1
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Gupta P, Bermejo-Rodriguez C, Kocher H, Pérez-Mancera PA, Velliou EG. Chemotherapy Assessment in Advanced Multicellular 3D Models of Pancreatic Cancer: Unravelling the Importance of Spatiotemporal Mimicry of the Tumor Microenvironment. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300580. [PMID: 38327154 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a challenge for global health with very low survival rate and high therapeutic resistance. Hence, advanced preclinical models for treatment screening are of paramount importance. Herein, chemotherapeutic (gemcitabine) assessment on novel (polyurethane) scaffold-based spatially advanced 3D multicellular PDAC models is carried out. Through comprehensive image-based analysis at the protein level, and expression analysis at the mRNA level, the importance of stromal cells is confirmed, primarily activated stellate cells in the chemoresistance of PDAC cells within the models. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that, in addition to the presence of activated stellate cells, the spatial architecture of the scaffolds, i.e., segregation/compartmentalization of the cancer and stromal zones, affect the cellular evolution and is necessary for the development of chemoresistance. These results highlight that, further to multicellularity, mapping the tumor structure/architecture and zonal complexity in 3D cancer models is important for better mimicry of the in vivo therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, W1W 7TY, UK
| | - Camino Bermejo-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Hemant Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology and Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Pedro A Pérez-Mancera
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Eirini G Velliou
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, W1W 7TY, UK
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2
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Bots STF, Harryvan TJ, Groeneveldt C, Kinderman P, Kemp V, van Montfoort N, Hoeben RC. Preclinical evaluation of the gorilla-derived HAdV-B AdV-lumc007 oncolytic adenovirus 'GoraVir' for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1245-1258. [PMID: 38037840 PMCID: PMC11076997 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy which shows unparalleled therapeutic resistance due to its genetic and cellular heterogeneity, dense stromal tissue, and immune-suppressive tumour microenvironment. Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a new treatment modality which uses tumour-specific viruses to eliminate cancerous cells. Non-human primate adenoviruses of the human adenovirus B (HAdV-B) species have demonstrated considerable lytic potential in human cancer cells as well as limited preexisting neutralizing immunity in humans. Previously, we have generated a new oncolytic derivative of the gorilla-derived HAdV-B AdV-lumc007 named 'GoraVir'. Here, we show that GoraVir displays oncolytic efficacy in pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic-cancer-associated fibroblasts. Moreover, it retains its lytic potential in monoculture and co-culture spheroids. In addition, we established the ubiquitously expressed complement receptor CD46 as the main entry receptor for GoraVir. Finally, a single intratumoural dose of GoraVir was shown to delay tumour growth in a BxPC-3 xenograft model at 10 days post-treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the new gorilla-derived oncolytic adenovirus is a potent oncolytic vector candidate that targets both pancreatic cancer cells and tumour-adjacent stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selas T. F. Bots
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Tom J. Harryvan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | | | - Priscilla Kinderman
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Vera Kemp
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Rob C. Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
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3
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Boelaars K, Rodriguez E, Huinen ZR, Liu C, Wang D, Springer BO, Olesek K, Goossens-Kruijssen L, van Ee T, Lindijer D, Tak W, de Haas A, Wehry L, Nugteren-Boogaard JP, Mikula A, de Winde CM, Mebius RE, Tuveson DA, Giovannetti E, Bijlsma MF, Wuhrer M, van Vliet SJ, van Kooyk Y. Pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts modulate macrophage differentiation via sialic acid-Siglec interactions. Commun Biol 2024; 7:430. [PMID: 38594506 PMCID: PMC11003967 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unresponsive due to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which is characterized by the abundance of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Once identified, CAF-mediated immune inhibitory mechanisms could be exploited for cancer immunotherapy. Siglec receptors are increasingly recognized as immune checkpoints, and their ligands, sialic acids, are known to be overexpressed by cancer cells. Here, we unveil a previously unrecognized role of sialic acid-containing glycans on PDAC CAFs as crucial modulators of myeloid cells. Using multiplex immunohistochemistry and transcriptomics, we show that PDAC stroma is enriched in sialic acid-containing glycans compared to tumor cells and normal fibroblasts, and characterized by ST3GAL4 expression. We demonstrate that sialic acids on CAF cell lines serve as ligands for Siglec-7, -9, -10 and -15, distinct from the ligands on tumor cells, and that these receptors are found on myeloid cells in the stroma of PDAC biopsies. Furthermore, we show that CAFs drive the differentiation of monocytes to immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages in vitro, and that CAF sialylation plays a dominant role in this process compared to tumor cell sialylation. Collectively, our findings unravel sialic acids as a mechanism of CAF-mediated immunomodulation, which may provide targets for immunotherapy in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Boelaars
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ernesto Rodriguez
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zowi R Huinen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chang Liu
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pulmonary Medicine, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Di Wang
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Babet O Springer
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Olesek
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Goossens-Kruijssen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Ee
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Lindijer
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Tak
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aram de Haas
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laetitia Wehry
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joline P Nugteren-Boogaard
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Mikula
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M de Winde
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Loeck T, Rugi M, Todesca LM, Kalinowska P, Soret B, Neumann I, Schimmelpfennig S, Najder K, Pethő Z, Farfariello V, Prevarskaya N, Schwab A. The context-dependent role of the Na +/Ca 2+-exchanger (NCX) in pancreatic stellate cell migration. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1225-1240. [PMID: 37566113 PMCID: PMC10499968 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) that can co-metastasize with cancer cells shape the tumor microenvironment (TME) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by producing an excessive amount of extracellular matrix. This leads to a TME characterized by increased tissue pressure, hypoxia, and acidity. Moreover, cells within the tumor secrete growth factors. The stimuli of the TME trigger Ca2+ signaling and cellular Na+ loading. The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) connects the cellular Ca2+ and Na+ homeostasis. The NCX is an electrogenic transporter, which shuffles 1 Ca2+ against 3 Na+ ions over the plasma membrane in a forward or reverse mode. Here, we studied how the impact of NCX activity on PSC migration is modulated by cues from the TME. NCX expression was revealed with qPCR and Western blot. [Ca2+]i, [Na+]i, and the cell membrane potential were determined with the fluorescent indicators Fura-2, Asante NaTRIUM Green-2, and DiBAC4(3), respectively. PSC migration was quantified with live-cell imaging. To mimic the TME, PSCs were exposed to hypoxia, pressure, acidic pH (pH 6.6), and PDGF. NCX-dependent signaling was determined with Western blot analyses. PSCs express NCX1.3 and NCX1.9. [Ca2+]i, [Na+]i, and the cell membrane potential are 94.4 nmol/l, 7.4 mmol/l, and - 39.8 mV, respectively. Thus, NCX1 usually operates in the forward (Ca2+ export) mode. NCX1 plays a differential role in translating cues from the TME into an altered migratory behavior. When NCX1 is operating in the forward mode, its inhibition accelerates PSC migration. Thus, NCX1-mediated extrusion of Ca2+ contributes to a slow mode of migration of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Loeck
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Micol Rugi
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Luca Matteo Todesca
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Paulina Kalinowska
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Soret
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Université de Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PhyCell - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Ilka Neumann
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra Schimmelpfennig
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Karolina Najder
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zoltán Pethő
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Valerio Farfariello
- Université de Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PhyCell - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- Université de Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PhyCell - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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5
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Tomas Bort E, Joseph MD, Wang Q, Carter EP, Roth NJ, Gibson J, Samadi A, Kocher HM, Simoncelli S, McCormick PJ, Grose RP. Purinergic GPCR-integrin interactions drive pancreatic cancer cell invasion. eLife 2023; 12:e86971. [PMID: 36942939 PMCID: PMC10069867 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to show no improvement in survival rates. One aspect of PDAC is elevated ATP levels, pointing to the purinergic axis as a potential attractive therapeutic target. Mediated in part by highly druggable extracellular proteins, this axis plays essential roles in fibrosis, inflammation response, and immune function. Analyzing the main members of the PDAC extracellular purinome using publicly available databases discerned which members may impact patient survival. P2RY2 presents as the purinergic gene with the strongest association with hypoxia, the highest cancer cell-specific expression, and the strongest impact on overall survival. Invasion assays using a 3D spheroid model revealed P2Y2 to be critical in facilitating invasion driven by extracellular ATP. Using genetic modification and pharmacological strategies, we demonstrate mechanistically that this ATP-driven invasion requires direct protein-protein interactions between P2Y2 and αV integrins. DNA-PAINT super-resolution fluorescence microscopy reveals that P2Y2 regulates the amount and distribution of integrin αV in the plasma membrane. Moreover, receptor-integrin interactions were required for effective downstream signaling, leading to cancer cell invasion. This work elucidates a novel GPCR-integrin interaction in cancer invasion, highlighting its potential for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tomas Bort
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Megan D Joseph
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Qiaoying Wang
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicolas J Roth
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jessica Gibson
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ariana Samadi
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Simoncelli
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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6
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Gupta P, Velliou EG. A Step-by-Step Methodological Guide for Developing Zonal Multicellular Scaffold-Based Pancreatic Cancer Models. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:221-229. [PMID: 37202622 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), a complex heterogeneous mixture of various cellular, physical, and biochemical components and signals, is a major player in the process of tumor growth and its response to therapeutic methods. In vitro 2D monocellular cancer models are unable to mimic the complex in vivo characteristics of cancer TME involving cellular heterogeneity, presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, as well as spatial orientation and organization of different cell types forming the TME. In vivo animal-based studies have ethical concerns, are expensive and time-consuming, and involve models of non-human species. In vitro 3D models are capable of tiding over several issues associated with both 2D in vitro and in vivo animal models. We have recently developed a novel zonal multicellular 3D in vitro model for pancreatic cancer involving cancer cells, endothelial cells, and pancreatic stellate cells. Our model (i) can provide long-term culture (up to 4 weeks), (ii) can control the ECM biochemical configuration in a cell specific manner, (iii) shows large amounts of collagen secretion by the stellate cells mimicking desmoplasia, and (iv) expresses cell-specific markers throughout the whole culture period. This chapter describes the experimental methodology to form our hybrid multicellular 3D model for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, including the immunofluorescence staining on the cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- Centre for 3D models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eirini G Velliou
- Centre for 3D models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
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7
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Immunophenotypic and molecular characterization of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors producing serotonin. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1713-1722. [PMID: 35739266 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (SP-PanNET) account for 0.58-1.4% of all pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET). They may present with atypical symptoms, such as acute pancreatitis and are often radiologically characterized by main pancreatic duct dilatation. SP-PanNET are well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET) distinct from classical PanNET by atypical serotonin secretion and abundant dense stroma deposition, like serotonin producing ileal NET leading in some cases to difficulties to reliably distinguish SP-PanNET from ileal NET metastases. The biology and molecular profile of SP-PanNET remain poorly characterized and the cell of origin within the pancreas is unclear. To address these questions, we analyzed a large cohort of SP-PanNET by immunohistochemistry (n = 29; ATRX, DAXX, MENIN, Islet1, PAX6, PDX1, ARX, CDX2), whole genome copy number array (Oncoscan™) and a large NGS panel (NovoPM™) (n = 10), FISH (n = 13) and RNA sequencing (n = 24) together with 21 ileal NET and 29 nonfunctioning PanNET (NF-PanNET). These analyses revealed a unique genomic profile with frequent isolated loss of chromosome 1 (14 cases-61%) and few pathogenic mutations (KMT2C in 2 cases, ARID1A in 1 case). Unsupervised RNAseq-based clustering showed that SP-PanNET were closer to NF-PanNET than ileal NET with an exclusive beta cell-like signature. SP-PanNET showed TGF-β pathway activation signatures associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and similar signature were reproduced in vitro when pancreatic stellate cells were exposed to serotonin. SP-PanNET immunohistochemical profile resemble that of ileal NET except for PDX1 and PAX6 expression to a lesser extend suggesting that these two markers may be useful to diagnose SP-PanNET. Taken together, this suggests that SP-PanNET are a very specific PanNET entity with a peculiar biology leading to the characteristic fibrotic aspect.
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8
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Bryce AS, Dreyer SB, Froeling FEM, Chang DK. Exploring the Biology of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5302. [PMID: 36358721 PMCID: PMC9659154 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy characterised by a stubbornly low 5-year survival which is essentially unchanged in the past 5 decades. Despite recent advances in chemotherapy and surgical outcomes, progress continues to lag behind that of other cancers. The PDAC microenvironment is characterised by a dense, fibrotic stroma of which cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key players. CAFs and fibrosis were initially thought to be uniformly tumour-promoting, however this doctrine is now being challenged by a wealth of evidence demonstrating CAF phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. Recent technological advances have allowed for the molecular profiling of the PDAC tumour microenvironment at exceptional detail, and these technologies are being leveraged at pace to improve our understanding of this previously elusive cell population. In this review we discuss CAF heterogeneity and recent developments in CAF biology. We explore the complex relationship between CAFs and other cell types within the PDAC microenvironment. We discuss the potential for therapeutic targeting of CAFs, and we finally provide an overview of future directions for the field and the possibility of improving outcomes for patients with this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Bryce
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden G61 1BD, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK
| | - Stephan B. Dreyer
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden G61 1BD, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK
| | - Fieke E. M. Froeling
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden G61 1BD, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, 1053 Great Western Rd, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - David K. Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden G61 1BD, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK
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9
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A Case Report on Longitudinal Collection of Tumour Biopsies for Gene Expression-Based Tumour Microenvironment Analysis from Pancreatic Cancer Patients Treated with Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided Radiofrequency Ablation. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:6754-6763. [PMID: 36290808 PMCID: PMC9600136 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are metastatic at presentation with dismal prognosis warranting improved systemic therapy options. Longitudinal sampling for the assessment of treatment response poses a challenge for validating novel therapies. In this case study, we evaluate the feasibility of collecting endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided longitudinal fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) from two PDAC patients and conduct gene expression studies associated with tumour microenvironment changes associated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). METHODS EUS-guided serial/longitudinal FNABs of tumour were collected before and after treatment from two stage III inoperable gemcitabine-treated PDAC patients treated with targeted RFA three times. Biopsies were analysed using a custom NanoString panel (144 genes) consisting of cancer and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs) subtypes and immune changes. CAF culture was established from one FNAB and characterised by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. RESULTS Two-course RFA led to the upregulation of the CD1E gene (involved in antigen presentation) in both patients 1 and 2 (4.5 and 3.9-fold changes) compared to baseline. Patient 1 showed increased T cell genes (CD4-8.7-fold change, CD8-35.7-fold change), cytolytic function (6.4-fold change) and inflammatory response (8-fold change). A greater than 2-fold upregulation of immune checkpoint genes was observed post-second RFA in both patients. Further, two-course RFA led to increased PDGFRα (4.5-fold change) and CAF subtypes B and C genes in patient 1 and subtypes A, B and D genes in patient 2. Patient 2-derived CAFs post-first RFA showed expression of PDGFRα, POSTN and MYH11 proteins. Finally, RFA led to the downregulation of classical PDAC subtype-specific genes in both patients. CONCLUSIONS This case study suggests longitudinal EUS-FNAB as a potential resource to study tumour and microenvironmental changes associated with RFA treatment. A large sample size is required in the future to assess the efficacy and safety of the treatment and perform comprehensive statistical analysis of EUS-RFA-based molecular changes in PDAC.
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TRPM7 Modulates Human Pancreatic Stellate Cell Activation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142255. [PMID: 35883700 PMCID: PMC9316618 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic diseases, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, are characterized by the presence of activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). These cells represent key actors in the tumor stroma, as they actively participate in disease development and progression: reprograming these PSCs into a quiescent phenotype has even been proposed as a promising strategy for restoring the hallmarks of a healthy pancreas. Since TRPM7 channels have been shown to regulate hepatic stellate cells proliferation and survival, we aimed to study the role of these magnesium channels in PSC activation and proliferation. PS-1 cells (isolated from a healthy pancreas) were used as a model of healthy PSCs: quiescence or activation were induced using all-trans retinoic acid or conditioned media of pancreatic cancer cells, respectively. The role of TRPM7 was studied by RNA silencing or by pharmacological inhibition. TRPM7 expression was found to be correlated with the activation status of PS-1 cells. TRPM7 expression was able to regulate proliferation through modulation of cell cycle regulators and most importantly p53, via the PI3K/Akt pathway, in a magnesium-dependent manner. Finally, the analysis of TCGA database showed the overexpression of TRPM7 in cancer-associated fibroblasts. Taken together, we provide strong evidences that TRPM7 can be considered as a marker of activated PSCs.
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Radoslavova S, Fels B, Pethö Z, Gruner M, Ruck T, Meuth SG, Folcher A, Prevarskaya N, Schwab A, Ouadid-Ahidouch H. TRPC1 channels regulate the activation of pancreatic stellate cells through ERK1/2 and SMAD2 pathways and perpetuate their pressure-mediated activation. Cell Calcium 2022; 106:102621. [PMID: 35905654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) activation is a major event occurring during pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) development. Up to now mechanisms underlying their activation by mechanical cues such as the elevated tissue pressure in PDAC remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the role of one potential mechano-transducer, TRPC1 ion channel, in PSC activation. Using pre-activated human siTRPC1 and murine TRPC1-KO PSCs, we show that TRPC1 promotes αSMA (α-smooth muscle actin) expression, the main activation marker, in cooperation with the phosphorylated SMAD2, under normal and elevated pressure. Functional studies following TRPC1 silencing demonstrate the dual role of TRPC1 in the modulation of PSC proliferation and IL-6 secretion through the activation of ERK1/2 and SMAD2 pathways. Moreover, pressurization changes the mechanical behavior of PSCs by increasing their cellular stiffness and emitted traction forces in a TRPC1-dependent manner. In summary, these results point to a role of TRPC1 channels in sensing and transducing the characteristic mechanical properties of the PDAC microenvironment in PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviya Radoslavova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, UR-UPJV 4667, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; University of Lille, Inserm U1003 - PHYCEL - Cellular Physiology, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benedikt Fels
- Institute of Physiology, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zoltan Pethö
- Institute of Physiology II, University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Gruner
- Institute of Physiology II, University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Klinik für Neurologie, Medical Faculty, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Klinik für Neurologie, Medical Faculty, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antoine Folcher
- University of Lille, Inserm U1003 - PHYCEL - Cellular Physiology, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- University of Lille, Inserm U1003 - PHYCEL - Cellular Physiology, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Halima Ouadid-Ahidouch
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, UR-UPJV 4667, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
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Baleeiro RB, Bouwens CJ, Liu P, Di Gioia C, Dunmall LSC, Nagano A, Gangeswaran R, Chelala C, Kocher HM, Lemoine NR, Wang Y. MHC class II molecules on pancreatic cancer cells indicate a potential for neo-antigen-based immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2080329. [PMID: 35655709 PMCID: PMC9154752 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2080329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class II expression is a hallmark of professional antigen-presenting cells and key to the induction of CD4+ T helper cells. We found that these molecules are ectopically expressed on tumor cells in a large proportion of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and on several PDAC cell lines. In contrast to the previous reports that tumoral expression of MHC-II in melanoma enabled tumor cells to evade immunosurveillance, the expression of MHC-II on PDAC cells neither protected cancer cells from Fas-mediated cell death nor caused T-cell suppression by engagement with its ligand LAG-3 on activated T-cells. In fact and surprisingly, the MHC-II/LAG-3 pathway contributed to CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity toward MHC-II-positive PDAC cells. By combining bioinformatic tools and cell-based assays, we identified a number of immunogenic neo-antigens that can be presented by the patients' HLA class II alleles. Furthermore, CD4+ T-cells stimulated with neo-antigens were capable of recognizing and killing a human PDAC cell line expressing the mutated genes. To expand this approach to a larger number of PDAC patients, we show that co-treatment with IFN-γ and/or MEK/HDAC inhibitors induced tumoral MHC-II expression on MHC-II-negative tumors that are IFN-γ-resistant. Taken together, our data point to the possibility of harnessing MHC-II expression on PDAC cells for neo-antigen-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato B. Baleeiro
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christian J. Bouwens
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Peng Liu
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Carmela Di Gioia
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louisa S. Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ai Nagano
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rathistevy Gangeswaran
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Hemant M. Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas R. Lemoine
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou UniversitySino-British, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou UniversitySino-British, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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13
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Gastrointestinal cancer-associated fibroblasts expressing Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A are amenable to infection by oncolytic reovirus. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1918-1929. [PMID: 35869278 PMCID: PMC9750869 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are characterized by extensive tumor stroma that both promotes tumor progression and acts as a physical barrier for adjacent tumor cells, limiting the effect of current treatment modalities. Oncolytic virotherapy is currently investigated in clinical trials as a novel therapeutic agent for different malignancies of the GI tract, but it is largely unknown whether these viruses can also target the tumor stroma. Here, we investigated the tropism of two commonly studied OVs, adenovirus and reovirus, towards primary GI fibroblasts from human oesophageal, gastric, duodenal and pancreatic carcinomas (N = 36). GI fibroblasts were susceptible to type 3 Dearing (T3D) strain R124 and bioselected mutant reovirus (jin-3) infection but not oncolytic adenovirus (Ad5-Δ24). Efficient infection and apoptosis of human and mouse GI cancer-derived fibroblasts by these reoviruses was partially dependent on the expression of the reovirus entry receptor, Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A (JAM-A). Moreover, human GI cancer organoid-fibroblast co-cultures showed higher overall infectivity when containing JAM-A expressing fibroblasts as compared to JAM-A negative fibroblasts, indicating a potential role of JAM-A expressing fibroblasts for viral dissemination. We further show that JAM-A is not only necessary for efficient reovirus infection of fibroblasts but also partially mediates reovirus-induced apoptosis, dependent on signaling through the C-terminal PDZ-domain of JAM-A. Altogether, our data show the presence of JAM-A expressing fibroblasts in both human and murine GI cancers that are amenable to infection and induction of apoptosis by reovirus, extending the potential anti-cancer actions of reovirus with stromal targeting.
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Harryvan T, Hawinkels L, Östman A, ten Dijke P, Strell C, Hornsveld M. A Novel Pancreatic Cancer Mini-tumor Model to Study Desmoplasia and Myofibroblastic Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Differentiation. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2022; 1:678-681. [PMID: 35937541 PMCID: PMC9340885 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T.J. Harryvan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L.J.A.C. Hawinkels
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. Östman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. ten Dijke
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C. Strell
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Hornsveld
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Joseph MD, Tomas Bort E, Grose RP, McCormick PJ, Simoncelli S. Quantitative Super-Resolution Imaging for the Analysis of GPCR Oligomerization. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101503. [PMID: 34680136 PMCID: PMC8533726 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to form homo- and hetero- oligomers which are considered critical to modulate their function. However, studying the existence and functional implication of these complexes is not straightforward as controversial results are obtained depending on the method of analysis employed. Here, we use a quantitative single molecule super-resolution imaging technique named qPAINT to quantify complex formation within an example GPCR. qPAINT, based upon DNA-PAINT, takes advantage of the binding kinetics between fluorescently labelled DNA imager strands to complementary DNA docking strands coupled to protein targeting antibodies to quantify the protein copy number in nanoscale dimensions. We demonstrate qPAINT analysis via a novel pipeline to study the oligomerization of the purinergic receptor Y2 (P2Y2), a rhodopsin-like GPCR, highly expressed in the pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1, under control, agonistic and antagonistic conditions. Results reveal that whilst the density of P2Y2 receptors remained unchanged, antagonistic conditions displayed reduced percentage of oligomers, and smaller numbers of receptors in complexes. Yet, the oligomeric state of the receptors was not affected by agonist treatment, in line with previous reports. Understanding P2Y2 oligomerization under agonistic and antagonistic conditions will contribute to unravelling P2Y2 mechanistic action and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D. Joseph
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK;
| | - Elena Tomas Bort
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (E.T.B.); (R.P.G.)
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (E.T.B.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Peter J. McCormick
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Sabrina Simoncelli
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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16
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Franchi-Mendes T, Eduardo R, Domenici G, Brito C. 3D Cancer Models: Depicting Cellular Crosstalk within the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4610. [PMID: 34572836 PMCID: PMC8468887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment plays a critical role in tumour progression and drug resistance processes. Non-malignant cell players, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells and others, interact with each other and with the tumour cells, shaping the disease. Though the role of each cell type and cell communication mechanisms have been progressively studied, the complexity of this cellular network and its role in disease mechanism and therapeutic response are still being unveiled. Animal models have been mainly used, as they can represent systemic interactions and conditions, though they face recognized limitations in translational potential due to interspecies differences. In vitro 3D cancer models can surpass these limitations, by incorporating human cells, including patient-derived ones, and allowing a range of experimental designs with precise control of each tumour microenvironment element. We summarize the role of each tumour microenvironment component and review studies proposing 3D co-culture strategies of tumour cells and non-malignant cell components. Moreover, we discuss the potential of these modelling approaches to uncover potential therapeutic targets in the tumour microenvironment and assess therapeutic efficacy, current bottlenecks and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Franchi-Mendes
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Eduardo
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Giacomo Domenici
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Goulart MR, Watt J, Siddiqui I, Lawlor RT, Imrali A, Hughes C, Saad A, ChinAleong J, Hurt C, Cox C, Salvia R, Mantovani A, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, Mukherjee S, Scarpa A, Allavena P, Kocher HM. Pentraxin 3 is a stromally-derived biomarker for detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:61. [PMID: 34188166 PMCID: PMC8242009 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), characterized by dense desmoplastic stroma laid down by pancreatic stellate cells (PSC), has no reliable diagnostic biomarkers for timely detection. A multi-center cohort of PDAC patients and controls (chronic pancreatitis, intra-ductal papillary neoplasms, gallstones and otherwise healthy) donated serum in an ethically approved manner. Serum PTX3 above 4.34 ng/mL has a higher sensitivity (86%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 65-97%) and specificity (86%, 95% CI: 79-91%), positive predictive value (97%) and likelihood ratio (6.05), and is superior when compared to serum CA19-9 and CEA for detection of PDAC. In vitro and ex vivo analyses of PTX3, in human PDAC samples, PSCs, cell lines and transgenic mouse model for PDAC, suggest that PTX3 originates from stromal cells, mainly PSC. In activated PSC, PTX3 secretion could be downregulated by rendering PSC quiescent using all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). PTX3 organizes hyaluronan in conjunction with tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) and facilitates stellate and cancer cell invasion. In SCALOP clinical trial (ISRCTN96169987) testing chemo-radiotherapy without stromal targeting, PTX3 had no prognostic or predictive role. However, in STARPAC clinical trial (NCT03307148), stromal modulation by ATRA even at first dose is accompanied with serum PTX3 response in patients who later go on to demonstrate disease control but not those in whom the disease progresses. PTX3 is a putative stromally-derived biomarker for PDAC which warrants further testing in prospective, larger, multi-center cohorts and within clinical trials targeting stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Goulart
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Watt
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Imran Siddiqui
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- ARC-NET Research Center for Applied Research on Cancer, and Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ahmet Imrali
- Barts Pancreas Tissue Bank, Barts Cancer Institute- a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Christine Hughes
- Barts Pancreas Tissue Bank, Barts Cancer Institute- a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Amina Saad
- Barts Pancreas Tissue Bank, Barts Cancer Institute- a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Joanne ChinAleong
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Chris Hurt
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Catrin Cox
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Roberto Salvia
- The Pancreas Institute and Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Italy
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Tatjana Crnogorac-Jurcevic
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Churchill Hospital - Oxford Cancer Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-NET Research Center for Applied Research on Cancer, and Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
- Barts Pancreas Tissue Bank, Barts Cancer Institute- a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University London, London, UK.
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Orai1 Channel Regulates Human-Activated Pancreatic Stellate Cell Proliferation and TGF β1 Secretion through the AKT Signaling Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102395. [PMID: 34063470 PMCID: PMC8156432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Activated pancreatic stellate cells (aPSCs), the main source of cancer-associated fibroblasts in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), are well known as the key actor of the abundant fibrotic stroma development surrounding the tumor cells. In permanent communication with the tumor cells, they enhance PDAC early spreading and limit the drug delivery. However, the understanding of PSC activation mechanisms and the associated signaling pathways is still incomplete. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of Ca2+, and Orai1 Ca2+ channels, in two main PSC activation processes: cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. Indeed, Ca2+ is a versatile second messenger implicated in the regulation of numerous biological processes. We believe that a better comprehension of PSC Ca2+ -dependent activation mechanisms will bring up new crucial PDAC early prognostic markers or new targeting approaches in PDAC treatment. Abstract Activated pancreatic stellate cells (aPSCs), the crucial mediator of pancreatic desmoplasia, are characterized, among others, by high proliferative potential and abundant transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) secretion. Over the past years, the involvement of Ca2+ channels in PSC pathophysiology has attracted great interest in pancreatic cancer research. We, thus, aimed to investigate the role of the Orai1 Ca2+ channel in these two PSC activation processes. Using the siRNA approach, we invalided Orai1 expression and assessed the channel functionality by Ca2+ imaging, the effect on aPSC proliferation, and TGFβ1 secretion. We demonstrated the functional expression of the Orai1 channel in human aPSCs and its implication in the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Orai1 silencing led to a decrease in aPSC proliferation, TGFβ1 secretion, and AKT activation. Interestingly, TGFβ1 induced a higher SOCE response by increasing Orai1 mRNAs and proteins and promoted both AKT phosphorylation and cell proliferation, abolished by Orai1 silencing. Together, our results highlight the role of Orai1-mediated Ca2+ entry in human aPSC pathophysiology by controlling cell proliferation and TGFβ1 secretion through the AKT signaling pathway. Moreover, we showed a TGFβ1-induced autocrine positive feedback loop by promoting the Orai1/AKT-dependent proliferation via the stimulation of Orai1 expression and function.
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Pape J, Stamati K, Al Hosni R, Uchegbu IF, Schatzlein AG, Loizidou M, Emberton M, Cheema U. Tissue-Engineering the Fibrous Pancreatic Tumour Stroma Capsule in 3D Tumouroids to Demonstrate Paclitaxel Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4289. [PMID: 33924238 PMCID: PMC8074746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a unique cancer in that up to 90% of its tumour mass is composed of a hypovascular and fibrotic stroma. This makes it extremely difficult for chemotherapies to be delivered into the core of the cancer mass. We tissue-engineered a biomimetic 3D pancreatic cancer ("tumouroid") model comprised of a central artificial cancer mass (ACM), containing MIA Paca-2 cells, surrounded by a fibrotic stromal compartment. This stromal compartment had a higher concentration of collagen type I, fibronectin, laminin, and hyaluronic acid (HA) than the ACM. The incorporation of HA was validated with alcian blue staining. Response to paclitaxel was determined in 2D MIA Paca-2 cell cultures, the ACMs alone, and in simple and complex tumouroids, in order to demonstrate drug sensitivity within pancreatic tumouroids of increasing complexity. The results showed that MIA Paca-2 cells grew into the complex stroma and invaded as cell clusters with a maximum distance of 363.7 µm by day 21. In terms of drug response, the IC50 for paclitaxel for MIA Paca-2 cells increased from 0.819 nM in 2D to 3.02 nM in ACMs and to 5.87 nM and 3.803 nM in simple and complex tumouroids respectively, indicating that drug penetration may be significantly reduced in the latter. The results demonstrate the need for biomimetic models during initial drug testing and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pape
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, UK; (J.P.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Katerina Stamati
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Rawiya Al Hosni
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, UK; (J.P.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Ijeoma F. Uchegbu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (I.F.U.); (A.G.S.)
| | - Andreas G. Schatzlein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (I.F.U.); (A.G.S.)
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; (K.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Mark Emberton
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7TNF, UK;
| | - Umber Cheema
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, UK; (J.P.); (R.A.H.)
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20
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Prieto-García E, Díaz-García CV, Agudo-López A, Pardo-Marqués V, García-Consuegra I, Asensio-Peña S, Alonso-Riaño M, Pérez C, Gómez C, Adeva J, Paz-Ares L, López-Martín JA, Agulló-Ortuño MT. Tumor-Stromal Interactions in a Co-Culture Model of Human Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells and Fibroblasts and Their Connection with Tumor Spread. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040364. [PMID: 33807441 PMCID: PMC8065458 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One key feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a dense desmoplastic reaction that has been recognized as playing important roles in metastasis and therapeutic resistance. We aim to study tumor-stromal interactions in an in vitro coculture model between human PDAC cells (Capan-1 or PL-45) and fibroblasts (LC5). Confocal immunofluorescence, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and Western blotting were used to evaluate the expressions of activation markers; cytokines arrays were performed to identify secretome profiles associated with migratory and invasive properties of tumor cells; extracellular vesicle production was examined by ELISA and transmission electron microscopy. Coculture conditions increased FGF-7 secretion and α-SMA expression, characterized by fibroblast activation and decreased epithelial marker E-cadherin in tumor cells. Interestingly, tumor cells and fibroblasts migrate together, with tumor cells in forming a center surrounded by fibroblasts, maximizing the contact between cells. We show a different mechanism for tumor spread through a cooperative migration between tumor cells and activated fibroblasts. Furthermore, IL-6 levels change significantly in coculture conditions, and this could affect the invasive and migratory capacities of cells. Targeting the interaction between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment might represent a novel therapeutic approach to advanced PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Prieto-García
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
| | - C. Vanesa Díaz-García
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
| | - Alba Agudo-López
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
| | - Virginia Pardo-Marqués
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
| | - Inés García-Consuegra
- Proteomic Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (S.A.-P.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center (CIBERER), U723, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Asensio-Peña
- Proteomic Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (S.A.-P.)
- Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Mitochondrial &Neuromuscular Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Alonso-Riaño
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carlos Pérez
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (J.A.)
| | - Jorge Adeva
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (J.A.)
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (J.A.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía (UCM), Av. de Séneca, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. López-Martín
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (J.A.)
| | - M. Teresa Agulló-Ortuño
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Facultad de Fisioterapia y Enfermería, (UCLM), Av. de Carlos III, S/N, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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21
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Noel P, Hussein S, Ng S, Antal CE, Lin W, Rodela E, Delgado P, Naveed S, Downes M, Lin Y, Evans RM, Von Hoff DD, Han H. Triptolide targets super-enhancer networks in pancreatic cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:100. [PMID: 33168807 PMCID: PMC7653036 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly heterogeneous, fibrotic, and hypovascular, marked by extensive desmoplasia and maintained by the tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and other stromal cells. There is an urgent need to identify and develop treatment strategies that not only target the tumor cells but can also modulate the stromal cells. A growing number of studies implicate the role of regulatory DNA elements called super-enhancers (SE) in maintaining cell-type-specific gene expression networks in both normal and cancer cells. Using chromatin activation marks, we first mapped SE networks in pancreatic CAFs and epithelial tumor cells and found them to have distinct SE profiles. Next, we explored the role of triptolide (TPL), a natural compound with antitumor activity, in the context of modulating cell-type-specific SE signatures in PDAC. We found that TPL, cytotoxic to both pancreatic tumor cells and CAFs, disrupted SEs in a manner that resulted in the downregulation of SE-associated genes (e.g., BRD4, MYC, RNA Pol II, and Collagen 1) in both cell types at mRNA and protein levels. Our observations suggest that TPL acts as a SE interactive agent and may elicit its antitumor activity through SE disruption to re-program cellular cross talk and signaling in PDAC. Based on our findings, epigenetic reprogramming of transcriptional regulation using SE modulating compounds such as TPL may provide means for effective treatment options for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Noel
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Shaimaa Hussein
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Serina Ng
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Corina E Antal
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lin
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Emily Rodela
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Priscilla Delgado
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sanna Naveed
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yin Lin
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel D Von Hoff
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Haiyong Han
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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22
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Doctor A, Seifert V, Ullrich M, Hauser S, Pietzsch J. Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Systems in Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102765. [PMID: 32993034 PMCID: PMC7600608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In preclinical cancer research, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems such as multicellular spheroids and organoids are becoming increasingly important. They provide valuable information before studies on animal models begin and, in some cases, are even suitable for reducing or replacing animal experiments. Furthermore, they recapitulate microtumors, metastases, and the tumor microenvironment much better than monolayer culture systems could. Three-dimensional models show higher structural complexity and diverse cell interactions while reflecting (patho)physiological phenomena such as oxygen and nutrient gradients in the course of their growth or development. These interactions and properties are of great importance for understanding the pathophysiological importance of stromal cells and the extracellular matrix for tumor progression, treatment response, or resistance mechanisms of solid tumors. Special emphasis is placed on co-cultivation with tumor-associated cells, which further increases the predictive value of 3D models, e.g., for drug development. The aim of this overview is to shed light on selected 3D models and their advantages and disadvantages, especially from the radiopharmacist's point of view with focus on the suitability of 3D models for the radiopharmacological characterization of novel radiotracers and radiotherapeutics. Special attention is paid to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) as a predestined target for the development of new radionuclide-based theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Doctor
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Verena Seifert
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Ullrich
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-260-2622
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23
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Hughes CS, ChinAleong JA, Kocher HM. CRABP2 and FABP5 expression levels in diseased and normal pancreas. Ann Diagn Pathol 2020; 47:151557. [PMID: 32593808 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, stromal targeting, by agents such as All trans retinoic acid (ATRA), has been regarded as a promising avenue for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The intra-cellular transportation of ATRA to the nuclear receptors is performed by either: fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) or cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 (CRABP2), dictating the transcription of downstream genes and, thus, eventual cell phenotype. Here, we explored the levels of each protein, in pancreatic tissues of patients presenting with a range of pancreatic diseases (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), chronic pancreatitis (CP), cholangiocarcinoma (CC)). We demonstrate that there is a significantly lower CRABP2 and FABP5 expression in activated fibroblasts or pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) in PDAC, as well as other diseased pancreas as in CC and CP, versus quiescent fibroblasts. The quiescent fibroblasts consistently show a pattern of high FABP5:CRABP2 ratio, whereas PSC in all non-PDAC tissues showed a low FABP5:CRABP2 ratio. PSC in PDAC patients had a range of FABP5:CRABP2 ratios (high, even and low). There was a lower CRABP2 expression in cancerous epithelial cells (PDAC) versus normal epithelial cells. This is also present in other disease states (CP, CC). Contrasting to the patterns seen for fibroblasts, the FABP5 expression in PDAC epithelial cells matched that of the normal epithelial cells. However, the normal epithelial cells had a high FABP5:CRABP2 ratio, compared to the PDAC epithelial cells. These ratios may have correlation with tumor progression, and overall survival. These findings could be confirmed in in vitro cell lysates. CRABP2 and FABP5 levels and ratios could serve as valuable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Hughes
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Jo-Anne ChinAleong
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery and Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ London, UK; Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery and Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London E1 1BB, UK.
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24
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Pseudopterosin and O-Methyltylophorinidine Suppress Cell Growth in a 3D Spheroid Co-Culture Model of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7020057. [PMID: 32545910 PMCID: PMC7357459 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are largely ineffective, with the desmoplastic environment established within these tumors being considered a central issue. We established a 3D spheroid co-culture in vitro model using a PDAC cell line (either PANC-1 or Capan-2), combined with stellate cells freshly isolated from pancreatic tumors (PSC) or hepatic lesions (HSC), and human type I collagen to analyze the efficiency of the chemotherapeutic gemcitabine (GEM) as well as two novel drug candidates derived from natural products: pseudopterosin (PsA-D) and O-methyltylophorinidine (TYLO). Traditional 2D in vitro testing of these agents for cytotoxicity on PANC-1 demonstrated IC50 values of 4.6 (±0.47) nM, 34.02 (±1.35) µM, and 1.99 (±0.13) µM for Tylo, PsA-D, and GEM, respectively; these values were comparable for Capan-2: 5.58 (±1.74) nM, 33.94 (±1.02) µM, and 0.41 (±0.06) µM for Tylo, PsA-D, and GEM, respectively. Importantly, by assessing the extent of viable cells within 3D co-culture spheroids of PANC-1 with PSC or HSC, we could demonstrate a significant lack of efficacy for GEM, while TYLO remained active and PsA-D showed slightly reduced efficacy: GEM in PANC-1/PSC (IC50 = >100 µM) or PANC-1/HSC (IC50 = >100 µM) spheroids, TYLO in PANC-1/PSC (IC50 = 3.57 ± 1.30 nM) or PANC-1/HSC (IC50 = 6.39 ± 2.28 nM) spheroids, and to PsA-D in PANC-1/PSC (IC50 = 54.42 ± 12.79 µM) or PANC-1/HSC (IC50 = 51.75 ± 0.60 µM). Microscopic 3D rendering supported these cytotoxicity outcomes, showing little or no morphological spheroid structure change during this period of rapid cell death. Our results support the use of this 3D spheroid co-culture in vitro model having a desmoplastic microenvironment for the identification of possible novel chemotherapeutic drug candidates for PDAC, such as TYLO and PsA-D.
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25
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Steins A, van Mackelenbergh MG, van der Zalm AP, Klaassen R, Serrels B, Goris SG, Kocher HM, Waasdorp C, de Jong JH, Tekin C, Besselink MG, Busch OR, van de Vijver MJ, Verheij J, Dijk F, van Tienhoven G, Wilmink JW, Medema JP, van Laarhoven HWM, Bijlsma MF. High-grade mesenchymal pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma drives stromal deactivation through CSF-1. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48780. [PMID: 32173982 PMCID: PMC7202203 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an abundance of stroma. Multiple molecular classification efforts have identified a mesenchymal tumor subtype that is consistently characterized by high-grade growth and poor clinical outcome. The relation between PDAC stroma and tumor subtypes is still unclear. Here, we aimed to identify how PDAC cells instruct the main cellular component of stroma, the pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). We found in primary tissue that high-grade PDAC had reduced collagen deposition compared to low-grade PDAC. Xenografts and organotypic co-cultures established from mesenchymal-like PDAC cells featured reduced collagen and activated PSC content. Medium transfer experiments using a large set of PDAC cell lines revealed that mesenchymal-like PDAC cells consistently downregulated ACTA2 and COL1A1 expression in PSCs and reduced proliferation. We identified colony-stimulating factor 1 as the mesenchymal PDAC-derived ligand that deactivates PSCs, and inhibition of its receptor CSF1R was able to counteract this effect. In conclusion, high-grade PDAC features stroma that is low in collagen and activated PSC content, and targeting CSF1R offers direct options to maintain a tumor-restricting microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steins
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCenter for Experimental and Molecular MedicineCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical OncologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Madelaine G van Mackelenbergh
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCenter for Experimental and Molecular MedicineCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical OncologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Amber P van der Zalm
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCenter for Experimental and Molecular MedicineCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical OncologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Remy Klaassen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCenter for Experimental and Molecular MedicineCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical OncologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research CentreGlasgow Precision Oncology LaboratoryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Sandrine G Goris
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCenter for Experimental and Molecular MedicineCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical OncologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumor BiologyBarts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Cynthia Waasdorp
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCenter for Experimental and Molecular MedicineCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joan H de Jong
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCenter for Experimental and Molecular MedicineCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cansu Tekin
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCenter for Experimental and Molecular MedicineCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of SurgeryCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Olivier R Busch
- Department of SurgeryCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marc J van de Vijver
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Frederike Dijk
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Geertjan van Tienhoven
- Department of Radiation OncologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Johanna W Wilmink
- Department of Medical OncologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCenter for Experimental and Molecular MedicineCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hanneke WM van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical OncologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCenter for Experimental and Molecular MedicineCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Munasinghe A, Malik K, Mohamedi F, Moaraf S, Kocher H, Jones L, Hill NJ. Fibronectin acts as a molecular switch to determine SPARC function in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 477:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Gupta P, Pérez-Mancera PA, Kocher H, Nisbet A, Schettino G, Velliou EG. A Novel Scaffold-Based Hybrid Multicellular Model for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma-Toward a Better Mimicry of the in vivo Tumor Microenvironment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:290. [PMID: 32391339 PMCID: PMC7193232 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With a very low survival rate, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly disease. This has been primarily attributed to (i) its late diagnosis and (ii) its high resistance to current treatment methods. The latter specifically requires the development of robust, realistic in vitro models of PDAC, capable of accurately mimicking the in vivo tumor niche. Advancements in the field of tissue engineering (TE) have helped the development of such models for PDAC. Herein, we report for the first time a novel hybrid, polyurethane (PU) scaffold-based, long-term, multicellular (tri-culture) model of pancreatic cancer involving cancer cells, endothelial cells, and stellate cells. Recognizing the importance of ECM proteins for optimal growth of different cell types, the model consists of two different zones/compartments: an inner tumor compartment consisting of cancer cells [fibronectin (FN)-coated] and a surrounding stromal compartment consisting of stellate and endothelial cells [collagen I (COL)-coated]. Our developed novel hybrid, tri-culture model supports the proliferation of all different cell types for 35 days (5 weeks), which is the longest reported timeframe in vitro. Furthermore, the hybrid model showed extensive COL production by the cells, mimicking desmoplasia, one of PDAC's hallmark features. Fibril alignment of the stellate cells was observed, which attested to their activated state. All three cell types expressed various cell-specific markers within the scaffolds, throughout the culture period and showed cellular migration between the two zones of the hybrid scaffold. Our novel model has great potential as a low-cost tool for in vitro studies of PDAC, as well as for treatment screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- Bioprocess and Biochemical Engineering Group (BioProChem), Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro A. Pérez-Mancera
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hemant Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology and Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Nisbet
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Schettino
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Medical Radiation Science Group, The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Eirini G. Velliou
- Bioprocess and Biochemical Engineering Group (BioProChem), Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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28
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Dominijanni A, Mazzocchi A, Shelkey E, Forsythe S, Devarsetty M, Soker S. Bioengineered Tumor Organoids. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 13:168-173. [PMID: 32432209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biofabrication technologies, such as cell culture systems, and biomaterials have led to the development of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture platforms, such as tumor organoids. Tumor organoids are more physiologically accurate to the in vivo system, which they are intended to model, compared with traditional 2D cancer cell culture systems. Tumor organoids can mimic pathological and physical characteristics of tumors as well as maintain genetic stability of the cancer cells. Furthermore tumor organoids have advantage over animal models, being made from human cells and easily controlled in the laboratory to attain the desired tissue characteristics. In this section, we describe general tumor organoid technologies, the importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in model culture systems, and the use of tumor organoids in drug development and precision medicine. Organoid technologies continue to develop rapidly for applications in academic, clinical, and pharmaceutical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Dominijanni
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
| | - Andrea Mazzocchi
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
| | - Ethan Shelkey
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
| | - Steven Forsythe
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
| | - Mahesh Devarsetty
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest School of Medicine; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC 27103
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29
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Thomas D, Radhakrishnan P. Pancreatic Stellate Cells: The Key Orchestrator of The Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1234:57-70. [PMID: 32040855 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-37184-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most challenging adenocarcinomas due to its hostile molecular behavior and complex tumor microenvironment. It has been recently postulated that pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), the resident lipid-storing cells of the pancreas, are important components of the tumor microenvironment as they can transdifferentiate into highly proliferative myofibroblasts in the context of tissue injury. Targeting tumor-stromal crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis. This chapter brings a broad view on the biological and pathological role of PSCs in the pancreas, activated stellate cells in the onset of tissue fibrosis, and tumor progression with particular emphasis on the bidirectional interactions between tumor cells and PSCs. Further, potential therapeutic regimens targeting activated PSCs in the pre-clinical and clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Thomas
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Prakash Radhakrishnan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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30
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Reader CS, Vallath S, Steele CW, Haider S, Brentnall A, Desai A, Moore KM, Jamieson NB, Chang D, Bailey P, Scarpa A, Lawlor R, Chelala C, Keyse SM, Biankin A, Morton JP, Evans TRJ, Barry ST, Sansom OJ, Kocher HM, Marshall JF. The integrin αvβ6 drives pancreatic cancer through diverse mechanisms and represents an effective target for therapy. J Pathol 2019; 249:332-342. [PMID: 31259422 PMCID: PMC6852434 DOI: 10.1002/path.5320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a 5-year survival rate of less than 4% and desperately needs novel effective therapeutics. Integrin αvβ6 has been linked with poor prognosis in cancer but its potential as a target in PDAC remains unclear. We report that transcriptional expression analysis revealed that high levels of β6 mRNA correlated strongly with significantly poorer survival (n = 491 cases, p = 3.17 × 10-8 ). In two separate cohorts, we showed that over 80% of PDACs expressed αvβ6 protein and that paired metastases retained αvβ6 expression. In vitro, integrin αvβ6 promoted PDAC cell growth, survival, migration, and invasion. Treatment of both αvβ6-positive human PDAC xenografts and transgenic mice bearing αvβ6-positive PDAC with the αvβ6 blocking antibody 264RAD, combined with gemcitabine, significantly reduced tumour growth (p < 0.0001) and increased survival (log-rank test, p < 0.05). Antibody therapy was associated with suppression of tumour cell activity (suppression of pErk growth signals, increased apoptosis seen as activated caspase-3) and suppression of the pro-tumourigenic microenvironment (suppression of TGFβ signalling, fewer αSMA-positive myofibroblasts, decreased blood vessel density). These data show that αvβ6 promotes PDAC growth through both tumour cell and tumour microenvironment mechanisms and represents a valuable target for PDAC therapy. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/secondary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 6/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Integrins/genetics
- Integrins/metabolism
- Italy
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Microenvironment
- United Kingdom
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Reader
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | - Sabari Vallath
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | | | | | - Adam Brentnall
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ami Desai
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | - Kate M Moore
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | - Nigel B Jamieson
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal InfirmaryGlasgowUK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic UnitGlasgow Royal InfirmaryGlasgowUK
| | - David Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Peter Bailey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC‐NET Research Centre for Applied Research on CancerUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Rita Lawlor
- ARC‐NET Research Centre for Applied Research on CancerUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, James Arrott DriveNinewells Hospital and Medical SchoolDundeeUK
| | - Andrew Biankin
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | | | - TR Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | | | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | - John F Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
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31
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Low dose photodynamic therapy harmonizes with radiation therapy to induce beneficial effects on pancreatic heterocellular spheroids. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2625-2643. [PMID: 31080554 PMCID: PMC6499000 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has seen long standing interest as a therapy for resistant cancers, but the main Achilles’ heel for its successful clinical exploitation is the use of poorly penetrating visible light. This limitation could be overcome by using radioluminescent nanoparticles, which can be excited during radiation therapy (RT) with penetrating X-rays. When infused in tumors, X-ray activated-nanoscintillators act as internal light sources and excite nearby photosensitizers. Recent studies demonstrated that it is realistic to achieve low dose PDT with current nanoscintillators. However, as the origin of enhanced RT efficacy with nanoscintillators may have varying origins, we aimed to answer the basic question: Is a combination of low-dose PDT beneficial to the RT efficacy in clinically relevant models of cancer? Pancreatic cancer (PanCa) remains a lethal disease for which RT is part of the palliative care and for which PDT demonstrated promising results in clinical trial. We thus evaluated the combination of low-dose PDT and RT delivered in absence of nanoscintillators on various heterocellular spheroid models that recapitulate the clinical heterogeneity of PanCa. Although therapeutic effects emerged at different timepoints in each model, the RT/PDT combination uniformly achieved favorable outcomes. With RT providing stunted tumor growth while PDT drove adjuvant apoptotic and necrotic cell death, the combination produced significantly smaller and less viable PanCa spheroids. In conclusion, the beneficial RT/PDT treatment outcomes encourage the further development of nanoscinitillators for X-ray-activated PDT. Assessment of such combination treatments should encompass multiparametric and temporally-spaced assessment of treatment effects in preclinical cancer models.
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32
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Neuzillet C, Tijeras-Raballand A, Ragulan C, Cros J, Patil Y, Martinet M, Erkan M, Kleeff J, Wilson J, Apte M, Tosolini M, Wilson AS, Delvecchio FR, Bousquet C, Paradis V, Hammel P, Sadanandam A, Kocher HM. Inter- and intra-tumoural heterogeneity in cancer-associated fibroblasts of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Pathol 2019; 248:51-65. [PMID: 30575030 PMCID: PMC6492001 DOI: 10.1002/path.5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAF) are orchestrators of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) microenvironment. Stromal heterogeneity may explain differential pathophysiological roles of the stroma (pro‐ versus anti‐tumoural) in PDAC. We hypothesised that multiple CAF functional subtypes exist in PDAC, that contribute to stromal heterogeneity through interactions with cancer cells. Using molecular and functional analysis of patient‐derived CAF primary cultures, we demonstrated that human PDAC‐derived CAFs display a high level of inter‐ and intra‐tumour heterogeneity. We identified at least four subtypes of CAFs based on transcriptomic analysis, and propose a classification for human PDAC‐derived CAFs (pCAFassigner). Multiple CAF subtypes co‐existed in individual patient samples. The presence of these CAF subtypes in bulk tumours was confirmed using publicly available gene expression profiles, and immunostainings of CAF subtype markers. Each subtype displayed specific phenotypic features (matrix‐ and immune‐related signatures, vimentin and α‐smooth muscle actin expression, proliferation rate), and was associated with an assessable prognostic impact. A prolonged exposure of non‐tumoural pancreatic stellate cells to conditioned media from cancer cell lines (cancer education experiment) induced a CAF‐like phenotype, including loss of capacity to revert to quiescence and an increase in the expression of genes related to CAF subtypes B and C. This classification demonstrates molecular and functional inter‐ and intra‐tumoural heterogeneity of CAFs in human PDAC. Our subtypes overlap with those identified from single‐cell analyses in other cancers, and pave the way for the development of therapies targeting specific CAF subpopulations in PDAC. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Neuzillet
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Barts and The London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,INSERM UMR1149, Beaujon University Hospital, Paris 7 Diderot University, Paris, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Curie Institute, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, Paris, France
| | | | - Chanthirika Ragulan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jérôme Cros
- INSERM UMR1149, Beaujon University Hospital, Paris 7 Diderot University, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Beaujon University Hospital, Paris 7 Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Yatish Patil
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Mert Erkan
- Department of Surgery, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jörg Kleeff
- Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jeremy Wilson
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Minoti Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marie Tosolini
- INSERM UMR 1037, Technological Pole and Bioinformatic Platform, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Abigail S Wilson
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francesca R Delvecchio
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Corinne Bousquet
- INSERM UMR 1037, Team 6 Protein Synthesis and Secretion in Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- INSERM UMR1149, Beaujon University Hospital, Paris 7 Diderot University, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Beaujon University Hospital, Paris 7 Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Hammel
- INSERM UMR1149, Beaujon University Hospital, Paris 7 Diderot University, Paris, France.,Digestive Oncology Unit, Beaujon University Hospital, Paris 7 Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Barts and The London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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33
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Chakravarthy D, Muñoz AR, Su A, Hwang RF, Keppler BR, Chan DE, Halff G, Ghosh R, Kumar AP. Palmatine suppresses glutamine-mediated interaction between pancreatic cancer and stellate cells through simultaneous inhibition of survivin and COL1A1. Cancer Lett 2019; 419:103-115. [PMID: 29414301 PMCID: PMC5858579 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal interaction between pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and cancer cells (PCCs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes tumor cell survival and progression to lethal, therapeutically resistant pancreatic cancer. The goal of this study was to test the ability of Palmatine (PMT) to disrupt this reciprocal interaction in vitro and examine the underlying mechanism of interaction. We show that PSCs secrete glutamine into the extracellular environment under nutrient deprivation. PMT suppresses glutamine-mediated changes in GLI signaling in PCCs resulting in the inhibition of growth and migration while inducing apoptosis by inhibition of survivin. PMT-mediated inhibition of (glioma-associated oncogene 1) GLI activity in stellate cells leads to suppression (collagen type 1 alpha 1) COL1A1 activation. Remarkably, PMT potentiated gemcitabine’s growth inhibitory activity in PSCs, PCCs and inherently gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells. This is the first study that shows the ability of PMT to inhibit growth of PSCs and PCCs either alone or in combination with gemcitabine. These studies warrant additional investigations using preclinical models to develop PMT as an agent for clinical management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chakravarthy
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Amanda R Muñoz
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Angel Su
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Rosa F Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian R Keppler
- Metabolon, Inc., 617 Davis Drive, Suite 400, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA
| | | | - Glenn Halff
- Department of Transplant Surgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Addanki P Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Audie Murphy South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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34
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Gupta P, Totti S, Pérez-Mancera PA, Dyke E, Nisbet A, Schettino G, Webb R, Velliou EG. Chemoradiotherapy screening in a novel biomimetic polymer based pancreatic cancer model. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41649-41663. [PMID: 35541584 PMCID: PMC9076463 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09123h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly and aggressive disease with a very low survival rate. This is partly due to the resistance of the disease to currently available treatment options. Herein, we report for the first time the use of a novel polyurethane scaffold based PDAC model for screening the short and relatively long term (1 and 17 days post-treatment) responses of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and their combination. We show a dose dependent cell viability reduction and apoptosis induction for both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Furthermore, we observe a change in the impact of the treatment depending on the time-frame, especially for radiation for which the PDAC scaffolds showed resistance after 1 day but responded more 17 days post-treatment. This is the first study to report a viable PDAC culture in a scaffold for more than 2 months and the first to perform long-term (17 days) post-treatment observations in vitro. This is particularly important as a longer time-frame is much closer to animal studies and to patient treatment regimes, highlighting that our scaffold system has great potential to be used as an animal free model for screening of PDAC. Poly-urethane scaffold based 3D pancreatic cancer model enables realistic long term chemotherapy and radiotherapy screening. This model can be used for personalised treatment screening.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- Bioprocess and Biochemical Engineering Group (BioProChem)
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | - Stella Totti
- Bioprocess and Biochemical Engineering Group (BioProChem)
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | | | - Eleanor Dyke
- Department of Medical Physics
- The Royal Surrey County Hospital
- NHS Foundation Trust
- Guildford
- UK
| | - Andrew Nisbet
- Department of Medical Physics
- The Royal Surrey County Hospital
- NHS Foundation Trust
- Guildford
- UK
| | - Giuseppe Schettino
- Department of Physics
- University of Surrey
- Guildford GU2 7XH
- UK
- Medical Radiation Science Group
| | - Roger Webb
- The Ion Beam Centre
- University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | - Eirini G. Velliou
- Bioprocess and Biochemical Engineering Group (BioProChem)
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
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35
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Coetzee A, Grose R, Kocher H. Pancreatic Cancer Organotypic Models. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 430:183-198. [PMID: 30790075 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a dismal prognosis for patients due to late diagnosis and ineffective treatment options. There is a desperate need for more accurate disease models to enable improved therapies and diagnostic tests to reach the clinic. Pancreatic tumours have a high content of desmoplastic stroma, which forms a stiff, hypoxic tumour mass and contributes significantly to tumour development and metastatic spread. Therefore, 2D cell culture is not sufficient for understanding the complex biology of this disease. 3D in vitro models offer a more representative method of culturing cells for research in the laboratory. There are many different 3D models that can be used in research, organoids formed from patient or murine tumours are grown embedded in collagen or matrigel matrices, giving the potential for screening treatment options and personalised therapy in the future. Also, organotypic models using pancreatic cancer cell lines and stromal cells can be easily manipulated to study different aspects of pancreatic cancer and new therapeutic options in the laboratory. There are new emerging pancreatic cancer 3D models being developed, including microchip technology or synthetic scaffolds instead collagen and matrigel. All of these 3D culturing methods give an advantage over traditional 2D cell culture and could lead to improved understanding of this disease, translating to a better prognosis for patients in the clinic.
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36
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Okumura T, Ohuchida K, Nakamura M. An In Vitro Three-Dimensional Organotypic Model to Analyze Peripancreatic Fat Invasion in Pancreatic Cancer: A Culture System Based on Collagen Gel Embedding. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1882:135-141. [PMID: 30378049 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8879-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional culture systems reflect biological environments better than conventional two-dimensional culture. Additionally, three-dimensional culture is a strong experimental tool to analyze direct interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells in vitro. Herein, we describe protocols for an organotypic fat invasion model that is a novel culturing system mimicking the extrapancreatic invasion of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This novel model is based on the collagen I gel embedding method and enables us to analyze the functional and histological interactions between cancer cells and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenoki Ohuchida
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Hall BR, Cannon A, Thompson C, Santhamma B, Chavez-Riveros A, Bhatia R, Nair HB, Nickisch K, Batra SK, Kumar S. Utilizing cell line-derived organoids to evaluate the efficacy of a novel LIFR-inhibitor, EC359 in targeting pancreatic tumor stroma. Genes Cancer 2018; 10:1-10. [PMID: 30899415 PMCID: PMC6420790 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of pancreatic cancer (PC) patient is poor due to lack of effective treatment modalities, which is partly due to the presence of dense desmoplasia that impedes the delivery of chemotherapeutics. Therefore, PC stroma-targeting therapies are expected to improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. However, in vitro evaluation of stromal-targeted therapies requires a culture system which includes components of both tumor stroma and parenchyma. We aim to generate a cell line-derived 3D organoids to test the efficacy of stromal-targeted, LIFR-inhibitor EC359. Murine PC (FC1245) and stellate (ImPaSC) cells were cultured to generate organoids that recapitulated the histological organization of PC with the formation of ducts by epithelial cells surrounded by activated fibroblasts, as indicated by CK19 and α-SMA staining, respectively. Analysis by qRT-PCR demonstrated a significant downregulation of markers of activated stroma, POSTN, FN1, MMP9, and SPARC (p<0.0001), when treated with gemcitabine in combination with EC359. Concurrently, collagen proteins including COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and COL5A1 were significantly downregulated (p <0.0001) after treatment with gemcitabine in combination with EC359. Overall, our study demonstrates the utility of cell lines-derived 3D organoids to evaluate the efficacy of stroma-targeted therapies as well as the potential of EC359 to target activated stroma in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of General Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Andrew Cannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Christopher Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Rakesh Bhatia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,The Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Neumann CCM, von Hörschelmann E, Reutzel-Selke A, Seidel E, Sauer IM, Pratschke J, Bahra M, Schmuck RB. Tumor-stromal cross-talk modulating the therapeutic response in pancreatic cancer. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17:461-472. [PMID: 30243879 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant solid tumor with a dismal prognosis. The stroma component makes up to 90% of the tumor mass and is thought to be one of the main reasons for the tumor's high chemoresistance. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have previously been identified to be the key stromal players. This is the first time we provide detailed in vitro experiments investigating tumor-stromal interactions when exposed to three well-known chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS Monocultures, indirect and direct co-cultures of two PDAC cell lines (AsPC and Panc-1) and six primary patients derived CAFs were treated with gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel and the γ-secretase-inhibitor (GSI) DAPT. The cell viability of each component was measured with XTT. Finally, IL-6 concentrations of the supernatants were analyzed. RESULTS On the contrary to PDAC cell lines, CAF monocultures hardly responded to any treatment which suggested that stroma (CAFs) itself is more resistant to standard chemo-treatments than the epithelial cancer cells. Moreover, only a weak chemotherapeutic response was observed in direct co-cultures of cancer cells with CAFs. A change in the morphology of direct co-cultures was accompanied with the chemoresistance. CAFs were observed to build cage-like structures around agglomerates of tumor cells. High levels of IL-6 were also associated with a reduced response to therapy. Indirect co-cultures make the tumor-stromal interaction more complex. CONCLUSIONS CAFs are highly chemoresistant. Direct cell-cell contact and high levels of IL-6 correlate with a high chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C M Neumann
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen von Hörschelmann
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Reutzel-Selke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Seidel
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Maximilian Sauer
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bahra
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Bianca Schmuck
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Lazzari G, Nicolas V, Matsusaki M, Akashi M, Couvreur P, Mura S. Multicellular spheroid based on a triple co-culture: A novel 3D model to mimic pancreatic tumor complexity. Acta Biomater 2018; 78:296-307. [PMID: 30099198 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The preclinical drug screening of pancreatic cancer treatments suffers from the absence of appropriate models capable to reproduce in vitro the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and its stiff desmoplasia. Driven by this pressing need, we describe in this paper the conception and the characterization of a novel 3D tumor model consisting of a triple co-culture of pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1), fibroblasts (MRC-5) and endothelial cells (HUVEC), which assembled to form a hetero-type multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS). By histological analyses and Selective Plain Illumination Microscopy (SPIM) we have monitored the spatial distribution of each cell type and the evolution of the spheroid composition. Results revealed the presence of a core rich in fibroblasts and fibronectin in which endothelial cells were homogeneously distributed. The integration of the three cell types enabled to reproduce in vitro with fidelity the influence of the surrounding environment on the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a scaffold-free pancreatic cancer spheroid model combining both tumor and multiple stromal components has been designed. It holds the possibility to become an advantageous tool for a pertinent assessment of the efficacy of various therapeutic strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Pancreatic tumor microenvironment is characterized by abundant fibrosis and aberrant vasculature. Aiming to reproduce in vitro these features, cancer cells have been already co-cultured with fibroblasts or endothelial cells separately but the integration of both these essential components of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment in a unique system, although urgently needed, was still missing. In this study, we successfully integrated cellular and acellular microenvironment components (i.e., fibroblasts, endothelial cells, fibronectin) in a hetero-type scaffold-free multicellular tumor spheroid. This new 3D triple co-culture model closely mimicked the resistance to treatments observed in vivo, resulting in a reduction of cancer cell sensitivity to the anticancer treatment.
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40
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Nattress CB, Halldén G. Advances in oncolytic adenovirus therapy for pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 434:56-69. [PMID: 29981812 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Survival rates for pancreatic cancer patients have remained unchanged for the last four decades. The most aggressive, and most common, type of pancreatic cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which has the lowest 5-year survival rate of all cancers globally. The poor prognosis is typically due to late presentation of often non-specific symptoms and rapid development of resistance to all current therapeutics, including the standard-of-care cytotoxic drug gemcitabine. While early surgical intervention can significantly prolong patient survival, there are few treatment options for late-stage non-resectable metastatic disease, resulting in mostly palliative care. In addition, a defining feature of pancreatic cancer is the immunosuppressive and impenetrable desmoplastic stroma that blocks access to tumour cells by therapeutic drugs. The limited effectiveness of conventional chemotherapeutics reveals an urgent need to develop novel therapies with different mechanisms of action for this malignancy. An emerging alternative to current therapeutics is oncolytic adenoviruses; these engineered biological agents have proven efficacy and tumour-selectivity in preclinical pancreatic cancer models, including models of drug-resistant cancer. Safety of oncolytic adenoviral mutants has been extensively assessed in clinical trials with only limited toxicity to normal healthy tissue being reported. Promising efficacy in combination with gemcitabine was demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies. A recent surge in novel adenoviral mutants entering clinical trials for pancreatic cancer indicates improved efficacy through activation of the host anti-tumour responses. The potential for adenoviruses to synergise with chemotherapeutics, activate anti-tumour immune responses, and contribute to stromal dissemination render these mutants highly attractive candidates for improved patient outcomes. Currently, momentum is gathering towards the development of systemically-deliverable mutants that are able to overcome anti-viral host immune responses, erythrocyte binding and hepatic uptake, to promote elimination of primary and metastatic lesions. This review will cover the key components of pancreatic cancer oncogenesis; novel oncolytic adenoviruses; clinical trials; and the current progress in overcoming the challenges of systemic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Baird Nattress
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnel Halldén
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
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41
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Man YKS, Davies JA, Coughlan L, Pantelidou C, Blázquez-Moreno A, Marshall JF, Parker AL, Halldén G. The Novel Oncolytic Adenoviral Mutant Ad5-3Δ-A20T Retargeted to αvβ6 Integrins Efficiently Eliminates Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:575-587. [PMID: 29367266 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) are incurable due to the rapid development of resistance to all current therapeutics. Oncolytic adenoviral mutants have emerged as a promising new strategy that negates such resistance. In contrast to normal tissue, the majority of PDACs express the αvβ6 integrin receptor. To exploit this feature, we modified our previously reported oncolytic adenovirus, AdΔΔ, to selectively target αvβ6 integrins to facilitate systemic delivery. Structural modifications to AdΔΔ include the expression of the small but potent αvβ6-binding peptide, A20FMDV2, and ablation of binding to the native coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) within the fiber knob region. The resultant mutant, Ad5-3Δ-A20T, infected and killed αvβ6 integrin-expressing cells more effectively than the parental wild-type (Ad5wt) virus and AdΔΔ. Viral uptake through αvβ6 integrins rather than native viral receptors (CAR, αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins) promoted viral propagation and spread. Superior efficacy of Ad5-3Δ-A20T compared with Ad5wt was demonstrated in 3D organotypic cocultures, and similar potency between the two viruses was observed in Suit-2 in vivo models. Importantly, Ad5-3Δ-A20T infected pancreatic stellate cells at low levels, which may further facilitate viral spread and cancer cell elimination either as a single agent or in combination with the chemotherapy drug, gemcitabine. We demonstrate that Ad5-3Δ-A20T is highly selective for αvβ6 integrin-expressing pancreatic cancer cells, and with further development, this new and exciting strategy can potentially be extended to improve the systemic delivery of adenoviruses to pancreatic cancer patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 575-87. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Stella Man
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Alfonso Blázquez-Moreno
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - John F Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnel Halldén
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
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McCluney S, Wijesuriya N, Sheshappanavar V, Chin-Aleong J, Feakins R, Hutchins R, Abraham A, Bhattacharya S, Valente R, Kocher H. Solid pseudopapillary tumour of the pancreas: clinicopathological analysis. ANZ J Surg 2018; 88:891-895. [DOI: 10.1111/ans.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon McCluney
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery; The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Nilukshi Wijesuriya
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery; The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Vinayata Sheshappanavar
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery; The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Joanne Chin-Aleong
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery; The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Roger Feakins
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery; The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Robert Hutchins
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery; The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Ajit Abraham
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery; The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Satyajit Bhattacharya
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery; The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Roberto Valente
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery; The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Hemant Kocher
- Barts and the London HPB Centre, Department of Surgery; The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
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Ding SM, Lu AL, Zhang W, Zhou L, Xie HY, Zheng SS, Li QY. The role of cancer-associated fibroblast MRC-5 in pancreatic cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:614-628. [PMID: 29483967 PMCID: PMC5820929 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous study showed that cancer-associated fibroblast MRC-5 promoted hepatocellular carcinoma progression by enhancing migration and invasion capability. However, few studies have explored the role of MRC-5 in pancreatic cancer (PC). In this study, we examined the exact role and associated mechanisms of MRC-5. Methods: The conditioned media for MRC-5 was used to culture PC cell lines SW1990 and PANC-1. Cell proliferation was compared based on colony formation assays of PC cells in normal media and of PC cells cultured with conditioned media of MRC-5. Cell migration and invasion were assayed by transwell chambers. The expression of EMT-related proteins and apoptosis-related proteins was evaluated using Western blot. And confocal microscopy was used to further detect the expression of EMT-related proteins. qRT-PCR was used to confirm the expression changes of related genes at the mRNA level. We also used flow cytometry to examine the cell cycle, apoptotic rate, and expression of CD3, CD4, CD14, CD25, CD45, CD61, CD90, TLR1, and TLR4. Results: MRC-5 repressed the colony formation ability of PC cells and significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion potential. MRC-5 induced S-phase cell cycle arrest but did not augment the apoptotic effects in PC cells. We hypothesized that the weakened malignant biological behavior of PC cells was correlated with MRC-5-induced altered expression of the cancer stem cell marker CD90; the immune-related cell surface molecules CD14, CD25, TLR4, and TLR1; and cell polarity complexes Par, Scribble, and Crumbs. Conclusion: MRC-5 limits the malignant activities of PC cells by suppressing cancer stem cell expansion, remolding epithelial polarity, and blocking the protumoral cascade reaction coupled to TLR4, TLR1, CD14, and CD25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ming Ding
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Li Lu
- Division of oncology department, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Wu Zhang
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-plantation, Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-plantation, Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Sen Zheng
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-plantation, Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Yong Li
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Parente P, Parcesepe P, Covelli C, Olivieri N, Remo A, Pancione M, Latiano TP, Graziano P, Maiello E, Giordano G. Crosstalk between the Tumor Microenvironment and Immune System in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Potential Targets for New Therapeutic Approaches. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:7530619. [PMID: 30662458 PMCID: PMC6312626 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7530619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a lethal disease for which radical surgery and chemotherapy represent the only curative options for a small proportion of patients. Recently, FOLFIRINOX and nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine have improved the survival of metastatic patients but prognosis remains poor. A pancreatic tumor microenvironment is a dynamic milieu of cellular and acellular elements, and it represents one of the major limitations to chemotherapy efficacy. The continued crosstalk between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment causes immunosuppression within pancreatic immune infiltrate increasing tumor aggressiveness. Several potential targets have been identified among tumor microenvironment components, and different therapeutic approaches are under investigation. In this article, we provide a qualitative literature review about the crosstalk between the tumor microenvironment components and immune system in pancreatic cancer. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting the tumor microenvironment and we show the ongoing trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Parente
- 1Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, UO di Anatomia Patologica, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Pietro Parcesepe
- 2Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Claudia Covelli
- 1Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, UO di Anatomia Patologica, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Nunzio Olivieri
- 3Biology Department, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Remo
- 4“Mater Salutis” Hospital, ULSS 9, Via C. Gianella 1, 37045 Legnago, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Pancione
- 5Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pia Latiano
- 6Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, UO di Oncologia Medica, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Paolo Graziano
- 1Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, UO di Anatomia Patologica, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Evaristo Maiello
- 6Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, UO di Oncologia Medica, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Guido Giordano
- 6Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, UO di Oncologia Medica, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
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45
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Experimental models of pancreatic cancer desmoplasia. J Transl Med 2018; 98:27-40. [PMID: 29155423 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoplasia is a fibro-inflammatory process and a well-established feature of pancreatic cancer. A key contributor to pancreatic cancer desmoplasia is the pancreatic stellate cell. Various in vitro and in vivo methods have emerged for the isolation, characterization, and use of pancreatic stellate cells in models of cancer-associated fibrosis. In addition to cell culture models, genetically engineered animal models have been established that spontaneously develop pancreatic cancer with desmoplasia. These animal models are currently being used for the study of pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and for evaluating therapeutics against pancreatic cancer. Here, we review various in vitro and in vivo models that are being used or have the potential to be used to study desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer.
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46
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Conway JRW, Vennin C, Cazet AS, Herrmann D, Murphy KJ, Warren SC, Wullkopf L, Boulghourjian A, Zaratzian A, Da Silva AM, Pajic M, Morton JP, Cox TR, Timpson P. Three-dimensional organotypic matrices from alternative collagen sources as pre-clinical models for cell biology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16887. [PMID: 29203823 PMCID: PMC5715059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotypic co-cultures bridge the gap between standard two-dimensional culture and mouse models. Such assays increase the fidelity of pre-clinical studies, to better inform lead compound development and address the increasing attrition rates of lead compounds within the pharmaceutical industry, which are often a result of screening in less faithful two-dimensional models. Using large-scale acid-extraction techniques, we demonstrate a step-by-step process to isolate collagen I from commercially available animal byproducts. Using the well-established rat tail tendon collagen as a benchmark, we apply our novel kangaroo tail tendon collagen as an alternative collagen source for our screening-ready three-dimensional organotypic co-culture platform. Both collagen sources showed equal applicability for invasive, proliferative or survival assessment of well-established cancer models and clinically relevant patient-derived cancer cell lines. Additional readouts were also demonstrated when comparing these alternative collagen sources for stromal contributions to stiffness, organization and ultrastructure via atomic force microscopy, second harmonic generation imaging and scanning electron microscopy, among other vital biological readouts, where only minor differences were found between the preparations. Organotypic co-cultures represent an easy, affordable and scalable model to investigate drug responses within a physiologically relevant 3D platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R W Conway
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Aurélie S Cazet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lena Wullkopf
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Alice Boulghourjian
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew M Da Silva
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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47
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Noel P, Muñoz R, Rogers GW, Neilson A, Von Hoff DD, Han H. Preparation and Metabolic Assay of 3-dimensional Spheroid Co-cultures of Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Fibroblasts. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28872142 PMCID: PMC5614363 DOI: 10.3791/56081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancer types, including pancreatic cancer, have a dense fibrotic stroma that plays an important role in tumor progression and invasion. Activated cancer associated fibroblasts are a key component of the tumor stroma that interact with cancer cells and support their growth and survival. Models that recapitulate the interaction of cancer cells and activated fibroblasts are important tools for studying the stromal biology and for development of antitumor agents. Here, a method is described for the rapid generation of robust 3-dimensional (3D) spheroid co-culture of pancreatic cancer cells and activated pancreatic fibroblasts that can be used for subsequent biological studies. Additionally, described is the use of 3D spheroids in carrying out functional metabolic assays to probe cellular bioenergetics pathways using an extracellular flux analyzer paired with a spheroid microplate. Pancreatic cancer cells (Patu8902) and activated pancreatic fibroblast cells (PS1) were co-cultured and magnetized using a biocompatible nanoparticle assembly. Magnetized cells were rapidly bioprinted using magnetic drives in a 96 well format, in growth media to generate spheroids with a diameter ranging between 400-600 µm within 5-7 days of culture. Functional metabolic assays using Patu8902-PS1 spheroids were then carried out using the extracellular flux technology to probe cellular energetic pathways. The method herein is simple, allows consistent generation of cancer cell-fibroblast spheroid co-cultures and can be potentially adapted to other cancer cell types upon optimization of the current described methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Noel
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute
| | - Ruben Muñoz
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute
| | | | | | - Daniel D Von Hoff
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute
| | - Haiyong Han
- Molecular Medicine Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute;
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48
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He J, Xiong L, Li Q, Lin L, Miao X, Yan S, Hong Z, Yang L, Wen Y, Deng X. 3D modeling of cancer stem cell niche. Oncotarget 2017; 9:1326-1345. [PMID: 29416698 PMCID: PMC5787442 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells reside in a distinct microenvironment called niche. The reciprocal interactions between cancer stem cells and niche contribute to the maintenance and enrichment of cancer stem cells. In order to simulate the interactions between cancer stem cells and niche, three-dimensional models have been developed. These in vitro culture systems recapitulate the spatial dimension, cellular heterogeneity, and the molecular networks of the tumor microenvironment and show great promise in elucidating the pathophysiology of cancer stem cells and designing more clinically relavant treatment modalites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinglong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liangwu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiongying Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shichao Yan
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Normal University Medical College, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhangyong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Leping Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiyun Deng
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Normal University Medical College, Changsha, Hunan, China
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49
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Veenstra VL, Damhofer H, Waasdorp C, Steins A, Kocher HM, Medema JP, van Laarhoven HW, Bijlsma MF. Stromal SPOCK1 supports invasive pancreatic cancer growth. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1050-1064. [PMID: 28486750 PMCID: PMC5537700 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is marked by an abundant stromal deposition. This stroma is suspected to harbor both tumor‐promoting and tumor‐suppressing properties. This is underscored by the disappointing results of stroma targeting in clinical studies. Given the complexity of tumor–stroma interaction in PDAC, there is a need to identify the stromal proteins that are predominantly tumor‐promoting. One possible candidate is SPOCK1 that we previously identified in a screening effort in PDAC. We extensively mined PDAC gene expression datasets, and used species‐specific transcript analysis in mixed‐species models for PDAC to study the patterns and driver mechanisms of SPOCK1 expression in PDAC. Advanced organotypic coculture models with primary patient‐derived tumor cells were used to further characterize the function of this protein. We found SPOCK1 expression to be predominantly stromal. Expression of SPOCK1 was associated with poor disease outcome. Coculture and ligand stimulation experiments revealed that SPOCK1 is expressed in response to tumor cell‐derived transforming growth factor‐beta. Functional assessment in cocultures demonstrated that SPOCK1 strongly affects the composition of the extracellular collagen matrix and by doing so, enables invasive tumor cell growth in PDAC. By defining the expression pattern and functional properties of SPOCK1 in pancreatic cancer, we have identified a stromal mediator of extracellular matrix remodeling that indirectly affects the aggressive behavior of PDAC cells. The recognition that stromal proteins actively contribute to the protumorigenic remodeling of the tumor microenvironment should aid the design of future clinical studies to target specific stromal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique L Veenstra
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Damhofer
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Waasdorp
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Steins
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Jan P Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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King H, Thillai K, Whale A, Arumugam P, Eldaly H, Kocher HM, Wells CM. PAK4 interacts with p85 alpha: implications for pancreatic cancer cell migration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42575. [PMID: 28205613 PMCID: PMC5312077 DOI: 10.1038/srep42575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is amplified in pancreatic cancer tissue. PAK4 is a member of the PAK family of serine/threonine kinases, which act as effectors for several small GTPases, and has been specifically identified to function downstream of HGF-mediated c-Met activation in a PI3K dependent manner. However, the functionality of PAK4 in pancreatic cancer and the contribution made by HGF signalling to pancreatic cancer cell motility remain to be elucidated. We now find that elevated PAK4 expression is coincident with increased expression levels of c-Met and the p85α subunit of PI3K. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pancreatic cancer cells have a specific motility response to HGF both in 2D and 3D physiomimetic organotypic assays; which can be suppressed by inhibition of PI3K. Significantly, we report a specific interaction between PAK4 and p85α and find that PAK4 deficient cells exhibit a reduction in Akt phosphorylation downstream of HGF signalling. These results implicate a novel role for PAK4 within the PI3K pathway via interaction with p85α. Thus, PAK4 could be an essential player in PDAC progression representing an interesting therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen King
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Whale
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, UK
| | - Prabhu Arumugam
- Barts Cancer Institute, a CRUK centre of Excellance, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Hesham Eldaly
- Dept of Haematopathology Oncology Diagnostic Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Barts Cancer Institute, a CRUK centre of Excellance, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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