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Rivas VN, Crofton AE, Jauregui CE, Wouters JR, Yang BS, Wittenburg LA, Kaplan JL, Hwee DT, Murphy AN, Morgan BP, Malik FI, Harris SP, Stern JA. Cardiac myosin inhibitor, CK-586, minimally reduces systolic function and ameliorates obstruction in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12038. [PMID: 38802475 PMCID: PMC11130313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains the most common cardiomyopathy in humans and cats with few preclinical pharmacologic interventional studies. Small-molecule sarcomere inhibitors are promising novel therapeutics for the management of obstructive HCM (oHCM) patients and have shown efficacy in left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) relief. The objective of this study was to explore the 6-, 24-, and 48-hour (h) pharmacodynamic effects of the cardiac myosin inhibitor, CK-586, in six purpose-bred cats with naturally occurring oHCM. A blinded, randomized, five-treatment group, crossover preclinical trial was conducted to assess the pharmacodynamic effects of CK-586 in this oHCM model. Dose assessments and select echocardiographic variables were assessed five times over a 48-h period. Treatment with oral CK-586 safely ameliorated LVOTO in oHCM cats. CK-586 treatment dose-dependently eliminated obstruction (reduced LVOTOmaxPG), increased measures of systolic chamber size (LVIDs Sx), and decreased select measures of heart function (LV FS% and LV EF%) in the absence of impact on heart rate. At all tested doses, a single oral CK-586 dose resulted in improved or resolved LVOTO with well-tolerated, dose-dependent, reductions in LV systolic function. The results from this study pave the way for the potential use of CK-586 in both the veterinary and human clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Rivas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amanda E Crofton
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carina E Jauregui
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jalena R Wouters
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Betty S Yang
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Luke A Wittenburg
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joanna L Kaplan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Darren T Hwee
- Research and Non-Clinical Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Research and Non-Clinical Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bradley P Morgan
- Research and Non-Clinical Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fady I Malik
- Research and Non-Clinical Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Reynolds BS, Chetboul V, Elliott J, Laxalde J, Nguyen P, Testault I, Dorso L, Abadie J, Lefebvre HP, Biourge V. Long-term safety of dietary salt: A 5-year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study). J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:285-299. [PMID: 38084870 PMCID: PMC10800216 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk. OBJECTIVE Prospectively evaluate the safety of chronic high dietary salt intake (randomized controlled trial). ANIMALS Twenty research colony neutered, healthy aged cats (11.5 years [10.0-11.6], median [interquartile range]). METHODS Healthy cats were randomized to control or high-salt dry diets (sodium: 1.02 ± 0.16 [mean, SD] and 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal metabolizable energy [ME], respectively; chloride: 2.26 ± 0.33 and 5.71 ± 0.28 g/Mcal ME, respectively), fed for up to 60 months. Assessments included CBC, plasma biochemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, renal and cardiac (conventional Doppler and 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler) imaging, annually. Cats that died or were euthanized underwent necropsy. Diet effects over time were evaluated with linear mixed models. RESULTS Follow-up duration (median [Interquartile range]) was similar between the control (38.7 months [28.6-48.2]) and high-salt group (51.4 months [45.7-59.0]). Diet had no significant effect on changes in GFR, blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, LV internal diameters, LV systolic function, left atrial size, or systolic and diastolic Doppler variables. One control cat developed hypertension. One high-salt group cat developed persistent azotemia. Serial plasma biochemistry and urine specific gravity suggested early chronic kidney disease in 4 nonazotemic cats (2 per group), consistent with necropsy findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In healthy aged cats, a commercial veterinary diet containing 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal ME sodium was safe with regard to renal and cardiac function for up to 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Chetboul
- Unité de cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), CHUVAEcole Nationale Vétérinare d'AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
- Université Paris‐Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRBCréteilFrance
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Patrick Nguyen
- Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, LUNAM UniversitéOnirisNantesFrance
| | | | - Laëticia Dorso
- Centre hospitalier Univesitaire VétérinaireOnirisNantesFrance
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Marangoni S, Ubiali M, Ambrosini F, Jahnel L, Vilani JM, Steagall PV, Vilani RGDDC. Effects of different rates of propofol with or without S-ketamine on ventricular function in healthy cats - a randomized study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1272949. [PMID: 38152595 PMCID: PMC10752607 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1272949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Propofol is used for anesthetic induction in cats and procedural sedation in countries where alfaxalone is not available. Studies have reported propofol-related effects in echocardiography variables in dogs and humans. However, there is a lack of echocardiography studies investigating propofol-related effects on cats. This study aimed to use echocardiography to investigate echocardiographic changes in three protocols using propofol: propofol-slow (2 mg/kg/min, PS); propofol-fast (8 mg/kg/min, PF); propofol-ketamine (S-ketamine 2 mg/kg bolus followed by propofol 2 mg/kg/min; PK) in healthy premedicated (gabapentin-buprenorphine-acepromazine; 200 mg/cat, 0.4, and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively), non-intubated cats. Echocardiographic measurements were obtained at three time points: baseline (before the administration of propofol), end of propofol titration (end-point, T0), and 15 min after T0 (T15). Propofol at a lower rate continued from T0 to T15. Echocardiographic and physiological variables included fractional shortening (FS%), ejection fraction (EF%), HR, BP, and others. Propofol requirements at T0 for PF, PS, and PK groups were 5.0 ± 0.9, 3.8 ± 0.7, and 2.4 ± 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. EF% neither change over time nor between groups. PF and PK showed a reduction in FS% at T0 (47 ± 6 to 34 ± 6 and 42 ± 6 to 36 ± 5, respectively). BP reduced significantly in PF and PS groups (136 ± 26 to 105 ± 13 and 137 ± 22 to 115 ± 15 mmHg, respectively). It is unclear whether changes in echocardiography variables were of clinical relevance related to treatment groups or a result of within-group individual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Marangoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Juvevê, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ubiali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Juvevê, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Francieli Ambrosini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Juvevê, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Larissa Jahnel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Juvevê, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Julia M. Vilani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Juvevê, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo V. Steagall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Companion Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Kurtz M, Fabrès V, Dumont R, Chetboul V, Chahory S, Saponaro V, Trehiou E, Poissonnier C, Passavin P, Jondeau C, Bott M, Buronfosse T, Benchekroun G. Prospective evaluation of a telmisartan suppression test as a diagnostic tool for primary hyperaldosteronism in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1348-1357. [PMID: 37246725 PMCID: PMC10365049 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study, telmisartan suppressed aldosterone secretion in healthy cats but not in cats with primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA). HYPOTHESES Telmisartan suppresses aldosterone secretion in middle-aged healthy cat and cats with diseases that may result in secondary hyperaldosteronism, but not in those with PHA. ANIMALS Thirty-eight cats: 5 with PHA; 16 with chronic kidney disease (CKD), subclassified as hypertensive (CKD-H) or non-hypertensive (CKD-NH); 9 with hyperthyroidism (HTH); 2 with idiopathic systemic arterial hypertension (ISH); and 6 healthy middle-aged cats. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional study. Serum aldosterone concentration, potassium concentration, and systolic blood pressure were measured before and 1 and 1.5 hours after PO administration of 2 mg/kg of telmisartan. The aldosterone variation rate (AVR) was calculated for each cat. RESULTS No significant difference in the minimum AVR was observed among groups (median [quartile 1 (Q1); quartile 3 (Q3)]: 25 [0; 30]; 5 [-27; -75]; 10 [-6; -95]; 53 [19; 86]; 29 [5; 78]) for PHA, CKD, HTH, ISH, and healthy cats, respectively (P = .05). Basal serum aldosterone concentration (pmol/L) was significantly higher in PHA cats (median [Q1; Q3]: 2914 [2789; 4600]) than in CKD-H cats (median [Q1; Q3]: 239 [189; 577], corrected P value = .003) and CKD-NH cats (median [Q1; Q3]: 353 [136; 1371], corrected P value = .004). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The oral telmisartan suppression test using a single dose of 2 mg/kg telmisartan did not discriminate cats with PHA from healthy middle-aged cats or cats with diseases that may result in secondary hyperaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Kurtz
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Service de Médecine Interne, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Virginie Fabrès
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Service de Médecine Interne, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Aquivet Clinique Veterinaire - Service de Médecine Interne, Eysines, France
| | - Renaud Dumont
- Centre Hospitalier Veterinaire Fregis, Arcueil, France
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabine Chahory
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité d'Ophtalmologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vittorio Saponaro
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Trehiou
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Camille Poissonnier
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peggy Passavin
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Coline Jondeau
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité d'Ophtalmologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Matthieu Bott
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Unité d'Ophtalmologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Ghita Benchekroun
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - CHUVA, Service de Médecine Interne, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort - University Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Stern JA, Rivas VN, Kaplan JL, Ueda Y, Oldach MS, Ontiveros ES, Kooiker KB, van Dijk SJ, Harris SP. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in purpose-bred cats with the A31P mutation in cardiac myosin binding protein-C. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10319. [PMID: 37365215 PMCID: PMC10293195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to establish a large animal model of inherited hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with sufficient disease severity and early penetrance for identification of novel therapeutic strategies. HCM is the most common inherited cardiac disorder affecting 1 in 250-500 people, yet few therapies for its treatment or prevention are available. A research colony of purpose-bred cats carrying the A31P mutation in MYBPC3 was founded using sperm from a single heterozygous male cat. Cardiac function in four generations was assessed by periodic echocardiography and measurement of blood biomarkers. Results showed that HCM penetrance was age-dependent, and that penetrance occurred earlier and was more severe in successive generations, especially in homozygotes. Homozygosity was also associated with progression from preclinical to clinical disease. A31P homozygous cats represent a heritable model of HCM with early disease penetrance and a severe phenotype necessary for interventional studies aimed at altering disease progression. The occurrence of a more severe phenotype in later generations of cats, and the occasional occurrence of HCM in wildtype cats suggests the presence of at least one gene modifier or a second causal variant in this research colony that exacerbates the HCM phenotype when inherited in combination with the A31P mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1038 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Victor N Rivas
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1038 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Joanna L Kaplan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1038 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Maureen S Oldach
- VCA Sacramento Veterinary Referral Center, 9801 Old Winery Place, Sacramento, CA, 95827, USA
| | - Eric S Ontiveros
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, 7910 Frost Street, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Kristina B Kooiker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98109, USA
| | - Sabine J van Dijk
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Samantha P Harris
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, 313 Medical Research Building, 1656 E Mabel St., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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6
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Bagardi M, Locatelli C, Brambilla PG, Ghilardi S, Rabbogliatti V, Amari M, Casiraghi S, Ravasio G, Galimberti L, Brioschi FA. Comparison of two multimodal intramuscular anaesthetic protocols in uncooperative feline patients: effects on sedation and echocardiographic measurements. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231153069. [PMID: 36820491 PMCID: PMC10812084 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231153069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare the sedative effect, feasibility of venous angiocatheter placement and influence on heart rate (HR), systemic blood pressure (SBP) and echocardiographic variables of two multimodal anaesthetic protocols in uncooperative cats; and to compare their influence on HR, SBP and echocardiographic variables 20 mins after sedation and after elective ovariectomy. METHODS Eighteen stray female cats randomly received intramuscular (IM) ketamine (2 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg) plus dexmedetomidine (7 µg/kg; group D, n = 9) or alfaxalone (2 mg/kg; group A, n = 9). A sedation score (0-15 [from none to good sedation]) was assigned at 5 mins, 10 mins, 15 mins and 20 mins after IM injection. Venous angiocatheter placement and echocardiographic examination feasibility scores (both from 0 to 3 [from very difficult to very easy]) were recorded at 20 mins. Echocardiography, HR and blood pressure measurements (Doppler and oscillometric methods) were performed at 20 mins and at the end of surgery. RESULTS Sedation and angiocatheter feasibility scores did not differ significantly between groups (P >0.05); the feasibility score of echocardiographic examination was higher in cats in group D (P = 0.01). HR was higher in group A at 20 mins and after surgery (P <0.05). The systolic arterial pressure obtained with the Doppler method was statistically significantly higher in cats in group D than in group A at 20 mins (P = 0.01), while postoperatively there were no differences between groups. Cats in group D showed significantly higher atrial diameters (P <0.05) and slower atrial flows (P = 0.04) compared with group A; ventricular thickness and atrial function did not differ between groups (P >0.05). Most echocardiographic variables were not different at 20 mins vs postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Both protocols allowed for effective sedation; however, cats in group D presented alterations in some echocardiographic measurements; the use of alfaxalone, combined with ketamine and methadone, is recommended to obtain a reliable echocardiographic evaluation in uncooperative cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Bagardi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola G Brambilla
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Ghilardi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Vanessa Rabbogliatti
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Martina Amari
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Casiraghi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Luigi Galimberti
- Health Protection Agency (ATS), Milan Metropolitan City, Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica A Brioschi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
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Effects of Aficamten on cardiac contractility in a feline translational model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:32. [PMID: 36593243 PMCID: PMC9807554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most prevalent inherited cardiac disease in humans and cats and lacks efficacious pharmacologic interventions in the preclinical phase of disease. LV outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) is commonly observed in HCM-affected patients and is a primary driver of heart failure symptoms and reduced quality of life. Novel small-molecule cardiac myosin inhibitors target actin-myosin interactions to alleviate overactive protein interactions. A prospective, randomized, controlled cross-over study was performed to evaluate pharmacodynamic effects of two doses (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) of a next-in-class cardiac myosin inhibitor, aficamten (CK-3773274, CK-274), on cardiac function in cats with the A31P MYBPC3 mutation and oHCM. Dose-dependent reductions in LV systolic function, LVOT pressure gradient, and isovolumetric relaxation times compared to baseline were observed. Promising beneficial effects of reduced systolic function warrant further studies of this next-in-class therapeutic to evaluate the benefit of long-term administration in this patient population.
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8
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Sharpe AN, Oldach MS, Kaplan JL, Rivas V, Kovacs SL, Hwee DT, Morgan BP, Malik FI, Harris SP, Stern JA. Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of Aficamten (CK-274) on cardiac contractility in a A31P MYBPC3 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cat model. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:52-61. [PMID: 36382714 PMCID: PMC10099566 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most prevalent cardiac disease in cats and lacks efficacious preclinical pharmacologic intervention, prompting investigation of novel therapies. Genetic mutations encoding sarcomeric proteins are implicated in the development of HCM and small molecule myosin inhibitors are an emerging class of therapeutics designed to target the interaction of actin and myosin to alleviate the detrimental effects of inappropriate contractile protein interactions. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacodynamic effects of a single oral dose of the novel cardiac myosin inhibitor aficamten (CK-274) on cardiac function in purpose bred cats with naturally occurring A31P MYBPC3 mutation and a clinical diagnosis of HCM with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). Five purpose bred cats were treated with aficamten (2 mg/kg) or vehicle and echocardiographic evaluations were performed at 0, 6, 24, and 48 h post-dosing. High dose aficamten (2 mg/kg) reduced left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS%) by increasing the LV systolic internal dimension (LVIDs) and reduced isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) compared with baseline without significant adverse effects. The marked reduction in systolic function and reduced IVRT coupled with an increased heart rate in treated cats, suggest a lower dose may be optimal. Further studies to determine optimal dosing of aficamten are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Sharpe
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maureen S Oldach
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joanna L Kaplan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Victor Rivas
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Samantha L Kovacs
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Darren T Hwee
- Research and Non-clinical Development, Cytokinetics, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bradley P Morgan
- Research and Non-clinical Development, Cytokinetics, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fady I Malik
- Research and Non-clinical Development, Cytokinetics, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samantha P Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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9
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Veronezi TM, Lopes DJ, Zardo IL, Ferronatto JVB, Trojan MM, Franck KR, de Azevedo AF, Spiering AG, Nunes LN, Fadel L, da Costa FVA. Evaluation of the effects of gabapentin on the physiologic and echocardiographic variables of healthy cats: a prospective, randomized and blinded study. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e498-e504. [PMID: 36383193 PMCID: PMC10812358 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221131270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate, using echocardiography, the effects of oral administration of a single dose of gabapentin on the physiologic variables (heart rate [HR], respiratory rate [RR] and systolic blood pressure [SBP]) and systolic and diastolic cardiac function of healthy cats. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized and blinded study with 40 healthy cats aged between 6 months and 2 years. The cats' health status was assessed on the first appointment (T1) when they underwent a physical examination, complete blood count, biochemical profile, assessment of physiologic variables and echocardiogram. The echocardiogram was used to measure the left ventricle's (LV) internal diameter during systole and diastole, isovolumic relaxation time, transmitral flow, E-wave deceleration time and HR. The cats were randomly divided into two groups: (1) a treatment group with 20 cats that received a single oral dose of gabapentin (100 mg/cat); and (2) a control group with 20 cats that received a single oral dose of placebo. All variables of the physiologic and echocardiographic variables were re-evaluated 1-3 weeks after T1 (T2), 90 mins after medication or placebo administration. RESULTS There was no difference in the physiologic variables evaluated in both groups. The proportion of cats in the treatment group that had their ventricular filling waves fused on T1 but did not have them fused on T2 was significantly higher (45%) compared with cats in the control group (15%; P = 0.0384). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE There was no difference between the groups in regard to SBP, HR, RR and echocardiographic variables. Gabapentin improved evaluation of diastolic function on echocardiogram because it reduced the fusion of ventricular filling waves during the evaluation of the diastolic function of the LV. Gabapentin did not cause adverse effects on the cardiovascular hemodynamics of young healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayná M Veronezi
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniela J Lopes
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Izadora L Zardo
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João VB Ferronatto
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Trojan
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kirian R Franck
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André F de Azevedo
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriana G Spiering
- Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana N Nunes
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leandro Fadel
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lutheran University of Brazil, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda VA da Costa
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Chetboul V, Foulex P, Kartout K, Klein AM, Sailleau C, Dumarest M, Delaplace M, Gouilh MA, Mortier J, Le Poder S. Myocarditis and Subclinical-Like Infection Associated With SARS-CoV-2 in Two Cats Living in the Same Household in France: A Case Report With Literature Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:748869. [PMID: 34746286 PMCID: PMC8566889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.748869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This report provides the first clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic, and biological description of SARS-CoV-2-associated myocarditis with a 6-month follow-up in a 5-year-old obese male domestic shorthair cat (Cat-1) presented for refractory congestive heart failure, with high cardiac troponin-I level (5.24 ng/ml), and a large lingual ulcer. The animal was SARS-CoV-2 positive on serology. The other cat living in the same household (Cat-2) never showed any clinical sign but was also confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive on serology. Both cats were SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative. Cat-1 had closer contact than Cat-2 with their owner, who had been in close contact with a coworker tested PCR positive for COVID-19 (Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant) 4 weeks before Cat-1's first episode of congestive heart failure. A focused point-of-care echocardiography at presentation revealed for Cat-1 numerous B-lines, pleural effusion, severe left atrial dilation and dysfunction, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype associated with focal pulmonary consolidations. Both myocarditis and pneumonia were suspected, leading to the prescription of cardiac medications and antibiotics. One month later, Cat-1 recovered, with normalization of left atrial size and function, and radiographic and echocardiography disappearance of heart failure signs and pulmonary lesions. An extensive literature review of SARS-CoV-2-related cardiac injury in pets in comparison with human pathology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France.,Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Pierre Foulex
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kahina Kartout
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Corinne Sailleau
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marine Dumarest
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Manon Delaplace
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 13 UNIROUEN, Caen, France
| | - Jeremy Mortier
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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11
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Oldach MS, Ueda Y, Ontiveros ES, Fousse SL, Visser LC, Stern JA. Acute pharmacodynamic effects of pimobendan in client-owned cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:89. [PMID: 33622315 PMCID: PMC7903657 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have suggested that pimobendan is associated with several positive effects in cats, including improved survival in cats with congestive heart failure and improved left atrial function in research colony cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and normal cats. However, there is still a paucity of pharmacodynamic data refuting or supporting the use of pimobendan in a clinical cat population. This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects and tolerability of a single dose of pimobendan in cats with HCM. Echocardiograms and Doppler-derived systolic blood pressures were performed in 21 client-owned cats with subclinical HCM at baseline and 90-min after oral administration of 1.25 mg of pimobendan (Vetmedin). Seven additional cats were evaluated post-placebo administration to account for intra-day variability. RESULTS Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and murmur grade were not significantly different between baseline and post-pimobendan evaluations. Left auricular blood flow velocity, left atrial size, and left ventricular fractional shortening were not significantly different between baseline and post-pimobendan evaluations. Mean (± standard deviation) tissue Doppler peak systolic velocity of the mitral annulus was significantly higher following pimobendan (7.4 cm/s ± 1.5 vs 8.5 ± 1.6; p = 0.02). Median (min, max) left-ventricular outflow tract maximum velocity was significantly higher following pimobendan [1.9 m/sec (1.5, 3.4) vs 2.6 m/sec (2.0, 4.0); p = 0.01]. Mean right-ventricular outflow tract maximum velocity was also significantly higher following pimobendan (1.5 m/s ± 0.51 vs 2.0 ± 0.53; p = 0.004). Mean left atrial fractional shortening was significantly higher following pimobendan (28% ± 6 vs 32% ± 7; p = 0.02). No adverse events were observed following pimobendan administration. Right ventricular outflow tract velocity was significantly higher following placebo in control cats (1.02 ± 0.21 versus 1.31 ± 0.31; p = 0.01). No other significant differences were detected. CONCLUSIONS In client-owned cats with HCM, pimobendan acutely increased left atrial function and mildly increased left ventricular systolic function. Left ventricular outflow tract velocity was increased after pimobendan. Pimobendan was well tolerated in the acute setting in cats with HCM. The findings of this prospective, acute-dosing study confirm previous findings in research animals and retrospective analyses and suggest that chronic dosing studies are safe and warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen S Oldach
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Eric S Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Samantha L Fousse
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lance C Visser
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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12
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TANAKA S, SHIBUYA H, SUZUKI S, KANNO N, HARADA Y, SATO A, SOETA S, HARA Y. Long-term administration of prednisolone: Effects on the myocardial tissue of healthy beagle dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:84-93. [PMID: 33268642 PMCID: PMC7870400 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the structural and functional effects of long-term hyperglucocorticoidemia on canine myocardium and compare these parameters with histopathological changes. Twelve healthy male beagle dogs were enrolled and assigned to the high-dose prednisolone (P; n=6) and control (C; n=6) groups. The P group was treated with 2 mg/kg of prednisolone BID for 84 days. Clinical parameters were measured using echocardiography and non-invasive systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured before the initiation of synthetic corticosteroids and at 7, 28, 56, and 84 days after the start of medication. For histological evaluation, cardiovascular tissue was harvested from dogs in groups P (at the end of the medication period) and C (scheduled to be euthanized for unrelated reasons). In the P group, clinical changes including thickening of the left ventricular free wall (LVFW) and interventricular septum (IVS), decreased left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, and increased SBP were observed after the start of medication. During histological evaluation, fibrosis was observed in the LVFW and IVS in the P group. Furthermore, decreased glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) levels were observed in the LVFW, right ventricular free wall (RVFW), and IVS and increased mineralocorticoid receptor (MCR) levels were observed in the LVFW and RVFW in the P group compared with those in the C group. In conclusion, fibrosis may cause LV structural and functional abnormalities in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Furthermore, GCR downregulation and upregulated MCR might influence the myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo TANAKA
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life
Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hitomi SHIBUYA
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life
Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shuji SUZUKI
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life
Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Nobuo KANNO
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life
Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuji HARADA
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life
Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Asaka SATO
- Azabu University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Soft Tissue and Tumor Surgery, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa
252-5201, Japan
| | - Satoshi SOETA
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life
Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yasushi HARA
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life
Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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13
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Ward JL, Kussin EZ, Tropf MA, Tou SP, DeFrancesco TC, Keene BW. Retrospective evaluation of the safety and tolerability of pimobendan in cats with obstructive vs nonobstructive cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2211-2222. [PMID: 33026124 PMCID: PMC7694854 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pimobendan is frequently used off-label for treatments of cats with congestive heart failure (CHF). Concern exists regarding the safety of pimobendan in cats with outflow tract obstruction (OTO). OBJECTIVES In cats treated with pimobendan, incidence of adverse effects will not differ between cats with OTO vs cats with nonobstructive cardiomyopathy. ANIMALS Two-hundred sixty cats with CHF (57 with OTO, 203 with nonobstructive disease). METHODS Retrospective medical record review. Groups were compared using 2-sample t-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS Compared to cats with nonobstructive cardiomyopathy, cats with OTO were younger (8.9 [interquartile range (IQR) 6.6] vs 10.8 [6.3] years, P = .0036), more likely to have a heart murmur (51/57 [90%] vs 76/203 [37.8%] cats, P < .0001), more likely to manifest CHF as pulmonary edema (53/57 [83%] vs 144/203 [70.9%] cats, P = .0004), and less likely to have pleural effusion (19/57 [33%] vs 122/203 [60.1%] cats, P = .0005). Adverse effects suspected to be related to pimobendan administration occurred in 12/260 cats (4.6%), including 11/203 cats (5.4%) with nonobstructive cardiomyopathy and 1/57 cat (2%) with OTO (P = .7). Pimobendan was discontinued due to adverse effects in 4/260 cats (1.5%), 3 with nonobstructive disease and 1 with OTO (P = 1.0). Acute adverse hemodynamic effects after pimobendan administration were not detected in any cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pimobendan is well tolerated in cats with cardiomyopathy and CHF, regardless of the presence of OTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Efrem Z Kussin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Melissa A Tropf
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Sandra P Tou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Teresa C DeFrancesco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bruce W Keene
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Tolerance of torasemide in cats with congestive heart failure: a retrospective study on 21 cases (2016-2019). BMC Vet Res 2020. [PMID: 32938442 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02554-6.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF), the efficacy of torasemide, a loop diuretic, has been demonstrated. However, unlike in dogs and humans little has been described about the use of torasemide in the cat with spontaneous CHF. The objectives of this retrospective study were therefore to describe the therapeutic use of oral torasemide in cats with spontaneous CHF, document its potential adverse effects while reporting the clinical course of this feline population following torasemide administration in addition to standard medical therapy. RESULTS Medical records of 21 client-owned cats with CHF (median age = 10.6 years [interquartile range (IQR) = 6.5-11.2]) receiving torasemide were reviewed. Data collected included torasemide dosages, other concurrent medications, physical examination features, echocardiographic data, and potential adverse effects during follow-up. A survival analysis was performed to estimate the time from diagnosis to cardiac death. Dyspnea related to CHF was identified in all cats (pleural effusion [8/21], pulmonary edema [5/21] or both [8/21]), associated with ascites in 4/21 cats. The CHF cause was determined by echocardiography in all cats: hypertrophic (n = 10), restrictive (n = 6), arrhythmogenic right ventricular (n = 3), dilated (n = 1) cardiomyopathies, and aortic valve abnormality (n = 1). At initiation, median torasemide dosage was 0.21 mg/kg [IQR = 0.17-0.23] q24h. Clinical signs declined in most cats (20/21) during the first 2 weeks with no remarkable adverse events. Median survival time after torasemide prescription was 182 days [IQR = 46-330]. A contemporary control group including 54 cats with CHF, receiving furosemide as sole loop diuretic treatment was compared with the study group. Median (IQR) survival time of cats in the control group was not significatively different (p = 0.962) from that of the torasemide group, i.e., 148 days (9-364), although the torasemide group included significantly more cats with recurrent episodes of CHF (52%) that the control group (19%). CONCLUSIONS This case series demonstrates that torasemide can be used in cats with spontaneous CHF. This therapeutic interest needs to be confirmed by prospective clinical trials.
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15
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Poissonnier C, Ghazal S, Passavin P, Alvarado MP, Lefort S, Trehiou-Sechi E, Saponaro V, Barbarino A, Delle Cave J, Marchal CR, Depré B, Vannucci E, Tissier R, Verwaerde P, Chetboul V. Tolerance of torasemide in cats with congestive heart failure: a retrospective study on 21 cases (2016-2019). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:339. [PMID: 32938442 PMCID: PMC7493838 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF), the efficacy of torasemide, a loop diuretic, has been demonstrated. However, unlike in dogs and humans little has been described about the use of torasemide in the cat with spontaneous CHF. The objectives of this retrospective study were therefore to describe the therapeutic use of oral torasemide in cats with spontaneous CHF, document its potential adverse effects while reporting the clinical course of this feline population following torasemide administration in addition to standard medical therapy. RESULTS Medical records of 21 client-owned cats with CHF (median age = 10.6 years [interquartile range (IQR) = 6.5-11.2]) receiving torasemide were reviewed. Data collected included torasemide dosages, other concurrent medications, physical examination features, echocardiographic data, and potential adverse effects during follow-up. A survival analysis was performed to estimate the time from diagnosis to cardiac death. Dyspnea related to CHF was identified in all cats (pleural effusion [8/21], pulmonary edema [5/21] or both [8/21]), associated with ascites in 4/21 cats. The CHF cause was determined by echocardiography in all cats: hypertrophic (n = 10), restrictive (n = 6), arrhythmogenic right ventricular (n = 3), dilated (n = 1) cardiomyopathies, and aortic valve abnormality (n = 1). At initiation, median torasemide dosage was 0.21 mg/kg [IQR = 0.17-0.23] q24h. Clinical signs declined in most cats (20/21) during the first 2 weeks with no remarkable adverse events. Median survival time after torasemide prescription was 182 days [IQR = 46-330]. A contemporary control group including 54 cats with CHF, receiving furosemide as sole loop diuretic treatment was compared with the study group. Median (IQR) survival time of cats in the control group was not significatively different (p = 0.962) from that of the torasemide group, i.e., 148 days (9-364), although the torasemide group included significantly more cats with recurrent episodes of CHF (52%) that the control group (19%). CONCLUSIONS This case series demonstrates that torasemide can be used in cats with spontaneous CHF. This therapeutic interest needs to be confirmed by prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Poissonnier
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Sarra Ghazal
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peggy Passavin
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maria-Paz Alvarado
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Solène Lefort
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Trehiou-Sechi
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vittorio Saponaro
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alix Barbarino
- Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Soins Intensifs, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julia Delle Cave
- Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Soins Intensifs, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Charlie-Rose Marchal
- Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Soins Intensifs, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Boris Depré
- Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Soins Intensifs, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Etienne Vannucci
- Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Soins Intensifs, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Renaud Tissier
- U955 - IMRB Inserm, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Patrick Verwaerde
- Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Soins Intensifs, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.,U955 - IMRB Inserm, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.,U955 - IMRB Inserm, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
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16
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Lazzarini E, Martinelli E, Brioschi FA, Gioeni D, Corneliani RT, Carotenuto AM. Intramuscular alfaxalone and methadone with or without ketamine in healthy cats: effects on sedation and echocardiographic measurements. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:621-630. [PMID: 32792266 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of alfaxalone and methadone administered intramuscularly (IM), with or without ketamine, on sedation and echocardiographic measurements in healthy cats. STUDY DESIGN A randomized, blinded, clinical study. ANIMALS A group of 24 client-owned cats. METHODS Baseline echocardiographic evaluation (bEchoCG) was performed. Cats were given IM alfaxalone (2 mg kg-1) and methadone (0.3 mg kg-1) with (AMK group) or without (AM group) ketamine (1 mg kg-1). A sedation score (0-5, indicating none to good sedation) was assigned at 5 (T5), 10 (T10) and 15 (T15) minutes after IM injection. At T15, a second echocardiographic evaluation (sEchoCG) was performed. Data are shown as median (range). Significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS Finally, 21 cats were included. Sedation score was significantly higher in the AMK (11 cats) than in the AM group (10 cats): 4 (1-5) versus 0.5 (0-4) at T5 (p = 0.003); 4 (1-5) versus 1.5 (0-5) at T10 (p = 0.043); and 4 (1-5) versus 2 (0-5) at T15 (p = 0.024). All echocardiographic measurements obtained were within reference ranges. Between the groups, aortic root area (p = 0.009) and end-diastolic aortic dimension (p = 0.011) were significantly higher in the AM group at bEchoCG and sEchoCG, respectively. Within each group, values at bEchoCG and sEchoCG showed no significant differences, except for pulmonary peak velocity (0.85 m second-1; p = 0.028) in the AMK group and ejection time (154 m second; p = 0.03) in the AM group; both variables decreased after sedation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this population of healthy cats, neither protocol produced clinically meaningful effects on the echocardiographic variables evaluated. Alfaxalone with methadone produced mild sedation, whereas the addition of 1 mg kg-1 ketamine induced adequate sedation for diagnostic procedures.
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17
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Berlin N, Ohad DG, Maiorkis I, Kelmer E. Successful management of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia using defibrillation and intravenous amiodarone therapy in a cat. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:474-480. [PMID: 32400960 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the successful management of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) using cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including defibrillation, followed by continuous rate infusion of IV amiodarone, in a cat with cardiac arrest secondary to tachyarrhythmia. CASE SUMMARY A 12-year-old previously healthy neutered male Scottish Fold cat presented following an acute episode of collapse. Initial physical examination revealed severe tachycardia and cardiovascular collapse. Within a few minutes after arrival, the cat experienced cardiopulmonary arrest. Electrocardiographic assessment was suggestive of VF, and CPR was initiated, including 2 rounds of defibrillation (2 joule/kg each), resulting in return of spontaneous circulation with sustained VT. After procainamide and lidocaine failed to result in conversion to normal sinus rhythm (NSR), continuous IV amiodarone therapy was initiated, and NSR was achieved. Echocardiography demonstrated severe systolic dysfunction, and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TICM) secondary to chronic VT was suspected; however, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy could not be ruled out. The patient was discharged the following day with oral amiodarone and pimobendan. During a recheck examination performed 7 months later the cat was in NSR, with no direct evidence of long-term amiodarone adverse effects. The cat died acutely at home 8 months after discharge. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This report is the first to describe the successful use of IV amiodarone in a cat to manage sustained VT following CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Berlin
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan G Ohad
- Department of Small Animal Cardiology, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Igal Maiorkis
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Kelmer
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Fries RC, Kadotani S, Vitt JP, Schaeffer DJ. Effects of oral trazodone on echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:1080-1085. [PMID: 30499766 PMCID: PMC10814276 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18814565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral trazodone on echocardiographic variables, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) in healthy cats. METHODS Client-owned domestic cats between 2 and 8 years of age were recruited. Cats were considered healthy based on physical examination, complete blood count, blood chemistry profile, urinalysis, total thyroxine concentration, non-invasive BP measurement by Doppler method and a screening transthoracic echocardiogram with simultaneous electrocardiogram. Echocardiographic variables assessed pre-trazodone and 90-120 mins post-trazodone (50 mg PO) included left ventricular internal diameter in systole and diastole, interventricular septal and left ventricular free-wall thickness in systole and diastole, left atrial size, left auricular function and left ventricular diastolic function assessed by spectral Doppler transmitral and pulmonary venous flow velocities, and tissue Doppler profiles. Mean echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were calculated for pre- and post-trazodone examinations for each cat. Pre- and post-trazodone variables were analyzed with a paired t-test with significance set at P <0.05. RESULTS Twelve healthy cats were evaluated. Trazodone was administered to all cats and a sedative effect was observed. There were no clinically significant differences in any echocardiographic variables post-trazodone administration. Systolic BP was significantly decreased after trazodone (P = 0.001) with no significant change in HR. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Trazodone did not alter echocardiographic variables, in a clinically relevant manner, in this group of healthy cats. Trazodone may aid in obtaining transthoracic echocardiograms without affecting HR or echocardiographic variables but may significantly lower BP in healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Saki Kadotani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jordan P Vitt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Chetboul V, Passavin P, Trehiou-Sechi E, Gouni V, Poissonnier C, Pouchelon JL, Desquilbet L. Clinical, epidemiological and echocardiographic features and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 92 cases (2001-2015). J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1222-1231. [PMID: 30924221 PMCID: PMC6524389 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a common primary cardiomyopathy of cats. However, little information is available regarding prognostic variables in large populations of cats with RCM. Objectives To characterize the epidemiological, clinical, and echocardiographic features of cats with RCM and to document their survival times and risk factors for cardiac death (CD). Animals Ninety‐two cats with RCM. Methods Retrospective study. Diagnosis of RCM was based on echocardiographic and Doppler criteria. Median survival time to CD and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were estimated by the Kaplan‐Meier method and multivariate Cox models, respectively. Results The feline population (median age [interquartile range], 8.6 years [4.1‐12.4]; body weight, 4.0 kg [3.3‐4.7]) included 83 cats (90%) with the myocardial RCM form and 9 (10%) with the endomyocardial fibrosis RCM form. Most RCM cats (64/92, 70%) were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis, with dyspnea related to congestive heart failure in 57 of 64 cats (89%). The median survival time of the 69 cats with the myocardial RCM form and available follow‐up was 667 days (range, 2‐3710 days) considering CD. Independent of age, biatrial enlargement, and arrhythmias, increase of the left atrium (LA)‐to‐aorta (Ao) ratio (hazard ration [HR], 2.5 per 0.5‐unit increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5‐4.2; P < .001) and presence of severe LA enlargement (end‐diastolic LA : Ao ≥2; HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3‐8.7; P = .01) were significantly associated with shorter time to CD. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cardiac death is common in RCM cats, and LA enlargement seems independently associated with decreased survival time in these cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.,INSERM, Unité 955, Equipe 03, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Peggy Passavin
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Trehiou-Sechi
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Vassiliki Gouni
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.,INSERM, Unité 955, Equipe 03, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Camille Poissonnier
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pouchelon
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Loic Desquilbet
- U955-IMRB, INSERM, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Oldach MS, Ueda Y, Ontiveros ES, Fousse SL, Harris SP, Stern JA. Cardiac Effects of a Single Dose of Pimobendan in Cats With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy; A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Front Vet Sci 2019. [PMID: 30778391 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00015.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pimobendan has been shown to impart a significant survival benefit in cardiomyopathic cats who receive it as part of heart failure therapy. However, use of pimobendan remains controversial in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to lack of pharmacodynamic data for pimobendan in cats with HCM and due to theoretical concerns for exacerbating left ventricular outflow tract obstructions. Hypothesis/Objectives: Our objective was to investigate the cardiac effects of pimobendan in cats with HCM. We hypothesized that pimobendan would not exacerbate left ventricular outflow tract obstructions and that it would improve echocardiographic measures of diastolic function. Animals: Thirteen purpose-bred cats were studied from a research colony with naturally-occurring HCM due to a variant in myosin binding protein C. Methods: Cats underwent two examinations 24 h apart with complete standard echocardiography. On their first day of evaluation, they were randomized to receive oral placebo or 1.25 mg pimobendan 1 h prior to exam. On their second examination, they were crossed over and received the remaining treatment. Investigators were blinded to all treatments. Results: The pimobendan group had a significant increase in left atrial fractional shortening (pimobendan group 41.7% ± 5.9; placebo group 36.1% ± 6.0; p = 0.04). There was no significant difference in left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) velocities between the groups (pimobendan group 2.8 m/s ± 0.8; placebo group 2.6 m/s ± 1.0). There were no significant differences between the number of cats with LVOT obstructions between groups (12 in pimobendan group; 11 in placebo group; p = 1.00). There were no detectable differences in any systolic measures, including left ventricular fractional shortening, mitral annular plane systolic excursion, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. Doppler-based diastolic function assessment was precluded by persistent tachycardia. Conclusions: Improved left atrial function in the pimobendan group could explain some of the reported survival benefit for HCM cats in CHF. Pimobendan did not exacerbate LVOT obstructions and thus may not be contraindicated in HCM cats with LVOT obstructions. Future studies are needed to better characterize other physiologic effects, particularly regarding diastolic function assessment, and to better assess safety of pimobendan over a longer time-course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen S Oldach
- William R. Prichard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eric S Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samantha L Fousse
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samantha P Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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21
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Oldach MS, Ueda Y, Ontiveros ES, Fousse SL, Harris SP, Stern JA. Cardiac Effects of a Single Dose of Pimobendan in Cats With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy; A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:15. [PMID: 30778391 PMCID: PMC6369151 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pimobendan has been shown to impart a significant survival benefit in cardiomyopathic cats who receive it as part of heart failure therapy. However, use of pimobendan remains controversial in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to lack of pharmacodynamic data for pimobendan in cats with HCM and due to theoretical concerns for exacerbating left ventricular outflow tract obstructions. Hypothesis/Objectives: Our objective was to investigate the cardiac effects of pimobendan in cats with HCM. We hypothesized that pimobendan would not exacerbate left ventricular outflow tract obstructions and that it would improve echocardiographic measures of diastolic function. Animals: Thirteen purpose-bred cats were studied from a research colony with naturally-occurring HCM due to a variant in myosin binding protein C. Methods: Cats underwent two examinations 24 h apart with complete standard echocardiography. On their first day of evaluation, they were randomized to receive oral placebo or 1.25 mg pimobendan 1 h prior to exam. On their second examination, they were crossed over and received the remaining treatment. Investigators were blinded to all treatments. Results: The pimobendan group had a significant increase in left atrial fractional shortening (pimobendan group 41.7% ± 5.9; placebo group 36.1% ± 6.0; p = 0.04). There was no significant difference in left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) velocities between the groups (pimobendan group 2.8 m/s ± 0.8; placebo group 2.6 m/s ± 1.0). There were no significant differences between the number of cats with LVOT obstructions between groups (12 in pimobendan group; 11 in placebo group; p = 1.00). There were no detectable differences in any systolic measures, including left ventricular fractional shortening, mitral annular plane systolic excursion, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. Doppler-based diastolic function assessment was precluded by persistent tachycardia. Conclusions: Improved left atrial function in the pimobendan group could explain some of the reported survival benefit for HCM cats in CHF. Pimobendan did not exacerbate LVOT obstructions and thus may not be contraindicated in HCM cats with LVOT obstructions. Future studies are needed to better characterize other physiologic effects, particularly regarding diastolic function assessment, and to better assess safety of pimobendan over a longer time-course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen S Oldach
- William R. Prichard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eric S Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samantha L Fousse
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samantha P Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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22
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Dexmedetomidine low dose followed by constant rate infusion and antagonism by atipamezole in isoflurane-anesthetized cats: an echocardiographic study. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Fox PR, Keene BW, Lamb K, Schober KA, Chetboul V, Luis Fuentes V, Wess G, Payne JR, Hogan DF, Motsinger-Reif A, Häggström J, Trehiou-Sechi E, Fine-Ferreira DM, Nakamura RK, Lee PM, Singh MK, Ware WA, Abbott JA, Culshaw G, Riesen S, Borgarelli M, Lesser MB, Van Israël N, Côté E, Rush JE, Bulmer B, Santilli RA, Vollmar AC, Bossbaly MJ, Quick N, Bussadori C, Bright JM, Estrada AH, Ohad DG, Fernández-Del Palacio MJ, Lunney Brayley J, Schwartz DS, Bové CM, Gordon SG, Jung SW, Brambilla P, Moïse NS, Stauthammer CD, Stepien RL, Quintavalla C, Amberger C, Manczur F, Hung YW, Lobetti R, De Swarte M, Tamborini A, Mooney CT, Oyama MA, Komolov A, Fujii Y, Pariaut R, Uechi M, Tachika Ohara VY. International collaborative study to assess cardiovascular risk and evaluate long-term health in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and apparently healthy cats: The REVEAL Study. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:930-943. [PMID: 29660848 PMCID: PMC5980443 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most prevalent heart disorder in cats and principal cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Yet, the impact of preclinical disease is unresolved. Hypothesis/Objectives Observational study to characterize cardiovascular morbidity and survival in cats with preclinical nonobstructive (HCM) and obstructive (HOCM) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and in apparently healthy cats (AH). Animals One thousand seven hundred and thirty client‐owned cats (430 preclinical HCM; 578 preclinical HOCM; 722 AH). Methods Retrospective multicenter, longitudinal, cohort study. Cats from 21 countries were followed through medical record review and owner or referring veterinarian interviews. Data were analyzed to compare long‐term outcomes, incidence, and risk for congestive heart failure (CHF), arterial thromboembolism (ATE), and cardiovascular death. Results During the study period, CHF, ATE, or both occurred in 30.5% and cardiovascular death in 27.9% of 1008 HCM/HOCM cats. Risk assessed at 1, 5, and 10 years after study entry was 7.0%/3.5%, 19.9%/9.7%, and 23.9%/11.3% for CHF/ATE, and 6.7%, 22.8%, and 28.3% for cardiovascular death, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between HOCM compared with HCM for cardiovascular morbidity or mortality, time from diagnosis to development of morbidity, or cardiovascular survival. Cats that developed cardiovascular morbidity had short survival (mean ± standard deviation, 1.3 ± 1.7 years). Overall, prolonged longevity was recorded in a minority of preclinical HCM/HOCM cats with 10% reaching 9‐15 years. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Preclinical HCM/HOCM is a global health problem of cats that carries substantial risk for CHF, ATE, and cardiovascular death. This finding underscores the need to identify therapies and monitoring strategies that decrease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Fox
- Department of Cardiology and Caspary Research Institute, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Bruce W Keene
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | | | - Karsten A Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Valerie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessie Rose Payne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilie Trehiou-Sechi
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Deborah M Fine-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Reid K Nakamura
- Advanced Veterinary Care Center, Lawndale, California, U.S.A
| | - Pamela M Lee
- Department of Cardiology and Caspary Research Institute, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Manreet K Singh
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Wendy A Ware
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan A Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Geoffrey Culshaw
- Royal (Dick) SVS Hospital for Small Animals, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Riesen
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michele Borgarelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - John E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Barret Bulmer
- Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment & Specialties, Walpole, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | - Nadine Quick
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudio Bussadori
- Department of Cardiology, Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Milan, Italy
| | - Janice M Bright
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Amara H Estrada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Dan G Ohad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Denise S Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina M Bové
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonya G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Seung Woo Jung
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Paola Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - N Sydney Moïse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A
| | | | - Rebecca L Stepien
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Ferenc Manczur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, South Africa
| | - Marie De Swarte
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alice Tamborini
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carmel T Mooney
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | | | - Yoko Fujii
- Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Romain Pariaut
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - Masami Uechi
- Jasmine Animal Cardiovascular Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Victoria Yukie Tachika Ohara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Zootechnics for Small Species, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Karsten S, Stephanie S, Vedat Y. Reference intervals and allometric scaling of two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements in 150 healthy cats. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1764-1771. [PMID: 28993567 PMCID: PMC5709549 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of body weight (BW), breed, and sex on two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic measures, reference ranges, and prediction intervals using allometrically-scaled data of left
atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) size and LV wall thickness in healthy cats. Study type was retrospective, observational, and clinical cohort. 150 healthy cats were enrolled and 2D echocardiograms analyzed. LA diameter, LV
wall thickness, and LV dimension were quantified using three different imaging views. The effect of BW, breed, sex, age, and interaction (BW*sex) on echocardiographic variables was assessed using univariate and multivariate
regression and linear mixed model analysis. Standard (using raw data) and allometrically scaled (Y=a × Mb) reference intervals and prediction intervals were determined.
BW had a significant (P<0.05) independent effect on 2D variables whereas breed, sex, and age did not. There were clinically relevant differences between reference intervals using mean ± 2SD of raw data and mean
and 95% prediction interval of allometrically-scaled variables, most prominent in larger (>6 kg) and smaller (<3 kg) cats. A clinically relevant difference between thickness of the interventricular septum (IVS) and dimension
of the LV posterior wall (LVPW) was identified. In conclusion, allometric scaling and BW-based 95% prediction intervals should be preferred over conventional 2D echocardiographic reference intervals in cats, in particular in small
and large cats. These results are particularly relevant to screening examinations for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schober Karsten
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Savino Stephanie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Yildiz Vedat
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Wexner Medical Center, Main Campus, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, U.S.A
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25
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Schober KE, Chetboul V. Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in cats: Hemodynamic determinants and pattern recognition. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:S102-33. [PMID: 26776572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is highly prevalent in cats and is a functional hallmark of feline cardiomyopathy. The majority of cats with hypertrophic, restrictive, and dilated cardiomyopathy have echocardiographic evidence of abnormal LV filling, even during the occult (preclinical) phase. Moderate and severe diastolic dysfunction is an indicator of advanced myocardial disease, is associated with clinical signs including exercise intolerance and congestive heart failure, affects outcome, and influences therapeutic decisions. Therefore, identification and quantification of LV diastolic dysfunction are clinically important. Surrogate measures of diastolic function determined by transthoracic two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiographic (DE) methods have been used widely for such purpose. Major functional characteristics of LV diastole, including global function, relaxation and untwist, chamber compliance, filling volume, and the resultant filling pressures can be semi-quantified by echocardiographic methods, and variables retrieved from transmitral flow, pulmonary vein flow, and tissue Doppler recordings are most frequently used. Although there is still a critical lack of well-designed studies in the field, knowledge has steadily accumulated over the past 20 years, reference ranges of diastolic echocardiographic variables have been determined, epidemiological studies have been conducted, and new treatments of diastolic dysfunction in cats have been evaluated. This report will give the reader a summary of the current status in the field of feline diastology with focus on the noninvasive diagnostic methods and interpretation of echocardiographic surrogate measures of LV diastolic function. Lastly, a grading system using a composite of left atrial size and various DE variables potentially useful in the functional classification of LV diastole in cats is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten E Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du general de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
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Prieto‐Ramos J, McNaught K, French AT. The novel use of intravenous pimobendan and oral torasemide in a cat with congestive heart failure secondary to end‐stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2015-000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gunther-Harrington CT, Ontiveros ES, Hodge TE, Visser LC, Stern JA. Effects of 0.5% Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Solution on Heart Rate and Selected Echocardiographic Indices in Apparently Healthy Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:733-40. [PMID: 26969017 PMCID: PMC4913573 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function is challenging in cats, partially because of transmitral flow pattern fusion associated with high heart rates. With heart rate (HR) reduction, transmitral flow waveforms separate, allowing identification of diastolic dysfunction. Timolol, an ophthalmic, nonselective beta‐blocker used in glaucoma is safe and transiently decreases HR in clinical trials. Hypothesis Administration of timolol ophthalmic solution decreases HR and facilitates echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function in cats without inducing clinically relevant adverse effects. Animals Twenty‐five apparently healthy cats. Methods Electrocardiograms and echocardiograms including transmitral flow patterns were evaluated before and 20 minutes after ocular administration of 1 drop of timolol 0.5% solution. Twenty cats underwent treatment with timolol, and 5 different cats served as untreated controls to evaluate the effects of acclimation to the hospital environment on HR. Results Acclimation to the hospital had no effect on HR in control cats. After timolol administration, a significant median HR reduction of 25 bpm was observed (P < .0001). Timolol had no effect on E/A ratio in cats without E/A fusion (7/20, P = .44). Of the 13 cats with E and A waves that were fused before timolol application, separation of these waves was identified in 8 cats (62%) after timolol treatment. No bradyarrhythmias were noted after timolol administration, but 2 cats had first‐degree atrioventricular block. Timolol resulted in resolution of dynamic outflow tract obstruction in 6 of 6 cats. Conclusions and clinical importance Ocular administration of timolol safely decreases HR in cats and could facilitate assessment of diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Gunther-Harrington
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - E S Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - T E Hodge
- Veterinary Medical Center, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - L C Visser
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - J A Stern
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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Reference intervals and allometric scaling of echocardiographic measurements in Bengal cats. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17 Suppl 1:S282-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Borenstein N, Gouni V, Behr L, Trehiou-Sechi E, Petit A, Misbach C, Raillard M, Retortillo JL, Pouchelon JL, Pierrel A, Laborde F, Chetboul V. Surgical Treatment of Cor Triatriatum Sinister in a Cat Under Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Vet Surg 2015; 44:964-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassiliki Gouni
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Maisons-Alfort France
| | | | - Emilie Trehiou-Sechi
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Amandine Petit
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Charlotte Misbach
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Mathieu Raillard
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Maisons-Alfort France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Pouchelon
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Maisons-Alfort France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique; Créteil Cedex; France
| | | | | | - Valérie Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Maisons-Alfort France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique; Créteil Cedex; France
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Sugimoto K, Fujii Y, Sunahara H, Aoki T. Assessment of left ventricular longitudinal function in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1101-8. [PMID: 25877405 PMCID: PMC4591151 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in cats is characterized by concentric left
ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and both diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Although
impaired cardiac function detected by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in cats with HCM was
previously reported, reference ranges of TDI in normal cats and cats with HCM have been
reported as widely variable. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) was
useful for assessment of cardiac function in human patients with HCM, but clinical utility
was not known in cats. The aim of this study was to assess global and segmental LV
myocardial function using STE in cats with HCM whose TDI variables were within the
reference range. A total of 35 cats of different breeds were enrolled in this study. The
HCM group (n=22) was cats diagnosed as HCM without left atrial enlargement and with normal
TDI measurements. HCM cats were further divided into a segmental hypertrophy (S-HCM) group
and a diffuse hypertrophy (D-HCM) group. The control group consisted of 13 clinically
healthy cats. No cats in any group showed any clinical symptoms. Conventional
echocardiography, TDI, and global and segmental STE indices were evaluated and compared
between groups. Only the longitudinal strain rate during early diastole was significantly
decreased in both HCM groups, even in all segments including those without hypertrophy in
S-HCM group. This study suggests that STE parameters are the more sensitive variables
compared with conventional TDI parameters to detect early myocardial diastolic dysfunction
in cats with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Casamian-Sorrosal D, Saunders R, Browne W, Elliot S, Fonfara S. Left ventricular radial colour and longitudinal pulsed-wave tissue Doppler echocardiography in 39 healthy domestic pet rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:376-81. [PMID: 25089025 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports radial colour and longitudinal mitral annulus pulsed-wave tissue Doppler findings in a large cohort of healthy, adult pet rabbits. Thirty-nine rabbits (22 Dwarf Lops, 14 French Lops and three Alaskans) underwent conscious echocardiography. The median age of the rabbits was 22 months and the median weight was 2.8 kg (Dwarf Lop 2.4 kg/French Lop 6.0 kg). Adequate radial colour and longitudinal pulsed-wave tissue Doppler traces were obtained in 100% and 85% of cases, respectively. Most systolic tissue Doppler parameters were significantly higher in French Lops than in Dwarf Lops. Separation of mitral inflow diastolic waves was present in 40% of cases using conventional spectral Doppler and in >60% of cases using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler which could be beneficial when evaluating diastolic function in rabbits. This study can be used as a reference for normal echocardiographic tissue Doppler values for adult rabbits undergoing conscious echocardiography in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Casamian-Sorrosal
- Langford Cardio-Respiratory Unit, Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Service and School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK.
| | | | - William Browne
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Maths and Ecology Group, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Sarah Elliot
- Langford Cardio-Respiratory Unit, Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Service and School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- Langford Cardio-Respiratory Unit, Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Service and School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
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Cardiovascular effects of dietary salt intake in aged healthy cats: a 2-year prospective randomized, blinded, and controlled study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97862. [PMID: 24941013 PMCID: PMC4062415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt dry expanded diets are commercially available for cats to increase water intake and urine volume, as part of the prevention or treatment of naturally occurring urinary stone formation (calcium oxalates and struvites). However, chronic high salt intake may have potential cardiovascular adverse effects in both humans, especially in aging individuals, and several animal models. The objective of this prospective, randomized, blinded, and controlled study was to assess the long-term cardiovascular effects of high salt intake in healthy aged cats. Twenty healthy neutered cats (10.1±2.4 years) were randomly allocated into 2 matched groups. One group was fed a high salt diet (3.1 g/Mcal sodium, 5.5 g/Mcal chloride) and the other group a control diet of same composition except for salt content (1.0 g/Mcal sodium, 2.2 g/Mcal chloride). Clinical examination, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure measurements, standard transthoracic echocardiography and conventional Doppler examinations were repeatedly performed on non-sedated cats by trained observers before and over 24 months after diet implementation. Radial and longitudinal velocities of the left ventricular free wall and the interventricular septum were also assessed in systole and diastole using 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging. Statistics were performed using a general linear model. No significant effect of dietary salt intake was observed on systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure values. Out of the 33 tested imaging variables, the only one affected by dietary salt intake was the radial early on late diastolic velocity ratio assessed in the endocardium of the left ventricular free wall, statistically lower in the high salt diet group at 12 months only (P = 0.044). In conclusion, in this study involving healthy aged cats, chronic high dietary salt intake was not associated with an increased risk of systemic arterial hypertension and myocardial dysfunction, as observed in some elderly people, salt-sensitive patients and animal models.
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MacLea H, Boon J, Bright J. Doppler Echocardiographic Evaluation of Midventricular Obstruction in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1416-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H.B. MacLea
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO
| | - J.A. Boon
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO
| | - J.M. Bright
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO
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Reynolds B, Chetboul V, Nguyen P, Testault I, Concordet D, Carlos Sampedrano C, Elliott J, Trehiou-Sechi E, Abadie J, Biourge V, Lefebvre H. Effects of Dietary Salt Intake on Renal Function: A 2-Year Study in Healthy Aged Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:507-15. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B.S. Reynolds
- Unité de Recherche Clinique; Université de Toulouse; INP; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - V. Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
- INSERM; France
| | - P. Nguyen
- Unité de Nutrition et d'Endocrinologie; Oniris; Nantes France
| | | | - D.V. Concordet
- UMR 1331 Toxalim; INRA; Université de Toulouse; INP; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - C. Carlos Sampedrano
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Elliott
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | - E. Trehiou-Sechi
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Abadie
- Department of Pathology; Oniris; Nantes France
| | - V. Biourge
- Royal Canin SAS; Centre de Recherches; Aimargues France
| | - H.P. Lefebvre
- Unité de Recherche Clinique; Université de Toulouse; INP; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
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Choi J, Kim H, Yoon J. Pulsed tissue Doppler imaging of the left ventricular septal mitral annulus in healthy dogs. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:85-90. [PMID: 23388437 PMCID: PMC3615237 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated pulsed TDI variables including the isovolumic time interval and duration of the major wave in a population of large healthy dogs. Longitudinal myocardial motion at the septal mitral annulus was evaluated with pulsed TDI in 45 healthy adult dogs. Maximal myocardial velocities, isovolumic time intervals, and duration of the myocardial waves were measured. The correlation between time intervals and velocity variables was also investigated. The mean maximal systolic velocity was 6.92 ± 1.78 cm/sec, the mean early diastolic velocity (Em) was 6.58 ± 1.81 cm/sec, the mean late diastolic velocity (Am) was 5.10 ± 2.00 cm/sec, the mean isovolumic contraction time (IVCT) was 53.61 ± 95.13 msec, and the mean isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) was 26.74 ± 57.24 msec. The early diastolic mitral inflow velocity (E)/Em ratio was 10.94 ± 3.27 while the Em/Am ratio was 1.40 ± 0.40. There was a negative correlation between Am duration and Am amplitude, and a positive correlation between the IVRT and Em/Am ratio (p < 0.05). The normal LV parameter using pulsed TDI method could be used as the reference range for identifying myocardial dysfunction in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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36
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Granström S, Pipper CB, Møgelvang R, Sogaard P, Willesen JL, Koch J. Effect of sample volume size and sampling method on feline longitudinal myocardial velocity profiles from color tissue Doppler imaging. J Vet Cardiol 2012; 14:479-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chetboul V, Petit A, Gouni V, Trehiou-Sechi E, Misbach C, Balouka D, Carlos Sampedrano C, Pouchelon JL, Tissier R, Abitbol M. Prospective echocardiographic and tissue Doppler screening of a large Sphynx cat population: reference ranges, heart disease prevalence and genetic aspects. J Vet Cardiol 2012; 14:497-509. [PMID: 23131204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To investigate heart morphology and function using echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), (2) to determine heart disease prevalence and characteristics, and (3) to assess potential genetic features in a population of Sphynx cats presented for cardiovascular screening. ANIMALS A total of 147 echocardiographic examinations, including 33 follow-ups, were performed by trained observers on 114 Sphynx cats of different ages (2.62 ± 1.93 years [0.5-10.0]) from 2004 to 2011. METHODS Sphynx cats underwent a physical examination, conventional echocardiography, and, if possible, two-dimensional color TDI. RESULTS Conventional echocardiographic findings included 75/114 normal (65.8%) and 39/114 (34.2%) abnormal examinations with a diagnosis of either congenital heart diseases (n = 16) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 23). In adult healthy cats, a significant body weight effect was observed for several echocardiographic variables, including end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) free wall (P < 0.01), interventricular septum (P < 0.001), and LV diameter (P < 0.001). Mitral valve dysplasia (MVD) was observed as a single or associated defect in 15/16 cats with congenital heart diseases. A significant increase in HCM prevalence (P < 0.001) was observed according to age. The pedigree analysis of a large family (n = 81) suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance for HCM. CONCLUSIONS Body weight should be taken into account when interpreting values of diastolic myocardial wall thicknesses in Sphynx cats. Additionally, HCM and MVD are two relatively common heart diseases in this feline breed. More pedigree data are required to confirm the inheritance pattern of HCM at the breed level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Chetboul
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.
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38
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Petrič AD, Rishniw M, Thomas WP. Two-dimensionally-guided M-mode and pulsed wave Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the ventricles of apparently healthy cats. J Vet Cardiol 2012; 14:423-30. [PMID: 22854250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine two-dimensionally-guided (2D-guided) M-mode and pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler echocardiographic reference intervals range of healthy non-sedated cats. ANIMALS Fifty-three healthy, unsedated domestic cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cats were interrogated via standard imaging planes with 2D-guided PW Doppler, using 5.0 and 7.5 MHz duplex imaging transducers. Left ventricular (LV) M-mode measurements and intracardiac PW Doppler data were acquired using ACVIM guidelines for echocardiography. Doppler variables of the same region, measured from different views, were compared for agreement where appropriate. Descriptive statistics were provided for all measured variables. Statistical comparisons of selected M-mode and PW Doppler echocardiographic variables and correlations with weight or age were made, with significance set at P < 0.01. RESULTS Most cats (42/51) had diastolic LV septal and posterior wall diastolic dimensions <4.5 mm (maximum = 5.7 mm). Only septal diastolic wall dimension correlated weakly with body weight (ρ = 0.36). Median peak transvalvular velocities (m/s) were: aorta 1.04 (range: 0.77-1.40); LV inflow 0.60 (range: 0.43-0.95) (E wave), 0.47 (range: 0.32-0.76) (A wave), RV inflow 0.56 (range: 0.37-0.85), pulmonic valve (right) 0.96 (range: 0.65-1.21). For mitral valve inflow, the E and A waves were usually separately measurable at heart rates ≈ <180/min, merging into a single diastolic wave (EA) at heart rates ≈ >190/min. Peak E wave velocity correlated with heart rate. No variables correlated with age. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides comprehensive 2D-guided echocardiographic M-mode and PW Doppler reference data for apparently healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Domanjko Petrič
- Clinic for Surgery and Small Animal Medicine, Veterinary faculty, University of Ljubljana, Cesta v Mestni log 47, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Trehiou-Sechi E, Tissier R, Gouni V, Misbach C, Petit AMP, Balouka D, Sampedrano CC, Castaignet M, Pouchelon JL, Chetboul V. Comparative echocardiographic and clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 5 breeds of cats: a retrospective analysis of 344 cases (2001-2011). J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:532-41. [PMID: 22443341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common feline heart disease and has been demonstrated to be inherited in some breeds. However, few studies have compared HCM phenotypes and survival according to breed. OBJECTIVES To compare epidemiological characteristics, clinical findings, left ventricular (LV) geometric patterns, and survival in several breeds of cats with HCM. ANIMALS Three hundred and forty-four cats from 5 different breeds (Persian, Domestic Shorthair [DS], Sphynx, Maine coon [MC], and Chartreux) with primary HCM diagnosed by conventional echocardiography. METHODS Retrospective study. Cats were classified according to breed and clinical status. RESULTS Age at the time of diagnosis was lower (P < .001) in MC (median age, 2.5 years) and Sphynx (3.5 years) than in other breeds (OB), ie, 8.0, 8.0, and 11.0 years for DS, Chartreux, and Persians, respectively. The prevalence of LV outflow tract obstruction was higher (P < .001) in Persians (23/41; 56%) than in OB (115/303; 38%). Age at the first cardiac event was lower (P < .01) in MC (median age, 2.5 years) than in OB (7.0 years). All cats surviving > 15 years of age were DS, Persians, or Chartreux. Sudden death (representing 24% of all cardiac deaths) was observed only in 3 breeds (DS, MC, and Sphynx). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE As in humans, feline HCM is characterized by marked phenotypic variability with several breed-dependent features regarding epidemiology, LV geometric patterns, and clinical course (ie, age at diagnosis, 1st cardiac event, and cause of death).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Trehiou-Sechi
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
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Decloedt A, Verheyen T, Sys S, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Quantification of Left Ventricular Longitudinal Strain, Strain Rate, Velocity, and Displacement in Healthy Horses by 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:330-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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41
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Chetboul V. Advanced techniques in echocardiography in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:529-43. [PMID: 20610009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transthoracic echocardiography has become a major imaging tool for the diagnosis and management of canine and feline cardiovascular diseases. During the last decade, more recent advances in ultrasound technology with the introduction of newer imaging modalities, such as tissue Doppler imaging, strain and strain rate imaging, and 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, have provided new parameters to assess myocardial performance, including regional myocardial velocities and deformation, ventricular twist, and mechanical synchrony. An outline of these 4 recent ultrasound techniques, their impact on the understanding of right and left ventricular function in small animals, and their application in research and clinical settings are given in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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42
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Wess G, Killich M, Hartmann K. Comparison of Pulsed Wave and Color Doppler Myocardial Velocity Imaging in Healthy Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:360-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Fontes-Sousa AP, Moura C, Carneiro CS, Teixeira-Pinto A, Areias JC, Leite-Moreira AF. Echocardiographic evaluation including tissue Doppler imaging in New Zealand white rabbits sedated with ketamine and midazolam. Vet J 2009; 181:326-31. [PMID: 18445537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Carlos Sampedrano C, Chetboul V, Mary J, Tissier R, Abitbol M, Serres F, Gouni V, Thomas A, Pouchelon JL. Prospective echocardiographic and tissue Doppler imaging screening of a population of Maine Coon cats tested for the A31P mutation in the myosin-binding protein C gene: a specific analysis of the heterozygous status. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:91-9. [PMID: 19175727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mutation in the sarcomeric gene coding for the myosin-binding protein C gene has been identified in a colony of Maine Coon cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (MyBPC3-A31P mutation). However, the close correlation between genotype and phenotype (left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH] and dysfunction) has never been assessed in a large population, particularly in heterozygous (Hetero) cats. OBJECTIVES To investigate LV morphology and function with echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in a population of Maine Coon cats tested for the MyBPC3-A31P mutation with focus on Hetero animals. ANIMALS Ninety-six Maine Coon cats. METHODS Prospective observational study. Cats were screened for the MyBPC3-A31P mutation and examined with both echocardiography and 2-dimensional color TDI. RESULTS Fifty-two out of 96 cats did not have the mutation (wild-type genotype, Homo WT), 38/96 and 6/96 were Hetero- and homozygous-mutated (Homo M) cats, respectively. Only 11% of Hetero cats (4/38) had LVH and 29% (10/34) of Hetero cats without LVH were >4 years old (4.1-11.5 years). LVH was also detected in 2 Homo WT cats (4%). A significantly decreased (P < .05) longitudinal E/A (ratio between early and late diastolic myocardial velocities) in the basal segment of the interventricular septum was observed in Hetero cats without LVH (n = 34) compared with Homo WT cats without LVH (n = 50), thus confirming that the Hetero status is associated with regional diastolic dysfunction (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The heterozygous status is not consistently associated with LVH and major myocardial dysfunction. Moreover, Homo WT cats can also develop LVH, suggesting that other genetic causes might be implicated.
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Moura C, Fontes-Sousa AP, Teixeira-Pinto A, Areias JCC, Leite-Moreira AF. Agreement between echocardiographic techniques in assessment of the left ventricular myocardial performance index in rabbits. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:464-71. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.4.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Azotemia in cats with feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence and relationships with echocardiographic variables. J Vet Cardiol 2008; 10:117-23. [PMID: 19027388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of renal azotemia in cats with acquired heart disease is not well documented. The aims of this study were therefore (1) to determine the prevalence of azotemia within a hospital population of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and (2) to evaluate the relationship between echocardiographic variables and plasma urea and creatinine. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS 134 client-owned cats were retrospectively studied including 102 cats with HCM and 32 control cats. A complete physical examination, electrocardiography, systolic arterial blood pressure measurement, thoracic radiographs, and echocardiography were performed. Plasma creatinine and urea were determined in all cats. The animal was considered azotemic if plasma creatinine was >1.8 mg/dL and/or urea >65 mg/dL (i.e. BUN> 30 mg/dL). RESULTS The prevalence of azotemia was lower in control cats (25.0%) than in cats with HCM (58.8%) (P=0.003). No significant differences in plasma urea and creatinine were observed between the HCM and control cats. There was no effect of plasma creatinine and urea on conventional echocardiographic variables in cats with HCM. CONCLUSIONS Azotemia is a frequent finding in cats with HCM but is not dependent on echocardiographic variables.
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Koffas H, Dukes-McEwan J, Corcoran BM, Moran CM, French A, Sboros V, Simpson K, Anderson T, McDicken WN. Colour M-mode tissue Doppler imaging in healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:330-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sampedrano CC, Chetboul V, Gouni V, Nicolle AP, Pouchelon JL, Tissier R. Systolic and Diastolic Myocardial Dysfunction in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy or Systemic Hypertension. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Guglielmini C, Luciani A. Advanced Echocardiographic Techniques in Small Animal Practice. Vet Res Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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