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Shin J, Choe S, Park GN, Song S, Kim KS, An BH, Hyun BH, An DJ. Isolation and Genetic Characterization of a Bovine Coronavirus KBR-1 Strain from Calf Feces in South Korea. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112376. [PMID: 36366474 PMCID: PMC9695762 DOI: 10.3390/v14112376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) causes severe diarrhea in neonatal calves, winter dysentery in adult cattle, and respiratory disease in feedlot cattle, resulting in economic losses. A total of 16/140 calf diarrheic feces samples collected in South Korea between 2017 and 2018 were positive for BCoV. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete spike and hemagglutinin/esterase genes revealed that the 16 Korean BCoV strains belonged to group GIIa along with Korean strains isolated after 2000, whereas Korean BCoV strains isolated before 2000 belonged to group GI. Mice and goats inoculated with an inactivated KBR-1 strain (isolated from this study) generated higher antibody titers (96 ± 13.49 and 73 ± 13.49, respectively) when mixed with the Montanide01 adjuvant than when mixed with the Carbopol or IMS1313 adjuvants. Viral antigens were detected in the large intestine, jejunum, and ileum of calves inoculated with inactivated KBR-1 vaccine (104.0 TCID50/mL) at 14 days of post-challenge (DPC). However, no viral antigens were detected in calves vaccinated with a higher dose of inactivated KBR-1 strain (106.0 TCID50/mL) at 14 DPC, and they had high antibody titers and stable diarrhea scores. Currently, the group GIIa is prevalent in cows in South Korea, and although further research is needed in the future, the recently isolated KBR-1 strain has potential value as a new vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, GwanAk-Ro 1, GwanAk-Gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Smith FL, Heller MC, Crossley BM, Clothier KA, Anderson ML, Barnum SS, Pusterla N, Rowe JD. Diarrhea outbreak associated with coronavirus infection in adult dairy goats. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:805-811. [PMID: 35165938 PMCID: PMC8965271 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection by coronaviruses cause gastrointestinal disease in many species. Little is known about its prevalence and importance in goats. Objective Identify the etiology, demographics, and clinical features of an outbreak of diarrhea in adult goats. Hypothesis Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) PCR would detect viral material in feces of goats in the herds involved in the diarrhea outbreak. Animals Twelve herds with 4 to 230 adult goats were affected. Goats sampled for fecal PCR were ≥1‐year‐old: 25 from affected herds and 6 from a control herd. Methods This is a cross‐sectional descriptive study of an outbreak of diarrheal disease in adult goats. BCoV PCR primers for the spike (S) or nucleocapsid (N) proteins were used to test fecal material from affected goats. The N protein sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Herd records and owner surveys were used to characterize morbidity, clinical signs, and treatment. Results In 2 affected herds 18/25 of animals had at least 1 positive BCoV PCR test. Goats from affected herds were significantly more likely to be PCR positive than the control herd (OR 8.75, 95% CI 1.11‐104, P = .05). The most common clinical signs were change in fecal consistency (19/20) and decreased milk production (14/15). Phylogenetic analysis of the N protein showed this virus was closely related to a bovine‐like coronavirus isolated from a giraffe. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Bovine coronavirus primers detected nucleic acids of the N and S proteins in feces of goats in affected herds. Coronavirus shedding frequency was temporally associated with the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauna Leah Smith
- Graduate Group in Integrative Pathobiology, Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Meera C Heller
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Beate M Crossley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kristin A Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark L Anderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Samantha S Barnum
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joan D Rowe
- Department of Population, Health & Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Parkhe P, Verma S. Evolution, Interspecies Transmission, and Zoonotic Significance of Animal Coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:719834. [PMID: 34738021 PMCID: PMC8560429 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.719834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that affect humans and a wide variety of animal species, including livestock, wild animals, birds, and pets. These viruses have an affinity for different tissues, such as those of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of most mammals and birds and the hepatic and nervous tissues of rodents and porcine. As coronaviruses target different host cell receptors and show divergence in the sequences and motifs of their structural and accessory proteins, they are classified into groups, which may explain the evolutionary relationship between them. The interspecies transmission, zoonotic potential, and ability to mutate at a higher rate and emerge into variants of concern highlight their importance in the medical and veterinary fields. The contribution of various factors that result in their evolution will provide better insight and may help to understand the complexity of coronaviruses in the face of pandemics. In this review, important aspects of coronaviruses infecting livestock, birds, and pets, in particular, their structure and genome organization having a bearing on evolutionary and zoonotic outcomes, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhash Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
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Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:643220. [PMID: 33869323 PMCID: PMC8044316 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain CoVs. The 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory CoV and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight these characteristics and emphasize the relevance of CoVs to the global public health. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. Of interest, no distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. In contrast, like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. Besides cattle, BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Surprisingly, bovine-like CoVs also cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics. Additionally, there are historical examples of zoonotic transmission of BCoVs. This article will discuss BCoV pathogenesis, epidemiology, interspecies transmission, immune responses, vaccines, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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Zappulli V, Ferro S, Bonsembiante F, Brocca G, Calore A, Cavicchioli L, Centelleghe C, Corazzola G, De Vreese S, Gelain ME, Mazzariol S, Moccia V, Rensi N, Sammarco A, Torrigiani F, Verin R, Castagnaro M. Pathology of Coronavirus Infections: A Review of Lesions in Animals in the One-Health Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2377. [PMID: 33322366 PMCID: PMC7764021 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are worldwide distributed RNA-viruses affecting several species, including humans, and causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Historically, they have not been considered a severe threat to public health until two outbreaks of COVs-related atypical human pneumonia derived from animal hosts appeared in 2002 and in 2012. The concern related to CoVs infection dramatically rose after the COVID-19 global outbreak, for which a spill-over from wild animals is also most likely. In light of this CoV zoonotic risk, and their ability to adapt to new species and dramatically spread, it appears pivotal to understand the pathophysiology and mechanisms of tissue injury of known CoVs within the "One-Health" concept. This review specifically describes all CoVs diseases in animals, schematically representing the tissue damage and summarizing the major lesions in an attempt to compare and put them in relation, also with human infections. Some information on pathogenesis and genetic diversity is also included. Investigating the lesions and distribution of CoVs can be crucial to understand and monitor the evolution of these viruses as well as of other pathogens and to further deepen the pathogenesis and transmission of this disease to help public health preventive measures and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Calore
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Giorgia Corazzola
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Steffen De Vreese
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics, Technical University of Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Vilanova i la Geltrù, 08800 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Valentina Moccia
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Nicolò Rensi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Filippo Torrigiani
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
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Comparative Pathogenesis of Bovine and Porcine Respiratory Coronaviruses in the Animal Host Species and SARS-CoV-2 in Humans. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01355-20. [PMID: 32522830 PMCID: PMC7383540 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01355-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of bats with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses (CoVs) raised the specter of potential future outbreaks of zoonotic SARS-CoV-like disease in humans, which largely went unheeded. Nevertheless, the novel SARS-CoV-2 of bat ancestral origin emerged to infect humans in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and then became a global pandemic. Less than 5 months after its emergence, millions of people worldwide have been infected asymptomatically or symptomatically and at least 360,000 have died. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in severely affected patients includes atypical pneumonia characterized by a dry cough, persistent fever, and progressive dyspnea and hypoxia, sometimes accompanied by diarrhea and often followed by multiple organ failure, especially of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. In this minireview, we focus on two endemic respiratory CoV infections of livestock: bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). Both animal respiratory CoVs share some common features with SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. BCoV has a broad host range including wild ruminants and a zoonotic potential. BCoV also has a dual tropism for the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. These aspects, their interspecies transmission, and certain factors that impact disease severity in cattle parallel related facets of SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in humans. PRCV has a tissue tropism for the upper and lower respiratory tracts and a cellular tropism for type 1 and 2 pneumocytes in lung but is generally a mild infection unless complicated by other exacerbating factors, such as bacterial or viral coinfections and immunosuppression (corticosteroids).
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Peek SF, Mcguirk SM, Sweeney RW, Cummings KJ. Infectious Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. REBHUN'S DISEASES OF DAIRY CATTLE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7152230 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39055-2.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of bovine coronavirus virus isolated from dairy cattle in Central Region, Thailand. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1523-1529. [PMID: 28721511 PMCID: PMC7089240 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is involved mainly in enteric infections in cattle. This study reports the first molecular detection of BCoV in a diarrhea outbreak in dairy cows in the Central Region, Thailand. BCoV was molecularly detected from bloody diarrheic cattle feces by using nested PCR. Agarose gel electrophoresis of three diarrheic fecal samples yielded from the 25 samples desired amplicons that were 488 base pairs and sequencing substantiated that have BCoV. The sequence alignment indicated that nucleotide and amino acid sequences, the three TWD isolated in Thailand, were more quite homologous to each other (amino acid at position 39 of TWD1, TWD3 was proline, but TWD2 was serine) and closely related to OK-0514-3strain (virulent respiratory strain; RBCoV).The amino acid sequencing identities among TWD1, TWD2,TWD3, and OK-0514-3 strain were 96.0 to 96.6%, those at which T3I, H65N, D87G, H127Y, andQ136R were changed. In addition, the phylogenetic tree of the hypervariable region S1subunit spike glycoprotein BCoV gene was composed of three major clades by using the 54 sequences generated and showed that the evolutionally distance, TWD1, TWD2, and TWD3 were the isolated group together and most similar to OK-0514-3 strain (98.2 to 98.5% similarity). Further study will develop ELISA assay for serologic detection of winter dysentery disease.
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Fulton RW, Herd HR, Sorensen NJ, Confer AW, Ritchey JW, Ridpath JF, Burge LJ. Enteric disease in postweaned beef calves associated with Bovine coronavirus clade 2. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 27:97-101. [PMID: 25428188 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714559026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BoCV; Betacoronavirus 1) infections are associated with varied clinical presentations including neonatal diarrhea, winter dysentery in dairy cattle, and respiratory disease in various ages of cattle. The current report presents information on BoCV infections associated with enteric disease of postweaned beef cattle in Oklahoma. In 3 separate accessions from a single herd, 1 in 2012 and 2 in 2013, calves were observed with bloody diarrhea. One calf in 2012 died and was necropsied, and 2 calves from this herd died in 2013 and were necropsied. A third calf from another herd died and was necropsied. The gross and histologic diagnosis was acute, hemorrhagic colitis in all 4 cattle. Colonic tissues from all 4 animals were positive by fluorescent antibody testing and/or immunohistochemical staining for BoCV antigen. Bovine coronavirus was isolated in human rectal tumor cells from swabs of colon surfaces of all animals. The genomic information from a region of the S envelope region revealed BoCV clade 2. Detection of BoCV clade 2 in beef cattle in Oklahoma is consistent with recovery of BoCV clade 2 from the respiratory tract of postweaned beef calves that had respiratory disease signs or were healthy. Further investigations on the ecology of BoCV in cattle are important, as BoCV may be an emerging disease beyond the initial descriptions. Challenge studies are needed to determine pathogenicity of these strains, and to determine if current BoCV vaccines are efficacious against the BoCV clade 2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Fulton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Fulton, Herd, Sorensen, Confer, Ritchey, Burge)U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Ridpath)
| | - Heather R Herd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Fulton, Herd, Sorensen, Confer, Ritchey, Burge)U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Ridpath)
| | - Nicholas J Sorensen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Fulton, Herd, Sorensen, Confer, Ritchey, Burge)U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Ridpath)
| | - Anthony W Confer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Fulton, Herd, Sorensen, Confer, Ritchey, Burge)U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Ridpath)
| | - Jerry W Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Fulton, Herd, Sorensen, Confer, Ritchey, Burge)U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Ridpath)
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Fulton, Herd, Sorensen, Confer, Ritchey, Burge)U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Ridpath)
| | - Lurinda J Burge
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Fulton, Herd, Sorensen, Confer, Ritchey, Burge)U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Ridpath)
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Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses, like other animal coronaviruses, have a predilection for intestinal and respiratory tracts. The viruses responsible for enteric and respiratory symptoms are closely related antigenically and genetically. Only 4 bovine coronavirus isolates have been completely sequenced and thus, the information about the genetics of the virus is still limited. This article reviews the clinical syndromes associated with bovine coronavirus, including pneumonia in calves and adult cattle, calf diarrhea, and winter dysentery; diagnostic methods; prevention using vaccination; and treatment, with adjunctive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie J Boileau
- Food Animal Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Decaro N, Campolo M, Desario C, Cirone F, D'abramo M, Lorusso E, Greco G, Mari V, Colaianni ML, Elia G, Martella V, Buonavoglia C. Respiratory Disease Associated with Bovine Coronavirus Infection in Cattle Herds in Southern Italy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:28-32. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) infection in Italian cattle herds were reported. In 3 outbreaks, BRD was observed only in 2–3-month-old feedlot calves, whereas in the remaining outbreak, lactating cows, heifers, and calves were simultaneously affected. By using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), BCoV RNA was detected in all outbreaks without evidence of concurrent viral pathogens (i.e., bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine parainfluenza virus). Common bacteria of cattle were recovered only from 2 outbreaks of BRD: Staphylococcus spp. and Proteus mirabilis (outbreak 1) and Mannheimia haemolytica (outbreak 4). A recently established real-time RT-PCR assay showed that viral RNA loads in nasal secretions ranged between 3.10 × 10 2 and 7.50 × 10 7 RNA copies/μl of template. Bovine Coronavirus was isolated from respiratory specimens from all outbreaks except outbreak 1, in which real-time RT-PCR found very low viral titers in nasal swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Campolo
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cirone
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Maria D'abramo
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lorusso
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Greco
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Mari
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
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14
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Cavanagh D, Vlasova A, Saif LJ. Detection of group 2a coronaviruses with emphasis on bovine and wild ruminant strains. Virus isolation and detection of antibody, antigen, and nucleic acid. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 454:43-59. [PMID: 19057864 PMCID: PMC7121395 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-181-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Group 2a of the Coronaviridae family contains human and animal pathogens that include mouse hepatitis virus, rat coronavirus, human respiratory coronaviruses OC43 and the recently identified HKU1 strain, a newly recognized canine respiratory coronavirus, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, equine coronavirus, bovine coronavirus (BCoV), and wild-ruminant coronaviruses. The presence of a hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) surface glycoprotein in addition to the viral spike protein is a distinguishing characteristic of most group 2a coronaviruses. BCoV is ubiquitous in cattle worldwide and is an economically significant cause of calf diarrhea, winter dysentery of adult cattle, and respiratory disease in calves and feedlot cattle. We have developed and optimized laboratory diagnostic techniques, including virus isolation in HRT-18 cell cultures, antibody and antigen ELISA, and RT-PCR, for rapid, sensitive, and reliable diagnosis of BCoV and related wild ruminant coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Cavanagh
- Div. Molecular Biology, Compton Laboratory, Institute Animal Health, Newbury, Berks., RG20 7NN United Kingdom
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15
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Park SJ, Lim GK, Park SI, Kim HH, Koh HB, Cho KO. Detection and molecular characterization of calf diarrhoea bovine coronaviruses circulating in South Korea during 2004-2005. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:223-30. [PMID: 17803510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the widespread occurrence of calf diarrhoea (CD) bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infections have been reported in most cattle producing countries, only the genetic differences in the BCoVs from American and Canadian isolates and/or strains have been identified and compared. Hence, it is unclear if the BCoVs circulating in the other countries have distinct genetic characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of CD BCoVs based on the deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the spike (S) and haemagglutinin/esterase (HE) proteins in South Korea. RT-PCR and nested PCR using the primer pairs specific to the nucleocapsid gene, BCoVs detected the BCoVs in 56 (15.6%) of 359 diarrhoeic faecal samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the entire S gene indicated that 10 Korean CD BCoV strains clustered with other Korean BCoV strains with different clinical forms but were different from the American and Canadian BCoV strains. Moreover, the phylogenetic data of the aa sequences of the HE gene revealed all the Korean CD strains to be distinct from the other Korean BCoV strains with different clinical forms. These results suggest that the Korean BCoVs cause endemic infections in diarrhoeic calves in Jeonnam province and have taken a different evolutionary pathway from the BCoVs in other countries. Moreover, the different BCoV strains are circulating in the different clinical forms in South Korea. These results also suggest that vaccines against the BCoVs can be developed with each Korean BCoV in different clinical forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Park
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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16
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Biological and genetic analysis of a bovine-like coronavirus isolated from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Virology 2007; 370:213-22. [PMID: 17916374 PMCID: PMC7103353 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation, biological and genetic characterization of a host-range variant of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) detected in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). By conventional and real-time RT-PCR assays, the virus was demonstrated in the intestinal contents of two 20-day-old buffalo calves dead of a severe form of enteritis and in the feces of additional 17 buffalo calves with diarrhea. Virus isolation, hemagglutination and receptor-destroying enzyme activity showed that the buffalo coronavirus (BuCoV) is closely related to BCoV but possesses some different biological properties. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 3' end (9.6 kb) of the BuCoV RNA revealed a genomic organization typical of group 2 coronaviruses. Moreover, the genetic distance between BuCoV and BCoV was proven to be the same or even higher than the distance between other ruminant coronaviruses and BCoV. In conclusion, our data support the existence of a host-range variant of BCoV associated with enteritis in buffaloes.
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17
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Brandão P, Gregori F, Sforsin A, Villarreal L, Jerez J. Winter dysentery in cows associated with Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV). ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352007000400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - F. Gregori
- Instituto Biológico de São Paulo; Coronavirus Research Group
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18
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Decaro N, Mari V, Desario C, Campolo M, Elia G, Martella V, Greco G, Cirone F, Colaianni ML, Cordioli P, Buonavoglia C. Severe outbreak of bovine coronavirus infection in dairy cattle during the warmer season. Vet Microbiol 2007; 126:30-9. [PMID: 17669602 PMCID: PMC7117129 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A severe outbreak of enteric and respiratory disease associated with bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infection is described. The outbreak occurred in a dairy herd of southern Italy in the first decade of September 2006, when summer temperatures were still recorded, affecting calves, heifers and adult cows, with a marked decrease in milk production. By virus isolation and RT-PCR targeting the S gene, BCoV was identified as the etiological agent of the outbreak, whereas bacteriological, parasitological and toxicological investigations failed to detect other causes of disease. BCoV strains with 99–100% nucleotide identity in the S gene were isolated from nasal, ocular and rectal swabs, thus proving the absence of separate clusters of virus on the basis of tissue tropism. Sequence analysis of the haemagglutination-esterase and spike proteins of the strain detected in one rectal sample (339/06) showed a high genetic relatedness with recent BCoV isolates (98–99% amino acid identity), with several unique amino acid substitutions in the S protein. The BCoV outbreak described in this paper presents interesting aspects: (i) the occurrence of a severe form of disease in the warmer season; (ii) the simultaneous presence of respiratory and enteric disease; (iii) the involvement of young as well as adult cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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19
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Park SJ, Kim GY, Choy HE, Hong YJ, Saif LJ, Jeong JH, Park SI, Kim HH, Kim SK, Shin SS, Kang MI, Cho KO. Dual enteric and respiratory tropisms of winter dysentery bovine coronavirus in calves. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1885-900. [PMID: 17564760 PMCID: PMC7087358 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although winter dysentery (WD), which is caused by the bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is characterized by the sudden onset of diarrhea in many adult cattle in a herd, the pathogenesis of the WD-BCoV is not completely understood. In this study, colostrum-deprived calves were experimentally infected with a Korean WD-BCoV strain and examined for viremia, enteric and nasal virus shedding as well as for viral antigen expression and virus-associated lesions in the small and large intestines and the upper and lower respiratory tract from 1 to 8 days after an oral infection. The WD-BCoV-inoculated calves showed gradual villous atrophy in the small intestine and a gradual increase in the crypt depth of the large intestine. The WD-BCoV-infected animals showed epithelial damage in nasal turbinates, trachea and lungs, and interstitial pneumonia. The WD-BCoV antigen was detected in the epithelium of the small and large intestines, nasal turbinates, trachea and lungs. WD-BCoV RNA was detected in the serum from post-inoculation day 3. These results show that the WD-BCoV has dual tropism and induces pathological changes in both the digestive and respiratory tracts of calves. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of dual enteric and respiratory tropisms of WD-BCoV in calves. Comprehensive studies of the dual tissue pathogenesis of the BCoV might contribute to an increased understanding of similar pneumoenteric CoV infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Park
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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20
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Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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21
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Park SJ, Jeong C, Yoon SS, Choy HE, Saif LJ, Park SH, Kim YJ, Jeong JH, Park SI, Kim HH, Lee BJ, Cho HS, Kim SK, Kang MI, Cho KO. Detection and characterization of bovine coronaviruses in fecal specimens of adult cattle with diarrhea during the warmer seasons. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3178-88. [PMID: 16954245 PMCID: PMC1594715 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02667-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an etiological agent associated with winter dysentery (WD), prevalent in adult cattle during the winter. Although we previously detected, isolated, and characterized BCoV strains from adult cattle with WD (WD-BCoV strains) during the winter in South Korea, the precise epidemiology, as well as the causative agent of diarrhea in adult cattle in the warmer seasons, has not been examined. We examined 184 diarrheic fecal specimens collected from 75 herds of adult cattle from seven provinces during the spring (warm), autumn (warm), and summer (hot) seasons. Bovine coronavirus-positive reactions were detected for 107 (58.2%) diarrheic fecal samples (in 47/75 herds). Of these 107 positive samples, 90 fecal samples from 33 herds tested positive for BCoV alone and 17 fecal samples from 14 herds also tested positive for other pathogens. Biological comparisons between the 9 BCoV strains isolated in this study and the 10 previously isolated WD-BCoV strains revealed that there was no receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) activity against mouse erythrocytes in the 9 BCoV strains but the 10 WD-BCoV strains had high RDE activity. Phylogenetic analysis of the spike (S) and hemagglutinin/esterase (HE) proteins revealed that all the Korean BCoVs clustered together regardless of season and were distinct from the other known BCoVs, suggesting a distinct evolutionary pathway for the Korean BCoVs. These and previous results revealed a high prevalence and widespread geographical distribution of BCoV, suggesting that this virus is endemic in adult cattle with diarrhea in all seasons in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Park
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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22
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Han MG, Cheon DS, Zhang X, Saif LJ. Cross-protection against a human enteric coronavirus and a virulent bovine enteric coronavirus in gnotobiotic calves. J Virol 2006; 80:12350-6. [PMID: 16971444 PMCID: PMC1676286 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00402-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A group 2 human coronavirus designated HECV-4408 was isolated from a child with acute diarrhea and is antigenically and genetically more closely related to bovine coronavirus (BCoV) than to human coronavirus OC43 (X. M. Zhang, W. Herbst, K. G. Kousoulas, and J. Storz, J. Med. Virol. 44:152-161, 1994). To determine whether HECV-4408 infects gnotobiotic calves and induces cross-protective immunity against the virulent enteric BCoV DB2 strain, gnotobiotic calves (n = 4) were orally inoculated with HECV-4408 and then challenged with BCoV DB2 at postinoculation day (PID) 21. All calves inoculated with HECV-4408 developed diarrhea at PID 3 to 4 lasting 5 to 9 days. Fecal and nasal virus shedding were first detected by reverse transcription-PCR at PID 3 to 4 and at PID 2 to 4, respectively. After challenge with bovine coronavirus, no diarrhea or virus shedding was detected in calves inoculated with HECV-4408, but a mock-inoculated calf developed diarrhea and fecal and nasal shedding. Fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and serum IgG antibodies were first detected at PID 7 and PID 14, respectively. At postchallenge day 7, serum IgG and fecal IgA antibody titers remained the same or increased only twofold compared to prechallenge titers. An additional two gnotobiotic calves were inoculated with HECV-4408 and euthanized at PID 5. Moderate villous atrophy was observed in the small intestines, and viral antigen was detected in villous enterocytes of the small and large intestines by immunohistochemistry. These results support and extend the previous report that HECV-4408 is likely a variant of bovine coronavirus. They confirm its infectivity for calves and complete cross-protection against a bovine coronavirus (DB2 strain) showing 98.2% amino acid identity to HECV-4408 in the S protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Guk Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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23
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Propagation of bovine coronavirus in clones of the Caco-2 cell line showing different levels of alkaline phosphatase activity. Anim Sci J 2006. [PMCID: PMC7159700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Ko CK, Kang MI, Lim GK, Kim GY, Yoon SS, Park JT, Jeong C, Park SH, Park SJ, Kim YJ, Jeong JH, Kim SK, Park SI, Kim HH, Kim KY, Cho KO. Molecular characterization of HE, M, and E genes of winter dysentery bovine coronavirus circulated in Korea during 2002-2003. Virus Genes 2006; 32:129-36. [PMID: 16604443 PMCID: PMC7089456 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-6867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The different bovine coronavirus (BCoV) strains or isolates exhibited various degrees of substitutions, resulting in altered antigenicity and pathogenicity of the virus. In the previous our study, we demonstrated that the spike glycoprotein gene of Korean winter dysentery (WD) BCoV had a genetic property of both enteric (EBCV) and respiratory BCoV (RBCV) and were significantly distinct from the ancestral enteric strains. In the present study, therefore, we analyzed the other structure genes, the hemagglutinin/esterase (HE) protein, the transmembrane (M) protein and the small membrane (E) protein to characterize 10 WD BCoV circulated in Korea during 2002-2003 and compared the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences with the other known BCoV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HE gene among BCoV could be divided into three groups. The first group included only RBCV, while the second group contained calf diarrhea BCoV, RBCV, WD and EBCV, respectively. The third group possessed only all Korean WD strains which were more homologous to each other and were sharply distinct from the other known BCoV, suggesting Korean WD strains had evolutionary distinct pathway. In contrast, the relative conservation of the M and E proteins of BCoV including Korean WD strains and the other coronaviruses suggested that structural constraints on these proteins are rigid, resulting in more limited evolution of these proteins. In addition, BCoV and human coronavirus HCV-OC43 contained four potential O-glycosylation sites in the M gene. However, the M gene sequence of both BCoV and HCV-OC43 might not contain a signal peptide, suggesting the M protein might be unlikely to be exposed to the O-glycosylation machinery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Koo Ko
- Veterinary Medical Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
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25
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Jeong JH, Kim GY, Yoon SS, Park SJ, Kim YJ, Sung CM, Shin SS, Lee BJ, Kang MI, Park NY, Koh HB, Cho KO. Molecular analysis of S gene of spike glycoprotein of winter dysentery bovine coronavirus circulated in Korea during 2002-2003. Virus Res 2005; 108:207-12. [PMID: 15681072 PMCID: PMC7114273 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the molecular analysis of spike (S) glycoprotein gene of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) has been conducted and compared mainly among American and Canadian isolates and/or strains, it is unclear whether BCoV circulated in the other countries are distinctive in genetic characteristics. In the present study, we analyzed the S glycoprotein gene to characterize 10 winter dysentery (WD) coronavirus strains circulated in Korea during 2002-2003 and compared the nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) sequences with the other known BCoV. The phylogenetic analysis of the entire S glycoprotein gene revealed that the aa sequences of all Korean WD strains were more homologous to each other and were very closely related to respiratory bovine coronavirus (RBCV) strain OK and enteric bovine coronavirus (EBCV) strain LY-138, but were distinct from the other known BCoVs. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the S1 subunit, all Korean WD strains clustered with the respiratory strain OK, BCQ3994 and the enteric strain LY-138, while the Canadian BCQ calf diarrhea and WD strains, and the American RBCV LSU, French EBCV F15 and avirulent VACC, L9, and Mebus strains clustered on a separate major branch. These data suggest that the WD strains circulated in Korea had a genetic property of both RBCV and EBCV and were significantly distinct from the ancestral enteric strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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26
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Seasonality of infectious diseases and severe acute respiratory syndrome-what we don't know can hurt us. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2004; 4:704-8. [PMID: 15522683 PMCID: PMC7129396 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(04)01177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus caused severe disease and heavy economic losses before apparently coming under complete control. Our understanding of the forces driving seasonal disappearance and recurrence of infectious diseases remains fragmentary, thus limiting any predictions about whether, or when, SARS will recur. It is true that most established respiratory pathogens of human beings recur in wintertime, but a new appreciation for the high burden of disease in tropical areas reinforces questions about explanations resting solely on cold air or low humidity. Seasonal variation in host physiology may also contribute. Newly emergent zoonotic diseases such as ebola or pandemic strains of influenza have recurred in unpredictable patterns. Most established coronaviruses exhibit winter seasonality, with a unique ability to establish persistent infections in a minority of infected animals. Because SARS coronavirus RNA can be detected in the stool of some individuals for at least 9 weeks, recurrence of SARS from persistently shedding human or animal reservoirs is biologically plausible.
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27
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Cheng VCC, Hung IFN, Tang BSF, Chu CM, Wong MML, Chan KH, Wu AKL, Tse DMW, Chan KS, Zheng BJ, Peiris JSM, Sung JJY, Yuen KY. Viral replication in the nasopharynx is associated with diarrhea in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:467-75. [PMID: 14765337 PMCID: PMC7107995 DOI: 10.1086/382681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus as an enteric pathogen was investigated in a cohort of 142 patients with SARS who were treated with a standard treatment protocol. Data from daily hematological, biochemical, radiological, and microbiological investigations were prospectively collected, and the correlation of these findings with diarrhea was retrospectively analyzed. Sixty-nine patients (48.6%) developed diarrhea at a mean (± standard deviation [SD]) of 7.6 ± 2.6 days after the onset of symptoms. The diarrhea was most severe at a mean (±SD) of 8.8 ± 2.4 days after onset, with a maximum frequency of 24 episodes per day (median, 5 episodes; range, 3–24 episodes). A higher mean virus load in nasopharyngeal specimens obtained on day 10 after the onset of symptoms was significantly associated with the occurrence of diarrhea (3.1 log10 vs. 1.8 log10 copies/mL; P = .01) and mortality (6.2 vs. 1.7 log10 copies/mL; P < .01). However, diarrhea was not associated with mortality. The lung and the gastrointestinal tract may react differently to SARS coronavirus infection. Additional investigation of the role of SARS coronavirus in the pathogenesis of diarrhea in patients with SARS should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. C. C. Cheng
- Centre of Infection, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - I. F. N. Hung
- Centre of Infection, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - B. S. F. Tang
- Centre of Infection, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - C. M. Chu
- Department of Medicine, United Christian Hospital, China
| | - M. M. L. Wong
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Caritas Medical Centre, China
| | - K. H. Chan
- Centre of Infection, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - A. K. L. Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - D. M. W. Tse
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Caritas Medical Centre, China
| | - K. S. Chan
- Department of Medicine, United Christian Hospital, China
| | - B. J. Zheng
- Centre of Infection, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - J. S. M. Peiris
- Centre of Infection, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - J. J. Y. Sung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - K. Y. Yuen
- Centre of Infection, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, China
- Reprints or correspondence: Prof. K. Y. Yuen, Centre of Infection, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ()
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28
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Hasoksuz M, Sreevatsan S, Cho KO, Hoet AE, Saif LJ. Molecular analysis of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of respiratory and enteric bovine coronavirus isolates. Virus Res 2002; 84:101-9. [PMID: 11900843 PMCID: PMC7127276 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2001] [Revised: 12/12/2001] [Accepted: 12/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether respiratory and enteric bovine coronavirus (BoCV) strains are distinctive in biological, antigenic and genetic characteristics. In the present study, we analyzed the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the S1 subunit of the S glycoprotein, including the cleavage site, of both respiratory (n=5) and enteric (n=3) BoCV isolates including two paired isolates from the same feedlot animals and compared them with the prototype Mebus and two enteric and one respiratory BoCV strains from Quebec. A total of 75 polymorphic nucleotides were identified in the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of BoCV isolates compared with the Mebus strain. These polymorphisms led to 42 amino acid changes at 38 distinct sites. The amino acid changes were distributed throughout the S1 subunit with clustering around residues 40-118, 146-179, and 458-531. Among these variations, only 19 amino acid substitutions altered the charge, hydrophobicity and surface probability of the protein. Based on phylogenetic analysis, our respiratory and enteric isolates clustered into two major groups with two subgroups. Although, there were only a few amino acid changes between the respiratory and enteric paired isolates, the other two respiratory isolates, one isolated from the same farm as a paired strain and the other from a different farm, showed more sequence diversity. Amino acid alterations in residues 113, 115, 118, 146, 148, 501, 510 and 531 of respiratory isolates conferred significant changes in the predicted secondary structure compared with the prototype winter dysentery (WD) and the calf diarrhea (CD) strains of BoCV. In conclusion, the data suggests that respiratory strains of BoCV may differ genetically from the classical calf enteric and adult WD strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA
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Abstract
Infectious diarrhea is an important cause of neonatal calf morbidity and mortality that results in significant economic losses in the beef and dairy industries. Although numerous risk factors related to the occurrence of neonatal diarrhea have been identified, they can all be categorized into those that are related to the calf, the pathogens involved, or the environment of the calf. The immune status of calves, specifically the level of passively acquired immunity through colostrum, is the major risk factor related to the calf and the occurrence of diarrhea. Although numerous pathogens have been implicated in the occurrence of neonatal diarrhea, only a relatively limited number are commonly involved. Most should be viewed as secondary opportunists rather than primary pathogens, because none are extraordinarily virulent, and with the exception of Salmonella spp., most are present within the gastrointestinal tract of many healthy, mature cattle. Important risk factors related to pathogens involved in neonatal calf diarrhea involve the size of the inoculum and the occurrence of multiple infections. Finally, when considering the environment and housing conditions in which beef and dairy calves may reside, it is clear that tremendous variations exist. Despite these variations, the risk factors associated with the environment of the calf are also those that are the most amenable to the implementation of general environmental control and monitoring strategies as well as specific biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Barrington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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