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Sewid AH, Kania SA. Distinguishing characteristics of Staphylococcus schleiferi and Staphylococcus coagulans of human and canine origin. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296850. [PMID: 38330059 PMCID: PMC10852249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus schleiferi and Staphylococcus coagulans are opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans. They were previously classified as Staphylococcus schleiferi subs. schleiferi and Staphylococcus schleiferi subs. coagulans, respectively, and recently reclassified as separate species. S. coagulans, is frequently associated with dogs, whereas S. schleiferi is more commonly isolated from humans. Coagulase activity status is a defining characteristic of the otherwise closely related species. However, the use of coagulase tests originally developed to distinguish S. aureus from non-coagulase-producing staphylococci, for this purpose is questionable and the basis for their host preference has not been elucidated. In the current study, a putative coa gene was identified and correlated with coagulase activity measured using a chromogenic assay with human and bovine prothrombin (closely related to canine prothrombin). The results of the tests performed with human prothrombin showed greater reactivity of S. coagulans isolates from humans than isolates obtained from dogs with the same substrate. Our data suggest that unlike S. coagulans isolates from humans, isolates from dogs have more coagulase activity with bovine prothrombin (similar to canine prothrombin) than human prothrombin. Differences in nuc and 16s rRNA genes suggest a divergence in S. coagulans and S. schleiferi. Phenotypic and genotypic variation based on the number of IgG binding domains, and the numbers of tandem repeats in C-terminal fibronectin binding motifs was also found in protein A, and fibronectin-binding protein B respectively. This study identified a coa gene and associated phenotypic activity that differentiates S. coagulans and S. schleiferi and identified key phylogenetic and phenotypic differences between the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa H. Sewid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Onishi-Sakamoto S, Fujii T, Watanabe K, Makida R, Iyori K, Toyoda Y, Tochio T, Nishifuji K. Erythritol alters phosphotransferase gene expression and inhibits the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus coagulans isolated from canines with pyoderma. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1272595. [PMID: 38239752 PMCID: PMC10794667 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1272595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus coagulans (SC) belongs to a group of coagulase-positive staphylococci occasionally isolated from the skin lesions of dogs with pyoderma. We recently revealed that erythritol, a sugar alcohol, inhibited the growth of SC strain JCM7470. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in this growth inhibition of JCM7470 by erythritol, and determine whether erythritol inhibits the growth of SC isolated from the skin of dogs with pyoderma. Comprehensive analysis of the gene expression of JCM7470 in the presence of erythritol revealed that erythritol upregulated the expression of glcB and ptsG genes, both of which encode phosphotransferase system (PTS) glucoside- and glucose-specific permease C, B, and A domains (EIICBA), respectively, associated with sugar uptake. Moreover, erythritol suppressed in vitro growth of all 27 SC strains isolated from the skin lesions of canine pyoderma, including 13 mecA gene-positive and 14 mecA gene-negative strains. Finally, the growth inhibition of the SC clinical isolates by erythritol was restored by the addition of glucose. In summary, we revealed that erythritol promotes PTS gene expression and suppresses the in vitro growth of SC clinical isolates from dogs with pyoderma. Restoration of the erythritol-induced growth inhibition by glucose suggested that glucose starvation may contribute to the growth inhibition of SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Onishi-Sakamoto
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
- Department of Medical Research on Prebiotics and Probiotics, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Keito Watanabe
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reina Makida
- Research and Development Center, B Food Science Co., Ltd., Chita, Japan
| | - Keita Iyori
- Dermatological and Laboratory Service for Animals, Vet Derm Tokyo, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Toyoda
- Dermatological and Laboratory Service for Animals, Vet Derm Tokyo, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Tochio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
- Department of Medical Research on Prebiotics and Probiotics, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Koji Nishifuji
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Naing SY, Duim B, Broens EM, Schweitzer V, Zomer A, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, van der Meer C, Stellingwerff L, Fluit AC, Wagenaar JA. Molecular Characterization and Clinical Relevance of Taxonomic Reassignment of Staphylococcus schleiferi Subspecies into Two Separate Species, Staphylococcus schleiferi and Staphylococcus coagulans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0467022. [PMID: 36853031 PMCID: PMC10101015 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04670-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus schleiferi is an opportunistic pathogen in humans and dogs. Recent taxonomic reassignment of its subspecies (S. schleiferi subsp. schleiferi and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans) into two separate species (S. schleiferi and S. coagulans) lacks supporting data for diagnostic implications and clinical relevance. We aimed to confirm the reclassification of S. schleiferi by using genomic and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) data for a large set of isolates from humans and animals to investigate their molecular epidemiology and clinical relevance. Routine MALDI-TOF analysis and Illumina sequencing were performed on 165 S. schleiferi isolates from the Netherlands. With 33 publicly available genomes, the study included 198 genomes from 149 dogs, 34 humans, and 15 other sources. The Type Strain Genome Server was used to identify species in the genomes, and the MALDI-TOF MS database was extended to improve species differentiation. MALDI-TOF did not discriminate between S. schleiferi and S. coagulans. Genome phylogeny distinguished the two species in two monophyletic clusters. S. schleiferi isolates originated from humans, while S. coagulans isolates were found in animals and three human isolates clustering with the animal isolates. The sialidase B gene (nanB) was a unique marker gene for S. schleiferi, whereas the chrA gene was exclusive for S. coagulans. The mecA gene was exclusively detected in S. coagulans, as were the lnu(A), blaZ, erm(B/C), tet(O/M), and aac(6')-aph(2'') genes. The MALDI-TOF database extension did not improve differentiation between the two species. Even though our whole-genome sequencing-based approach showed clear differentiation between these two species, it remains critical to identify S. schleiferi and S. coagulans correctly in routine diagnostics. IMPORTANCE This study clearly shows that S. schleiferi is a concern in human hospital settings, whereas S. coagulans predominantly causes infections in animals. S. coagulans is more resistant to antibiotics and can sometimes transmit to humans via exposure to infected dogs. Even though genome-based methods can clearly differentiate the two species, current diagnostic methods used routinely in clinical microbiology laboratories cannot distinguish the two bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soe Yu Naing
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Els M. Broens
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Valentijn Schweitzer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Coby van der Meer
- Certe Medical Microbiology Friesland and Noordoostpolder, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Luutsen Stellingwerff
- Certe Medical Microbiology Friesland and Noordoostpolder, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Ad C. Fluit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Marchegiani A, Fruganti A, Bazzano M, Cerquetella M, Dini F, Spaterna A. Fluorescent Light Energy in the Management of Multi Drug Resistant Canine Pyoderma: A Prospective Exploratory Study. Pathogens 2022; 11:1197. [PMID: 36297254 PMCID: PMC9608719 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The increase in prevalence of staphylococcal antimicrobial resistance has been also associated with pyoderma in dogs, and prolonged antibiotic treatment, as often needed in severe cases of pyoderma, has been related to influencing possible development of multidrug resistance (MDR). Fluorescent light energy (FLE) has been indicated to improve pyoderma lesions as adjunct therapy to systemic antibiotics. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of FLE on clinical signs of MDR canine deep pyoderma (CDP) and interdigital furunculosis (CIF) when administered as solely management. Sixteen client-owned dogs affected by CIF (five dogs) and CDP (eleven dogs) were scored using a dedicated scoring system and received a single FLE applications twice weekly, until clinical resolution was achieved. Mean time to achieve complete resolution was 5.20 ± 3.56 weeks (median 3 weeks) for CIF cases and 4.18 ± 1.47 weeks (median 4 weeks) for CDP ones. FLE shows promise as an aid to managing clinical signs while reducing reliance on antibiotics for MDR CDP and CIF. In this study, FLE was responsible for the decrease in lesion scores and resolution of MDR pyoderma infection without any adjunct therapy, having a potential useful role to play in antibiotic stewardship programs, efficiently promoting complete clinical resolution of MDR lesions while optimizing the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
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Lord J, Millis N, Jones RD, Johnson B, Kania SA, Odoi A. Patterns of antimicrobial, multidrug and methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Tennessee, USA: a descriptive study. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:91. [PMID: 35255907 PMCID: PMC8903740 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug- and methicillin-resistant staphylococci are both veterinary and public health concerns due to their zoonotic potential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate patterns of antimicrobial, multidrug, and methicillin resistance among four Staphylococcus spp. commonly isolated from canine clinical specimens submitted to the Clinical Bacteriology Laboratory at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine (UTCVM). Methods Results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and mecA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for isolates of four common Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained from the Bacteriology Laboratory at the UTCVM between 01/01/2006 and 12/31/2017. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to assess temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), multidrug resistance (MDR), and methicillin resistance. Kappa test of agreement was used to assess agreement between the results of PCR and disk diffusion tests. Results Most of the 7805 isolates were S. pseudintermedius (6453 isolates), followed by S. coagulans (860), S. aureus (330), and S. schleiferi (162). Among S. pseudintermedius isolates, 45.5% were MDR, and 30.8% were methicillin-resistant (MRSP). There was a significant temporal increase in MRSP (p = 0.017). Chloramphenicol resistance increased among both MRSP and methicillin-susceptible (MSSP) isolates (p < 0.0001). Among S. aureus isolates, 40.9% were MDR, 37.4% were methicillin-resistant (MRSA), and the proportion of MRSA isolates increased significantly (p = 0.0480) over time. There was an increasing temporal trend in the proportion of MDR isolates among MSSP (p = 0.0022), but a decrease among MRSP (p < 0.0001) and MRSA (p = 0.0298). S. schleiferi had the highest percentage (56.9%) of methicillin-resistant isolates. Oxacillin disk diffusion was superior to cefoxitin for the detection of mecA-mediated resistance and had almost perfect agreement with mecA PCR assay for S. pseudintermedius (95.4% agreement, kappa (κ) = 0.904; p < 0.0001), S. coagulans (95.6%, κ = 0.913; p < 0.0001) and S. schleiferi (97.7%, κ = 0.945; p < 0.0001). However, cefoxitin disk diffusion was superior to oxacillin disk diffusion and had almost perfect agreement with mecA PCR assay for S. aureus (95.3%, κ = 0.834; p < 0.0001). Conclusions The levels of resistance and increasing temporal trends are concerning. These findings have implications for treatment decisions and public health due to the zoonotic potential of staphylococci. Continued surveillance and use of antibiograms to guide clinical decisions will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lord
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nick Millis
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rebekah Duckett Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen A Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Palomino-Farfán JA, Vega LGA, Espinoza SYC, Magallanes SG, Moreno JJS. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies coagulans associated with otitis externa and pyoderma in dogs. Open Vet J 2021; 11:364-369. [PMID: 34722197 PMCID: PMC8541725 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dermatological infections are the most common cases in the daily pet clinic. Since its discovery in 1990, Staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies coagulans have been reported more frequently in canine otitis externa and pyoderma and even in cases of zoonoses. Aim: Detect the presence of S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans of canine otitis externa and pyoderma, its antimicrobial resistance, and the presence of mecAgen. Methods: Three-hundred-thirty-one swabs from dogs with otitis externa and pyoderma were cultured on bacteriological agar for bacterial isolation and subsequent biochemical and molecular identification. The identified S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans were evaluated for their antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby–Bauer technique, including an oxacillin disk, and subsequently, a PCR was run to identify which ones had the mecA gene. Results: Thirty-four (22.97%) and twelve (6.56%) isolates were identified as S. schleiferi subspecies coagulans from otitis externa and pyoderma, respectively. Fluoroquinolones, the most widely used group of antibiotics in Peru, showed a susceptibility of 58.82% (20/34) in cases of otitis externa and 50% (6/12) in cases of canine pyoderma. Meanwhile, nitrofurantoin was the antibiotic with the best efficacy in both cases, with 97% (33/34) in otitis externa and 83% (10/12) in pyoderma. Furthermore, 40% (13/34) of S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans isolated from otitis externa were resistant to methicillin, and 85.29% (29/34) had the mecA gene. On the other hand, the only methicillin-resistant isolate from pyoderma was also the only one with a mecA gene. Conclusion: This study is the first report of S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans in Peru, finding a higher percentage than reported in other South American countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel André Palomino-Farfán
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Luis Guillermo Alvarez Vega
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Sonia Yenny Calle Espinoza
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Sofia Gonzales Magallanes
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Juan José Siuce Moreno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Perú
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János D, Viorel H, Ionica I, Corina P, Tiana F, Roxana D. Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070801. [PMID: 34356722 PMCID: PMC8300769 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus species, which pose risks for public health, by evaluating skin samples collected from dogs in an animal shelter in Timisoara. Skin samples were taken from 78 dogs, which were either clinically healthy or suffering from dermatological conditions. Staphylococcus spp. was isolated and recognized based on conventional methods based on colony appearance, microscopic morphology, sugar fermentation, and coagulase activity. Following biochemical analysis, Staphylococcus isolates were subject to PCR tests to detect sa-f and sa-r genes to confirm the isolates to genus level. The typical colonies were identified to species level using biochemical methods, namely the VITEK®2 ID-GP64 identification card (bioMerieux, France). The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiling was performed using the VITEK®2 AST GP Gram-positive specific bacteria card (bioMerieux, France). Forty-three samples were confirmed as positive for Staphylococcus spp. Staphylococcus isolates were classified into the following categories: S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius, S. epidermitis, S. haemolyticus, and S. hyicus. Eight (18.60%, 8/43) out of all the samples harbored the mecA gene, highlighting the distribution among isolated staphylococcal species: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (4/43, 9.30%), Staphylococcus intermedius (1/43, 2.32%) and Staphylococcus aureus (3/43, 9.30%), respectively. The phenomenon of resistance was present, to the following antimicrobial agents: erythromycin (38/43, 88.37%), benzylpenicillin, kanamycin, and tetracycline with 37 strains (37/43, 86.04%), gentamycin (30/43, 69.76%), chloramphenicol (29/43, 67.44%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (27/43, 62.79%), ampicillin (26/43, 60,46%), rifampicin (25/43, 58,13%), imipenem (14/43, 32,55%), nitrofurantoin (11/43, 25.58%), oxacillin (8/43, 18.60%), vancomycin (4/43, 9.30%) and clindamycin (3/43, 6.97%), respectively. The presence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic staphylococci in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with skin lesions is an animal health and human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dégi János
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (F.T.); Tel.: +40-767-089-041 (D.J.)
| | | | | | | | - Florea Tiana
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (F.T.); Tel.: +40-767-089-041 (D.J.)
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Costa SS, Oliveira V, Serrano M, Pomba C, Couto I. Phenotypic and Molecular Traits of Staphylococcus coagulans Associated with Canine Skin Infections in Portugal. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050518. [PMID: 34063179 PMCID: PMC8147484 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus coagulans is among the three most frequent pathogens of canine pyoderma. Yet, studies on this species are scarce. Twenty-seven S. coagulans and one S. schleiferi, corresponding to all pyoderma-related isolations from these two species at two veterinary laboratories in Lisbon, Portugal, between 1999 and 2018 (Lab 1) or 2018 (Lab 2), were analyzed. Isolates were identified by the analysis of the nuc gene and urease production. Antibiotic susceptibility towards 27 antibiotics was evaluated by disk diffusion. Fourteen antibiotic resistance genes were screened by PCR. Isolates were typed by SmaI-PFGE. Two S. coagulans isolates (2/27, 7.4%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSC, mecA+) and four (4/27, 14.8%) displayed a multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype. We observed resistance to penicillin (17/27, 63.0%), fluoroquinolones (11/27, 40.7%), erythromycin and clindamycin (3/27, 11.1%), fusidic acid (3/27, 11.1%) and tetracycline (1/27, 3.7%). The blaZ and erm(B) genes were carried by 16 and 1 isolates resistant to penicillin and erythromycin/clindamycin, respectively. Only three S. coagulans carried plasmids. The single S. schleiferi isolate presented an MDR phenotype. SmaI-PFGE revealed a limited genetic diversity of S. coagulans, with a predominant lineage present from 2001 to 2018. This study describes the first MRSC causing canine infection in Portugal and reveals a high burden of antimicrobial resistance, with the emergence of MDR phenotypes within the main lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Santos Costa
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.O.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.C.); (I.C.); Tel.: +351-21-3652652 (S.S.C. & I.C.); Fax: +351-21-3632105 (S.S.C. & I.C.)
| | - Valéria Oliveira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Serrano
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Constança Pomba
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- GeneVet, Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular Veterinário, Rua Quinta da Nora Loja 3B, 2790-140 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Isabel Couto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.O.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.C.); (I.C.); Tel.: +351-21-3652652 (S.S.C. & I.C.); Fax: +351-21-3632105 (S.S.C. & I.C.)
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Foster G, Robb A, Paterson GK. Isolation and genome sequencing of Staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies coagulans from Antarctic and North Sea seals. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000162. [PMID: 33195976 PMCID: PMC7660238 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports on the commensal organism and opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus schleiferi have largely considered isolates from humans and companion dogs. Two subspecies are recognized: the coagulase-negative S. schleiferi ssp. schleiferi, typically seen in humans, and the coagulase-positive S. schleiferi ssp. coagulans, typically seen in dogs. In this study, we report the isolation, genome sequencing and comparative genomics of three S. schleiferi ssp. coagulans isolates from mouth samples from two species of healthy, free-living Antarctic seals, southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella), in the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, and three isolates from post-mortem samples from grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in Scotland, UK. This is the first report of S. schleiferi ssp. coagulans isolation from Antarctic fur seal and grey seal. The Antarctic fur seal represents the first isolation of S. schleiferi ssp. coagulans from the family Otariidae, while the grey seal represents the first isolation from a pinniped in the Northern Hemisphere. We compare seal, dog and human isolates from both S. schleiferi subspecies in the first genome-based phylogenetic analysis of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Robb
- Scottish MRSA Reference Laboratory, Glasgow RG6 6BZ, UK
| | - Gavin K Paterson
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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Nakamura T, Kitana J, Fujiki J, Takase M, Iyori K, Simoike K, Iwano H. Lytic Activity of Polyvalent Staphylococcal Bacteriophage PhiSA012 and Its Endolysin Lys-PhiSA012 Against Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcal Clinical Isolates From Canine Skin Infection Sites. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:234. [PMID: 32587860 PMCID: PMC7298730 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in human and veterinary medicine is of global concern. Notably, the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius has become a serious problem. In this context, bacteriophages and their lytic enzymes, endolysins, have received considerable attention as therapeutics for infectious diseases in place of antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibiotic-resistance patterns of staphylococcal species isolated from canine skin at a primary care animal hospital in Tokyo, Japan and evaluate the lytic activity of the staphylococcal bacteriophage phiSA012 and its endolysin Lys-phiSA012 against isolated antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal strains. Forty clinical staphylococcal samples were isolated from infection sites of dogs (20 from skin and 20 from the external ear canal). Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined by a disk diffusion method. The host range of phiSA012 was determined by using a spot test against staphylococcal isolates. Against staphylococcal isolates that showed resistance toward five classes or more of antimicrobials, the lytic activity of phiSA012 and Lys-phiSA012 was evaluated using a turbidity reduction assay. Twenty-three S. pseudintermedius, 16 Staphylococcus schleiferi, and 1 Staphylococcus intermedius were detected from canine skin and ear infections, and results revealed 43.5% methicillin resistance in S. pseudintermedius and 31.3% in S. schleiferi. In addition, the prevalence multidrug resistance (MDR) S. pseudintermedius was 65.2%. PhiSA012 could infect all staphylococcal isolates by spot testing, but showed little lytic activity by turbidity reduction assay against MDR S. pseudintermedius isolates. On the other hand, Lys-phiSA012 showed lytic activity and reduced significantly the number of staphylococcal colony-forming units. These results demonstrated that ARB issues underlying in small animal hospital and proposed substitutes for antibiotics. Lys-phiSA012 has broader lytic activity than phiSA012 against staphylococcal isolates; therefore, Lys-phiSA012 is a more potential candidate therapeutic agent for several staphylococcal infections including that of canine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Junya Kitana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Jumpei Fujiki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
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Teixeira IM, de Oliveira Ferreira E, de Araújo Penna B. Dogs as reservoir of methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci strains - A possible neglected risk. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103616. [PMID: 31283961 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic resistance among coagulase - negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species towards methicillin is rarely reported in veterinary medicine. Under the aspect/concept of One Health, those strains pose a risk to human health due to the presence in canine pets where the transfer of resistant genetic markers might occur to other staphylococci species. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance pattern among Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from asymptomatic dogs and those affected by topic infections. Swabs from 254 dogs were first seeded in Mannitol Salt Agar. Species identification was conducted by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption ionization - time of flight (MALDI-TOF ms) as previously described. The susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion according to CLSI standards. Detection of mecA gene was performed. CoNS could be recovered from both groups of dogs and an alarming presence of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) was confirmed, in 10.2% (17/166) of the samples. Eight of those methicillin resistant strains were isolated from asymptomatic dogs whereas nine were present in dogs affected by pyoderma and otitis externa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabel Mello Teixeira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Niterói, RJ Rua Professor Hernani Melo N. 101, sala 302 (Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos), São Domingos, Niterói Rj, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Do Rio De Janeiro, Instituto De Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Rio De Janeiro, Rj Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco I, 2 Andar, Sala 006, Cep 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Araújo Penna
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Niterói, RJ Rua Professor Hernani Melo N. 101, sala 302 (Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos), São Domingos, Niterói Rj, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil.
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12
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Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Res Vet Sci 2019; 122:81-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Huse HK, Miller SA, Chandrasekaran S, Hindler JA, Lawhon SD, Bemis DA, Westblade LF, Humphries RM. Evaluation of Oxacillin and Cefoxitin Disk Diffusion and MIC Breakpoints Established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute for Detection of mecA-Mediated Oxacillin Resistance in Staphylococcus schleiferi. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:e01653-17. [PMID: 29187565 PMCID: PMC5786728 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01653-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus schleiferi is a beta-hemolytic, coagulase-variable colonizer of small animals that can cause opportunistic infections in humans. In veterinary isolates, the rate of mecA-mediated oxacillin resistance is significant, with reported resistance rates of >39%. The goal of this study was to evaluate oxacillin and cefoxitin disk diffusion (DD) and MIC breakpoints for detection of mecA-mediated oxacillin resistance in 52 human and 38 veterinary isolates of S. schleiferi Isolates were tested on multiple brands of commercial media and according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) methods. Zone diameters and MIC values were interpreted using CLSI breakpoints (CLSI, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. M100-S27, 2017) for Staphylococcus aureus/Staphylococcus lugdunensis, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Results were compared to those of mecA PCR. Twenty-nine of 90 (32%) isolates were mecA positive. Oxacillin inhibition zone sizes and MICs interpreted by S. pseudintermedius breakpoints reliably differentiated mecA-positive and mecA-negative isolates, with a categorical agreement (CA) of 100% and no very major errors (VMEs) or major errors (MEs) for all media. For cefoxitin DD results interpreted using S. aureus/S. lugdunensis and CoNS breakpoints, CA values were 85% and 75%, respectively, and there were 72% and 64% VMEs, respectively, and 0 MEs. For cefoxitin MICs interpreted using S. aureus/S. lugdunensis breakpoints, CA was 81%, and there were 60% VMEs and no MEs. Our data demonstrate that oxacillin DD or MIC testing methods using the current S. pseudintermedius breakpoints reliably identify mecA-mediated oxacillin resistance in S. schleiferi, while cefoxitin DD and MIC testing methods perform poorly.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Huse
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S A Miller
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S Chandrasekaran
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - J A Hindler
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S D Lawhon
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - D A Bemis
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - R M Humphries
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Morris DO, Loeffler A, Davis MF, Guardabassi L, Weese JS. Recommendations for approaches to meticillin-resistant staphylococcal infections of small animals: diagnosis, therapeutic considerations and preventative measures.: Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:304-e69. [PMID: 28516494 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple drug resistance (MDR) in staphylococci, including resistance to the semi-synthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as meticillin, is a problem of global proportions that presents serious challenges to the successful treatment of staphylococcal infections of companion animals. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to provide harmonized recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of meticillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in dogs and cats. METHODS The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to September 2016. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) provided guidance and oversight for this process. A draft of the document was presented at the 8th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology (May 2016) and was then made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the WAVD for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and posted to the GP electronically. Responses were incorporated by the GP into the final document. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to guidelines for the diagnosis, laboratory reporting, judicious therapy (including restriction of use policies for certain antimicrobial drugs), personal hygiene, and environmental cleaning and disinfection may help to mitigate the progressive development and dissemination of MDR staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Guardabassi L, Damborg P, Stamm I, Kopp PA, Broens EM, Toutain PL. Diagnostic microbiology in veterinary dermatology: present and future. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:146-e30. [PMID: 28133869 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiology laboratory can be perceived as a service provider rather than an integral part of the healthcare team. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to discuss the current challenges of providing a state-of-the-art diagnostic veterinary microbiology service including the identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of key pathogens in veterinary dermatology. METHODS The Study Group for Veterinary Microbiology (ESGVM) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) identified scientific, technological, educational and regulatory issues impacting the predictive value of AST and the quality of the service offered by microbiology laboratories. RESULTS The advent of mass spectrometry has significantly reduced the time required for ID of key pathogens such as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. However, the turnaround time for validated AST methods has remained unchanged for many years. Beyond scientific and technological constraints, AST methods are not harmonized and clinical breakpoints for some antimicrobial drugs are either missing or inadequate. Small laboratories, including in-clinic laboratories, are usually not adequately equipped to run up-to-date clinical microbiologic diagnostic tests. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE ESGVM recommends the use of laboratories employing mass spectrometry for ID and broth micro-dilution for AST, and offering assistance by expert microbiologists on pre- and post-analytical issues. Setting general standards for veterinary clinical microbiology, promoting antimicrobial stewardship, and the development of new, validated and rapid diagnostic methods, especially for AST, are among the missions of ESGVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.,Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Damborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ivonne Stamm
- IDEXX Vet·Med·Labor, Moerikestrasse 28/3, D-71636, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Peter A Kopp
- IDEXX Vet·Med·Labor, Moerikestrasse 28/3, D-71636, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Els M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA/INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Kunder DA, Cain CL, O'Shea K, Cole SD, Rankin SC. Genotypic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus schleiferi in clinical samples from dogs in different geographic regions of the United States. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:406-10, e94. [PMID: 26369311 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus schleiferi is a known pathogen that can cause canine skin and ear infections. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical veterinary isolates from different geographic regions in the United States. HYPOTHESIS It was hypothesized that S. schleiferi would maintain genotypic homogeneity across the different geographic regions and that meticillin-resistant (MR) isolates of S. schleiferi would predominate. METHODS Isolates were identified as S. schleiferi by a commercial microbiology identification system and confirmed by nuc gene PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility data were collected and PBP2a latex agglutination testing was performed on MR isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed and clonal clusters were identified with a Dice coefficient similarity of >80%. RESULTS There were 116 isolates from the Mid-Atlantic region and 101 from across the United States. Of these 217 isolates, 209 (96%) were obtained from cutaneous sites. Of the Mid-Atlantic isolates, 62% (72 of 116) were MR and 16% (18 of 116) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Of the isolates from the other geographic regions, 73% (74 of 101) were MR and 24% (24 of 101) were MDR. All MR isolates were positive by PBP2a latex agglutination. PFGE identified 155 individual pulsed-field profiles and three major pulsed-field types (PFT) that contained 61% (133 of 217) of the isolates. These pulsed-field types were geographically heterogeneous. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the dissemination of successful MR pulsed-field types of S. schleiferi across the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie A Kunder
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christine L Cain
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen O'Shea
- Department of Pathobiology - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephen D Cole
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- Department of Pathobiology - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Complete Genome Sequence and Methylome of Staphylococcus schleiferi, an Important Cause of Skin and Ear Infections in Veterinary Medicine. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/5/e01011-15. [PMID: 26358596 PMCID: PMC4566178 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01011-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus schleiferi, a Gram-positive and coagulase-variable organism, is an opportunistic human pathogen and a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections in dogs. Here, we report the first S. schleiferi genome sequence and methylome from four canine clinical isolates.
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18
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Chanchaithong P, Perreten V, Schwendener S, Tribuddharat C, Chongthaleong A, Niyomtham W, Prapasarakul N. Strain typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococcal species in dogs and people associated with dogs in Thailand. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:572-86. [PMID: 24833550 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was to investigate and to characterize methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci (MRCoPS) harboring in dogs and people associated with dogs in Thailand. METHODS AND RESULTS Staphylococci were collected from 100 dogs, 100 dog owners, 200 small animal veterinarians and 100 people without pet association. Species of MRCoPS were identified phenotypically and genotypically. Molecular characteristics were determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and SCCmec typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility was assayed by broth microdilution and by microarray analysis for resistance genes. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans (MRSSc) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were isolated from dogs (45, 17 and 1%, respectively), veterinarians (8, 2 and 1·5%, respectively) and dog owners (3, 2 and 0%, respectively). Seventeen sequence types (STs) were identified among 83 MRSP isolates which specifically carried SCCmec V, II-III, ΨSCCmec57395 and three uncharacterized SCCmec types. MRSP ST 45, 68 and novel STs including 169, 178, 181 and 183 were shared among canine and human isolates. Most of MRSA ST398 and MRSSc carried SCCmec type V. The MRCoPS commonly displayed multiple resistances to tested antimicrobials and carried various resistance genes. CONCLUSION Variety of MRCoPS, especially new MRSP clones, distributed in dogs and people in Thailand. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The existence of MRCoPS circulating between dogs and humans in Thailand provides indirect evidence of interspecies transmission and represents a potential public health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chanchaithong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hillier A, Lloyd DH, Weese JS, Blondeau JM, Boothe D, Breitschwerdt E, Guardabassi L, Papich MG, Rankin S, Turnidge JD, Sykes JE. Guidelines for the diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis (Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases). Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:163-e43. [PMID: 24720433 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) is usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and routinely treated with systemic antimicrobial agents. Infection is a consequence of reduced immunity associated with alterations of the skin barrier and underlying diseases that may be difficult to diagnose and resolve; thus, SBF is frequently recurrent and repeated treatment is necessary. The emergence of multiresistant bacteria, particularly meticillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), has focused attention on the need for optimal management of SBF. OBJECTIVES Provision of an internationally available resource guiding practitioners in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SBF. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUIDELINES The guidelines were developed by the Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases, with consultation and advice from diplomates of the American and European Colleges of Veterinary Dermatology. They describe optimal methods for the diagnosis and management of SBF, including isolation of the causative organism, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, selection of antimicrobial drugs, therapeutic protocols and advice on infection control. Guidance is given for topical and systemic modalities, including approaches suitable for MRSP. Systemic drugs are classified in three tiers. Tier one drugs are used when diagnosis is clear cut and risk factors for antimicrobial drug resistance are not present. Otherwise, tier two drugs are used and antimicrobial susceptibility tests are mandatory. Tier three includes drugs reserved for highly resistant infections; their use is strongly discouraged and, when necessary, they should be used in consultation with specialists. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Optimal management of SBF will improve antimicrobial use and reduce selection of MRSP and other multidrug-resistant bacteria affecting animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hillier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David H Lloyd
- Royal Veterinary College, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - J Scott Weese
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Joseph M Blondeau
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, S7N 0W8
| | - Dawn Boothe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Edward Breitschwerdt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark G Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Shelley Rankin
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John D Turnidge
- Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Jane E Sykes
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi Subspecies coagulans from Canine Pyoderma Cases in Grenada, West Indies, and Their Susceptibility to Beta-Lactam Drugs. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:850126. [PMID: 24592351 PMCID: PMC3922004 DOI: 10.1155/2014/850126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a 2-year period 66 cases of canine pyoderma in Grenada, West Indies, were examined by aerobic culture in order to ascertain the bacteria involved and their antimicrobial resistance patterns. Of the 116 total bacterial isolates obtained, the majority belonged to Gram-positive species, and the most common organism identified through biochemical and molecular methods was Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Additionally, identification of a Staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies coagulans isolate was confirmed by molecular methods. All isolates of staphylococci were susceptible to beta-lactam drugs: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefovecin, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, and cephalothin. They were also susceptible to chloramphenicol and enrofloxacin. Resistance was highest to tetracycline. Methicillin resistance was not detected in any isolate of S. pseudintermedius or in S. schleiferi. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, the most common species was Klebsiella pneumoniae, followed by Acinetobacter baumannii/calcoaceticus. The only drug to which all Gram-negative isolates were susceptible was enrofloxacin. This report is the first to confirm the presence of S. pseudintermedius and S. schleiferi subspecies coagulans, in dogs with pyoderma in Grenada, and the susceptibility of staphylococcal isolates to the majority of beta-lactam drugs used in veterinary practice.
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Davis MF, Cain CL, Brazil AM, Rankin SC. Two coagulase-negative staphylococci emerging as potential zoonotic pathogens: wolves in sheep's clothing? Front Microbiol 2013; 4:123. [PMID: 23720657 PMCID: PMC3654208 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Davis
- Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD, USA
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May ER, Kinyon JM, Noxon JO. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus schleiferi from healthy dogs and dogs with otitis, pyoderma or both. Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:443-8. [PMID: 22771206 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, Staphylococcus schleiferi was previously assumed to be an inhabitant of carnivore skin, however, more recently, it has been repeatedly documented in the literature as both an inhabitant and as a pathogen. In order to determine the frequency of nasal carriage, and the methicillin susceptibility pattern of S. schleiferi from healthy dogs as well as dogs with otitis and/or pyoderma, a prospective study including 24 dogs with healthy ears and skin, 27 dogs with healthy ears and pyoderma, 15 dogs with otitis without pyoderma and 20 dogs with both otitis and pyoderma was performed. Specimens were obtained and cultured and isolates were identified as S. schleiferi based on growth and biochemical characteristics. S. schleiferi was isolated from the nares of 1 healthy dog, 3 dogs with recurrent pyoderma, 2 dogs with recurrent otitis, and 1 dog with both recurrent otitis and pyoderma. One of the S. schleiferi isolates was methicillin resistant. Nasal carriage of S. schleiferi does occur in healthy dogs as well as dogs with otitis and pyoderma. Methicillin resistant and sensitive S. schleiferi can be found in the nares of dogs with diseased ears and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R May
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA.
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Frank LA, Loeffler A. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: clinical challenge and treatment options. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:283-91, e56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cain CL, Morris DO, Rankin SC. Clinical characterization ofStaphylococcus schleiferiinfections and identification of risk factors for acquisition of oxacillin-resistant strains in dogs: 225 cases (2003–2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:1566-73. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.12.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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