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Taenzer J, Gehling M, Klevenhusen F, Saltzmann J, Dänicke S, These A. Rumen Metabolism of Senecio Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids May Explain Why Cattle Tolerate Higher Doses Than Monogastric Species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10111-10120. [PMID: 35948427 PMCID: PMC9413219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rumen metabolism of Senecio pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxide forms was studied by mass spectrometry in in vitro batch culture incubates and confirmed in in vivo samples. Most N-oxides were found to undergo rapid conversion to their corresponding free bases, followed by biotransformation to metabolites hydrogenated at both the necine base and the necic acid moiety. Therefore, rumen metabolism can be considered a detoxification step, as saturated necine base structures are known as the platyphylline type, which is regarded as less or nontoxic. Individual Senecio PAs, such as jacoline, are metabolized slowly during rumen fermentation. PAs that showed limited biotransformation in the rumen in this study also showed limited transformation and CYP-mediated bioactivation in the liver in other studies. This could not only explain why PAs that are comparatively metabolically stable can pass into milk but also suggest that such PAs might be considered compounds of lesser concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Taenzer
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehling
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute
of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research
Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute
of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research
Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anja These
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Walker JW, Kronberg SL. Nature, nurture, and vegetation management: Studies with sheep and goats. Animal 2021; 16:100434. [PMID: 34954550 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet selection and preference by grazing animals are determined by genetic and environmental factors (i.e., nature and nurture) that interact and affect their efficacy for managing vegetation as targeted grazers. The effect of rearing environment on the consumption of leafy spurge by sheep and goats was investigated. We hypothesized that although rearing environment will affect the preference for chemically defended plants ultimately, the inherent ability to detoxify or eliminate phytotoxins will limit an animal's preference for them. The objective of this study was to determine if sheep would consume more of the invasive weed leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) if they were raised by goat compared to sheep raised by sheep and goat raised by goat. Sheep were raised on leafy spurge-infested pastures by either their ewe (S) or a goat doe (FS) on which they were fostered within 24 hours of birth and parturition of lamb and doe, respectively. Does that fostered lambs also raised their own goat offspring (G) such that the same doe raised the FS and G animals. The rearing environment's effect on leafy spurge consumption was tested the following growing season by simultaneously grazing all animals on the same leafy spurge-infested rangeland and estimating percentage leafy spurge in their diet with either fecal near-infrared spectroscopy (f.NIR) or bite count. Goats consumed more leafy spurge as determined by either f.NIR (62.8%, P < 0.06) or bite count (71.9%, P < 0.01) than FS (35.2 % f.NIR, 39.3% bite count) or S (10.1 % f.NIR, 18.2% bite count). The FS consumed over twice as much leafy spurge as S and were numerically intermediate to G and S for leafy spurge consumption but not significantly different from the S sheep, most likely because one FS sheep did not eat leafy spurge during the evaluation period. Because leafy spurge is aversive to sheep but not goats, higher leafy spurge consumption by FS sheep is hypothesized to result from inoculation of their rumen microbes with microbes from the does capable of denaturing aversive phytotoxins in leafy spurge. The higher consumption of leafy spurge by G compared to FS shows that genetically determined physiological differences influence an animal's ability to ameliorate phytotoxins and determine the upper limit of an animal's preference for a chemically defended plant. It also indicated that in addition to the animal's genome, the genome of an animal's microbiome, which the mother may influence, can play an important role in diet selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Walker
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA.
| | - Scott L Kronberg
- USDA ARS, Northern Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554, USA
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Fashe MM, Juvonen RO, Petsalo A, Räsänen J, Pasanen M. Species-Specific Differences in the in Vitro Metabolism of Lasiocarpine. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2034-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh M. Fashe
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Risto O. Juvonen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aleksanteri Petsalo
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Räsänen
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Pasanen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Rankin GO, Sweeney A, Racine C, Ferguson T, Preston D, Anestis DK. 4-Amino-2-chlorophenol: Comparative in vitro nephrotoxicity and mechanisms of bioactivation. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 222:126-32. [PMID: 25446496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlorinated anilines are nephrotoxicants both in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism of chloroaniline nephrotoxicity may occur via more than one mechanism, but aminochlorophenol metabolites appear to contribute to the adverse in vivo effects. The purpose of this study was to compare the nephrotoxic potential of 4-aminophenol (4-AP), 4-amino-2-chlorophenol (4-A2CP), 4-amino-3-chlorophenol (4-A3CP) and 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol (4-A2,6DCP) using isolated renal cortical cells (IRCC) from male Fischer 344 rats as the model and to explore renal bioactivation mechanisms for 4-A2CP. For these studies, IRCC (∼4×10(6)cells/ml) were incubated with an aminophenol (0.5 or 1.0mM) or vehicle for 60min at 37°C with shaking. In some experiments, cells were pretreated with an antioxidant or cytochrome P450 (CYP), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), peroxidase or cyclooxygenase inhibitor prior to 4-A2CP (1.0mM). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release served as a measure of cytotoxicity. The order of decreasing nephrotoxic potential in IRCC was 4-A2,6-DCP>4-A2CP>4-AP>4-A3CP. The cytotoxicity induced by 4-A2CP was reduced by pretreatment with the peroxidase inhibitor mercaptosuccinic acid, and some antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione, N-acetyl-l-cysteine) but not by others (α-tocopherol, DPPD). In addition, pretreatment with the iron chelator deferoxamine, several CYP inhibitors (except for the general CYP inhibitor piperonyl butoxide), FMO inhibitors or indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) failed to attenuate 4-A2CP cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that the number and ring position of chloro groups can influence the nephrotoxic potential of 4-aminochlorophenols. In addition, 4-A2CP may be bioactivated by cyclooxygenase and peroxidases, and free radicals appear to play a role in 4-A2CP cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary O Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States.
| | - Adam Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States
| | - Christopher Racine
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States
| | - Travis Ferguson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States
| | - Deborah Preston
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States
| | - Dianne K Anestis
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States
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Wang C, Li Y, Gao J, He Y, Xiong A, Yang L, Cheng X, Ma Y, Wang Z. The comparative pharmacokinetics of two pyrrolizidine alkaloids, senecionine and adonifoline, and their main metabolites in rats after intravenous and oral administration by UPLC/ESIMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:275-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Anjos BL, Nobre VM, Dantas AF, Medeiros RM, Oliveira Neto TS, Molyneux RJ, Riet-Correa F. Poisoning of sheep by seeds of Crotalaria retusa: Acquired resistance by continuous administration of low doses. Toxicon 2010; 55:28-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fletcher MT, McKenzie RA, Blaney BJ, Reichmann KG. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Crotalaria taxa from northern Australia: risk to grazing livestock. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:311-319. [PMID: 19061310 DOI: 10.1021/jf8026099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Crotalaria species containing hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids grow widely in pastures in northern Australia and have sporadically poisoned grazing livestock. The diverse Crotalaria taxa present in these pastures include varieties, subspecies, and chemotypes not previously chemically examined. This paper reports the pyrrolizidine alkaloid composition and content of 24 Crotalaria taxa from this region and assesses the risk of poisoning in livestock consuming them. Alkaloids present in C. goreensis , C. aridicola subsp. densifolia, and C. medicaginea var. neglecta lack the esterified 1,2-unsaturated functionality required for pyrrole adduct formation, and these taxa are not hepatotoxic. Taxa with high levels of hepatotoxic alkaloids, abundance, and biomass pose the greatest risk to livestock health, particularly C. novae-hollandiae subsp. novae-hollandiae, C. ramosissima , C. retusa var. retusa, and C. crispata . Other species containing moderate alkaloid levels, C. spectabilis and C. mitchellii , also pose significant risk when locally abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Fletcher
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries Queensland, Animal Research Institute, Moorooka, Queensland, Australia.
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Rankin GO, Racine C, Sweeney A, Kraynie A, Anestis DK, Barnett JB. In vitro nephrotoxicity induced by propanil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008; 23:435-442. [PMID: 18214888 PMCID: PMC4351968 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Propanil is a postemergence herbicide used primarily in rice and wheat production in the United States. The reported toxicities for propanil exposure include methemoglobinemia, immunotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. A major metabolite of propanil, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), has been shown to be a nephrotoxicant in vivo and in vitro, but the nephrotoxic potential of propanil has not been examined in detail. The purpose of this study was to determine the nephrotoxic potential of propanil using an in vitro kidney model, determine whether in vitro propanil nephrotoxicity is due to metabolites arising from propanil hydrolysis, and examine mechanistic aspects of propanil nephrotoxicity in vitro. Propanil, 3,4-DCA, propionic acid (0.1-5.0 mM), or vehicle was incubated for 15-120 min with isolated renal cortical cells (IRCC; approximately 4 million cells/mL) obtained from untreated male Fischer 344 rats. Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release from IRCC. In 120-min incubations, propanil induced cytotoxicity at concentrations >0.5 mM. At 1.0 mM, propanil induced cytotoxicity following 60- or 120-min exposure. Cytotoxicity was observed with 3,4-DCA (2.0 mM) at 60 and 120 min, while propionic acid (5.0 mM) induced cytotoxicity at 60 min. In IRCC pretreated with an antioxidant, cytochrome P450(CYP) inhibitor, flavin adenine dinucleotide monooxygenase activity modulator, or cyclooxygenase inhibitor before propanil exposure (1.0 mM; 120 min), only piperonyl butoxide (0.1 mM), a CYP inhibitor, pretreatment decreased propanil cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that propanil is an in vitro nephrotoxicant in IRCC. Propanil nephrotoxicity is not primarily due to metabolites resulting from hydrolysis of propanil, but a metabolite resulting from propanil oxidation may contribute to propanil cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary O Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, One John Marshall Drive, Huntington, West Virginia 25755, USA.
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Rankin GO, Hong SK, Anestis DK, Ball JG, Valentovic MA. Mechanistic aspects of 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol-induced in vitro nephrotoxicity. Toxicology 2007; 245:123-9. [PMID: 18243470 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol (ADCP) is a potent acute nephrotoxicant in vivo inducing prominent renal corticomedullary necrosis. In vitro, ADCP exposure increases lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from rat renal cortical slices at 0.05 mM or greater. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of antioxidants, cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin adenine dinucleotide monooxygenase (FMO) activity modulators, indomethacin, glutathione and inhibitors of glutathione conjugate metabolism to attenuate ADCP cytotoxicity in vitro. Renal cortical slices prepared from untreated male Fischer 344 rats (N=4/group) were preincubated at 37 degrees C under a 100% oxygen atmosphere with an inhibitor or vehicle for 5-30 min. ADCP (0.05-0.5mM) or vehicle was added and incubations continued for 120 min. At the end of the incubation period, LDH release was measured as an index of nephrotoxicity. ADCP cytotoxicity was partially attenuated by ascorbate (1.0 or 2.0mM), but not by N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD), alpha-tocopherol or deferoxamine. Inhibitors of CYP (metyrapone, piperonyl butoxide and isoniazid) and FMO activity modulators (methimazole, N-octylamine) had no effect on ADCP cytotoxicity. Indomethacin or glutathione 1.0mM completely and partially blocked ADCP 0.1 and 0.5mM cytotoxicity, respectively. N-acetylcysteine, AOAA (an inhibitor of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase) and probenecid (an organic anion transport inhibitor), but not AT-125 (an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transferase), partially attenuated ADCP 0.1mM cytotoxicity. Overall, these results suggest that reactive metabolites may be produced from ADCP primarily via a co-oxidation-mediated mechanism. The difference in the ability of ascorbate and glutathione to attenuate ADCP-induced cytotoxicity in vitro in kidney cells could indicate that alkylation via the reactive benzoquinoneimine metabolite might be responsible for cytotoxicity rather than a free radical-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary O Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Lodge-Ivey SL, Rappe MS, Johnston WH, Bohlken RE, Craig AM. Molecular analysis of a consortium of ruminal microbes that detoxify pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Can J Microbiol 2005; 51:455-65. [PMID: 16121223 DOI: 10.1139/w05-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of a consortium of bacteria, isolated from the rumen of sheep, that degrades pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) found in tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) were characterized. An enrichment of ruminal bacteria was isolated from a sample of ruminal fluid using standard anaerobic techniques. The PA degradative capacity of the enrichment was tested by spiking purified PA extract from tansy ragwort. Length heterogeneity analysis by PCR (LH-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to identify members of the consortium. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA gene revealed differing results based on the molecular method used. LH-PCR identified 7 different organisms in 3 groups while RFLP identified 6 organisms with differing banding patterns in 5 groups. After the phylogenetic analyses of both methods were combined, the combined isolates represented 6 groups. The majority of the members of this consortium are <97.0% homologous with known bacteria, indicating this consortium may contain novel organisms able to detoxify PAs found in tansy ragwort. Further understanding of the metabolic pathways used by this consortium to degrade PAs could lead to the use of the consortium as a probiotic therapy for livestock and horses afflicted with tansy ragwort toxicosis.Key words: pyrrolizidine alkaloids, ruminal bacteria, tansy ragwort, RFLP, LH-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Lodge-Ivey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallies, OR 97331, USA
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