental growth on overweight and body composition. Int J Pediatr 2012; 2012:324185. [PMID: 22570665 PMCID: PMC3337610 DOI: 10.1155/2012/324185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is programmed in utero and small babies generally have small placentas. In some circumstances, an undernourished fetus can expand its placental surface to extract more nutrients. We hypothesize that this results in an imbalanced nutrient supply to the fetus leading to obesity. To determine whether placental size determines overweight and body composition, we studied 2003 subjects in adult life. Associations between placental surface area and indices of overweight were restricted to people who carried the Pro12Pro genotype of the PPARγ2 gene. For every 1 SD increase in placental surface area, the odds ratio for overweight was 1.37 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.71; P = 0.005). Expansion of the placental surface in compensation for fetal undernutrition increases the risk of overweight and a higher body fat percentage in people carrying the Pro12Pro genotype. We suggest that similar underlying multifactorial mechanisms affect the development of obesity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, PL 20, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PL 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Sandviksgatan 2-4, 65130 Vasa, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, University of Helsinki, PB 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUS) 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jill Gelow
- Heart Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA
| | - Kent L. Thornburg
- Heart Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PL 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David J. P. Barker
- Heart Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201-3098, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Bernardi JR, Ferreira CF, Nunes M, da Silva CH, Bosa VL, Silveira PP, Goldani MZ. Impact of Perinatal Different Intrauterine Environments on Child Growth and Development in the First Six Months of Life--IVAPSA Birth Cohort: rationale, design, and methods. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2012; 12:25. [PMID: 22471837 PMCID: PMC3378440 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last twenty years, retrospective studies have shown that perinatal events may impact the individual health in the medium and long term. However, only a few prospective studies were designed to address this phenomenon. This study aims to describe the design and methods of the Impact of Perinatal Environmental Variations in the First Six Months of Life - the IVAPSA Birth Cohort. Method/Design This is a clinical study and involves the recruitment of a birth cohort from hospitals in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Mothers from different clinical backgrounds (hypertensive, diabetics, smokers, having an intrauterine growth restricted child for idiopathic reasons, and controls) will be invited to join the study twenty-four hours after the birth of their child. Data on economic, social, and maternal health care, feeding practices, anthropometric measures, physical activity, and neuropsychological evaluation will be obtained in interviews at postpartum, 7 and 15 days, 1, 3 and 6 months of life. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first thematic cohort focused on the effects of intrauterine growth restriction to prospectively enroll mothers from different clinical backgrounds. The IVAPSA Birth Cohort is a promising research platform that can contribute to the knowledge on the relationship between perinatal events and their consequences on the children's early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi
- Núcleo de Estudos da Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-903 - Porto Alegre/RS - Brazil
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A common cause for a common phenotype: the gatekeeper hypothesis in fetal programming. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:88-94. [PMID: 22047985 PMCID: PMC3426771 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sub-optimal nutrition during pregnancy has been shown to have long-term effects on the health of offspring in both humans and animals. The most common outcomes of such programming are hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. This spectrum of disorders, collectively known as metabolic syndrome, appears to be the consequence of nutritional insult during early development, irrespective of the nutritional stress experienced. For example, diets low in protein diet, high in fat, or deficient in iron are all associated with programming of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders when fed during rat pregnancy. In this paper, we hypothesise that the nutritional stresses act on genes or gene pathways common to all of the insults. We have termed these genes and/or gene pathways the “gatekeepers” and hence developed the “gatekeeper hypothesis”. In this paper, we examine the background to the hypothesis and postulate some possible mechanisms or pathways that may constitute programming gatekeepers.
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30
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Huang X, Zhao J, Zhao T. Effects of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma 2 gene Pro12Ala polymorphism on fasting blood lipids: A meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2011; 215:136-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Ito T, Tanabe K, Nakamura A, Funamoto K, Aoyagi A, Sato K, Hoshiai T, Suenaga K, Sugawara J, Nagase S, Okamura K, Yaegashi N, Kimura Y. Aberrant Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1.ALPHA. in the Fetal Heart Is Associated with Maternal Undernutrition. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2011; 224:163-71. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.224.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ito
- Innovation of New Biomedical Engineering Center, Tohoku University
| | - Kaori Tanabe
- International Advanced research and Education Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Ai Nakamura
- International Advanced research and Education Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Kiyoe Funamoto
- International Advanced research and Education Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Ayako Aoyagi
- International Advanced research and Education Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Kazuyo Sato
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuro Hoshiai
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kaori Suenaga
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Junichi Sugawara
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Satoru Nagase
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshitaka Kimura
- International Advanced research and Education Organization, Tohoku University
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32
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Abstract
Under- and over-nutrition during pregnancy has been linked to the later development of diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Epigenetic modifications may be one mechanism by which exposure to an altered intrauterine milieu or metabolic perturbation may influence the phenotype of the organism much later in life. Epigenetic modifications of the genome provide a mechanism that allows the stable propagation of gene expression from one generation of cells to the next. This review highlights our current knowledge of epigenetic gene regulation and the evidence that chromatin remodelling and histone modifications play key roles in adipogenesis and the development of obesity. Epigenetic modifications affecting processes important to glucose regulation and insulin secretion have been described in the pancreatic β-cells and muscle of the intrauterine growth-retarded offspring, characteristics essential to the pathophysiology of type-2 diabetes. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression contributes to both adipocyte determination and differentiation in in vitro models. The contributions of histone acetylation, histone methylation and DNA methylation to the process of adipogenesis in vivo remain to be evaluated.
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33
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Thornburg KL, Shannon J, Thuillier P, Turker MS. In utero life and epigenetic predisposition for disease. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2010; 71:57-78. [PMID: 20933126 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380864-6.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory regions of the human genome can be modified through epigenetic processes during prenatal life to make an individual more likely to suffer chronic diseases when they reach adulthood. The modification of chromatin and DNA contributes to a larger well-documented process known as "programming" whereby stressors in the womb give rise to adult onset diseases, including cancer. It is now well known that death from ischemic heart disease is related to birth weight; the lower the birth weight, the higher the risk of death from cardiovascular disease as well as type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis. Recent epidemiological data link rapid growth in the womb to metabolic disease and obesity and also to breast and lung cancers. There is increasing evidence that "marked" regions of DNA can become "unmarked" under the influence of dietary nutrients. This gives hope for reversing propensities for cancers and other diseases that were acquired in the womb. For several cancers, the size and shape of the placenta are associated with a person's cardiovascular and cancer risks as are maternal body mass index and height. The features of placental growth and nutrient transport properties that lead to adult disease have been little studied. In conclusion, several cancers have their origins in the womb, including lung and breast cancer. More research is needed to determine the epigenetic processes that underlie the programming of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent L Thornburg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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34
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Burdge GC, Lillycrop KA. Nutrition, epigenetics, and developmental plasticity: implications for understanding human disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2010; 30:315-39. [PMID: 20415585 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence for induction of differential risk of noncommunicable diseases in humans by variation in the quality of the early life environment. Studies in animal models show that induction and stability of induced changes in the phenotype of the offspring involve altered epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation and covalent modifications of histones. These findings indicate that such epigenetic changes are highly gene specific and function at the level of individual CpG dinucleotides. Interventions using supplementation with folic acid or methyl donors during pregnancy, or folic acid after weaning, alter the phenotype and epigenotype induced by maternal dietary constraint during gestation. This suggests a possible means for reducing risk of induced noncommunicable disease, although the design and conduct of such interventions may require caution. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanism that underlies the early life origins of disease and to place these studies in a broader life-course context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C Burdge
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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Xiao X, Zhang ZX, Li WH, Feng K, Sun Q, Cohen HJ, Xu T, Wang H, Liu AM, Gong XM, Shen Y, Yi Z. Low birth weight is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2010; 59:1282-6. [PMID: 20045533 PMCID: PMC2895955 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between birth weight and number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components in an urban Chinese cohort. Individuals (N = 2019) who were born between 1921 and 1954 at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital and who had detailed obstetric records volunteered to take part and were examined by medical personnel in a clinical setting between May 2003 and April 2005. Data of birth outcome and results on clinic examination in adulthood were analyzed using analysis of variance and multivariate ordinal regression to estimate the association between birth weight and MetS. Metabolic syndrome was defined as per the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. The prevalence of MetS was 26.74%, whereas 55.43% of the subjects had at least 2 components of MetS. Subjects who presented with all 5 components of MetS exhibited a significantly lower birth weight and higher age, body mass index, and waist circumference at follow-up. Multivariate ordinal regression analysis revealed that, as compared with those with birth weights of 3000 to 3500 g, subjects who had birth weights of less than 2500 g were 66% more likely to develop a greater number of MetS components in adulthood (95% confidence interval, 1.18-2.34; P = .004), whereas those with birth weights between 2500 and 3000 g were 33% more likely to develop a greater number of MetS components as adults (95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.63; P = .005). The present study demonstrated the relationship between low birth weight and increased presentation of MetS components in Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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de Kort SWK, Hokken-Koelega ACS. The PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism associates with weight gain during GH-treatment in short children born small for gestational age. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162:49-52. [PMID: 19808901 DOI: 10.1530/eje-09-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Short children born small for gestational age (SGA) have a lean phenotype with lower insulin sensitivity and higher blood pressure. GH treatment results in weight gain, and a decrease in blood pressure and insulin sensitivity. However, not all children respond in the same way. The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-gamma) gene is inversely associated with body mass index (BMI), changes in BMI and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE To analyze the contribution of the PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism to GH induced changes in determinants of metabolic and cardiovascular disease in short SGA children. METHODS PPAR-gamma was genotyped in 238 Caucasian short SGA children (mean age 7.5 years). Height, weight, blood pressure, and serum lipids were measured before start and during 4 years of GH treatment. In addition, glucose homeostasis by homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance ratio (HOMA-IR) (n=148) and by frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test (n=51), and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (n=79) were measured. RESULTS At baseline, the Ala12 allele was not associated with any determinant of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. After 4 years of GH treatment, the increase in weight for height SDS and BMI SDS was significantly greater in carriers of an Ala12 allele than in noncarriers. The change in all other parameters was not associated with Pro12Ala genotype. CONCLUSION The Ala12 variant of the PPAR-gamma gene is associated with higher weight gain during GH treatment but not with changes in determinants of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in Caucasian subjects born SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra W K de Kort
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Knight BS, Sunn N, Pennell CE, Adamson SL, Lye SJ. Developmental regulation of cardiovascular function is dependent on both genotype and environment. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H2234-41. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01338.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adverse developmental environments can increase the risk of adult cardiovascular disease, but not all individuals are affected, suggesting the importance of genotype. Genetically distinct mouse strains allow the genetic dissection of complex traits; however, they have not been used to evaluate the developmental origins of adult cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to determine the effect of prenatal nutrient restriction (R) on adult cardiovascular function in A/J (AJ) and C57BL/6J (B6) mice and whether a postnatal high-fat (HF) diet exacerbates these effects. Pregnant AJ and B6 mice underwent a 30% R or ad libitum diet, and their offspring underwent a HF or control diet. Hypertension (+17 mmHg; P < 0.001) was observed in B6R mice at 9 wk, and their arterial pressure tended to remain high at 25 wk (+13 mmHg; not significant). In AJR mice, the normal decrement in arterial pressure over this age range in this strain was abolished. Heart rate prematurely increased in B6R and decreased in AJR (all; P < 0.05) mice from 9 to 25 wk. There was no effect of postnatal HF diet on these relationships. The Tei index (from a 26-wk microultrasound) was increased in both AJR and B6R mice (all; P < 0.05), suggesting an improved global myocardial performance. Neither R nor HF alone changed diastolic (ratio of E wave to A wave) or systolic (%fractional shortening) function in either strain; however, R and HE combined improved diastolic function in B6 ( P < 0.05) but not in AJ mice. Therefore, there are strain-dependent alterations in adult cardiovascular function in response to prenatal nutrient restriction. Unexpectedly, a postnatal HF diet did not exacerbate the effects of prenatal nutrient restriction on postnatal cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Knight
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, and
- Departments of 2Physiology and
| | - Nana Sunn
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, and
- Departments of 2Physiology and
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- Departments of 2Physiology and
- Obstetrics/Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S. Lee Adamson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, and
- Departments of 2Physiology and
- Obstetrics/Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Stephen J. Lye
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, and
- Departments of 2Physiology and
- Obstetrics/Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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Barker DJP, Osmond C, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG. Growth and chronic disease: findings in the Helsinki Birth Cohort. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 36:445-58. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460902980295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Duffield JA, Vuocolo T, Tellam R, McFarlane JR, Kauter KG, Muhlhausler BS, McMillen IC. Intrauterine growth restriction and the sex specific programming of leptin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) mRNA expression in visceral fat in the lamb. Pediatr Res 2009; 66:59-65. [PMID: 19342985 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181a7c121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Being born small is associated with an increased risk of visceral obesity and insulin resistance in adult life. We have investigated the effect of IUGR on adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression in visceral fat in the lamb at 3 wk of age. Perirenal fat mass, but not adipocyte size was greater in females than males, independent of birth weight. Plasma insulin concentrations during the first 24 h after birth predicted the size of the adipocytes and expression of adiponectin in visceral adipose tissue in both males and females. In females, plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations during the first 24 h after birth were directly related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) mRNA expression in the perirenal fat depot at 3 wk of age. In the males, in contrast to the females, PPARgamma and leptin expression in perirenal visceral fat were significantly lower in IUGR compared with control lambs. Thus, the early nutritional environment programs adipocyte growth and gene expression in visceral adipose tissue. The differential effect of sex and IUGR on PPARgamma and leptin expression in visceral fat may be important in the subsequent development of visceral obesity and the insulin resistant phenotype in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Duffield
- Discipline of Physiology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Abstract
Human epidemiological studies have indicated that the risk of developing non-communicable diseases in later life may be related to exposures during the developmental period. Developmental life is a vulnerable period of the lifespan during which adverse environmental factors have the potential to disturb the processes of cell proliferation and differentiation or to alter patterns of epigenetic remodelling. Animal models have been instrumental in demonstrating the biological plausibility of the associations observed in human populations, providing proof of principle to the theory of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). A variety of large- and small-animal models have made important contributions to the field, providing strong evidence of a causal relationship between early-life exposures and metabolic risk factors in later life. Studies of animal models are continuing to contribute to improving the understanding of the mechanisms of the developmental origins of disease. All models have their advantages and disadvantages, and the model that is most appropriate for any particular study is hypotheses dependent. The present review aims to briefly summarise the contributions that animal models have made to the DOHaD field, before reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of these animal models. It is proposed that the integration of evidence from a variety of different models is required for the advancement of understanding within the field.
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Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) has been linked to development of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Using a rat model, we tested the hypothesis that uteroplacental insufficiency disrupts the function of the electron transport chain in the fetal beta-cell and leads to a debilitating cascade of events. The net result is progressive loss of beta-cell function and eventual development of type 2 diabetes in the adult. Studies in the IUGR rat demonstrate that an abnormal intrauterine environment induces epigenetic modifications of key genes regulating beta-cell development; experiments directly link chromatin remodeling with suppression of transcription. Future research will be directed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying epigenetic modifications in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Briana DD, Malamitsi-Puchner A. Intrauterine growth restriction and adult disease: the role of adipocytokines. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160:337-47. [PMID: 19095781 DOI: 10.1530/eje-08-0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the failure of the fetus to achieve his/her intrinsic growth potential, due to anatomical and/or functional disorders and diseases in the feto-placental-maternal unit. IUGR results in significant perinatal and long-term complications, including the development of insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome in adulthood. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis holds that intrauterine malnutrition leads to an adaptive response that alters the fetal metabolic and hormonal milieu designed for intrauterine survival. This fetal programming predisposes to an increased susceptibility for chronic diseases. Although the mechanisms controlling intrauterine growth are poorly understood, adipose tissue may play an important role in linking poor fetal growth to the subsequent development of adult diseases. Adipose tissue secretes a number of hormones, called adipocytokines, important in modulating metabolism and recently involved in intrauterine growth. This review aims to summarize reported findings concerning the role of adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL6), visfatin, resistin, apelin) in early life, while attempting to speculate mechanisms through which differential regulation of adipocytokines in IUGR may influence the risk for development of chronic diseases in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina D Briana
- Neonatal Division, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Ozanne SE. The long term effects of early postnatal diet on adult health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 639:135-44. [PMID: 19227540 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8749-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S E Ozanne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge, CB2 2QR, UK.
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Ruiz JR, Labayen I, Ortega FB, Moreno LA, González-Lamuño D, Martí A, Nova E, Fuentes MG, Redondo-Figuero C, Martínez JA, Sjöström M, Castillo MJ. Birth weight and blood lipid levels in Spanish adolescents: influence of selected APOE, APOC3 and PPARgamma2 gene polymorphisms. The AVENA Study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:98. [PMID: 19000312 PMCID: PMC2615435 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence indicating that genes involved in certain metabolic processes of cardiovascular diseases may be of particular influence in people with low body weight at birth. We examined whether the apolipoprotein (APO) E, APOC3 and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-2 (PPARγ2) polymorphisms influence the association between low birth weight and blood lipid levels in healthy adolescents aged 13–18.5 years. Methods A cross-sectional study of 502 Spanish adolescents born at term was conducted. Total (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein (apo) A and B, and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] were measured. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), TC-HDLc, TC/HDLc and apoB/apoA were calculated. Results Low birth weight was associated with higher levels of TC, LDLc, apoB, Lp(a), TC-HDLc, TC/HDLc and apoB/apoA in males with the APOE ε3ε4 genotype, whereas in females, it was associated with lower HDLc and higher TG levels. In males with the APOC3 S1/S2 genotype, low birth weight was associated with lower apoA and higher Lp(a), yet this association was not observed in females. There were no associations between low birth weight and blood lipids in any of the PPARγ2 genotypes. Conclusion The results indicate that low birth weight has a deleterious influence on lipid profile particularly in adolescents with the APOE ε3/ε4 genotype. These findings suggest that intrauterine environment interact with the genetic background affecting the lipid profile in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Abstract
Nutritional programming is the process through which variation in the quality or quantity of nutrients consumed during pregnancy exerts permanent effects upon the developing fetus. Programming of fetal development is considered to be an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases of adulthood, including coronary heart disease and other disorders related to insulin resistance. The study of programming in relation to disease processes has been advanced by development of animal models, which have utilized restriction or over-feeding of specific nutrients in either rodents or sheep. These consistently demonstrate the biological plausibility of the nutritional programming hypothesis and, importantly, provide tools with which to examine the mechanisms through which programming may occur. Studies of animals subject to undernutrition in utero generally exhibit changes in the structure of key organs such as the kidney, heart and brain. These appear consistent with remodelling of development, associated with disruption of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Whilst the causal pathways which extend from this tissue remodelling to disease can be easily understood, the processes which lead to this disordered organ development are poorly defined. Even minor variation in maternal nutritional status is capable of producing important shifts in the fetal environment. It is suggested that these environmental changes are associated with altered expression of key genes, which are responsible for driving the tissue remodelling response and future disease risk. Nutrition-related factors may drive these processes by disturbing placental function, including control of materno-fetal endocrine exchanges, or the epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Langley-Evans
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK.
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Abstract
There is ample evidence that subtle changes in the early environment, not restricted to the fetal period but expanded to the plastic phase of early development, influence adulthood disease appearance. There is also evidence that genetic background resulting from our evolution is an important contributor to susceptibility to perinatal imprinting. However, rapid adjustment and optimization, at times necessary for survival, require a type of plasticity that the genome sequence alone cannot achieve. Without changing the genomic backbone, epigenetic modulation, in reaction to a given environment, results in functional adaptation of the genomic response. Evolutionally acquired genomic susceptibilities and environmentally induced epigenomic modulations occurring early in life impact on later development of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Tremblay
- Gene Medicine Service, Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada H1W 4A4.
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Abstract
Evidence supporting the association of normal and pathologically elevated blood pressure with low birth weight is presented and discussed in this article because of the overwhelming global prevalence of hypertension and its impact on individuals and nations. The findings provide strong impetus for the medical and public health communities to consider the concept of the "developmental origins of health and disease" in developing approaches to address the growing burden of hypertension worldwide.
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Beltrand J, Lévy-Marchal C. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in subjects born small for gestational age. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 22:503-15. [PMID: 18538289 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, a number of long-term health risks associated with reduced fetal growth have been identified, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes. A common feature of these conditions is insulin resistance, which is thought to play a pathogenic role. However, despite abundant data in the literature, it is still difficult to trace the pathway by which fetal events, environmental or not, may lead to increased morbidity later in life. To explain this association, several hypotheses have been proposed pointing to the role of a detrimental fetal environment, a genetic susceptibility or an interaction between the two, and of the particular dynamic changes in adiposity that occur during catch-up growth. The relative impact of early postnatal events in relation to fetal growth has to be considered for designing health policy strategies for early interventions aimed at decreasing disease risk throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Beltrand
- INSERM, U690, Paris, FR-75019, France; Université Paris 7, Paris, FR-75205 cedex 13, France.
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Ochoa MC, Razquin C, Martinez-Gonzalez MÁ, Marti A, Martinez JA. Role of PPAR-γ2 polymorphisms in bodyweight regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.3.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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