1
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Zhou L, He X, Cai P, Li T, Peng R, Dang J, Li Y, Li H, Huang F, Shi G, Xie C, Lu Y, Chen Y. Induced regulatory T cells suppress Tc1 cells through TGF-β signaling to ameliorate STZ-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:698-710. [PMID: 33446887 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune condition in which the immune system destroys insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. In addition to well-established pathogenic effector T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have also been shown to be defective in T1D. Thus, an increasing number of therapeutic approaches are being developed to target Tregs. However, the role and mechanisms of TGF-β-induced Tregs (iTregs) in T1D remain poorly understood. Here, using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced preclinical T1D mouse model, we found that iTregs could ameliorate the development of T1D and preserve β cell function. The preventive effect was associated with the inhibition of type 1 cytotoxic T (Tc1) cell function and rebalancing the Treg/Tc1 cell ratio in recipients. Furthermore, we showed that the underlying mechanisms were due to the TGF-β-mediated combinatorial actions of mTOR and TCF1. In addition to the preventive role, the therapeutic effects of iTregs on the established STZ-T1D and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse models were tested, which revealed improved β cell function. Our findings therefore provide key new insights into the basic mechanisms involved in the therapeutic role of iTregs in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuemin He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Peihong Cai
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongdong Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Junlong Dang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Haicheng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Guojun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Chichu Xie
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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2
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CCR6 blockade on regulatory T cells ameliorates experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2020; 45:256-266. [PMID: 33437177 PMCID: PMC7790011 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a significant role in limiting damage of tissue affected by autoimmune process, which has been demonstrated in various experimental models for multiple sclerosis (MS) (mostly experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis – EAE), rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. In this study, we demonstrated that Tregs increasingly migrate to central nervous system (CNS) during subsequent phases of EAE (preclinical, initial attack, and remission). In contrast, in peripheral tissues (blood, lymph nodes, and spleen), a significant accumulation of Tregs is mostly present during EAE remission. Moreover, an increased expression of CCR6 on Tregs in the CNS, blood, lymph nodes, and spleen in all phases of EAE was observed. The highest expression of CCR6 on Tregs from the CNS, lymph nodes, and spleen was noted during the initial attack of EAE, whereas in the blood, the peak expression of CCR6 was detected during the preclinical phase. The presence of Tregs in the CNS during EAE was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. To analyze additional functional significance of CCR6 expression on Tregs for EAE pathology, we modulated the clinical course of this MS model using Tregs with blocked CCR6. EAE mice, which received CCR6-deficient Tregs showed significant amelioration of disease severity. This observation suggests that CCR6 on Tregs may be a potential target for future therapeutic interventions in MS.
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3
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Kouakanou L, Peters C, Sun Q, Floess S, Bhat J, Huehn J, Kabelitz D. Vitamin C supports conversion of human γδ T cells into FOXP3-expressing regulatory cells by epigenetic regulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6550. [PMID: 32300237 PMCID: PMC7162875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells are potent cytotoxic effector cells, produce a variety of cytokines, and can acquire regulatory activity. Induction of FOXP3, the key transcription factor of regulatory T cells (Treg), by TGF-β in human Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells has been previously reported. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and acts as multiplier of DNA hydroxymethylation. Here we have investigated the effect of the more stable phospho-modified Vitamin C (pVC) on TGF-β-induced FOXP3 expression and the resulting regulatory activity of highly purified human Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells. pVC significantly increased the TGF-β-induced FOXP3 expression and stability and also increased the suppressive activity of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells. Importantly, pVC induced hypomethylation of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) in the FOXP3 gene. Genome-wide methylation analysis by Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing additionally revealed differentially methylated regions in several important genes upon pVC treatment of γδ T cells. While Vitamin C also enhances effector functions of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells in the absence of TGF-β, our results demonstrate that pVC potently increases the suppressive activity and FOXP3 expression in TGF-β-treated Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells by epigenetic modification of the FOXP3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Qiwei Sun
- BGI Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jaydeep Bhat
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
- Metabolic Programming, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich (TUM), 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
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4
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Garg G, Nikolouli E, Hardtke-Wolenski M, Toker A, Ohkura N, Beckstette M, Miyao T, Geffers R, Floess S, Gerdes N, Lutgens E, Osterloh A, Hori S, Sakaguchi S, Jaeckel E, Huehn J. Unique properties of thymic antigen-presenting cells promote epigenetic imprinting of alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35542-35557. [PMID: 28415767 PMCID: PMC5482597 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potential immunotherapeutic candidates to induce transplantation tolerance. However, stability of Tregs still remains contentious and may potentially restrict their clinical use. Recent work suggested that epigenetic imprinting of Foxp3 and other Treg-specific signature genes is crucial for stabilization of immunosuppressive properties of Foxp3+ Tregs, and that these events are initiated already during early stages of thymic Treg development. However, the mechanisms governing this process remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that thymic antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including thymic dendritic cells (t-DCs) and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), can induce a more pronounced demethylation of Foxp3 and other Treg-specific epigenetic signature genes in developing Tregs when compared to splenic DCs (sp-DCs). Transcriptomic profiling of APCs revealed differential expression of secreted factors and costimulatory molecules, however neither addition of conditioned media nor interference with costimulatory signals affected Foxp3 induction by thymic APCs in vitro. Importantly, when tested in vivo both mTEC- and t-DC-generated alloantigen-specific Tregs displayed significantly higher efficacy in prolonging skin allograft acceptance when compared to Tregs generated by sp-DCs. Our results draw attention to unique properties of thymic APCs in initiating commitment towards stable and functional Tregs, a finding that could be highly beneficial in clinical immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Garg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eirini Nikolouli
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Hardtke-Wolenski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aras Toker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Takahisa Miyao
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Osterloh
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shohei Hori
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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5
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Nikolouli E, Hardtke-Wolenski M, Hapke M, Beckstette M, Geffers R, Floess S, Jaeckel E, Huehn J. Alloantigen-Induced Regulatory T Cells Generated in Presence of Vitamin C Display Enhanced Stability of Foxp3 Expression and Promote Skin Allograft Acceptance. Front Immunol 2017; 8:748. [PMID: 28702031 PMCID: PMC5487376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and self-tolerance and can be therapeutically used for prevention of unwanted immune responses such as allotransplant rejection. Tregs are characterized by expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, and recent work suggests that epigenetic imprinting of Foxp3 and other Treg-specific epigenetic signatures genes is crucial for the stabilization of both Foxp3 expression and immunosuppressive properties within Tregs. Lately, vitamin C was reported to enhance the activity of enzymes of the ten-eleven translocation family, thereby fostering the demethylation of Foxp3 and other Treg-specific epigenetic signatures genes in developing Tregs. Here, we in vitro generated alloantigen-induced Foxp3+ Tregs (allo-iTregs) in presence of vitamin C. Although vitamin C hardly influenced the transcriptome of allo-iTregs as revealed by RNA-seq, those vitamin C-treated allo-iTregs showed a more pronounced demethylation of Foxp3 and other Treg-specific epigenetic signatures genes accompanied with an enhanced stability of Foxp3 expression. Accordingly, when being tested in vivo in an allogeneic skin transplantation model, vitamin C-treated allo-iTregs showed a superior suppressive capacity. Together, our results pave the way for the establishment of novel protocols for the in vitro generation of alloantigen-induced Foxp3+ Tregs for therapeutic use in transplantation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Nikolouli
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Martin Hapke
- Department Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Department Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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6
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Takeda Y, Shimomura T, Asao H, Wakabayashi I. Relationship between Immunological Abnormalities in Rat Models of Diabetes Mellitus and the Amplification Circuits for Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:4275851. [PMID: 28299342 PMCID: PMC5337356 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4275851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms is required in order to treat diseases. However, the mechanisms of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications are extremely complex. Immune reactions are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, while diabetes influences immune reactions. Furthermore, both diabetes and immune reactions are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. To address these issues, animal models are useful tools. So far, various animal models of diabetes have been developed in rats, which have advantages over mice models in terms of the larger volume of tissue samples and the variety of type 2 diabetes models. In this review, we introduce rat models of diabetes and summarize the immune reactions in diabetic rat models. Finally, we speculate on the relationship between immune reactions and diabetic episodes. For example, diabetes-prone Biobreeding rats, type 1 diabetes model rats, exhibit increased autoreactive cellular and inflammatory immune reactions, while Goto-Kakizaki rats, type 2 diabetes model rats, exhibit increased Th2 reactions and attenuation of phagocytic activity. Investigation of immunological abnormalities in various diabetic rat models is useful for elucidating complicated mechanisms in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Studying immunological alterations, such as predominance of Th1/17 or Th2 cells, humoral immunity, and innate immune reactions, may improve understanding the structure of amplification circuits for diabetes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takeda
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
- *Yuji Takeda:
| | - Tomoko Shimomura
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hironobu Asao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ichiro Wakabayashi
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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7
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Cabrera SM, Henschel AM, Hessner MJ. Innate inflammation in type 1 diabetes. Transl Res 2016; 167:214-27. [PMID: 25980926 PMCID: PMC4626442 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease often diagnosed in childhood that results in pancreatic β-cell destruction and life-long insulin dependence. T1D susceptibility involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors and has historically been attributed to adaptive immunity, although there is now increasing evidence for a role of innate inflammation. Here, we review studies that define a heightened age-dependent innate inflammatory state in T1D families that is paralleled with high fidelity by the T1D-susceptible biobreeding rat. Innate inflammation may be driven by changes in interactions between the host and environment, such as through an altered microbiome, intestinal hyperpermeability, or viral exposures. Special focus is put on the temporal measurement of plasma-induced transcriptional signatures of recent-onset T1D patients and their siblings as well as in the biobreeding rat as it defines the natural history of innate inflammation. These sensitive and comprehensive analyses have also revealed that those who successfully managed T1D risk develop an age-dependent immunoregulatory state, providing a possible mechanism for the juvenile nature of T1D. Therapeutic targeting of innate inflammation has been proven effective in preventing and delaying T1D in rat models. Clinical trials of agents that suppress innate inflammation have had more modest success, but efficacy may be improved by the addition of combinatorial approaches that target other aspects of T1D pathogenesis. An understanding of innate inflammation and mechanisms by which this susceptibility is both potentiated and mitigated offers important insight into T1D progression and avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M. Cabrera
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children’s Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Angela M. Henschel
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children’s Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Martin J. Hessner
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children’s Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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8
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Regulatory T cells control diabetes without compromising acute anti-viral defense. Clin Immunol 2014; 153:298-307. [PMID: 24858581 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While previous reports have demonstrated the efficacy of regulatory T cell therapy in the prevention of diabetes, systemic immunocompromise and Treg instability remain key safety concerns. Here we examined the influence of induced Treg (iTreg) cell therapy on anti-viral host defense and autoimmune T cell responses during acute viral infection in a murine model of autoimmune diabetes. Protective transfers of iTregs maintained IL-10 expression, expanded in vivo and controlled diabetes, despite losing FoxP3 expression. Adoptive transfer of iTregs affected neither the primary anti-viral CD8 T cell response nor viral clearance, although a significant and sustained suppression of CD4 T cell responses was observed. Following acute viral clearance, iTregs transferred early suppressed both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, which resulted in the reversion of diabetes. These observations indicate that iTregs suppress local autoimmune processes while preserving the immunocompetent host's ability to combat acute viral infection.
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9
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Szypowska A, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Demkow U, Luczyński W. High expression of OX40 (CD134) and 4-1BB (CD137) molecules on CD4(+)CD25(high) cells in children with type 1 diabetes. Adv Med Sci 2014; 59:39-43. [PMID: 24797972 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the rapidly rising incidence of diabetes in children, with the highest rise in children<5 years of age, data on mechanisms that trigger severe beta-cells damage are limited. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of OX40 (CD134) or 4-1BB (CD137) positive cells in the peripheral blood of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D) in comparison to healthy controls. MATERIAL/METHODS The study included 33 children (mean age 7.3 ± 5.4 years) with newly diagnosed T1D and 39 age-matched healthy controls. Separate analysis was performed in children<5 years. Flow cytometric analysis was performed using the following markers: CD4, CD25, CD137, and CD134. Fasting C-peptide level was assessed as well. RESULTS The frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high)OX40(+) was higher in T1D children than in controls (median value 3.58% vs. 1.1%, respectively; p=0.003). Moreover, T1D children had higher frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high)4-1BB(+) cells than healthy subjects (median value 5.76% vs. 3.74%, respectively; p=0.037). A significant correlation was noted between the age of diabetic children and the C-peptide level (r=0.54, 95% CI [0.19-0.77], p=0.004). In comparison with age-matched controls, children<5 years had higher frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high)OX40(+) (p=0.004) and CD4(+)CD25(high)4-1BB(+) cells (p=0.079). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed higher frequency of both OX40 and 4-1BB positive cells in T1D children in comparison to controls. It seems that observed differences might be more pronounced in children<5 years of age than in older subjects. Further clinical studies are needed to determine the age-related differences in the immune system, in the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Luczyński
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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10
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Angin M, Klarenbeek PL, King M, Sharma SM, Moodley ES, Rezai A, Piechocka-Trocha A, Toth I, Chan AT, Goulder PJ, Ndung'u T, Kwon DS, Addo MM. Regulatory T cells expanded from HIV-1-infected individuals maintain phenotype, TCR repertoire and suppressive capacity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86920. [PMID: 24498287 PMCID: PMC3911933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While modulation of regulatory T cell (Treg) function and adoptive Treg transfer are being explored as therapeutic modalities in the context of autoimmune diseases, transplantation and cancer, their role in HIV-1 pathogenesis remains less well defined. Controversy persists regarding their beneficial or detrimental effects in HIV-1 disease, which warrants further detailed exploration. Our objectives were to investigate if functional CD4+ Tregs can be isolated and expanded from HIV-1-infected individuals for experimental or potential future therapeutic use and to determine phenotype and suppressive capacity of expanded Tregs from HIV-1 positive blood and tissue. Tregs and conventional T cell controls were isolated from blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of individuals with HIV-1 infection and healthy donors using flow-based cell-sorting. The phenotype of expanded Tregs was assessed by flow-cytometry and quantitative PCR. T-cell receptor ß-chain (TCR-β) repertoire diversity was investigated by deep sequencing. Flow-based T-cell proliferation and chromium release cytotoxicity assays were used to determine Treg suppressive function. Tregs from HIV-1 positive individuals, including infants, were successfully expanded from PBMC and GALT. Expanded Tregs expressed high levels of FOXP3, CTLA4, CD39 and HELIOS and exhibited a highly demethylated TSDR (Treg-specific demethylated region), characteristic of Treg lineage. The TCRß repertoire was maintained following Treg expansion and expanded Tregs remained highly suppressive in vitro. Our data demonstrate that Tregs can be expanded from blood and tissue compartments of HIV-1+ donors with preservation of Treg phenotype, function and TCR repertoire. These results are highly relevant for the investigation of potential future therapeutic use, as currently investigated for other disease states and hold great promise for detailed studies on the role of Tregs in HIV-1 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- DNA Methylation/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Tract/immunology
- Gastrointestinal Tract/virology
- Gene Expression/immunology
- HIV Infections/blood
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/physiology
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Infant
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Angin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul L. Klarenbeek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie King
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Siddhartha M. Sharma
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eshia S. Moodley
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ashley Rezai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ildiko Toth
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Gastrointestinal Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Goulder
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marylyn M. Addo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Takeda Y, Shimomura T, Wakabayashi I. [Immunological disorders of diabetes mellitus in experimental rat models]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 69:166-176. [PMID: 25253518 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.69.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanism is the prerequisite for proper disease management. However, the mechanisms of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complication remain extremely complicated and unresolved. While immune reactions are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetic complication, the diabetic condition itself can influence immune responses. Furthermore, both diabetes and immune reactions are regulated by genetic and environmental factors. As a result, animal models have evolved to be powerful research tools to elucidate the complicated mechanisms for the pathogenesis of diabetes. Recently, various animal models of diabetes have been developed in rats, which provide advantages over mouse models in the scale of tissue samples and variation in type 2 diabetes models. In this review, we introduced rat models of diabetes and summarized the immune reactions in diabetic rats to propose the relationship between immune reactions and diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is induced by self-reactive cellular immune reactions. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes in rat models is associated with augmentation of innate immune reactions and increased humoral immunity. For example, helper T (Th) 1/Th17 cells are prevalent in non-obese type 1 diabetes rats (diabetes-prone BioBreeding rats), while non-obese type 2 diabetes rats (Goto-Kakizaki rat) show higher levels of natural IgM and T cell ratios with elevated Th2 cells compared with Wister rats. The investigation of immunological disorders in various diabetic rat models is useful to elucidate complicated mechanisms for the pathophysiology of diabetes. In future studies, immunological experimentations altering Th1/Th17 or Th2 cell levels and natural immune reactions may lend support to understanding the causes of diabetes and predicting the pathological conditions in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takeda
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
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12
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Zhang M, Zhang S, Wu J, Sun Y, Li L, Du W, Liu J, Hou J, Yu B. The Immunosuppressant Protosappanin A Promotes Dendritic Cell-Mediated Expansion of Alloantigen-Specific Tregs and Prolongs Allograft Survival in Rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66336. [PMID: 23840445 PMCID: PMC3694094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protosappanin A (PrA), an immunosuppressive ingredient of the medicinal herb Caesalpinia sappan L, prolongs heart allograft survival in rats, possibly by impairing the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We examined the effects of PrA on the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs), a potent class of APCs, and the downstream cell–cell and intracellular signaling pathways mediating the immunosuppressive activity of PrA. PrA inhibited LPS-stimulated maturation of Wistar rat DCs in vitro as reflected by reduced expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and reduced expression of TLR4 and NF-κB, two critical signaling components for antigen recognition. PrA also enhanced the release of IL-10 and decreased the release of IL-12 from DCs, but had no effect on the production of TGF-ß. In mixed cultures, Wistar DCs pretreated with PrA impaired the proliferation of Sprague Dawley (SD) rat T cells while promoting the expansion of SD rat CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Both oral PrA treatment and infusion of PrA-pretreated Wistar DCs prolonged cardiac allograft survival (Wistar donor, SD recipient) and expanded recipient CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. Donor spleen cells, but not spleen cells from a third rat strain (DA), supported the expansion of recipient CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and suppressed recipient T cell proliferation. We conclude that PrA triggers a tolerogenic state in DCs that allows for the induction of alloantigen-specific Tregs and the suppression of allograft rejection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lili Li
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jingjin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jingbo Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Bo Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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13
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Chen YG, Mordes JP, Blankenhorn EP, Kashmiri H, Kaldunski ML, Jia S, Geoffrey R, Wang X, Hessner MJ. Temporal induction of immunoregulatory processes coincides with age-dependent resistance to viral-induced type 1 diabetes. Genes Immun 2013; 14:387-400. [PMID: 23739610 PMCID: PMC4027975 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dilute plasma cytokine milieu associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), while difficult to measure directly, is sufficient to drive transcription in a bioassay that uses healthy leukocytes as reporters. Previously, we reported disease-associated, partially IL-1 dependent, transcriptional signatures in both T1D patients and the BioBreeding (BB) rat model. Here, we examine temporal signatures in congenic BBDR.lyp/lyp rats that develop spontaneous T1D, and BBDR rats where T1D progresses only after immunological perturbation in young animals. After weaning, the BBDR temporal signature showed early coincident induction of transcription related to innate inflammation as well as IL-10- and TGF-β-mediated regulation. BBDR plasma cytokine levels mirrored the signatures showing early inflammation, followed by induction of a regulated state that correlated with failure of virus to induce T1D in older rats. In contrast, the BBDR.lyp/lyp temporal signature exhibited asynchronous dynamics, with delayed induction of inflammatory transcription and later, weaker induction of regulatory transcription, consistent with their deficiency in regulatory T cells. Through longitudinal analyses of plasma-induced signatures in BB rats and a human T1D progressor, we have identified changes in immunoregulatory processes that attenuate a preexisting innate inflammatory state in BBDR rats, suggesting a mechanism underlying the decline in T1D susceptibility with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Chen
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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14
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Bogdani M, Henschel AM, Kansra S, Fuller JM, Geoffrey R, Jia S, Kaldunski ML, Pavletich S, Prosser S, Chen YG, Lernmark A, Hessner MJ. Biobreeding rat islets exhibit reduced antioxidative defense and N-acetyl cysteine treatment delays type 1 diabetes. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:111-23. [PMID: 23111281 PMCID: PMC4077722 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Islet-level oxidative stress has been proposed as a trigger for type 1 diabetes (T1D), and release of cytokines by infiltrating immune cells further elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS), exacerbating β cell duress. To identify genes/mechanisms involved with diabetogenesis at the β cell level, gene expression profiling and targeted follow-up studies were used to investigate islet activity in the biobreeding (BB) rat. Forty-day-old spontaneously diabetic lymphopenic BB DRlyp/lyp rats (before T cell insulitis) as well as nondiabetic BB DR+/+ rats, nondiabetic but lymphopenic F344lyp/lyp rats, and healthy Fischer (F344) rats were examined. Gene expression profiles of BB rat islets were highly distinct from F344 islets and under-expressed numerous genes involved in ROS metabolism, including glutathione S-transferase (GST) family members (Gstm2, Gstm4, Gstm7, Gstt1, Gstp1, and Gstk1), superoxide dismutases (Sod2 and Sod3), peroxidases, and peroxiredoxins. This pattern of under-expression was not observed in brain, liver, or muscle. Compared with F344 rats, BB rat pancreata exhibited lower GST protein levels, while plasma GST activity was found significantly lower in BB rats. Systemic administration of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine to DRlyp/lyp rats altered abundances of peripheral eosinophils, reduced severity of insulitis, and significantly delayed but did not prevent diabetes onset. We find evidence of β cell dysfunction in BB rats independent of T1D progression, which includes lower expression of genes related to antioxidative defense mechanisms during the pre-onset period that may contribute to overall T1D susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, Washington 98122, USA
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15
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Corrales JJ, Almeida M, Cordero M, Martín-Martín L, Méndez C, Miralles JM, Orfao A. Enhanced immunological response by dendritic cells in male hypogonadism. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:1205-12. [PMID: 22957648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2012.02712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of male hypogonadism on the immune response is poorly understood, even though testosterone has both immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects in men. DESIGN In this study, we compared the distribution and functional status of peripheral blood (PB) monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) [CD16(+) (monocytoid), CD33(+) (myeloid) and CD33(-) (plasmacytoid)] and CD4(+) CD25(+)CD127(-/lo) regulatory T cells from hypogonadic men and control subjects. Immunophenotypic studies were performed both on resting and in vitro-stimulated cells. RESULTS Overall, no significant differences were detected on the number of monocytes, DCs and CD4(+) CD25(+) CD127(-/lo) regulatory T cells between both groups of subjects. However, hypogonadic men showed slightly higher numbers of circulating CD16(+) cells expressing the CD107b activation/degranulation-associated marker than controls, such differences reaching statistical significance after in vitro stimulation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Interestingly, antigen-stimulated expression of CD107b on CD16(+) cells inversely correlated with the serum concentrations of total testosterone (r(2)=-0.45; P=0.01), free testosterone (r(2)=-0.48; P=0.005), calculated free testosterone (r(2)=-0.44; P=0.01) and bioavailable testosterone (r(2)=-0.46; P=0.008) among all cases studied, as well as with both the LH (r(2)=-0.53, P=0.04) and FSH (r(2)=-0.54, P=0.04) serum levels among hypogonadic men. CONCLUSIONS These findings show an enhanced immunological response of circulating (activated) CD16(+) DCs to antigen stimulation, which was inversely related to testosterone and gonadotropin serum levels. Such findings suggest a modulation by the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis of the immune response and may have clinical implications for hypogonadic men, as regards susceptibility to autoimmune diseases and increased responses to antigenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Corrales
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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16
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Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A. The deviated balance between regulatory T cell and Th17 in autoimmunity. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:727-39. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.619987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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17
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Caramalho I, Rodrigues-Duarte L, Perez A, Zelenay S, Penha-Gonçalves C, Demengeot J. Regulatory T cells contribute to diabetes protection in lipopolysaccharide-treated non-obese diabetic mice. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:585-95. [PMID: 21916921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that viral, parasitic or bacterial infections can prevent type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurrence in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. On the other hand, defects in CD4(+) Regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers and/or function contribute to T1D aetiology in NOD mice and in humans. In this work, we formally tested whether the protective role of the bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on diabetes incidence results from enhanced Treg activity. We first report that weekly administration of LPS to young prediabetic NOD mice, presenting or not insulitis at the time of treatment, afforded full protection from diabetes. Taking advantage from the high but incomplete penetrance of diabetes in NOD mice raised in specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions we compared untreated disease-free old animals with gender- and age-matched LPS-treated mice. Histological and flow cytometry analysis indicated that LPS treatment did not prevent islet infiltration or priming of diabetogenic T cells but increased Foxp3(+) and CD103(+) Treg frequency and numbers. By performing adoptive transfer experiments into alymphoid NOD/SCID recipients, we further demonstrated that CD25(+) cells from LPS-treated NOD mice, but not from naturally protected animals, maintained diabetogenic cells at check. Our study suggests that T cell regulation represents a cellular mechanism to explain the 'hygiene hypothesis' and reinforces the notion that immune activity consolidates dominant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Caramalho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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18
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Zhang M, Liu F, Jia H, Zhang Q, Yin L, Liu W, Li H, Yu B, Wu J. Inhibition of microRNA let-7i depresses maturation and functional state of dendritic cells in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation via targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1674-83. [PMID: 21742974 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can initiate immune responses or confer immune tolerance depending on functional status. LPS-induced DC maturation is defined by enhanced surface expression of CD80 and CD86. MicroRNAs are critical for the regulation of DC function and immunity, and the microRNA let-7i was upregulated during LPS-induced DC maturation. Downregulation of let-7i significantly impeded DC maturation as evidenced by reduced CD80 and CD86 expression. DCs stimulated by LPS promoted T cell proliferation in coculture, whereas LPS-stimulated DCs with downregulated let-7i were not effective at stimulating T cell proliferation but promoted expansion of the regulatory T cell (Treg) population. There were two subpopulations of LPS-stimulated DCs with downregulated let-7i, CD86(-) and CD86(+), and it was the CD86(-) DCs that were more effective in inducing T cell hyporesponsiveness and enhancing Treg numbers, indicating that this DC population had tolerogenic properties. Furthermore, Tregs with upregulated IL-10 underscored the tolerogenic effect of CD86(-) DCs. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), a crucial mediator of DC maturation, was confirmed as a let-7i target gene by luciferase construct assay. Suppression or overexpression of let-7i caused reciprocal alterations in SOCS1 protein expression, but had no significant effects on SOCS1 mRNA levels, indicating that let-7i regulated SOCS1 expression by translational suppression. The modulation of SOCS1 protein by let-7i was mainly restricted to CD86(-) DCs. Our study demonstrates that let-7i regulation of SOCS1 is critical for LPS-induced DC maturation and immune function. Dynamic regulation of let-7i may fine-tune immune responses by inducing Ag-specific immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Zhang
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
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19
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van den Brandt J, Fischer HJ, Walter L, Hünig T, Klöting I, Reichardt HM. Type 1 diabetes in BioBreeding rats is critically linked to an imbalance between Th17 and regulatory T cells and an altered TCR repertoire. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2285-94. [PMID: 20644174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes-prone BioBreeding (DP-BB) rats spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on grounds of their MHC haplotype RT1(u) and a point mutation in the Gimap5 gene. In this study, we report that DP-BB rats exhibit an increasingly severe imbalance, in particular between Th17 and regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, within the first months of age. This can be assigned to an excess in effector T cells because neither the percentage nor the function of the T(reg) cells is compromised. Flow cytometric analysis of Vbeta segment usage and CDR3 spectratyping further suggest that the disturbed repertoire of peripheral T cells may also contribute to the development of T1DM in DP-BB rats. Importantly, expansion of T(reg) cells in vivo by means of a CD28 superagonistic Ab as well as adoptive transfer of T(reg) cells efficiently interferes with the development of T1DM in DP-BB rats, whereas treatment with conventional Th cells does not afford protection. Using a newly generated strain of enhanced GFP transgenic rats, we could further demonstrate that the transferred T(reg) cells persist in the recipient rats for several months and partially correct the imbalance between Th17 and T(reg) cells. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that unchecked effector T cell action and a disturbed T cell repertoire contribute to the development of T1DM in DP-BB rats, which may also have implications for a better understanding of the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens van den Brandt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Germany
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20
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Abstract
FOXP3, a member of the forkhead family of transcriptional regulatory proteins, is expressed predominantly in CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. These cells are vital for maintaining peripheral tolerance. A lack of FOXP3 results in severe lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity in both mouse and humans, which is the result of an absence of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory cells. This review discusses the role that this protein plays in the commitment and function of regulatory T cells and its characteristics of FOXP3. We then discuss how, in humans, the induction of FOXP3 in nonregulatory CD4(+) T cells can result in the generation of regulatory T cells in the periphery. A finding that has implications on both how autoimmunity is regulated in vivo as well an impact on the development of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Ziegler
- Benaroya Research Institute, Immunology Program, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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21
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Sonier B, Patrick C, Ajjikuttira P, Scott FW. Intestinal Immune Regulation as a Potential Diet-Modifiable Feature of Gut Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 28:414-45. [DOI: 10.3109/08830180903208329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Visser J, Hillebrands JL, Walther Boer M, Bos NA, Rozing J. Prevention of diabetes by a hydrolysed casein-based diet in diabetes-prone BioBreeding rats does not involve restoration of the defective natural regulatory T cell function. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1445-7. [PMID: 19396422 PMCID: PMC2688613 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Visser
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Abstract
Immune system regulation is of paramount importance to host survival. In settings of autoimmunity and alloimmunity, control is lost, resulting in injury to vital organs and tissues. Naturally occurring, thymic-derived T regulatory (Treg) cells that express CD4, CD25, and the forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) are potent suppressors of these adverse immune responses. Preclinical studies have shown that either freshly isolated or ex vivo expanded Treg cells can prevent both local and systemic organ and tissue destruction. Although promising, human Treg cell infusion therapy has heretofore been difficult to implement in the clinic, and relatively few clinical trials have been initiated. This review will focus on the preclinical models that provide the rationale for current trials and it will address both the challenges and opportunities in human Treg cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Riley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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24
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Long SA, Walker MR, Rieck M, James E, Kwok WW, Sanda S, Pihoker C, Greenbaum C, Nepom GT, Buckner JH. Functional islet-specific Treg can be generated from CD4+CD25- T cells of healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:612-20. [PMID: 19180473 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Treg cells require TCR engagement for suppressive function, thus ensuring that suppression occurs only in the presence of specific antigens; however, to date no studies have addressed the function of self-antigen-specific Treg in humans. These studies were designed to determine whether peripheral generation and function of islet antigen-specific adaptive Treg are defective in human subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Islet antigen-specific adaptive Treg were induced in vitro by activation of CD4(+)FOXP3(-) T cells with glutamic acid decarboxylase and islet-specific glucose-6-phosphate catalytic subunit-related protein peptides in the context of T1D-associated HLA-DRbeta alleles. Antigen-specific Treg were characterized using flow cytometry for FOXP3 and class II tetramer and assessed for the ability to inhibit proliferation. These adaptive Treg were then compared with influenza-specific Treg from the same study population. The function of tetramer(+) cells that expressed FOXP3 was similar for both influenza and islet antigens generated from control and T1D subjects. In fact, the potency of suppression correlated with FOXP3 expression, not antigen specificity. Thus, these data suggest that development of functional adaptive Treg can occur in response to islet antigens and activation of islet-specific Treg may potentially be used as a targeted immunotherapy in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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25
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Abstract
Tolerance to self antigens is established in two ways: first in the thymus through the deletion of thymocytes expressing self-reactive T cell receptors; and second, in the periphery through multiple mechanisms involving deletion, anergy, and suppression. Dominant tolerance to self antigens in the periphery is primarily the function of the CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) subset of T cells, which have the capability of suppressing autoreactive T cells that have escaped deletion during thymic selection. The essential role of the transcription factor FOXP3 in the development and function of these cells has been well documented. However, the underlying mechanisms by which FOXP3 controls this process are less well understood. This review will focus on the role of FOXP3 in regulating CD4 T cell function in both humans and mice, with an emphasis on recent work in human systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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26
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Yang Z, Zhou Z, Li X, Huang G, Lin J. Rosiglitazone preserves islet beta-cell function of adult-onset latent autoimmune diabetes in 3 years follow-up study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83:54-60. [PMID: 19008007 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The newly developed insulin sensitizer-thiazolidinediones have the potential to downregulate inflammation and autoimmune response. The objective of this study was to observe the beneficial effects on beta-cell function in the LADA patients treated with rosiglitazone. 54 LADA patients were assigned to oral hypoglycemic agents group (GAD-Ab<175 U/mL and FCP>0.3 nmol/L) or early insulin administration group (GAD-Ab>or=175 U/mL or GAD-Ab<175 U/mL and FCP<or=0.3 nmol/L). Then, those patients were randomly assigned to receive sulfonylureas (SUs group) or rosiglitazone (RSG group) therapy, or to receive insulin alone (INS group) or rosiglitazone plus insulin (INS+RSG group). Plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting C-peptide (FCP) and C-peptide after 2h 75-g glucose load (PCP) were determined every 6 months. The levels of PCP and delta CP were higher in RSG group compared with those in SUs group after the 18th month. The PCP level (after the 12th month) and delta CP level (after the 18th month) in INS+/-RSG group were higher than those in INS group. Rosiglitazone combined with insulin wherever or not preserved beta-cell function in LADA patients after 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Yang
- Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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27
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Jin H, Xiao C, Geng S, Hu Y, She R, Yu Y, Kang Y, Wang B. Protein/DNA vaccine-induced antigen-specific Treg confer protection against asthma. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2451-63. [PMID: 18792401 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder caused by T-cell-mediated inflammation within airways. No antigen-specific treatment has been available. Using an OVA-induced murine asthma model, we find that co-immunization of an OVA epitope peptide with a DNA vaccine encoding the same epitope is able to prevent this experimental asthma as evidenced in the marked reduction of infiltrations of eosinophils and lymphocytes into the site of the allergen challenge. We demonstrate that the prevention of experimental asthma was directly related to the induction of a population of OVA-specific T-regulatory cells (Treg) exhibiting a CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(+) phenotype and expressing IL-10, TGF-beta and IFN-gamma following the co-immunization. Blockade of IL-10 and TGF-beta of the Treg by anti-IL-10 and TGF-beta antibodies is partially able to reverse the suppression in vitro and in vivo, which caused the recurrence of the inflammation. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of the induced Treg is also able to suppress the OVA-induced asthma. To our knowledge, the combination of peptide with its cognate DNA vaccine protect experimental asthma via the induced epitope-specific Treg has not been previously reported and such strategy may lead to a novel immunotherapy against asthma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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28
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Wong FS, Dayan CM. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune endocrine diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:292-9. [PMID: 18786834 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a vital role in maintaining homeostatic balance within the immune system. Tregs are required for mediating normal immune responses against pathogens and then terminating such responses when no longer required. However, Tregs also provide important regulation of autoimmune responses, specifically in preventing autoimmunity. They are defined by expression of surface markers and production of specific cytokines that dictate their mode of action. In this review we discuss the recent advances in the understanding of the biology of Tregs, with a focus on their role(s) in human endocrine disease. In addition, recent discoveries of how hormones influence the development and function of Tregs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Susan Wong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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29
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Golovina TN, Mikheeva T, Suhoski MM, Aqui NA, Tai VC, Shan X, Liu R, Balcarcel RR, Fisher N, Levine BL, Carroll RG, Warner N, Blazar BR, June CH, Riley JL. CD28 costimulation is essential for human T regulatory expansion and function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:2855-68. [PMID: 18684977 PMCID: PMC2556987 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The costimulatory requirements required for peripheral blood T regulatory cells (Tregs) are unclear. Using cell-based artificial APCs we found that CD28 but not ICOS, OX40, 4-1BB, CD27, or CD40 ligand costimulation maintained high levels of Foxp3 expression and in vitro suppressive function. Only CD28 costimulation in the presence of rapamycin consistently generated Tregs that consistently suppressed xenogeneic graft-vs-host disease in immunodeficient mice. Restimulation of Tregs after 8-12 days of culture with CD28 costimulation in the presence of rapamycin resulted in >1000-fold expansion of Tregs in <3 wk. Next, we determined whether other costimulatory pathways could augment the replicative potential of CD28-costimulated Tregs. We observed that while OX40 costimulation augmented the proliferative capacity of CD28-costimulated Tregs, Foxp3 expression and suppressive function were diminished. These studies indicate that the costimulatory requirements for expanding Tregs differ from those for T effector cells and, furthermore, they extend findings from mouse Tregs to demonstrate that human postthymic Tregs require CD28 costimulation to expand and maintain potent suppressive function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Golovina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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30
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Jin H, Kang Y, Zhao L, Xiao C, Hu Y, She R, Yu Y, Du X, Zhao G, Ng T, Chu HJ, Wang B. Induction of adaptive T regulatory cells that suppress the allergic response by coimmunization of DNA and protein vaccines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5360-72. [PMID: 18390718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-induced immediate hypersensitivity (AIH) is a health issue of significant concern. This robust inflammatory reaction is initiated by the allergen-specific T cell responsiveness. Severe lesion reactions on skin are consequential problem requiring medical treatment. Effective Ag-specific treatments or preventions are lacking. Using a rodent model of AIH induced by flea allergens, we first report that coimmunization of DNA and protein vaccines encoding the flea salivary specific Ag-1 ameliorated experimental AIH, including Ag-induced wheal formation, elevated T cell proliferation, and infiltration of lymphocytes and mast cells to the site of allergen challenge. The amelioration of AIH was directly related to the induction of a specific population of flea antigenic specific T cells exhibiting a CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(+) phenotype, a characteristic of regulatory T (T(REG)) cells. These T(REG) cells expressing IL-10, IFN-gamma, and the transcriptional factor T-bet after Ag stimulation were driven by a tolerogenic MHC class II(+)/CD40(low) dendritic cell population that was induced by the coimmunization of DNA and protein vaccines. The tolerogenic dendritic cell could educate the naive T cells into CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(+) T(REG) cells both in vitro and in vivo. The study identified phenomenon to induce an Ag-specific tolerance via a defined Ag vaccinations and lead to the control of AIH. Exploitation of these cellular regulators and understanding their induction provides a basis for the possible development of novel therapies against allergic and related disorders in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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31
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Barath S, Aleksza M, Tarr T, Sipka S, Szegedi G, Kiss E. Measurement of natural (CD4+CD25high) and inducible (CD4+IL-10+) regulatory T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2007; 16:489-96. [PMID: 17670847 DOI: 10.1177/0961203307080226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of regulatory T cells may play an important role in the loss of self-tolerance, which is a major characteristic of lupus. The objective of this study was to determine the ratio and the number of natural CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ and inducible CD4+IL-10+ regulatory T cells in lupus patients and to search correlation with disease activity. Seventy-two Hungarian lupus patients were enrolled in the study. Fourty-one age- and sex matched healthy donors served as controls. Flow cytometry was used for the quantification of CD4+CD25high Foxp3+ (nTreg) and CD4+IL-10+ (iTreg) cells. The ratio (3.06 +/- 1.45%) and the number (0.019 +/- 0.012 x 10(9)/L) of nTreg cells decreased in lupus significantly (P < 0.001 in both) as compared to normal controls (4.26 +/- 1.01% and 0.039 +/- 0.017 x 10(9)/L). The ratio of iTreg cells were significantly higher in patients than in controls (20.92 +/- 14.02% versus 15.49 +/- 11.65%, P < 0.03), but the number of these cell type did not differ in significant manner (0.314 +/- 0.236 x 10(9)/L versus 0.259 +/- 0.183 x 10(9)/L). The 19 active patients were characterised by significantly higher disease activity index (SLEDAI 8.63 +/- 2.95 versus 1.74 +/- 1.68, P < 0.001) and anti-DNA concentration (117.85 +/- 145.89 versus 37.36 +/- 68.85 IU/mL, P = 0.001) as compered to the 52 inactive patients. Furthermore, active patients required higher dose of methylprednisolon than inactive ones (14.8 +/- 10.6 versus 4.8 +/- 3.4 mg/day, P < 0.001). However, we did not find statistical significant difference in the number and ratio of the examined cell populations regarding to disease activity. Altered ratio and number of both natural and inducible regulatory T cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of lupus. There are small but appreciable difference in the number of regulatory T cells between inactive patients and healthy controls. It suggests that immunoregulatory deficiencies are present in the inactive stage of the disease also.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barath
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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32
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Valencic E, Piscianz E, Tommasini A, Granzotto M. T cells stimulated in vitro have a suppressive function but do not contain only regulatory T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:561-6. [PMID: 17900303 PMCID: PMC2219374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro represents an attractive possibility to set up cellular therapies that could prevent and cure autoimmune disorders. Different methods have been proposed to generate Tregs in vitro and to evaluate their phenotype and function. Moreover, the overlap between generation of activated and regulatory cells could often be underestimated. We showed that in vitro treatment of CD4+ CD25- lymphocytes with different stimuli leads to a good expression of CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) on most cells, but to a full Treg phenotype (including CD127 negativity) in only a minor percentage of cells, ranging from 17.38% of cells treated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) to 50.91% of cells treated with T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in association with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Some suppressive activity was demonstrated for T cells activated with all the different stimuli. However, while suppression mediated by TCR/TGF-beta treated T cells was associated with an inhibition of both interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma in the co-culture supernatant, the suppression observed for PHA-activated cells occurred in the presence of large amounts of these cytokines. In conclusion, also taking into account other recent publications, caution should be taken in interpretation of data in the field of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Valencic
- Department of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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33
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Ballotti S, de Martino M. Rotavirus infections and development of type 1 diabetes: an evasive conundrum. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45:147-56. [PMID: 17667707 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31805fc256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease caused by altered immune tolerance to specific proteins leading to a selective destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in genetically predisposed individuals. T1D is likely to be triggered by environmental factors, including virus infections in genetically predisposed individuals. Rotaviruses are the main cause of severe diarrhea among children worldwide, but they seem to have a role also in T1D induction. Epidemiological data may be consistent with a similar hypothesis. Mechanisms hypothesized include molecular mimicry, bystander activation (with or without epitope spreading), and viral persistence. In this review the authors analyze the factors accounting for rotavirus ability to prime islet autoimmunity and cause T1D. A thorough comprehension of their potential pathogenetic mechanisms may allow preventive strategies to be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ballotti
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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34
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Kaminitz A, Stein J, Yaniv I, Askenasy N. The vicious cycle of apoptotic beta-cell death in type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:582-9. [PMID: 17637698 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune insulitis, the cause of type 1 diabetes, evolves through several discrete stages that culminate in beta-cell death. In the first stage, antigenic epitopes of B-cell-specific peptides are processed by antigen presenting cells in local lymph nodes, and auto-reactive lymphocyte clones are propagated. Subsequently, cell-mediated and direct cytokine-mediated reactions are generated against the beta-cells, and the beta-cells are sensitized to apoptosis. Ironically, the beta-cells themselves contribute some of the cytokines and chemokines that provoke the immune reaction within the islets. Once this vicious cycle of autoimmunity is fully developed, the fate of the beta-cells in the islets is sealed, and clinical diabetes inevitably ensues. Differences in various aspects of these concurrent events appear to underlie the significant discrepancies in experimental data observed in experimental models that simulate autoimmune insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Kaminitz
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
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35
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Orban T, Kis J, Szereday L, Engelmann P, Farkas K, Jalahej H, Treszl A. Reduced CD4+ T-cell-specific gene expression in human type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Autoimmun 2007; 28:177-87. [PMID: 17320348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in humans is characterized by the T-cell-dependent destruction of the insulin producing pancreatic beta cells; however, the precise pathogenesis of the disease, especially the initiation of pathologic immune response, is still largely unknown. We hypothesized that the function of human CD4+ T cells is altered in T1DM and analyzed unstimulated human peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell gene expression. We used a novel three-way comparison of DNA microarray data of CD4+ T cells isolated from patients with new onset T1DM, patients with long-term Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and from healthy control subjects in order to eliminate any possible influence of glucose homeostasis on our findings. We analyzed the T1DM specific gene-expression changes and their functional relevance to T1DM autoimmunity. Our genetic and functional data show that T1DM CD4+ T cells are down-regulated specifically affecting key immune functions and cell cycle. Histone deacetylase gene expression, a key regulator of epigenetic modification is also reduced. The CD4+ T cells showed impaired function, including an abnormal immune response, which may be a key element that leads to the breakdown of self-tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epigenesis, Genetic/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Histone Deacetylases/biosynthesis
- Histone Deacetylases/genetics
- Histone Deacetylases/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/enzymology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Male
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihamer Orban
- Section of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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van der Werf N, Kroese FGM, Rozing J, Hillebrands JL. Viral infections as potential triggers of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007; 23:169-83. [PMID: 17103489 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has increased significantly, reaching percentages of 3% annually worldwide. This increase suggests that besides genetical factors environmental perturbations (including viral infections) are also involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. T1D has been associated with viral infections including enteroviruses, rubella, mumps, rotavirus, parvovirus and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Although correlations between clinical presentation with T1D and the occurrence of a viral infection that precedes the development of overt disease have been recognized, causalities between viruses and the diabetogenic process are still elusive and difficult to prove in humans. The use of experimental animal models is therefore indispensable, and indeed more insight in the mechanism by which viruses can modulate diabetogenesis has been provided by studies in rodent models for T1D such as the biobreeding (BB) rat, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse or specific transgenic mouse strains. Data from experimental animals as well as in vitro studies indicate that various viruses are clearly able to modulate the development of T1D via different mechanisms, including direct beta-cell lysis, bystander activation of autoreactive T cells, loss of regulatory T cells and molecular mimicry. Data obtained in rodents and in vitro systems have improved our insight in the possible role of viral infections in the pathogenesis of human T1D. Future studies will hopefully reveal which human viruses are causally involved in the induction of T1D and this knowledge may provide directions on how to deal with viral infections in diabetes-susceptible individuals in order to delay or even prevent the diabetogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van der Werf
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Glisic-Milosavljevic S, Waukau J, Jailwala P, Jana S, Khoo HJ, Albertz H, Woodliff J, Koppen M, Alemzadeh R, Hagopian W, Ghosh S. At-risk and recent-onset type 1 diabetic subjects have increased apoptosis in the CD4+CD25+ T-cell fraction. PLoS One 2007; 2:e146. [PMID: 17206281 PMCID: PMC1764033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In experimental models, Type 1 diabetes T1D can be prevented by adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ FoxP3+ suppressor or regulatory T cells. Recent studies have found a suppression defect of CD4+CD25+high T cells in human disease. In this study we measure apoptosis of CD4+CD25+high T cells to see if it could contribute to reduced suppressive activity of these cells. Methods and Findings T-cell apoptosis was evaluated in children and adolescent 35 females/40 males subjects comprising recent-onset and long-standing T1D subjects and their first-degree relatives, who are at variable risk to develop T1D. YOPRO1/7AAD and intracellular staining of the active form of caspase 3 were used to evaluate apoptosis. Isolated CD4+CD25+high and CD4+CD25− T cells were co-cultured in a suppression assay to assess the function of the former cells. We found that recent-onset T1D subjects show increased apoptosis of CD4+CD25+high T cells when compared to both control and long-standing T1D subjects p<0.0001 for both groups. Subjects at high risk for developing T1D 2–3Ab+ve show a similar trend p<0.02 and p<0.01, respectively. On the contrary, in long-standing T1D and T2D subjects, CD4+CD25+high T cell apoptosis is at the same level as in control subjects p = NS. Simultaneous intracellular staining of the active form of caspase 3 and FoxP3 confirmed recent-onset FoxP3+ve CD4+CD25+high T cells committed to apoptosis at a higher percentage 15.3±2.2 compared to FoxP3+ve CD4+CD25+high T cells in control subjects 6.1±1.7 p<0.002. Compared to control subjects, both recent-onset T1D and high at-risk subjects had significantly decreased function of CD4+CD25+high T cells p = 0.0007 and p = 0.007, respectively. Conclusions There is a higher level of ongoing apoptosis in CD4+CD25+high T cells in recent-onset T1D subjects and in subjects at high risk for the disease. This high level of CD4+CD25+high T-cell apoptosis could be a contributing factor to markedly decreased suppressive potential of these cells in recent-onset T1D subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Glisic-Milosavljevic
- The Max McGee National Center for Juvenile Diabetes and Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jill Waukau
- The Max McGee National Center for Juvenile Diabetes and Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Parthav Jailwala
- The Max McGee National Center for Juvenile Diabetes and Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Srikanta Jana
- The Max McGee National Center for Juvenile Diabetes and Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Huoy-Jii Khoo
- The Max McGee National Center for Juvenile Diabetes and Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hope Albertz
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Woodliff
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marilyn Koppen
- The Max McGee National Center for Juvenile Diabetes and Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ramin Alemzadeh
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Diabetes Center, Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William Hagopian
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Soumitra Ghosh
- The Max McGee National Center for Juvenile Diabetes and Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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38
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Fuller JM, Kwitek AE, Hawkins TJ, Moralejo DH, Lu W, Tupling TD, Macmurray AJ, Borchardt G, Hasinoff M, Lernmark A. Introgression of F344 rat genomic DNA on BB rat chromosome 4 generates diabetes-resistant lymphopenic BB rats. Diabetes 2006; 55:3351-7. [PMID: 17130479 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Failure to express the Gimap5 protein is associated with lymphopenia (lyp) and linked to spontaneous diabetes in the diabetes-prone BioBreeding (BBDP) rat. Gimap5 is a member of seven related genes located within 150 Kb on rat chromosome 4. Congenic DR.(lyp/lyp) rats, where BBDP lyp was introgressed onto the diabetes-resistant BBDR background (BBDR.BBDP.(lyp/lyp)), all develop diabetes between 46 and 81 days of age (mean +/- SE, 61 +/- 1), whereas DR.(lyp/+) and DR.(+/+) rats are nonlymphopenic and diabetes resistant. In an intercross between F1(BBDP x F344) rats, we identified a rat with a recombination event on chromosome 4, allowing us to fix 33 Mb of F344 between D4Rat253 and D4Rhw6 in the congenic DR.lyp rat line. Gimap1 and Gimap5 were the only members of the Gimap family remaining homozygous for the BBDP allele. Offspring homozygous for the F344 allele (f/f) between D4Rat253 and D4Rhw6 were lymphopenic (85 of 85, 100%) but did not develop diabetes (0 of 85). During rescue of the recombination, 102 of 163 (63%) rats heterozygous (b/f) for the recombination developed diabetes between 52 and 222 days of age (88 +/- 3). Our data demonstrate that introgression of a 33-Mb region of the F344 genome, proximal to the mutated Gimap5 gene, renders the rat diabetes resistant despite being lymphopenic. Spontaneous diabetes in the BB rat may therefore be controlled, in part, by a diabetogenic factor(s), perhaps unrelated to the Gimap5 mutation on rat chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Fuller
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357710, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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39
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Hillebrands JL, Whalen B, Visser JTJ, Koning J, Bishop KD, Leif J, Rozing J, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Rossini AA. A Regulatory CD4+ T Cell Subset in the BB Rat Model of Autoimmune Diabetes Expresses Neither CD25 Nor Foxp3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:7820-32. [PMID: 17114453 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biobreeding (BB) rats model type 1 autoimmune diabetes (T1D). BB diabetes-prone (BBDP) rats develop T1D spontaneously. BB diabetes-resistant (BBDR) rats develop T1D after immunological perturbations that include regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion plus administration of low doses of a TLR ligand, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Using both models, we analyzed CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD45RC- candidate rat Treg populations. In BBDR and control Wistar Furth rats, CD25+ T cells comprised 5-8% of CD4+ T cells. In vitro, rat CD4+CD25+ T cells were hyporesponsive and suppressed T cell proliferation in the absence of TGF-beta and IL-10, suggesting that they are natural Tregs. In contrast, CD4+CD45RC(-) T cells proliferated in vitro in response to mitogen and were not suppressive. Adoptive transfer of purified CD4+CD25+ BBDR T cells to prediabetic BBDP rats prevented diabetes in 80% of recipients. Surprisingly, CD4+CD45RC-CD25- T cells were equally protective. Quantitative studies in an adoptive cotransfer model confirmed the protective capability of both cell populations, but the latter was less potent on a per cell basis. The disease-suppressing CD4+CD45RC-CD25- population expressed PD-1 but not Foxp3, which was confined to CD4+CD25+ cells. We conclude that CD4+CD25+ cells in the BBDR rat act in vitro and in vivo as natural Tregs. In addition, another population that is CD4+CD45RC-CD25- also participates in the regulation of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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40
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Geoffrey R, Jia S, Kwitek AE, Woodliff J, Ghosh S, Lernmark A, Wang X, Hessner MJ. Evidence of a Functional Role for Mast Cells in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in the BioBreeding Rat. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:7275-86. [PMID: 17082646 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) arises through autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells and is modeled in many respects by the lymphopenic and spontaneously diabetic BioBreeding (BB) DRlyp/lyp rat. Previously, preonset expression profiling of whole DRlyp/lyp pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) revealed innate immune activity, specifically that of mast cells and eosinophils. Furthermore, we observed that pancreatic islets of DRlyp/lyp rats as well as those of diabetes-inducible BB DR(+/+) rats potentially recruit innate cells through eotaxin expression. Here we determine that lifelong eotaxin expression begins before 40 days of life and is localized specifically to beta cells. In this report, we find that PLN mast cells are more abundant in DRlyp/lyp compared with related BB DR(+/+) rats (2.1 +/- 0.9% vs 0.9 +/- 0.4% of total cells, p < 0.0001). DRlyp/lyp PLN mast cell gene expression profiling revealed an activated population and included significant overrepresentation of transcripts for mast cell protease 1, cationic trypsinogen, carboxypeptidase A, IL-5, and phospholipase Cgamma. In the DR(+/+) rat, which develops T1DM upon depletion of T regulator cells, mast cells displayed gene expression consistent with the negative regulation of degranulation, including significant overrepresentation of transcripts encoding tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, lipid phosphatase SHIP, and E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl. To recapitulate the negative mast cell regulation observed in the DR(+/+) rats, we treated DRlyp/lyp rats with the mast cell "stabilizer" cromolyn, which significantly (p < 0.05) delayed T1DM onset. These findings are consistent with a growing body of evidence in human and animal models, where a role for mast cells in the initiation and progression of autoimmune disease is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Geoffrey
- Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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41
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Michalek J, Vrabelova Z, Hrotekova Z, Kyr M, Pejchlova M, Kolouskova S, Faresjö M, Stechova K. Immune Regulatory T Cells in Siblings of Children Suffering from Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:531-5. [PMID: 17032246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients with type 1 diabetes are suffering from defects in immune regulatory cells. Their siblings may be at increased risk of type 1 diabetes especially if they are carriers of certain human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. In a prospective non-randomized study, we intended to evaluate 31 healthy siblings of paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes and explore immune regulatory populations of CD4+CD25+ T cells and natural killer (NK) T cells. Tested siblings of type 1 diabetes patients were stratified according to the HLA-associated risk of possible diabetes development. Immune regulatory function of CD4+CD25+ T cells was tested in vitro. Significant differences in CD4+CD25+ but not in NK T cells have been identified. Siblings of type 1 diabetes patients carrying high risk HLA alleles (DQA1*05, DQB1*0201, DQB1*0302) had significantly lower number of immune regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells than the age-matched healthy controls or siblings carrying low-risk HLA alleles (DQB1*0301, DQB1*0603, DQB1*0602). Regulatory function of CD4+CD25+ T cells demonstrated a dose-escalation effect. In siblings of type 1 diabetes patients, the defect in immune regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells exists in association with genetic HLA-linked risk for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michalek
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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42
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Holm TL, Lundsgaard D, Markholst H. Characteristics of Rat CD4+CD25+ T Cells and Their Ability to Prevent Not Only Diabetes But Also Insulitis in an Adoptive Transfer Model in BB Rats. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:17-29. [PMID: 16784487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human and mouse CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells have been intensively studied through the last decade. However, little is known about this subset in other species. This study describes the phenotype of rat CD4(+)CD25(+) Foxp3(+) T cells and the site in which they exert regulation in a transfer-induced autoimmune diabetes model. Several proteins and mRNAs are up-regulated in unstimulated rat CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells compared with CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells, including Foxp3, Lag-3, CD80, interleukin 10 (IL-10) and CTLA-4. To investigate CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in vivo, we transferred three million diabetogenic T cells either alone or in combination with two million CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells to 30-day-old BB rats. The pancreas and the pancreatic lymph nodes were examined as two potential regulatory sites. Time-course analysis of pancreatic histology following diabetogenic T-cell transfers revealed insulitis from about 14 days after transfer. By contrast, rats receiving both diabetogenic T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells had no insulitis at any time. Moreover, the frequency of diabetogenic T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes 2 days after transfer was significantly reduced in rats receiving both subsets. These data indicate that the primary site of T-cell regulation is in the draining lymph nodes and not the pancreas in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Holm
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
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43
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Abstract
The immune system has evolved mechanisms to recognize and eliminate threats, as well as to protect against self-destruction. Tolerance to self-antigens is generated through two fundamental mechanisms: (a) elimination of self-reactive cells in the thymus during selection and (b) generation of a variety of peripheral regulatory cells to control self-reactive cells that escape the thymus. It is becoming increasing apparent that a population of thymically derived CD4+ regulatory T cells, exemplified by the expression of the IL-2Ralpha chain, is essential for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Recent work has shown that the forkhead family transcription factor Foxp3 is critically important for the development and function of the regulatory T cells. Lack of Foxp3 leads to development of fatal autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease; furthermore, ectopic Foxp3 expression can phenotypically convert effector T cells to regulatory T cells. This review focuses on Foxp3 expression and function and highlights differences between humans and mice regarding Foxp3 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.
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Beaudette-Zlatanova BC, Whalen B, Zipris D, Yagita H, Rozing J, Groen H, Benjamin CD, Hunig T, Drexhage HA, Ansari MJ, Leif J, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Sayegh MH, Rossini AA. Costimulation and autoimmune diabetes in BB rats. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:894-902. [PMID: 16611325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Costimulatory signals regulate T-cell activation. To investigate the role of costimulation in autoimmunity and transplantation, we studied the BB rat model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes-prone BB (BBDP) rats spontaneously develop disease when 55-120 days of age. We observed that two anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with different functional activities completely prevented diabetes in BBDP rats. Anti-CD154 mAb delayed diabetes, whereas treatment with CTLA4-Ig or anti-CD80 mAb accelerated disease. Anti-CD86 or anti-CD134L mAbs had no effect. Diabetes resistant BB (BBDR) rats are disease-free, but >95% of them develop diabetes after treatment with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and an mAb that depletes Treg cells. In the induced BBDR model, anti-CD154 mAb delayed onset of diabetes, whereas CTLA4-Ig, anti-CD134L or either of the anti-CD28 mAbs had little or no effect. In contrast, blockade of the CD134-CD134L pathway was highly effective for preventing autoimmune recurrence against syngeneic islet grafts in diabetic BBDR hosts. Blockade of the CD40-CD154 pathway was also effective, but less so. These data suggest that the effectiveness of costimulation blockade in the treatment of type 1 diabetes is dependent on both the costimulatory pathway targeted and the mechanism of induction, stage, intensity and duration of the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Beaudette-Zlatanova
- Department of Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, and Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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45
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Abstract
A central goal immunologists has been to develop targeted therapies that will induce or maintain immunologic tolerance in the absence of potentially harmful immunosuppression. The ability to isolate and expand regulatory T-cell populations with immune suppressive activity will enable new forms of adoptive immunotherapy that may achieve this long held dream. Assuming that certain technical challenges regarding the manufacturing of regulatory T cells can be overcome, a wide variety of clinical applications can be envisioned using adoptively transferred CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. It is likely that suppressor T cells will first be tested for their ability to prevent or treat graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. A related approach will be clinical studies to induce allogeneic or xenogeneic tolerance using regulatory T cells in solid organ transplantation. A more technically challenging approach will be the use of regulatory T-cell therapy for autoimmune disorders. Finally on the horizon are approaches that will use genetically engineered lymphocytes to replace regulatory T cells in the immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome, and potentially to create more potent regulatory T (Treg) cells with enhanced suppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H June
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Bruder D, Westendorf AM, Hansen W, Prettin S, Gruber AD, Qian Y, von Boehmer H, Mahnke K, Buer J. On the edge of autoimmunity: T-cell stimulation by steady-state dendritic cells prevents autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54:3395-401. [PMID: 16306354 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of antigens to immature dendritic cells has been shown to result in antigen-specific T-cell tolerance in vivo. In the INS-HA/TCR-HA transgenic mouse model for type 1 diabetes, we tested the potential of the dendritic cell-specific monoclonal antibody DEC-205 conjugated to the hemagglutinin (HA) antigen (DEC-HA) to prevent disease onset. Whereas untreated INS-HA/TCR-HA mice all develop insulitis, and approximately 40% of these mice become diabetic, repeated injection of newborn mice with DEC-HA protected almost all mice from disease development. Histological examination of the pancreata revealed significant reduction of peri-islet infiltrations in DEC-HA-treated mice, and the islet structure remained intact. Moreover, HA-specific CD4+ T-cells from anti-DEC-HA-treated INS-HA/TCR-HA mice exhibited increased expression of Foxp3, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, and the immunosuppressive cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta. The findings indicate that targeting of the HA antigen to immature dendritic cells in vivo leads to a relative increase of antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells that suppress the development of type 1 diabetes. Our results provide a basis for the development of novel strategies focusing on prevention rather than treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Bruder
- Department of Mucosal Immunity, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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