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Marchegiani A, Spaterna A, Fruganti A, Cerquetella M. Exploring fluorescent light energy as management option for canine superficial bacterial folliculitis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155105. [PMID: 37332738 PMCID: PMC10272430 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) represents a common dermatological diagnosis in dogs that can be successfully managed with either topical and/or systemic treatments. In the present study we evaluated the efficacy of a fluorescent light energy (FLE) device as sole management for SBF. The same FLE device has been shown, as adjunct therapy to systemic antibiotic or alone, to effectively control clinical manifestation of interdigital furunculosis. Twenty dogs were randomized to receive FLE once (six dogs) or twice (six dogs) weekly in comparison with oral anti-biotic (eight dogs) until complete healing. FLE regimen was able to significantly reduce the time needed to clinical resolution for oral antibiotic, supporting owners' compliance and welfare of dogs.
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Zur G, Gurevich B, Elad D. Prior antimicrobial use as a risk factor for resistance in selectedStaphylococcus pseudintermediusisolates from the skin and ears of dogs. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:468-e125. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gila Zur
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; PO Box 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Bella Gurevich
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; PO Box 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Daniel Elad
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology; Kimron Veterinary Institute; Veterinary Services; Ministry of Agriculture; Beit Dagan 50250 Israel
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Boynosky NA, Stokking LB. Retrospective Evaluation of Canine Dermatitis Secondary to Corynebacterium spp. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 51:372-9. [PMID: 26535455 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium species are considered nonpathogenic in canine dermatitis; however, potential clinical significance has been demonstrated in canine otitis externa and from a dog bite wound in a human. Objectives of this study were to identify the predominant Corynebacterium species present in lesions of canine dermatitis, assess pathogenic role, determine antimicrobial susceptibility, and evaluate clinical response. Of 37 isolates identified as Corynebacterium, 31 were Corynebacterium auriscanis . Most Corynebacterium isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol (97%), tetracyclines (92%), and amikacin (89%); isolate susceptibilities to β-lactams, trimethoprim-sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones were <50%. Most cultures grew mixed populations of bacteria; C. auriscanis was the only organism isolated in three patients. At recheck, 2-8 wk after initial presentation, pleomorphic rods were absent or significantly decreased in all patients. Two of three C. auriscanis isolates were obtained in pure culture and were evaluable, meaning patient had an initial exam and recheck examination. Both patients were already on antimicrobials to which C. auriscanis was resistant in vitro. Both improved after doxycycline administration. C. auriscanis may act as an opportunistic pathogen in canine dermatitis and may not respond to antimicrobial therapy based on susceptibilities for other organisms in mixed infections. Occasionally, Corynebacterium isolated alone may be pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ann Boynosky
- From the Dermatology Department, Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Laura B Stokking
- From the Dermatology Department, Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA
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4
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Banovic F, Linder K, Olivry T. Clinical, microscopic and microbial characterization of exfoliative superficial pyoderma-associated epidermal collarettes in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:107-e23. [PMID: 27426474 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microscopic and microbial features of the spreading epidermal collarettes of canine exfoliative superficial pyodermas are poorly characterized. OBJECTIVES To characterize the clinical, cytological, microbial and histopathological features of epidermal collarettes in five dogs. RESULTS Cytology from the margins of collarettes identified neutrophils, extracellular and intracellular cocci within neutrophils but no acantholytic keratinocytes. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses identified all bacterial isolates from the centre and margin of five epidermal collarettes as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. PCRs of collarette-associated Staphylococcus strains did not amplify genes encoding for the known exfoliative toxins expA and expB, whereas the predicted siet and speta amplification products were detected in all isolates. Microscopically, epidermal collarettes consisted of interfollicular, epidermal spongiotic pustules. Advancing edges of lesions consisted of peripheral intracorneal clefts in the deep stratum disjunctum above an intact stratum compactum; they contained lytic neutrophil debris, bacterial cocci and fluid, but no acantholytic keratinocytes. This intracorneal location of bacteria was confirmed using Gram stains and fluorescent in situ hybridization with eubacterial- and Staphylococcus-specific probes. The indirect immunofluorescence staining patterns of desmoglein-1, desmocollin-1, claudin-1, E-cadherin and corneodesmosin were discontinuous and patchy in areas of spongiotic pustules, whereas only that of corneodesmosin was weaker and patchy in advancing collarette edges. CONCLUSION Epidermal collarettes represent unique clinical and histological lesions of exfoliative superficial pyodermas that are distinct from those of impetigo and superficial bacterial folliculitis. The characterization of possible causative staphylococcal exfoliatin proteases and the role of corneodesmosin in collarette pathogenesis deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Georgia, GA, 30605, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Keith Linder
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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Bourguignon E, Viçosa G, Corsini C, Moreira M, Nero L, Conceição L. Description of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from canine pyoderma in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is of worldwide concern in veterinary medicine. The identification of resistant strains is necessary for proper treatment and the prevention of its propagation among animals. This study aimed to identify S. pseudintermedius isolated from canine pyoderma and evaluate their resistance profiles. Lesions from 25 dogs with pyoderma were sampled. Bacterial isolates were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic analysis for identification of the causative agent. S. pseudintermedius isolates were subjected to SmaI macrorestriction analysis and PFGE for genetic grouping, and PCR to identify the presence of the mecA gene. Their resistance profiles against 12 antimicrobials were also assessed. According to the microbiological analysis, 70 of the 75 isolates obtained were S. pseudintermedius. The isolates presented PFGE patterns, with similarity varying between 84.6 and 100%, and were grouped into 19 clusters. Despite a high frequency of mecA-positive isolates (66 out 70), only 12 presented resistances to oxacillin. Multi-resistance was identified in 29 isolates. The high frequency of MRSP isolated in this study highlights the relevance of identifying resistant strains to lead proper clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - L.A. Nero
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brasil
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Hensel P, Santoro D, Favrot C, Hill P, Griffin C. Canine atopic dermatitis: detailed guidelines for diagnosis and allergen identification. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:196. [PMID: 26260508 PMCID: PMC4531508 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, genetically predisposed, inflammatory and pruritic skin disease. The variation in clinical presentations, due to genetic factors, extent of the lesions, stage of the disease, secondary infections, as well as resemblance to other non-atopic related skin diseases, can complicate a diagnosis of canine AD. A sub-group of the International Committee for Allergic Diseases in Animals (ICADA) was tasked with the development of a set of practical guidelines that can be used to assist practitioners and researchers in the diagnosis of canine AD. Online citation databases and abstracts from international meetings were searched for publications related to the topic, and combined with expert opinion where necessary. The final set of guidelines was approved by the entire ICADA committee. RESULTS A total of 81 publications relevant for this review were identified. The guidelines generated focus on three aspects of the diagnostic approach: 1. Ruling out of other skin conditions with clinical signs resembling, or overlapping with canine AD. 2. Detailed interpretation of the historical and clinical features of patients affected by canine AD. 3. Allergy testing by intradermal versus allergen-specific IgE serum testing. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of canine AD is based on meeting clinical criteria and ruling out other possible causes with similar clinical signs. Flea combing, skin scraping and cytology should be performed, where necessary, as part of a thorough work-up. Elimination diet trials are required for patients with perennial pruritus and/or concurrent gastrointestinal signs. Once a clinical diagnosis of canine AD is made, allergy testing can be performed to identify potential causative allergens for allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hensel
- Tierdermatologie Basel, Emil Frey-Strasse 127, Münchenstein, Switzerland.
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Claude Favrot
- Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Hill
- Companion Animal Health Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia.
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7
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Ravens PA, Vogelnest LJ, Ewen E, Bosward KI, Norris JM. Canine superficial bacterial pyoderma: evaluation of skin surface sampling methods and antimicrobial susceptibility of causal Staphylococcus isolates. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:149-55. [PMID: 24766044 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate three easily performed methods of skin surface sampling for bacterial culture of Staphylococcus isolates obtained from dogs with superficial bacterial pyoderma (SBP) presenting to two veterinary teaching hospitals in Sydney, Australia, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. DESIGN Prospective study of 27 dogs with SBP. Cytologically confirmed SBP lesions were sampled for bacterial culture using a dry cotton swab, a saline-moistened cotton swab and a skin surface scraping. Isolates were identified by standard discriminatory phenotypic and biochemical analyses, and confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Susceptibilities to 14 antimicrobials were determined by disk diffusion and by detection of the mecA gene using PCR. Sampling methods were compared according to bacterial yield, antibiograms and bacterial phenotypic analysis. Location of causative bacteria was evaluated via 8-mm punch skin biopsies using haematoxylin and eosin, Gram-Twort and Giemsa staining, and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). RESULTS Staphylococcus sp. were isolated from lesions in all dogs, either S. pseudintermedius (24 dogs) or S. schleiferi (3 dogs). Susceptibility was highest to cephalexin (96%) and amoxycillin clavulanate (96%). Methicillin resistance assessed by mecA real-time PCR and phenotypic oxacillin resistance was found in one dog (4.3%). Routine histology and FISH revealed bacteria within superficial stratum corneum. CONCLUSION Staphylococcal isolates from canine SBP demonstrated high susceptibility to common empirical antimicrobials. Histological techniques confirmed presence of bacteria at superficial sites, likely to be accessed by the sampling techniques. The three techniques afforded similar results and may be equally suitable for obtaining samples for culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ravens
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hillier A, Lloyd DH, Weese JS, Blondeau JM, Boothe D, Breitschwerdt E, Guardabassi L, Papich MG, Rankin S, Turnidge JD, Sykes JE. Guidelines for the diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis (Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases). Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:163-e43. [PMID: 24720433 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) is usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and routinely treated with systemic antimicrobial agents. Infection is a consequence of reduced immunity associated with alterations of the skin barrier and underlying diseases that may be difficult to diagnose and resolve; thus, SBF is frequently recurrent and repeated treatment is necessary. The emergence of multiresistant bacteria, particularly meticillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), has focused attention on the need for optimal management of SBF. OBJECTIVES Provision of an internationally available resource guiding practitioners in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SBF. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUIDELINES The guidelines were developed by the Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases, with consultation and advice from diplomates of the American and European Colleges of Veterinary Dermatology. They describe optimal methods for the diagnosis and management of SBF, including isolation of the causative organism, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, selection of antimicrobial drugs, therapeutic protocols and advice on infection control. Guidance is given for topical and systemic modalities, including approaches suitable for MRSP. Systemic drugs are classified in three tiers. Tier one drugs are used when diagnosis is clear cut and risk factors for antimicrobial drug resistance are not present. Otherwise, tier two drugs are used and antimicrobial susceptibility tests are mandatory. Tier three includes drugs reserved for highly resistant infections; their use is strongly discouraged and, when necessary, they should be used in consultation with specialists. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Optimal management of SBF will improve antimicrobial use and reduce selection of MRSP and other multidrug-resistant bacteria affecting animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hillier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David H Lloyd
- Royal Veterinary College, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - J Scott Weese
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Joseph M Blondeau
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, S7N 0W8
| | - Dawn Boothe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Edward Breitschwerdt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark G Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Shelley Rankin
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John D Turnidge
- Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Jane E Sykes
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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9
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Canine superficial bacterial folliculitis: current understanding of its etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Vet J 2013; 199:217-22. [PMID: 24345778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) is more common in the dog than other mammalian species. Until recently, a successful outcome in cases of canine SBF was possible by administering a potentiated amoxicillin, a first generation cephalosporin or a potentiated sulfonamide. Unfortunately, this predictable susceptibility has changed, because methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) and Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are becoming more prevalent in canine SBF cases. The increasing frequency of multidrug resistance complicates the selection of antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrobial agents that were once rarely used in cases of canine SBF, such as amikacin, rifampicin and chloramphenicol, are becoming the drugs of choice, based on bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. Furthermore, changes in antimicrobial susceptibility have helped to re-emphasize the importance of a multimodal approach to treatment of the disease, including topical therapy. Due to the increasing frequency of identification of highly resistant Staphylococcus spp., topical antimicrobial therapy, including the use of diluted sodium hypochlorite (bleach), is becoming necessary to successfully treat some cases of canine SBF. Other important antiseptics that can be used include chlorhexidine, benzoyl peroxide, ethyl lactate, triclosan and boric acid/acetic acid. This review discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic management of canine SBF, with a special emphasis on treating methicillin resistant staphylococcal infections.
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10
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Lehner G, Linek M, Bond R, Lloyd DH, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Thom N, Straube I, Verheyen K, Loeffler A. Case-control risk factor study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) infection in dogs and cats in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:154-60. [PMID: 24290489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has emerged as a highly drug-resistant small animal veterinary pathogen. Although often isolated from outpatients in veterinary clinics, there is concern that MRSP follows a veterinary-hospital-associated epidemiology. This study's objective was to identify risk factors for MRSP infections in dogs and cats in Germany. Clinical isolates of MRSP cases (n=150) and methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) controls (n=133) and their corresponding host signalment and medical data covering the six months prior to staphylococcal isolation were analysed by multivariable logistic regression. The identity of all MRSP isolates was confirmed through demonstration of S. intermedius-group specific nuc and mecA. In the final model, cats (compared to dogs, OR 18.5, 95% CI 1.8-188.0, P=0.01), animals that had been hospitalised (OR 104.4, 95% CI 21.3-511.6, P<0.001), or visited veterinary clinics more frequently (>10 visits OR 7.3, 95% CI 1.0-52.6, P=0.049) and those that had received topical ear medication (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.8-14.9, P=0.003) or glucocorticoids (OR 22.5, 95% CI 7.0-72.6, P<0.001) were at higher risk of MRSP infection, whereas S. pseudintermedius isolates from ears were more likely to belong to the MSSP-group (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.03-0.34, P<0.001). These results indicate an association of MRSP infection with veterinary clinic/hospital settings and possibly with chronic skin disease. There was an unexpected lack of association between MRSP and antimicrobial therapy; this requires further investigation but may indicate that MRSP is well adapted to canine skin with little need for selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lehner
- Tierärztliche Spezialisten Hamburg, Rodigallee 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Linek
- Tierärztliche Spezialisten Hamburg, Rodigallee 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - David H Lloyd
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 85-89, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Thom
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Dermatology Unit, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 85-89, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Iris Straube
- SynlabVet, Labor Hamburg, Schillerstrasse 29, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Kristien Verheyen
- Department of Production and Population Medicine, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
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Gold RM, Patterson AP, Lawhon SD. Understanding methicillin resistance in staphylococci isolated from dogs with pyoderma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:817-24. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.6.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Eckholm NG, Outerbridge CA, White SD, Sykes JE. Prevalence of and risk factors for isolation of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. from dogs with pyoderma in northern California, USA. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:154-61.e34. [PMID: 23331692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine pyodermas associated with meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS) have increased in prevalence over the past decade. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare the prevalence of MRS isolation from dogs with superficial pyoderma at a primary care clinic (PCC) and those at a tertiary care facility (VMTH) in California, USA, and identify associated risk factors. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs from the VMTH (80 dogs) and the PCC (30 dogs). METHODS Aerobic bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility were performed on swab specimens collected from dogs, and meticillin resistance was determined using microdilution methods according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. A mecA gene PCR assay was used to confirm meticillin resistance when possible. RESULTS Of 89 staphylococcal isolates from the VMTH, 34 (38.2%) were meticillin resistant. In 31 dogs, pyoderma persisted, and one or more follow-up isolates were obtained. The species isolated and drug susceptibility changed unpredictably during treatment. Of 33 PCC isolates, nine (27.3%) were meticillin resistant. Multiple drug resistance was identified in 41 of 53 (77.3%) MRS isolates from the VMTH and five of nine from the PCC. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR for the detection of meticillin resistance was 34 of 39 (87%) and 86 of 87 (99%), respectively. Risk factors for meticillin resistance for both sites were antibiotic treatment within the last year (P = 0.001), and for VMTH, hospitalization of dogs within the last year (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The prevalence of meticillin resistance was not different between VMTH and PCC isolates (P = 0.29). Previous antimicrobial therapy was an important risk factor for the isolation of MRS at both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Eckholm
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital and Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Abstract
Although bacterial pyoderma is among the most commonly encountered dermatologic conditions in dogs, some cases present diagnostic challenges even to experienced clinicians. This article presents several unusual manifestations of pyoderma, including bullous impetigo, superficial spreading pyoderma, mucocutaneous pyoderma, and post-grooming furunculosis. Conditions mimicking pyoderma, including juvenile cellulitis, immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis, and pemphigus foliaceus are also described. Diagnostic techniques used for diagnosing and characterizing pyoderma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Gortel
- Lake Country Veterinary Specialist Hospital, Lake Country, British Columbia, Canada.
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14
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Restrepo C, Ihrke PJ, White SD, Spiegel IB, Affolter VK. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of pradofloxacin tablets for the treatment of canine pyoderma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:301-11. [PMID: 20810550 DOI: 10.5326/0460301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A third-generation fluoroquinolone, pradofloxacin (PRA), is currently being developed to treat bacterial infections in dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy in 20 dogs affected with superficial and deep pyoderma. An initial aerobic skin culture was performed in dogs with superficial pyoderma; aerobic/anaerobic tissue culture was performed in dogs with deep pyoderma; and skin cytology and biopsies were obtained from all dogs. Pradofloxacin (approximately 3 mg/kg per os [PO]) was administered daily to all dogs. Clinical efficacy was recorded at 4 weeks for dogs with superficial pyoderma and at 3 and 6 weeks for dogs with deep pyoderma. At a mean dosage of 3.7 mg/kg PO once daily, PRA treatment resulted in an excellent to good clinical response within 3 to 6 weeks for all 20 dogs with superficial and deep pyoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Restrepo
- Dermatology Service, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8747, USA
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15
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Seltzer JD, Flynn-Lurie AK, Marsella R, Brennan MM. Investigation of the clinical efficacy of 0.2% topical stannous fluoride for the treatment of canine superficial pyoderma: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Vet Dermatol 2010; 21:249-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Pinchbeck LR, Cole LK, Hillier A, Kowalski JJ, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Bannerman TL, York S. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes for coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from pustules and carriage sites in dogs with superficial bacterial folliculitis. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:535-42. [PMID: 17472455 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.5.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates that are genotypically the same strain obtained from pustules and carriage sites of individual dogs with superficial bacterial folliculitis have the same antimicrobial susceptibility phenotype. ANIMALS 40 dogs with superficial bacterial folliculitis. PROCEDURES Samples were obtained from 3 pustules and 3 carriage sites (ie, anus, nonlesional axillary skin, and nasal mucosa) for bacterial culture, morphologic identification, Gram staining, catalase and coagulase testing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, speciation, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS 223 isolates from pustules and carriage sites were included. Seventeen susceptibility phenotypes were found among isolates. One hundred twenty-eight (100%) isolates from pustules and 95 (100%) isolates from carriage sites were susceptible to cephalothin; 128 (100%) isolates from pustules and 94 (98.9%) isolates from carriage sites were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; 114 (89.1%) isolates from pustules and 82 (86.3%) isolates from carriage sites were susceptible to erythromycin and lincomycin hydrochloride; and 103 (80.5%) isolates from pustules and 70 (73.7%) isolates from carriage sites were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In 37 of 39 (94.9%) dogs, isolates with the same PFGE pattern from multiple pustules had the same susceptibility phenotype. In 21 of 33 (63.6%) dogs, isolates from multiple carriage sites with the same PFGE pattern had the same susceptibility phenotype. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs with superficial bacterial folliculitis, most coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from pustules that are genotypically the same strain will have the same susceptibility phenotype and treatment may be based on empiric antimicrobial selection or susceptibility testing of 1 lesional isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Pinchbeck
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Hillier A, Alcorn JR, Cole LK, Kowalski JJ. Pyoderma caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in dogs: 20 cases. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17:432-9. [PMID: 17083575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this report we describe the historical, clinical, histopathological and microbiological features, as well as treatments and clinical outcome, of pyoderma where Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone was isolated on bacterial culture from lesional skin. Twenty dogs were included in this retrospective study. Seven dogs without prior history of systemic or skin disease presented with acute deep pseudomonal pyoderma characterized by a sudden onset of dorsal truncal pain. Skin lesions in these dogs consisted of erythematous papules, haemorrhagic bullae, ulcers and haemorrhagic crusts confined to the dorsum. An excellent clinical response was achieved with 3-4 weeks of treatment with oral fluoroquinolones. Thirteen dogs with a more gradual onset of skin lesions associated with pseudomonal pyoderma had a history of prior skin, ear or systemic disease and had previously been treated with antibiotics and/or immunomodulatory drugs. Skin lesions in these dogs were variable and similar to those described for superficial and deep staphylococcal pyoderma. In this group, one dog was euthanized prior to commencement of treatment, two dogs were lost to follow up, and 9 had resolution of lesions following treatment with topical silver sulfadiazine (one dog), fluoroquinolones (six dogs) or cephalexin (two dogs) administered orally for 3 to 12 weeks. Rod-shaped bacteria were not always detected on cytology. Histopathology of dogs with deep pseudomonal pyoderma was characterized by severe perforating suppurative folliculitis and furunculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hillier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Pinchbeck LR, Cole LK, Hillier A, Kowalski JJ, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Bannerman TL, York S. Genotypic relatedness of staphylococcal strains isolated from pustules and carriage sites in dogs with superficial bacterial folliculitis. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1337-46. [PMID: 16881845 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether staphylococcal isolates cultured from pustules and carriage sites in dogs with superficial bacterial folliculitis were genotypically the same strain by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). ANIMALS 40 dogs with superficial bacterial folliculitis. PROCEDURES Samples were obtained from 3 pustules and 3 carriage sites (anus, axillary skin, and nasal mucosa). Bacterial culture, morphologic identification, Gram staining, catalase and coagulase tests, speciation, and PFGE were performed. RESULTS Of 246 isolates, 203 were Staphylococcus intermedius, 5 were Staphylococcus aureus, 15 were Staphylococcusspp, and 22 were coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates. No dog had an isolate with the same PFGE pattern as an isolate from another dog. Coagulase-positive isolates from multiple pustules and multiple carriage sites had the same PFGE pattern in 37 of 39 (94.9%) and 22 of 39 (56.4%) dogs, respectively. Coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from at least 1 pustule had the same PFGE pattern as an isolate from at least 1 carriage site in 34 of 36 (94.4%) dogs. Ninety-seven of 116 (83.6%) coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from pustules had the same PFGE pattern as an isolate from at least 1 carriage site. Sixty-nine of 91 (75.8%) coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from carriage sites had the same PFGE pattern as an isolate from at least 1 pustule. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Coagulasepositive staphylococcal strains were heterogeneous among dogs with superficial bacterial folliculitis. In individual dogs, strains from multiple pustules were genotypically the same, and strains from pustules were genotypically the same as strains from carriage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Pinchbeck
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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May ER. Bacterial Skin Diseases: Current Thoughts on Pathogenesis and Management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2006; 36:185-202, viii. [PMID: 16364784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R May
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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