1
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Kidger AM, Saville MK, Rushworth LK, Davidson J, Stellzig J, Ono M, Kuebelsbeck LA, Janssen KP, Holzmann B, Morton JP, Sansom OJ, Caunt CJ, Keyse SM. Suppression of mutant Kirsten-RAS (KRAS G12D)-driven pancreatic carcinogenesis by dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases 5 and 6. Oncogene 2022; 41:2811-2823. [PMID: 35418690 PMCID: PMC9106580 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic phosphatase DUSP6 and its nuclear counterpart DUSP5 are negative regulators of RAS/ERK signalling. Here we use deletion of either Dusp5 or Dusp6 to explore the roles of these phosphatases in a murine model of KRASG12D-driven pancreatic cancer. By 56-days, loss of either DUSP5 or DUSP6 causes a significant increase in KRASG12D-driven pancreatic hyperplasia. This is accompanied by increased pancreatic acinar to ductal metaplasia (ADM) and the development of pre-neoplastic pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs). In contrast, by 100-days, pancreatic hyperplasia is reversed with significant atrophy of pancreatic tissue and weight loss observed in animals lacking either DUSP5 or DUSP6. On further ageing, Dusp6-/- mice display accelerated development of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), while in Dusp5-/- animals, although PDAC development is increased this process is attenuated by atrophy of pancreatic acinar tissue and severe weight loss in some animals before cancer could progress. Our data suggest that despite a common target in the ERK MAP kinase, DUSP5 and DUSP6 play partially non-redundant roles in suppressing oncogenic KRASG12D signalling, thus retarding both tumour initiation and progression. Our data suggest that loss of either DUSP5 or DUSP6, as observed in certain human tumours, including the pancreas, could promote carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kidger
- Stress Response Laboratory, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Mark K Saville
- Stress Response Laboratory, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Linda K Rushworth
- Stress Response Laboratory, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jane Davidson
- Stress Response Laboratory, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Julia Stellzig
- Stress Response Laboratory, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Motoharu Ono
- Stress Response Laboratory, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Ludwig A Kuebelsbeck
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Holzmann
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Christopher J Caunt
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Stress Response Laboratory, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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2
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Ferguson BS, Wennersten SA, Demos-Davies KM, Rubino M, Robinson EL, Cavasin MA, Stratton MS, Kidger AM, Hu T, Keyse SM, McKnight RA, Lane RH, Nozik ES, Weiser-Evans MCM, McKinsey TA. DUSP5-mediated inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation suppresses pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H382-H389. [PMID: 34142888 PMCID: PMC8410116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00115.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with structural remodeling of pulmonary arteries (PAs) because of excessive proliferation of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The peptide hormone angiotensin II (ANG II) contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling, in part, through its ability to trigger extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation. Here, we demonstrate that the ERK1/2 phosphatase, dual-specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5), functions as a negative regulator of ANG II-mediated SMC proliferation and PH. In contrast to wild-type controls, Dusp5 null mice infused with ANG II developed PH and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy. PH in Dusp5 null mice was associated with thickening of the medial layer of small PAs, suggesting an in vivo role for DUSP5 as a negative regulator of ANG II-dependent SMC proliferation. Consistent with this, overexpression of DUSP5 blocked ANG II-mediated proliferation of cultured human pulmonary artery SMCs (hPASMCs) derived from patients with idiopathic PH or from failed donor controls. Collectively, the data support a role for DUSP5 as a feedback inhibitor of ANG II-mediated ERK signaling and PASMC proliferation and suggest that disruption of this circuit leads to adverse cardiopulmonary remodeling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) serve critical roles in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, but their functions in the cardiovascular system remain poorly defined. Here, we provide evidence that DUSP5, which resides in the nucleus and specifically dephosphorylates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), blocks pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. In response to angiotensin II infusion, mice lacking DUSP5 develop pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular cardiac hypertrophy. These findings illustrate DUSP5-mediated suppression of ERK signaling in the lungs as a protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Ferguson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sara A Wennersten
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kimberly M Demos-Davies
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marcello Rubino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emma L Robinson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Maria A Cavasin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew S Stratton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew M Kidger
- Stress Response Laboratory, Division of Cellular Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Tianjing Hu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Stress Response Laboratory, Division of Cellular Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eva S Nozik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mary C M Weiser-Evans
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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3
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Reader CS, Vallath S, Steele CW, Haider S, Brentnall A, Desai A, Moore KM, Jamieson NB, Chang D, Bailey P, Scarpa A, Lawlor R, Chelala C, Keyse SM, Biankin A, Morton JP, Evans TRJ, Barry ST, Sansom OJ, Kocher HM, Marshall JF. The integrin αvβ6 drives pancreatic cancer through diverse mechanisms and represents an effective target for therapy. J Pathol 2019; 249:332-342. [PMID: 31259422 PMCID: PMC6852434 DOI: 10.1002/path.5320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a 5-year survival rate of less than 4% and desperately needs novel effective therapeutics. Integrin αvβ6 has been linked with poor prognosis in cancer but its potential as a target in PDAC remains unclear. We report that transcriptional expression analysis revealed that high levels of β6 mRNA correlated strongly with significantly poorer survival (n = 491 cases, p = 3.17 × 10-8 ). In two separate cohorts, we showed that over 80% of PDACs expressed αvβ6 protein and that paired metastases retained αvβ6 expression. In vitro, integrin αvβ6 promoted PDAC cell growth, survival, migration, and invasion. Treatment of both αvβ6-positive human PDAC xenografts and transgenic mice bearing αvβ6-positive PDAC with the αvβ6 blocking antibody 264RAD, combined with gemcitabine, significantly reduced tumour growth (p < 0.0001) and increased survival (log-rank test, p < 0.05). Antibody therapy was associated with suppression of tumour cell activity (suppression of pErk growth signals, increased apoptosis seen as activated caspase-3) and suppression of the pro-tumourigenic microenvironment (suppression of TGFβ signalling, fewer αSMA-positive myofibroblasts, decreased blood vessel density). These data show that αvβ6 promotes PDAC growth through both tumour cell and tumour microenvironment mechanisms and represents a valuable target for PDAC therapy. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/secondary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 6/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Integrins/genetics
- Integrins/metabolism
- Italy
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Microenvironment
- United Kingdom
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Reader
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | - Sabari Vallath
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | | | | | - Adam Brentnall
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ami Desai
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | - Kate M Moore
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | - Nigel B Jamieson
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal InfirmaryGlasgowUK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic UnitGlasgow Royal InfirmaryGlasgowUK
| | - David Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Peter Bailey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC‐NET Research Centre for Applied Research on CancerUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Rita Lawlor
- ARC‐NET Research Centre for Applied Research on CancerUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, James Arrott DriveNinewells Hospital and Medical SchoolDundeeUK
| | - Andrew Biankin
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | | | - TR Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | | | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
| | - John F Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Centre of ExcellenceQueen Mary University of London, John Vane Science CentreLondonUK
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4
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Seternes OM, Kidger AM, Keyse SM. Dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2018; 1866:124-143. [PMID: 30401534 PMCID: PMC6227380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that a family of dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) play key roles in the regulated dephosphorylation and inactivation of MAP kinase isoforms in mammalian cells and tissues. MKPs provide a mechanism of spatiotemporal feedback control of these key signalling pathways, but can also mediate crosstalk between distinct MAP kinase cascades and facilitate interactions between MAP kinase pathways and other key signalling modules. As our knowledge of the regulation, substrate specificity and catalytic mechanisms of MKPs has matured, more recent work using genetic models has revealed key physiological functions for MKPs and also uncovered potentially important roles in regulating the pathophysiological outcome of signalling with relevance to human diseases. These include cancer, diabetes, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. It is hoped that this understanding will reveal novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for disease, thus contributing to more effective diagnosis and treatment for these debilitating and often fatal conditions. A comprehensive review of the dual-specificity MAP kinase Phosphatases (MKPs) Focus is on MKPs in the regulation of MAPK signalling in health and disease. Covers roles of MKPs in inflammation, obesity/diabetes, cancer and neurodegeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Morten Seternes
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Andrew M Kidger
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, England, UK.
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Stress Response Laboratory, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, James Arrot Drive, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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5
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Perander M, Al-Mahdi R, Jensen TC, Nunn JAL, Kildalsen H, Johansen B, Gabrielsen M, Keyse SM, Seternes OM. Regulation of atypical MAP kinases ERK3 and ERK4 by the phosphatase DUSP2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43471. [PMID: 28252035 PMCID: PMC5333157 DOI: 10.1038/srep43471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical MAP kinases ERK3 and ERK4 are activated by phosphorylation of a serine residue lying within the activation loop signature sequence S-E-G. However, the regulation of ERK3 and ERK4 phosphorylation and activity is poorly understood. Here we report that the inducible nuclear dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) DUSP2, a known regulator of the ERK and p38 MAPKs, is unique amongst the MKP family in being able to bind to both ERK3 and ERK4. This interaction is mediated by a conserved common docking (CD) domain within the carboxyl-terminal domains of ERK3 and ERK4 and the conserved kinase interaction motif (KIM) located within the non-catalytic amino terminus of DUSP2. This interaction is direct and results in the dephosphorylation of ERK3 and ERK4 and the stabilization of DUSP2. In the case of ERK4 its ability to stabilize DUSP2 requires its kinase activity. Finally, we demonstrate that expression of DUSP2 inhibits ERK3 and ERK4-mediated activation of its downstream substrate MK5. We conclude that the activity of DUSP2 is not restricted to the classical MAPK pathways and that DUSP2 can also regulate the atypical ERK3/4-MK5 signalling pathway in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Perander
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rania Al-Mahdi
- Department of Pharmacy UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas C Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jennifer A L Nunn
- Department of Pharmacy UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hanne Kildalsen
- Department of Pharmacy UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjarne Johansen
- Department of Pharmacy UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mads Gabrielsen
- Stress Response Laboratory, Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, James Arrot Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Stress Response Laboratory, Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, James Arrot Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Ole-Morten Seternes
- Department of Pharmacy UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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6
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Perander M, Keyse SM, Seternes OM. New insights into the activation, interaction partners and possible functions of MK5/PRAK. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2016; 21:374-84. [PMID: 26709779 DOI: 10.2741/4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) was first described as a downstream target of the p38 MAP kinase pathway leading to its alternative acronym of p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK). However, since the discovery that MK5 is a bona fide interaction partner of the atypical MAP kinases ERK3 and ERK4 and that this interaction leads to both the activation and subcellular relocalisation of MK5, there has been considerable debate as to the relative roles of these MAPK pathways in mediating the activation and biological functions of MK5. Here we discuss recent progress in defining novel upstream components of the ERK3/ERK4 signalling pathway, our increased understanding of the mechanism by which MK5 interacts with and is activated by ERK3 and ERK4, and the discovery of novel interaction partners for MK5. Finally, we review recent literature that suggests novel biological functions for MK5 in a range of physiological and pathophysiological conditions including neuronal function and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Perander
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N9037 Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, James Arrot Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Ole-Morten Seternes
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N9037 Tromsoe, Norway,
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7
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Niedzielska M, Raffi FAM, Tel J, Muench S, Jozefowski K, Alati N, Lahl K, Mages J, Billmeier U, Schiemann M, Appelt UK, Wirtz S, Sparwasser T, Hochrein H, Figdor CG, Keyse SM, Lang R. Selective Expression of the MAPK Phosphatase Dusp9/MKP-4 in Mouse Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Regulation of IFN-β Production. J Immunol 2015; 195:1753-62. [PMID: 26170386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) efficiently produce large amounts of type I IFN in response to TLR7 and TLR9 ligands, whereas conventional DCs (cDCs) predominantly secrete high levels of the cytokines IL-10 and IL-12. The molecular basis underlying this distinct phenotype is not well understood. In this study, we identified the MAPK phosphatase Dusp9/MKP-4 by transcriptome analysis as selectively expressed in pDCs, but not cDCs. We confirmed the constitutive expression of Dusp9 at the protein level in pDCs generated in vitro by culture with Flt3 ligand and ex vivo in sorted splenic pDCs. Dusp9 expression was low in B220(-) bone marrow precursors and was upregulated during pDC differentiation, concomitant with established pDC markers. Higher expression of Dusp9 in pDCs correlated with impaired phosphorylation of the MAPK ERK1/2 upon TLR9 stimulation. Notably, Dusp9 was not expressed at detectable levels in human pDCs, although these displayed similarly impaired activation of ERK1/2 MAPK compared with cDCs. Enforced retroviral expression of Dusp9 in mouse GM-CSF-induced cDCs increased the expression of TLR9-induced IL-12p40 and IFN-β, but not of IL-10. Conditional deletion of Dusp9 in pDCs was effectively achieved in Dusp9(flox/flox); CD11c-Cre mice at the mRNA and protein levels. However, the lack of Dusp9 in pDC did not restore ERK1/2 activation after TLR9 stimulation and only weakly affected IFN-β and IL-12p40 production. Taken together, our results suggest that expression of Dusp9 is sufficient to impair ERK1/2 activation and enhance IFN-β expression. However, despite selective expression in pDCs, Dusp9 is not essential for high-level IFN-β production by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Niedzielska
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Faizal A M Raffi
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Muench
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Jozefowski
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nour Alati
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Immunology Section, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörg Mages
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Billmeier
- Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe K Appelt
- Cell Sorting Unit, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Hubertus Hochrein
- Department of Research, Bavarian Nordic GmbH, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
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8
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9
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Niedzielska M, Bodendorfer B, Münch S, Eichner A, Derigs M, da Costa O, Schweizer A, Neff F, Nitschke L, Sparwasser T, Keyse SM, Lang R. Gene trap mice reveal an essential function of dual specificity phosphatase Dusp16/MKP-7 in perinatal survival and regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced cytokine production. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2112-26. [PMID: 24311790 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPK activity is negatively regulated by members of the dual specificity phosphatase (Dusp) family, which differ in expression, substrate specificity, and subcellular localization. Here, we investigated the function of Dusp16/MKP-7 in the innate immune system. The Dusp16 isoforms A1 and B1 were inducibly expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells following Toll-like receptor stimulation. A gene trap approach was used to generate Dusp16-deficient mice. Homozygous Dusp16tp/tp mice developed without gross abnormalities but died perinatally. Fetal liver cells from Dusp16tp/tp embryos efficiently reconstituted the lymphoid and myeloid compartments with Dusp16-deficient hematopoietic cells. However, GM-CSF-induced proliferation of bone marrow progenitors in vitro was impaired in the absence of Dusp16. In vivo challenge with Escherichia coli LPS triggered higher production of IL-12p40 in mice with a Dusp16-deficient immune system. In vitro, Dusp16-deficient macrophages, but not dendritic cells, selectively overexpressed a subset of TLR-induced genes, including the cytokine IL-12. Dusp16-deficient fibroblasts showed enhanced activation of p38 and JNK MAPKs. In macrophages, pharmacological inhibition and siRNA knockdown of JNK1/2 normalized IL-12p40 secretion. Production of IL-10 and its inhibitory effect on IL-12 production were unaltered in Dusp16tp/tp macrophages. Altogether, the Dusp16 gene trap mouse model identifies an essential role in perinatal survival and reveals selective control of differentiation and cytokine production of myeloid cells by the MAPK phosphatase Dusp16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Niedzielska
- From the Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Abstract
Dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) provide a complex negative regulatory network that acts to shape the duration, magnitude and spatiotemporal profile of MAP kinase activities in response to both physiological and pathological stimuli. Individual MKPs may exhibit either exquisite specificity towards a single mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoform or be able to regulate multiple MAPK pathways in a single cell or tissue. They can act as negative feedback regulators of MAPK activity, but can also provide mechanisms of crosstalk between distinct MAPK pathways and between MAPK signalling and other intracellular signalling modules. In this review, we explore the current state of knowledge with respect to the regulation of MKP expression levels and activities, the mechanisms by which individual MKPs recognize and interact with different MAPK isoforms and their role in the spatiotemporal regulation of MAPK signalling.
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11
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Palacios L, Dickinson RJ, Sacristán-Reviriego A, Didmon MP, Marín MJ, Martín H, Keyse SM, Molina M. Distinct docking mechanisms mediate interactions between the Msg5 phosphatase and mating or cell integrity mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42037-42050. [PMID: 22006927 PMCID: PMC3234975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) are negative regulators of signaling pathways with distinct MAPK substrate specificities. For example, the yeast dual specificity phosphatase Msg5 dephosphorylates the Fus3 and Slt2 MAPKs operating in the mating and cell wall integrity pathways, respectively. Like other MAPK-interacting proteins, most MKPs bind MAPKs through specific docking domains. These include D-motifs, which contain basic residues that interact with acidic residues in the common docking (CD) domain of MAPKs. Here we show that Msg5 interacts not only with Fus3, Kss1, and Slt2 but also with the pseudokinase Slt2 paralog Mlp1. Using yeast two-hybrid and in vitro interaction assays, we have identified distinct regions within the N-terminal domain of Msg5 that differentially bind either the MAPKs Fus3 and Kss1 or Slt2 and Mlp1. Whereas a canonical D-site within Msg5 mediates interaction with the CD domains of Fus3 and Kss1, a novel motif (102IYT104) within Msg5 is involved in binding to Slt2 and Mlp1. Furthermore, mutation of this site prevents the phosphorylation of Msg5 by Slt2. This motif is conserved in Sdp1, another MKP that dephosphorylates Slt2, as well as in Msg5 orthologs from other yeast species. A region spanning amino acids 274–373 within Slt2 and Mlp1 mediates binding to this Msg5 motif in a CD domain-independent manner. In contrast, Slt2 uses its CD domain to bind to its upstream activator Mkk1. This binding flexibility may allow MAPK pathways to exploit additional regulatory controls in order to provide fine modulation of both pathway activity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Palacios
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin J Dickinson
- Cancer Research-UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Almudena Sacristán-Reviriego
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark P Didmon
- Cancer Research-UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - María José Marín
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Humberto Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Cancer Research-UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Dickinson RJ, Delavaine L, Cejudo-Marín R, Stewart G, Staples CJ, Didmon MP, Trinidad AG, Alonso A, Pulido R, Keyse SM. Phosphorylation of the kinase interaction motif in mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-4 mediates cross-talk between protein kinase A and MAP kinase signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38018-38026. [PMID: 21908610 PMCID: PMC3207433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.255844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MAP kinase phosphatase 4 (DUSP9/MKP-4) plays an essential role during placental development and is one of a subfamily of three closely related cytoplasmic dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases, which includes the ERK-specific enzymes DUSP6/MKP-3 and DUSP7/MKP-X. However, unlike DUSP6/MKP-3, DUSP9/MKP-4 also inactivates the p38α MAP kinase both in vitro and in vivo. Here we demonstrate that inactivation of both ERK1/2 and p38α by DUSP9/MKP-4 is mediated by a conserved arginine-rich kinase interaction motif located within the amino-terminal non-catalytic domain of the protein. Furthermore, DUSP9/MKP-4 is unique among these cytoplasmic MKPs in containing a conserved PKA consensus phosphorylation site 55RRXSer-58 immediately adjacent to the kinase interaction motif. DUSP9/MKP-4 is phosphorylated on Ser-58 by PKA in vitro, and phosphorylation abrogates the binding of DUSP9/MKP-4 to both ERK2 and p38α MAP kinases. In addition, although mutation of Ser-58 to either alanine or glutamic acid does not affect the intrinsic catalytic activity of DUSP9/MKP-4, phospho-mimetic (Ser-58 to Glu) substitution inhibits both the interaction of DUSP9/MKP-4 with ERK2 and p38α in vivo and its ability to dephosphorylate and inactivate these MAP kinases. Finally, the use of a phospho-specific antibody demonstrates that endogenous DUSP9/MKP-4 is phosphorylated on Ser-58 in response to the PKA agonist forskolin and is also modified in placental tissue. We conclude that DUSP9/MKP-4 is a bona fide target of PKA signaling and that attenuation of DUSP9/MKP-4 function can mediate cross-talk between the PKA pathway and MAPK signaling through both ERK1/2 and p38α in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Dickinson
- CR-UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Delavaine
- CR-UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Rocío Cejudo-Marín
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avda. Autopista del Saler 16-3, 46013 Valencia, Spain
| | - Graeme Stewart
- CR-UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Staples
- CR-UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Didmon
- CR-UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Garcia Trinidad
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Valladolid, c/Sanz y Forés s/n, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andrés Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Valladolid, c/Sanz y Forés s/n, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avda. Autopista del Saler 16-3, 46013 Valencia, Spain
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- CR-UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom.
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13
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Rutkowski R, Dickinson R, Stewart G, Craig A, Schimpl M, Keyse SM, Gartner A. Regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans p53/CEP-1-dependent germ cell apoptosis by Ras/MAPK signaling. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002238. [PMID: 21901106 PMCID: PMC3161941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining genome stability in the germline is thought to be an evolutionarily ancient role of the p53 family. The sole Caenorhabditis elegans p53 family member CEP-1 is required for apoptosis induction in meiotic, late-stage pachytene germ cells in response to DNA damage and meiotic recombination failure. In an unbiased genetic screen for negative regulators of CEP-1, we found that increased activation of the C. elegans ERK orthologue MPK-1, resulting from either loss of the lip-1 phosphatase or activation of let-60 Ras, results in enhanced cep-1–dependent DNA damage induced apoptosis. We further show that MPK-1 is required for DNA damage–induced germ cell apoptosis. We provide evidence that MPK-1 signaling regulates the apoptotic competency of germ cells by restricting CEP-1 protein expression to cells in late pachytene. Restricting CEP-1 expression to cells in late pachytene is thought to ensure that apoptosis doesn't occur in earlier-stage cells where meiotic recombination occurs. MPK-1 signaling regulates CEP-1 expression in part by regulating the levels of GLD-1, a translational repressor of CEP-1, but also via a GLD-1–independent mechanism. In addition, we show that MPK-1 is phosphorylated and activated upon ionising radiation (IR) in late pachytene germ cells and that MPK-1–dependent CEP-1 activation may be in part direct, as these two proteins interact in a yeast two-hybrid assay. In summary, we report our novel finding that MAP kinase signaling controls CEP-1–dependent apoptosis by several different pathways that converge on CEP-1. Since apoptosis is also restricted to pachytene stage cells in mammalian germlines, analogous mechanisms regulating p53 family members are likely to be conserved throughout evolution. Germ cell apoptosis helps to ensure that only healthy germ cells contribute to the next generation. The C. elegans p53 family member CEP-1 plays an important role in inducing apoptosis in damaged germ cells. CEP-1 protein is maximally expressed in late-stage pachytene cells, which are the only cells of the germline that undergo apoptosis. Restricting CEP-1 to late pachytene cells is thought to ensure that apoptosis does not occur in cells at earlier stages of meiosis where meiotic recombination occurs. Through an unbiased genetic screen, we uncovered a role for the Ras/MAP kinase signaling pathway as a novel regulator of DNA damage–induced, CEP-1–dependent apoptosis. We show that the Ras/MAP kinase pathway is required for DNA damage–induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of CEP-1 in late pachytene cells. In addition, MAP kinase signaling might be directly involved in apoptosis induction, as the pathway that is activated in response to IR and MAP kinase directly interacts with CEP-1. We postulate that p53 family members might be regulated by analogous mechanisms in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Rutkowski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Dickinson
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Stewart
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Craig
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Schimpl
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Keyse
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Gartner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Staples CJ, Owens DM, Maier JV, Cato AC, Keyse SM. Cross-talk between the p38α and JNK MAPK pathways mediated by MAP kinase phosphatase-1 determines cellular sensitivity to UV radiation. J Biol Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a110.117911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Staples CJ, Owens DM, Maier JV, Cato ACB, Keyse SM. Cross-talk between the p38alpha and JNK MAPK pathways mediated by MAP kinase phosphatase-1 determines cellular sensitivity to UV radiation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25928-40. [PMID: 20547488 PMCID: PMC2923983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.117911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPK phosphatase-1 (DUSP1/MKP-1) is a mitogen and stress-inducible dual specificity protein phosphatase, which can inactivate all three major classes of MAPK in mammalian cells. DUSP1/MKP-1 is implicated in cellular protection against a variety of genotoxic insults including hydrogen peroxide, ionizing radiation, and cisplatin, but its role in the interplay between different MAPK pathways in determining cell death and survival is not fully understood. We have used pharmacological and genetic tools to demonstrate that DUSP1/MKP-1 is an essential non-redundant regulator of UV-induced cell death in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). The induction of DUSP1/MKP-1 mRNA and protein in response to UV radiation is mediated by activation of the p38α but not the JNK1 or JNK2 MAPK pathways. Furthermore, we identify MSK1 and -2 and their downstream effectors cAMP-response element-binding protein/ATF1 as mediators of UV-induced p38α-dependent DUSP1/MKP-1 transcription. Dusp1/Mkp-1 null MEFs display increased signaling through both the p38α and JNK MAPK pathways and are acutely sensitive to UV-induced apoptosis. This lethality is rescued by the reintroduction of wild-type DUSP1/MKP-1 and by a mutant of DUSP1/MKP-1, which is unable to bind to either p38α or ERK1/2, but retains full activity toward JNK. Importantly, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of DUSP1/MKP-1 sensitizes wild-type MEFs to UV radiation, DUSP1/MKP-1 knockdown in MEFS lacking JNK1 and -2 does not result in increased cell death. Our results demonstrate that cross-talk between the p38α and JNK pathways mediated by induction of DUSP1/MKP-1 regulates the cellular response to UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Staples
- CR-UK Stress Response Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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16
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Kucharska A, Rushworth LK, Staples C, Morrice NA, Keyse SM. Regulation of the inducible nuclear dual-specificity phosphatase DUSP5 by ERK MAPK. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1794-805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Aberg E, Torgersen KM, Johansen B, Keyse SM, Perander M, Seternes OM. Docking of PRAK/MK5 to the atypical MAPKs ERK3 and ERK4 defines a novel MAPK interaction motif. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19392-401. [PMID: 19473979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.023283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK3 and ERK4 are atypical MAPKs in which the canonical TXY motif within the activation loop of the classical MAPKs is replaced by SEG. Both ERK3 and ERK4 bind, translocate, and activate the MAPK-activated protein kinase (MK) 5. The classical MAPKs ERK1/2 and p38 interact with downstream MKs (RSK1-3 and MK2-3, respectively) through conserved clusters of acidic amino acids, which constitute the common docking (CD) domain. In contrast to the classical MAPKs, the interaction between ERK3/4 and MK5 is strictly dependent on phosphorylation of the SEG motif of these kinases. Here we report that the conserved CD domain is dispensable for the interaction of ERK3 and ERK4 with MK5. Using peptide overlay assays, we have defined a novel MK5 interaction motif (FRIEDE) within both ERK4 and ERK3 that is essential for binding to the C-terminal region of MK5. This motif is located within the L16 extension lying C-terminal to the CD domain in ERK3 and ERK4 and a single isoleucine to lysine substitution in FRIEDE totally abrogates binding, activation, and translocation of MK5 by both ERK3 and ERK4. These findings are the first to demonstrate binding of a physiological substrate via this region of the L16 loop in a MAPK. Furthermore, the link between activation loop phosphorylation and accessibility of the FRIEDE interaction motif suggests a switch mechanism for these atypical MAPKs in which the phosphorylation status of the activation loop regulates the ability of both ERK3 and ERK4 to bind to a downstream effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Aberg
- Institutes of Pharmacy, Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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18
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Abstract
There are ten mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) that act as negative regulators of MAPK activity in mammalian cells and these can be subdivided into three groups. The first comprises DUSP1/MKP-1, DUSP2/PAC1, DUSP4/MKP-2 and DUSP5/hVH-3, which are inducible nuclear phosphatases. With the exception of DUSP5, these MKPs display a rather broad specificity for inactivation of the ERK, p38 and JNK MAP kinases. The second group contains three closely related ERK-specific and cytoplasmic MKPs encoded by DUSP6/MKP-3, DUSP7/MKP-X and DUSP9/MKP-4. The final group consists of three MKPs DUSP8/hVH-5, DUSP10/MKP-5 and DUSP16/MKP-7 all of which preferentially inactivate the stress-activated p38 and JNK MAP kinases. Abnormal MAPK signalling will have important consequences for processes critical to the development and progression of human cancer. In addition, MAPK signalling also plays a key role in determining the response of tumour cells to conventional cancer therapies. The emerging roles of the dual-specificity MKPs in the regulation of MAPK activities in normal tissues has highlighted the possible pathophysiological consequences of either loss (or gain) of function of these enzymes as part of the oncogenic process. This review summarises the current evidence implicating the dual-specificity MKPs in the initiation and development of cancer and also on the outcome of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Keyse
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
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19
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Abstract
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) was originally described as a protein kinase activated downstream of the p38 MAP kinase and is also named p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK). However, while MK5 is most similar in sequence to the two p38 regulated MAPKAP kinases MK2 and MK3, recent data has shown that in contrast to these enzymes MK5 is not activated in response to either cellular stress or pro-inflammatory cytokines. This lack of response to stimuli which cause robust activation of p38 MAP kinase in vivo is supported by data obtained using transgenic mice lacking MK5. Unlike animals lacking MK2 and MK3, MK5 null mice respond normally to endotoxic shock and display an unchanged pattern of cytokine expression in response to LPS. Clues as to the physiological function of MK5 have come from the recent observation that MK5 is uniquely regulated and activated following complex formation with the atypical MAP kinases ERK3 and ERK4. Thus, it is possible that MK5 is unique amongst the MAPKAP kinases in being regulated downstream of signaling pathways other than the classical MAP kinases p38 and ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Perander
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromso, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
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20
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Arkell RS, Dickinson RJ, Squires M, Hayat S, Keyse SM, Cook SJ. DUSP6/MKP-3 inactivates ERK1/2 but fails to bind and inactivate ERK5. Cell Signal 2008; 20:836-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The regulated dephosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) plays a key role in determining the magnitude and duration of kinase activation and hence the physiological outcome of signalling. In mammalian cells, an important component of this control is mediated by the differential expression and activities of a family of 10 dual-specificity (Thr/Tyr) MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). These enzymes share a common structure in which MAPK substrate recognition is determined by sequences within an amino-terminal non-catalytic domain whereas MAPK binding often leads to a conformational change within the C-terminal catalytic domain resulting in increased enzyme activity. MKPs can either recognize and inactivate a single class of MAP kinase, as in the specific inactivation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) by the cytoplasmic phosphatase DUSP6/MKP-3 or can regulate more than one MAPK pathway as illustrated by the ability of DUSP1/MKP-1 to dephosphorylate ERK, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase and p38 in the cell nucleus. These properties, coupled with transcriptional regulation of MKP expression in response to stimuli that activate MAPK signalling, suggest a complex negative regulatory network in which individual MAPK activities can be subject to negative feedback control, but also raise the possibility that signalling through multiple MAPK pathways may be integrated at the level of regulation by MKPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Owens
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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22
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Fox GC, Shafiq M, Briggs DC, Knowles PP, Collister M, Didmon MJ, Makrantoni V, Dickinson RJ, Hanrahan S, Totty N, Stark MJR, Keyse SM, McDonald NQ. Redox-mediated substrate recognition by Sdp1 defines a new group of tyrosine phosphatases. Nature 2007; 447:487-92. [PMID: 17495930 DOI: 10.1038/nature05804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species trigger cellular responses by activation of stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. Reversal of MAPK activation requires the transcriptional induction of specialized cysteine-based phosphatases that mediate MAPK dephosphorylation. Paradoxically, oxidative stresses generally inactivate cysteine-based phosphatases by thiol modification and thus could lead to sustained or uncontrolled MAPK activation. Here we describe how the stress-inducible MAPK phosphatase, Sdp1, presents an unusual solution to this apparent paradox by acquiring enhanced catalytic activity under oxidative conditions. Structural and biochemical evidence reveals that Sdp1 employs an intramolecular disulphide bridge and an invariant histidine side chain to selectively recognize a tyrosine-phosphorylated MAPK substrate. Optimal activity critically requires the disulphide bridge, and thus, to the best of our knowledge, Sdp1 is the first example of a cysteine-dependent phosphatase that couples oxidative stress with substrate recognition. We show that Sdp1, and its paralogue Msg5, have similar properties and belong to a new group of phosphatases unique to yeast and fungal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Fox
- Structural Biology Laboratory, The London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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23
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Abstract
A structurally distinct subfamily of ten dual-specificity (Thr/Tyr) protein phosphatases is responsible for the regulated dephosphorylation and inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members in mammals. These MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) interact specifically with their substrates through a modular kinase-interaction motif (KIM) located within the N-terminal non-catalytic domain of the protein. In addition, MAPK binding is often accompanied by enzymatic activation of the C-terminal catalytic domain, thus ensuring specificity of action. Despite our knowledge of the biochemical and structural basis for the catalytic mechanism of the MKPs, we know much less about their regulation and physiological functions in mammalian cells and tissues. However, recent studies employing a range of model systems have begun to reveal essential non-redundant roles for the MKPs in determining the outcome of MAPK signalling in a variety of physiological contexts. These include development, immune system function, metabolic homeostasis and the regulation of cellular stress responses. Interestingly, these functions may reflect both restricted subcellular MKP activity and changes in the levels of signalling through multiple MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Dickinson
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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24
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Abstract
ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) is a MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), which regulates diverse physiological functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, transformation and survival. It is now clear that in addition to the duration and magnitude of signalling through this MAPK pathway, the spatial restriction of MAPK activity plays a key role in determining the physiological outcome of signalling. Recent work has led to the discovery of MAPK-binding proteins, which contain either nuclear localization signals or nuclear export signals. These include MAPK activators and specific protein phosphatases, which may act to both regulate MAPK activity and the subcellular localization of their substrate. This represents a mechanism by which signalling in response to extracellular stimuli may be modulated in terms of both magnitude/duration and spatial restriction thus allowing differential access of the activated MAPK to target proteins and the interpretation of this information by cells to determine an appropriate physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karlsson
- Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
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25
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Aberg E, Perander M, Johansen B, Julien C, Meloche S, Keyse SM, Seternes OM. Regulation of MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 activity and subcellular localization by the atypical MAPK ERK4/MAPK4. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:35499-510. [PMID: 16971392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606225200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) was recently identified as a physiological substrate of the atypical MAPK ERK3. Complex formation between ERK3 and MK5 results in phosphorylation and activation of MK5, concomitant stabilization of ERK3, and the nuclear exclusion of both proteins. However, ablation of ERK3 in HeLa cells using small interfering RNA or in fibroblasts derived from ERK3 null mice reduces the activity of endogenous MK5 by only 50%, suggesting additional mechanisms of MK5 regulation. Here we identify the ERK3-related kinase ERK4 as a bona fide interaction partner of MK5. Binding of ERK4 to MK5 is accompanied by phosphorylation and activation of MK5. Furthermore, complex formation also results in the relocalization of MK5 from nucleus to cytoplasm. However unlike ERK3, ERK4 is a stable protein, and its half-life is not modified by the presence or absence of MK5. Finally, although knock-down of ERK4 protein in HeLa cells reduces endogenous MK5 activity by approximately 50%, a combination of small interfering RNAs targeting both ERK4 and ERK3 causes a further reduction in the MK5 activity by more than 80%. We conclude that MK5 activation is dependent on both ERK3 and ERK4 in these cells and that these atypical MAPKs are both physiological regulators of MK5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Aberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway, and Cancer Research UK Stress Response Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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26
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Smith TG, Karlsson M, Lunn JS, Eblaghie MC, Keenan ID, Farrell ER, Tickle C, Storey KG, Keyse SM. Negative feedback predominates over cross-regulation to control ERK MAPK activity in response to FGF signalling in embryos. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4242-5. [PMID: 16831426 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the gene encoding the MKP-3/Pyst1 protein phosphatase, which inactivates ERK MAPK, is induced by FGF. However, which intracellular signalling pathway mediates this expression is unclear, with essential roles proposed for both ERK and PI(3)K in chick embryonic limb. Here, we report that MKP-3/Pyst1 expression is sensitive to inhibition of ERK or MAPKK, that endogenous MKP-3/Pyst1 co-localizes with activated ERK, and expression of MKP-3/Pyst1 in mice lacking PDK1, an essential mediator of PI(3)K signalling. We conclude that MKP-3/Pyst1 expression is mediated by ERK activation and that negative feedback control predominates in limiting the extent of FGF-induced ERK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Gordon Smith
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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Christie GR, Williams DJ, Macisaac F, Dickinson RJ, Rosewell I, Keyse SM. The dual-specificity protein phosphatase DUSP9/MKP-4 is essential for placental function but is not required for normal embryonic development. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:8323-33. [PMID: 16135819 PMCID: PMC1234323 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.18.8323-8333.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the physiological role(s) of DUSP9 (dual-specificity phosphatase 9), also known as MKP-4 (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] phosphatase 4), the gene was deleted in mice. Crossing male chimeras with wild-type females resulted in heterozygous (DUSP9(+/-)) females. However, when these animals were crossed with wild-type (DUSP9(+/y)) males none of the progeny carried the targeted DUSP9 allele, indicating that both female heterozygous and male null (DUSP9(-/y)) animals die in utero. The DUSP9 gene is on the X chromosome, and this pattern of embryonic lethality is consistent with the selective inactivation of the paternal X chromosome in the extraembryonic tissues of the mouse, suggesting that DUSP9/MKP4 performs an essential function during placental development. Examination of embryos between 8 and 10.5 days postcoitum confirmed that lethality was due to a failure of labyrinth development, and this correlates exactly with the normal expression pattern of DUSP9/MKP-4 in the trophoblast giant cells and labyrinth of the placenta. Finally, when the placental defect was rescued, male null (DUSP9(-/y)) embryos developed to term, appeared normal, and were fertile. Our results indicate that DUSP9/MKP-4 is essential for placental organogenesis but is otherwise dispensable for mammalian embryonic development and highlights the critical role of dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases in the regulation of developmental outcomes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Christie
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Smith TG, Sweetman D, Patterson M, Keyse SM, Münsterberg A. Feedback interactions between MKP3 and ERK MAP kinase control scleraxis expression and the specification of rib progenitors in the developing chick somite. Development 2005; 132:1305-14. [PMID: 15716340 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cells in the early vertebrate somite receive cues from surrounding tissues,which are important for their specification. A number of signalling pathways involved in somite patterning have been described extensively. By contrast,the interactions between cells from different regions within the somite are less well characterised. Here, we demonstrate that myotomally derived FGFs act through the MAPK signal transduction cascade and in particular, ERK1/2 to activate scleraxis expression in a population of mesenchymal progenitor cells in the dorsal sclerotome. We show that the levels of active,phosphorylated ERK protein in the developing somite are crucial for the expression of scleraxis and Mkp3. MKP3 is a dual specificity phosphatase and a specific antagonist of ERK MAP kinases and we demonstrate that in somites Mkp3 transcription depends on the presence of active ERK. Therefore, MKP3 and ERK MAP kinase constitute a negative feedback loop activated by FGF in sclerotomal progenitor cells. We propose that tight control of ERK signalling strength by MKP3 is important for the appropriate regulation of downstream cellular responses including the activation of scleraxis. We show that increased or decreased levels of phosphorylated ERK result in the loss of scleraxis transcripts and the loss of distal rib development, highlighting the importance of the MKP3-ERK-MAP kinase mediated feedback loop for cell specification and differentiation.
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Mandl M, Slack DN, Keyse SM. Specific inactivation and nuclear anchoring of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 by the inducible dual-specificity protein phosphatase DUSP5. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:1830-45. [PMID: 15713638 PMCID: PMC549372 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.5.1830-1845.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Revised: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms which determine the nuclear accumulation and inactivation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) or ERK2 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that DUSP5, an inducible nuclear phosphatase, interacts specifically with ERK2 via a kinase interaction motif (KIM) within its amino-terminal noncatalytic domain. This binding determines the substrate specificity of DUSP5 in vivo, as it inactivates ERK2 but not Jun N-terminal protein kinase or p38 MAP kinase. Using green fluorescent protein fusions, we identify within this same domain of DUSP5 a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) which functions independently of the KIM. Moreover, we demonstrate that the expression of DUSP5 causes both nuclear translocation and sequestration of inactive ERK2. Nuclear anchoring is ERK2 specific and requires both interactions between the DUSP5 KIM and the common docking site of ERK2 and a functional NLS within DUSP5. Finally, the expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of DUSP5 also tethers ERK2 within the nucleus. Furthermore, this nuclear ERK2 is phosphorylated by MAP kinase kinase in response to growth factors and also activates transcription factor Elk-1. We conclude that DUSP5 is an inducible nuclear ERK-specific MAP kinase phosphatase that functions as both an inactivator of and a nuclear anchor for ERK2 in mammalian cells. In addition, our data indicate that the cytoplasm may not be an exclusive site of MAP kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Mandl
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Seternes OM, Mikalsen T, Johansen B, Michaelsen E, Armstrong CG, Morrice NA, Turgeon B, Meloche S, Moens U, Keyse SM. Activation of MK5/PRAK by the atypical MAP kinase ERK3 defines a novel signal transduction pathway. EMBO J 2005. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Seternes OM, Mikalsen T, Johansen B, Michaelsen E, Armstrong CG, Morrice NA, Turgeon B, Meloche S, Moens U, Keyse SM. Activation of MK5/PRAK by the atypical MAP kinase ERK3 defines a novel signal transduction pathway. EMBO J 2004; 23:4780-91. [PMID: 15577943 PMCID: PMC535098 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) is an atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is regulated by protein stability. However, its function is unknown and no physiological substrates for ERK3 have yet been identified. Here we demonstrate a specific interaction between ERK3 and MAPK-activated protein kinase-5 (MK5). Binding results in nuclear exclusion of both ERK3 and MK5 and is accompanied by ERK3-dependent phosphorylation and activation of MK5 in vitro and in vivo. Endogenous MK5 activity is significantly reduced by siRNA-mediated knockdown of ERK3 and also in fibroblasts derived from ERK3-/- mice. Furthermore, increased levels of ERK3 protein detected during nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells are accompanied by an increase in MK5 activity. Conversely, MK5 depletion causes a dramatic reduction in endogenous ERK3 levels. Our data identify the first physiological protein substrate for ERK3 and suggest a functional link between these kinases in which MK5 is a downstream target of ERK3, while MK5 acts as a chaperone for ERK3. Our findings provide valuable tools to further dissect the regulation and biological roles of both ERK3 and MK5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Morten Seternes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. Tel.: +47 77 64 65 06; Fax: +47 77 64 53 10; E-mail:
| | - Theresa Mikalsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjarne Johansen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Espen Michaelsen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Chris G Armstrong
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nick A Morrice
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Benjamin Turgeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institut de Recherche en Immunovirologie et Cancerologie, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institut de Recherche en Immunovirologie et Cancerologie, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stephen M Keyse
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK. Tel.: +44 1382 632 622; Fax: +44 1382 669 993; E-mail:
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Karlsson M, Mathers J, Dickinson RJ, Mandl M, Keyse SM. Both nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of the dual specificity phosphatase MKP-3 and its ability to anchor MAP kinase in the cytoplasm are mediated by a conserved nuclear export signal. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:41882-91. [PMID: 15269220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406720200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP)-3 is a cytoplasmic dual specificity protein phosphatase that specifically binds to and inactivates the ERK1/2 MAP kinases in mammalian cells. However, the molecular basis of the cytoplasmic localization of MKP-3 or its physiological significance is unknown. We have used MKP-3-green fluorescent protein fusions in conjunction with leptomycin B to show that the cytoplasmic localization of MKP-3 is mediated by a chromosome region maintenance-1 (CRM1)-dependent nuclear export pathway. Furthermore, the nuclear translocation of MKP-3 seen in the presence of leptomycin B is mediated by an active process, indicating that MKP-3 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The amino-terminal noncatalytic domain of MKP-3 is both necessary and sufficient for nuclear export of the phosphatase and contains a single functional leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES). Even though this domain of the protein also mediates the binding of MKP-3 to MAP kinase, we show that mutations of the kinase interaction motif which abrogate ERK2 binding do not affect MKP-3 localization. Conversely, mutation of the NES does not affect either the binding or phosphatase activity of MKP-3 toward ERK2, indicating that the kinase interaction motif and NES function independently. Finally, we demonstrate that the ability of MKP-3 to cause the cytoplasmic retention of ERK2 requires both a functional kinase interaction motif and NES. We conclude that in addition to its established function in the regulated dephosphorylation and inactivation of MAP kinase, MKP-3 may also play a role in determining the subcellular localization of its substrate. Our results reinforce the idea that regulatory proteins such as MKP-3 may play a key role in the spatio-temporal regulation of MAP kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karlsson
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Eblaghie MC, Lunn JS, Dickinson RJ, Münsterberg AE, Sanz-Ezquerro JJ, Farrell ER, Mathers J, Keyse SM, Storey K, Tickle C. Negative feedback regulation of FGF signaling levels by Pyst1/MKP3 in chick embryos. Curr Biol 2003; 13:1009-18. [PMID: 12814546 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of endogenous antagonists in intracellular signal transduction pathways is becoming increasingly recognized. There is evidence in cultured mammalian cells that Pyst1/MKP3, a dual specificity protein phosphatase, specifically binds to and inactivates ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). High-level Pyst1/Mkp3 expression has recently been found at many sites of known FGF signaling in mouse embryos, but the significance of this association and its function are not known. RESULTS We have cloned chicken Pyst1/Mkp3 and show that high-level expression in neural plate correlates with active MAPK. We show that FGF signaling regulates Pyst1 expression in developing neural plate and limb bud by ablating and/or transplanting tissue sources of FGFs and by applying FGF protein or a specific FGFR inhibitor (SU5402). We further show by applying a specific MAP kinase kinase inhibitor (PD184352) that Pyst1 expression is regulated via the MAPK cascade. Overexpression of Pyst1 in chick embryos reduces levels of activated MAPK in neural plate and alters its morphology and retards limb bud outgrowth. CONCLUSIONS Pyst1 is an inducible antagonist of FGF signaling in embryos and acts in a negative feedback loop to regulate the activity of MAPK. Our results demonstrate both the importance of MAPK signaling in neural induction and limb bud outgrowth and the critical role played by dual specificity MAP kinase phosphatases in regulating developmental outcomes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell C Eblaghie
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Keyse
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Ninewells Hospital,Dundee, UK
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Seternes OM, Johansen B, Hegge B, Johannessen M, Keyse SM, Moens U. Both binding and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) play essential roles in regulation of the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 by cellular stress. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:6931-45. [PMID: 12242275 PMCID: PMC139805 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.20.6931-6945.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2002] [Revised: 05/29/2002] [Accepted: 07/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important mediator of cellular responses to environmental stress. Targets of p38 include transcription factors, components of the translational machinery, and downstream serine/threonine kinases, including MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5). Here we have used enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion proteins to analyze the subcellular localization of MK5. Although this protein is predominantly nuclear in unstimulated cells, MK5 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we have shown that the C-terminal domain of MK5 contains both a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES), indicating that the subcellular distribution of this kinase reflects the relative activities of these two signals. In support of this, we have shown that stress-induced activation of the p38 MAPK stimulates the chromosomal region maintenance 1 protein-dependent nuclear export of MK5. This is regulated by both binding of p38 MAPK to MK5, which masks the functional NLS, and stress-induced phosphorylation of MK5 by p38 MAPK, which either activates or unmasks the NES. These properties may define the ability of MK5 to differentially phosphorylate both nuclear and cytoplasmic targets or alternatively reflect a mechanism whereby signals initiated by activation of MK5 in the nucleus may be transmitted to the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Morten Seternes
- Department of Biochemistry. Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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36
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Collister M, Didmon MP, MacIsaac F, Stark MJ, MacDonald NQ, Keyse SM. YIL113w encodes a functional dual-specificity protein phosphatase which specifically interacts with and inactivates the Slt2/Mpk1p MAP kinase in S. cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2002; 527:186-92. [PMID: 12220658 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We show here that the YIL113w gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a functional protein phosphatase. Yil113p shows no activity in vitro towards either phosphorylated casein or myelin basic protein. However, Yil113p dephosphorylates activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 MAP kinase indicating that it is a dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatase. In support of this we find that Yil113p specifically interacts with the stress-activated Slt2/Mpk1p MAP kinase of S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, expression of Yil113p causes the dephosphorylation of Slt2/Mpk1p in vivo, while expression of an inactive mutant of Yil113p causes the accumulation of phosphorylated Slt2/Mpk1p. We conclude that the physiological target of YIL113p is Slt2/Mpk1p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Collister
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital, DD1 9SY, Dundee, UK
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37
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Dickinson RJ, Williams DJ, Slack DN, Williamson J, Seternes OM, Keyse SM. Characterization of a murine gene encoding a developmentally regulated cytoplasmic dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase. Biochem J 2002; 364:145-55. [PMID: 11988087 PMCID: PMC1222556 DOI: 10.1042/bj3640145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a vital role in cellular growth control, but far less is known about these signalling pathways in the context of embryonic development. Duration and magnitude of MAPK activation are crucial factors in cell fate decisions, and reflect a balance between the activities of upstream activators and specific MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the murine Pyst3 gene, which encodes a cytosolic dual-specificity MKP. This enzyme selectively interacts with, and is catalytically activated by, the 'classical' extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2 and, to a lesser extent, the stress-activated MAPK p38alpha. These properties define the ability of this enzyme to dephosphorylate and inactivate ERK1/2 and p38alpha, but not JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) in vivo. When expressed in mammalian cells, the Pyst3 protein is predominantly cytoplasmic. Furthermore, leptomycin B causes a complete redistribution of the protein to the nucleus, implicating a CRM (chromosomal region maintenance)1/exportin 1-dependent nuclear export signal in determining the subcellular localization of this enzyme. Finally, whole-mount in situ hybridization studies in mouse embryos reveal that the Pyst3 gene is expressed specifically in the placenta, developing liver and in migratory muscle cells. Our results suggest that this enzyme may have a critical role in regulating the activity of MAPK signalling during early development and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Dickinson
- Cancer Research UK, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, U.K
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Dickinson RJ, Eblaghie MC, Keyse SM, Morriss-Kay GM. Expression of the ERK-specific MAP kinase phosphatase PYST1/MKP3 in mouse embryos during morphogenesis and early organogenesis. Mech Dev 2002; 113:193-6. [PMID: 11960712 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated-protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascades are effector mechanisms for many growth factor signals implicated in developmental processes, including appendage outgrowth and organogenesis. The cascade culminates in extracellular-signal-regulated MAP kinase (ERK), which enters the nucleus. ERK activity reflects the competing actions of upstream activator kinases and inhibitory MAP kinase phosphatases. We have studied embryonic expression of the dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatase PYST1/MKP3, which is a specific and potent regulator of the ERK class of MAP kinases. We found dynamic patterns of mPyst1 messenger RNA in important signalling centres associated with cell proliferation and patterning in developing mouse embryos, including presegmental paraxial mesoderm, limb bud and branchial arch mesenchyme, midbrain/hindbrain isthmus, and nasal, dental, hair, and mammary placodes. Most of these have been characterised as sites of FGF/FGFR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Dickinson
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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Li J, Gorospe M, Hutter D, Barnes J, Keyse SM, Liu Y. Transcriptional induction of MKP-1 in response to stress is associated with histone H3 phosphorylation-acetylation. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:8213-24. [PMID: 11689710 PMCID: PMC99986 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.23.8213-8224.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) has been shown to play a critical role in mediating the feedback control of MAP kinase cascades in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation and stress responsiveness. Although MKP-1 expression is induced by a broad array of extracellular stimuli, the mechanisms mediating its induction remain poorly understood. Here we show that MKP-1 mRNA was potently induced by arsenite and ultraviolet light and modestly increased by heat shock and hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, arsenite also dramatically induces phosphorylation-acetylation of histone H3 at a global level which precedes the induction of MKP-1 mRNA. The transcriptional induction of MKP-1, histone H3 modification, and elevation in MKP-1 mRNA in response to arsenite are all partially prevented by the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580, suggesting that the p38 pathway is involved in these processes. Finally, analysis of the DNA brought down by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) reveals that arsenite induces phosphorylation-acetylation of histone H3 associated with the MKP-1 gene and enhances binding of RNA polymerase II to MKP-1 chromatin. ChIP assays following exposure to other stress agents reveal various degrees of histone H3 modification at the MKP-1 chromatin. The differential contribution of p38 and ERK MAP kinases in mediating MKP-1 induction by different stress agents further illustrates the complexity and versatility of stress-induced MKP-1 expression. Our results strongly suggest that chromatin remodeling after stress contributes to the transcriptional induction of MKP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Glading A, Uberall F, Keyse SM, Lauffenburger DA, Wells A. Membrane proximal ERK signaling is required for M-calpain activation downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:23341-8. [PMID: 11319218 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008847200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Localization of signaling is critical in directing cellular outcomes, especially in pleiotropic signaling pathways. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/microtubule-associated protein kinase, which promotes cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation is found in the nucleus and throughout the cytoplasm. Recently, it has been shown that nuclear translocation of ERK is required for transcriptional changes and cell proliferation. However, the cellular consequences, of cytoplasmic signaling have not been defined. We explored whether cytoplasmic, specifically membrane-proximal, ERK signaling is involved in growth factor-induced cell motility. We previously have demonstrated that increased M-calpain activity downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated ERK activation is necessary for epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced motility. Calpain isoforms also have been found in nuclear, cytosolic, and plasma membrane-associated compartments in a variety of cell types. We now employ cell engineering approaches to control localization of the upstream EGFR and ERK activities to examine the spatial effect of upstream signal locale on downstream calpain activity. With differential ligand-induced internalization and trafficking-restricted receptor variants, we find that calpain activity is triggered only by plasma membrane-restricted activated EGFR, not by internalized (although still active) EGFR. Cells transfected with membrane-targeted ERK1 and ERK2, which sequester endogenous ERKs, exhibited normal EGF-induced calpain activity. Transfection of an inactive ERK phosphatase (MKP-3/Pyst1) that sequesters ERK in the cytoplasm prevented calpain activation as well as de-adhesion. These data strongly suggest that EGF-induced calpain activity can be enhanced near sites of membrane-proximal EGFR-mediated ERK signaling, providing insights about how calpain activity might be regulated and targeted to enhance its effects on adhesion-related substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Glading
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Slack DN, Seternes OM, Gabrielsen M, Keyse SM. Distinct binding determinants for ERK2/p38alpha and JNK map kinases mediate catalytic activation and substrate selectivity of map kinase phosphatase-1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:16491-500. [PMID: 11278799 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010966200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1/CL100) is an inducible nuclear dual specificity protein phosphatase that can dephosphorylate and inactivate both mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the substrate selectivity of MKP-1 is unknown. In addition, it has been suggested that the signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) transcription factor is a physiological non-MAP kinase substrate for MKP-1. We have used the yeast two-hybrid assay to demonstrate that MKP-1 is able to interact selectively with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38alpha, and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) MAP kinase isoforms. Furthermore, this binding is accompanied by catalytic activation of recombinant MKP-1 protein in vitro, and these end points show an absolute correlation with MKP-1 substrate selectivity in vivo. In contrast, MKP-1 does not interact with STAT1. Recombinant STAT1 does not cause catalytic activation of MKP-1; nor does MKP-1 block tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 in vivo. Both binding and catalytic activation of MKP-1 are abrogated by mutation of a conserved docking site in ERK2, p38alpha, and JNK1 MAP kinases. Within MKP-1, MAP kinase binding is mediated by the amino-terminal noncatalytic domain of the protein. However, mutation of a conserved cluster of positively charged residues within this domain abolishes the binding and activation of MKP-1 by ERK2 and p38alpha but not JNK1, indicating that there are distinct binding determinants for these MAP kinase isoforms. We conclude that the substrate selectivity of MKP-1 is determined by specific protein-protein interactions coupled with catalytic activation of the phosphatase and that these interactions are restricted to members of the MAP kinase family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Slack
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
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42
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Abstract
Treatment of cells with cisplatin induces a sustained activation of the stress activated protein kinase SAPK/JNK and the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Activation of JNK by cisplatin is necessary for the induction of apoptosis. Expression of the MAPK phosphatases CL100/MKP-1 and hVH-5 selectively prevents JNK/SAPK activation by cisplatin in a dose dependent fashion and results in protection against cisplatin-induced apoptosis. In contrast, expression of the ERK-specific phosphatase Pyst1 inhibits JNK/SAPK activity only when expressed at very high levels and does not confer protection against cisplatin. Furthermore, expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of CL100 in 293 cells decreases the IC50 for cisplatin and increases the toxicity of transplatin. This effect seems to be mediated by an increase in JNK activity since p38 activity is unaffected. These results suggest that dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases may be candidate drug targets in order to optimize cisplatin based therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas C.S.I.C.-UAM, C/Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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43
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Keyse SM. The regulation of mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase signalling in mammalian cells. Toxicology 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)80002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) is negatively regulating mitogen-activated protein kinases and is therefore involved in early signaling processes. The expression of the mkp-1 gene is induced by growth factors and stress. The promoters of the human and murine mkp-1 genes contain several conserved DNA binding elements, including two cAMP response elements and an E box. We observed that the upstream stimulatory factor (USF), but not c-Myc, activated mkp-1. USF synergized with protein kinase A, thus providing evidence for a role of the E box, during signal-regulated stimulation of mkp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sommer
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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45
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Abstract
The magnitude and duration of signalling through mitogen- and stress-activated kinases are critical determinants of biological effect. This reflects a balance between the activities of upstream activators and a complex regulatory network of protein phosphatases. These mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases include both dual-specificity (threonine/tyrosine) and tyrosine-specific enzymes, and recent evidence suggests that a single mitogen-activated protein kinase isoform may be acted upon by both classes of protein phosphatase. In both cases, substrate selectivity is determined by specific protein-protein interactions mediated through noncatalytic amino-terminal mitogen-activated protein kinase binding domains. Future challenges include the determination of exactly how this network of protein phosphatases interacts selectively with mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling complexes to achieve precise regulation of these key pathways in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Keyse
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Biomedical Research Centre, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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46
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Abstract
It is now established that a family of dual-specificity protein phosphatases are able to interact with mitogen and stress-activated protein kinases in a highly specific manner to differentially regulate these enzymes in mammalian cells. A role for these proteins in negative feedback regulation of MAP kinase activity is also supported by genetic and biochemical studies in yeasts and Drosophila. More recently it has become clear that other classes of protein phosphatase also play key roles in the regulated dephosphorylation of MAP kinases, including tyrosine-specific protein phosphatases and serine/threonine protein phosphatases. It is likely that a complex balance between upstream activators and these different classes of MAP kinase specific phosphatase are responsible for determining, at least in part, the magnitude and duration of MAP kinase activation and hence the physiological outcome of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Keyse
- ICRF Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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47
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Stewart AE, Dowd S, Keyse SM, McDonald NQ. Crystal structure of the MAPK phosphatase Pyst1 catalytic domain and implications for regulated activation. Nat Struct Biol 1999; 6:174-81. [PMID: 10048930 DOI: 10.1038/5861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the catalytic domain from the MAPK phosphatase Pyst1 (Pyst1-CD) has been determined at 2.35 A. The structure adopts a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) fold with a shallow active site that displays a distorted geometry in the absence of its substrate with some similarity to the dual-specificity phosphatase cdc25. Functional characterization of Pyst1-CD indicates it is sufficient to dephosphorylate activated ERK2 in vitro. Kinetic analysis of Pyst1 and Pyst1-CD using the substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) reveals that both molecules undergo catalytic activation in the presence of recombinant inactive ERK2, switching from a low- to high-activity form. Mutation of Asp 262, located 5.5 A distal to the active site, demonstrates it is essential for catalysis in the high-activity ERK2-dependent conformation of Pyst1 but not for the low-activity ERK2-independent form, suggesting that ERK2 induces closure of the Asp 262 loop over the active site, thereby enhancing Pyst1 catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Stewart
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
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48
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Dowd S, Sneddon AA, Keyse SM. Isolation of the human genes encoding the pyst1 and Pyst2 phosphatases: characterisation of Pyst2 as a cytosolic dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatase and its catalytic activation by both MAP and SAP kinases. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 22):3389-99. [PMID: 9788880 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.22.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated the human genes encoding the Pyst1 (MKP-3) and Pyst2 (MKP-X) MAP kinase phosphatases. Both genes consist of three exons interrupted by two introns and lack an intron which is conserved in all the other members of this gene family characterised to date. This reinforces the conclusion that Pyst1 and Pyst2 are members of a distinct and structurally homologous subfamily of dual-specificity (Thr/Tyr) MAP kinase phosphatases. We find that Pyst2 mRNA is constitutively expressed in a wide variety of human cell lines including those derived from ovarian, bladder and breast cancers. While there is no evidence for inducible expression of Pyst2 mRNA in human skin fibroblasts in response to cellular stress, Pyst2 mRNA levels are moderately increased in response to serum stimulation. Pyst2 protein is predominantly cytosolic when expressed in COS-1 cells. In common with Pyst1, Pyst2 shows substrate selectivity for the classical p42 (ERK2) isoform of MAP kinase both in vitro and in vivo, displaying much reduced activity towards stress activated MAP kinase isoforms such as JNK-1 and p38/RK. Pyst2 binds p42 MAP kinase in vivo and both MAP kinase binding and substrate selectivity correlate with the ability of different recombinant MAP and SAP kinases to cause catalytic activation of the Pyst2 phosphatase in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dowd
- ICRF Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
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49
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Abstract
A family of dual specificity (Thr/Tyr) MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) have been identified in mammalian cells. These enzymes are implicated in negative feedback control of MAP kinase activity. This idea is supported by genetic and biochemical evidence which implicates homologous enzymes in the regulation of MAP kinases in yeasts and Drosophila. However, recent work in yeasts has shown that, in addition to these dual specificity MKPs, 'classical' tyrosine-specific phosphatases are also involved in the regulated dephosphorylation of MAP kinases. A picture is emerging in which a complex interplay between upstream activators and multiple protein phosphatases is responsible for the regulation of MAP kinase activity. The activities, substrate specificities and subcellular localisation of these protein phosphatases are likely to be key determinants of the biological outcome of signalling through different MAP kinase pathways in mammalian cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Keyse
- ICRF Molecular Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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50
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Groom LA, Sneddon AA, Alessi DR, Dowd S, Keyse SM. Differential regulation of the MAP, SAP and RK/p38 kinases by Pyst1, a novel cytosolic dual-specificity phosphatase. EMBO J 1996; 15:3621-32. [PMID: 8670865 PMCID: PMC451978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pyst1 and Pyst2 mRNAs encode closely related proteins, which are novel members of a family of dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases typified by CL100/MKP-1. Pyst1 is expressed constitutively in human skin fibroblasts and, in contrast to other members of this family of enzymes, its mRNA is not inducible by either stress or mitogens. Furthermore, unlike the nuclear CL100 protein, Pyst1 is localized in the cytoplasm of transfected Cos-1 cells. Like CL100/ MKP-1, Pyst1 dephosphorylates and inactivates MAP kinase in vitro and in vivo. In addition, Pyst1 is able to form a physical complex with endogenous MAP kinase in Cos-1 cells. However, unlike CL100, Pyst1 displays very low activity towards the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) or RK/p38 in vitro, indicating that these kinases are not physiological substrates for Pyst1. This specificity is underlined by the inability of Pyst1 to block either the stress-mediated activation of the JNK-1 SAP kinase or RK/p38 in vivo, or to inhibit nuclear signalling events mediated by the SAP kinases in response to UV radiation. Our results provide the first evidence that the members of the MAP kinase family of enzymes are differentially regulated by dual-specificity phosphatases and also indicate that the MAP kinases may be regulated by different members of this family of enzymes depending on their subcellular location.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Groom
- ICRF Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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