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Doeven L, Cardy T, Crawford AH. Investigation of neutering status and age of neutering in female Dachshunds with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. J Small Anim Pract 2024. [PMID: 38622029 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate neutering status and age of neutering in female Dachshunds with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. We hypothesised that neutered Dachshunds presented with intervertebral disc extrusion at an earlier age, with a higher grade of neurological deficits and with more extensive extrusion of disc material compared with intact females. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective multi-centre study of client-owned female Dachshunds with surgically confirmed thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. Dogs were classified as early, late or not neutered (intact). Age, body condition score, duration of clinical signs before presentation, modified Frankel score at presentation, length of extruded disc material, maximum spinal cord compression and whether dogs presented for a subsequent intervertebral disc extrusion were recorded. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-four dogs were included: 36 early neutered, 69 late neutered and 49 intact. No significant difference was found between early neutered, late neutered and entire female Dachshunds in any of the variables studied. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this cohort of female dogs, neuter status and age of neutering were not found to affect age at onset nor severity of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Doeven
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - T Cardy
- Neurology and Neurosurgery, Cave Veterinary Specialists, West Buckland, Somerset, TA21 9LE, UK
| | - A H Crawford
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
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Compagnone K, A Upchurch D, Pompermaier E, Motta L. Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion in Dogs: Do Onset of Clinical Signs, Time of Surgery, and Neurological Grade Matter? Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2023; 36:287-293. [PMID: 37406671 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the influence of time between the beginning of clinical signs, presentation and decompression, and combinations of several factors on the outcome and recovery of dogs undergoing surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE). STUDY DESIGN In all, 433 client-owned dogs treated for IVDE between 2016 and 2020 were reviewed for signalment, neurological grade, rate of onset, duration of clinical signs, and surgical variables. Time from presentation to surgery was divided into three categories: S1 (0-12 hours), S2 (12-24 hours), and S3 (>24 hours). These variables were investigated to determine their influence on the return of pain sensation, urinary continence, ambulation and overall outcome. RESULTS A significant association was found between an acute onset of clinical signs, worse neurological grade at presentation and poorer outcomes. There was a significant difference between S1, S2, and S3 in neurological grade at presentation (p < 0.001) and at discharge (p < 0.001); however, the latter was no longer significant when adjusted for the grade at presentation (p = 1,000). Disk fenestration was associated with a faster return to ambulation (p = 0.033). Duration of clinical signs and time of surgery did not correlate with the time to recovery and return of pain sensation, urinary continence, or ambulation. CONCLUSION Dogs presented with severe neurological status and/or rapid onset of clinical signs were operated on more promptly, but their outcomes were also poorer. There was no significant evidence for a better outcome when surgery was not delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krizia Compagnone
- Northwest Veterinary Specialists, Delamere House, Ashville Point, Sutton Weaver, Runcorn, United Kingdom
| | - David A Upchurch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States
| | - Elisa Pompermaier
- Wear Referrals Veterinary Specialist & Emergency Hospital, Bradbury, Stockton-on-Tees TS21 2ES, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Motta
- Northwest Veterinary Specialists, Delamere House, Ashville Point, Sutton Weaver, Runcorn, United Kingdom
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Fletcher CDA, Ives EJ, Kajin F, Seath I, Grapes NJ, Lopes BA, Knebel A, Volk HA, De Decker S. Thoracic to lumbar vertebral column length and length ratios in miniature dachshunds with and without thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3057. [PMID: 37269549 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chondrodystrophic body type predisposes miniature dachshunds to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE). However, the relationship between thoracolumbar IVDE and the relative lengths of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral columns has not yet been evaluated. METHODS This prospective multicentre study included 151 miniature dachshunds with (n = 47) and without (n = 104) thoracolumbar IVDE. All dogs had their thoracic and lumbar vertebral columns measured with a tape measure. Detailed descriptions were provided to facilitate consistent measurement. A thoracic to lumbar vertebral column ratio was calculated. Thoracolumbar IVDE was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. RESULTS The thoracic to lumbar vertebral column length ratio and absolute thoracic vertebral column length were significantly smaller in miniature dachshunds with IVDE than in those without IVDE (p < 0.0001 for both). There were no significant differences in lumbar vertebral column length, age, sex or neuter status between the two groups. LIMITATIONS The dogs without IVDE did not undergo a neurological examination and the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column measurements were not validated. CONCLUSIONS The relative lengths of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column segments could contribute to the development of thoracolumbar IVDE in miniature dachshunds. Further studies are needed to evaluate ideal thoracic to lumbar vertebral column length ratios in miniature dachshunds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward J Ives
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, UK
| | - Filip Kajin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nicholas J Grapes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Bruno A Lopes
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, UK
| | - Anna Knebel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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Fuchs J, Domaniža M, Kuricová M, Lipták T, Ledecký V. Comparison of Imaging Methods and Population Pattern in Dogs with Spinal Diseases in Three Periods between 2005 and 2022: A Retrospective Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050359. [PMID: 37235442 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the long-term comparison of the imaging methods used in dogs with neurologic diseases related to the spine and spinal cord. We also compared the occurrence of neurological diseases according to the localization, gender, age, and breed. As the availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has increased over the years, resulting in increased diagnostic and therapeutic success rates, the study was divided into three time periods (2005-2014, 2015-2018, and 2019-2022). Our results suggest changes in the population structure of the dogs studied and changes in the use of diagnostic methods that directly or indirectly influence the choice and success rate of therapy. Our results may be of interest to owners, breeders, practicing veterinarians, and insurance companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fuchs
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Michal Domaniža
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Kuricová
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Lipták
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Valent Ledecký
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia
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Bianchi CA, Marcellin-Little DJ, Dickinson PJ, Garcia TC, Li CF, Batcher K, Bannasch DL. FGF4L2 retrogene copy number is associated with intervertebral disc calcification and vertebral geometry in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.22.09.0167. [PMID: 36662606 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.09.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of the chondrodystrophy-associated FGF4L2 retrogene on intervertebral disc (IVD) calcification and vertebral geometry. ANIMALS 22 Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers (NSDTR) with no FGF4L2 retrogene (n = 7, wild-type dogs), 1 retrogene copy (8, heterozygous dogs), or 2 retrogene copies (7, homozygous dogs). PROCEDURES Computed tomography (CT) scans of the vertebral column were analyzed using computer-aided design (CAD) software. IVD calcification, vertebral column length, and vertebral geometry of the third cervical (C3), 13th thoracic (T13), and first lumbar (L1) vertebrae were compared. RESULTS IVD calcification was not found in wild-type dogs. IVD calcification was more frequent in homozygous dogs than heterozygous (P = .008) or wild-type dogs (P < .001) and in heterozygous dogs compared to wild-type dogs (P < .001). Four IVDs were subclinically herniated in 3 dogs (2 homozygous, 1 heterozygous). Calcified IVD had a greater volume and surface area in heterozygous dogs than homozygous dogs. C3 vertebral canal height-to-width ratio was greater in homozygous dogs than heterozygous dogs (P = .044) and wild-type dogs (P = .010). CLINICAL RELEVANCE IVD calcification and vertebral geometry can be analyzed using CAD software. The presence of 1 or 2 FGF4L2 copies in the absence of the FGF4L1 retrogene has an additive effect on the number of calcified IVD and a minor effect on vertebral geometry in NSDTR dogs. Data support the use of FGF4L2 phenotyping to reduce clinical disease in segregating breeds and to monitor the introduction of wild-type alleles into fixed breed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina A Bianchi
- Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Denis J Marcellin-Little
- Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Peter J Dickinson
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Tanya C Garcia
- Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Chai-Fei Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kevin Batcher
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Danika L Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Solari FP, Sherman AH, Blong AE, Cameron S, Walton RA. Diagnosis and successful management of an extradural compressive hematoma secondary to diphacinone poisoning in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:101-106. [PMID: 36098050 PMCID: PMC10087660 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the successful case management of an extradural hematoma secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity causing spinal compression and paraplegia. CASE SUMMARY A 3-month-old, female intact, mixed breed dog was presented for a 12-hour history of paraplegia. CBC and biochemistry results were unremarkable, and a coagulation panel revealed prolonged prothrombin time with normal activated partial thromboplastin time. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an extradural compressive lesion within the vertebral canal extending from T6 to T11, most consistent with an extradural hematoma. Further coagulation testing revealed a coagulopathy caused by vitamin K1 deficiency and confirmed exposure to the anticoagulant rodenticide, diphacinone. The dog was medically managed with fresh frozen plasma, aminocaproic acid, and oral vitamin K1 therapy. A right-sided T6 to T11 hemilaminectomy was later performed for removal of the extradural hematoma and spinal decompression. The dog's neurological status gradually improved postoperatively and, at the time of discharge, was nonambulatory paraparetic with voluntary micturition. Four weeks postoperatively, the dog had normal prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times and was nonambulatory paraparetic with strong motor function. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first reported case of a dog with an extradural hematoma secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide causing spinal cord compression and neurological deficits. Surgical management of this case was successful and resulted in improvement of neurological signs. Extradural hematoma should be considered as a potential location of bleeding in rodenticide toxicity as well as a differential diagnosis in patients with neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca P Solari
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Alec H Sherman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - April E Blong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Starr Cameron
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebecca A Walton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Sedlacek J, Rychel J, Giuffrida M, Wright B. Nonsurgical Rehabilitation in Dachshunds With T3-L3 Myelopathy: Prognosis and Rates of Recurrence. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:934789. [PMID: 35928109 PMCID: PMC9343690 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.934789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dachshunds are at significant risk of experiencing thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) during their lifetimes. Standard of care includes advanced imaging, surgical intervention, and postoperative rehabilitation. Conservative management is commonly recommended for cases where the standard of care is declined, and little is known about the prognosis of treatment with conservative management and rehabilitation (nonsurgical rehabilitation). This retrospective cohort study assessed 12-week functional outcome and recurrence of clinical signs in 40 dachshunds with T3-L3 myelopathy presumed to be due to Hansen's Type I disc herniation, treated with nonsurgical rehabilitation. The overall prognosis was good with 34 of 40 (85.0%, 95% CI 70.2–94.2) dachshunds achieving functional pet status by 12 weeks postinjury. Modified Frankel Score at presentation was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in dogs with a positive 12-week outcome compared to dogs that did not recover by 12 weeks. All 27 dogs with motor function at presentation had a positive outcome. Of the 9 dogs exhibiting paraplegia with intact deep nociception at presentation, 7 dogs (77.8%) had achieved a positive outcome by 12 weeks. None of the 4 dogs persistently lacking deep nociception had a positive outcome. Among 27 dogs with a positive outcome for whom follow-up records were available, the 1- and 2-year recurrence rates for T3-L3 myelopathy were 5 and 11%, respectively. Nonsurgical rehabilitation should be considered in dachshunds with mild to moderate T3-L3 myelopathy or in severe cases when advanced imaging and surgical intervention are not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Sedlacek
- Fort Collins Veterinary Emergency and Rehabilitation Hospital, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Jordan Sedlacek
| | - Jessica Rychel
- Red Sage Integrative Veterinary Partners, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michelle Giuffrida
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Long-Term Follow-Up of Dogs and Cats after Stabilization of Thoracolumbar Instability Using 2-0 UniLock Implants. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:5112274. [PMID: 35521052 PMCID: PMC9064500 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5112274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic vertebral fracture or luxation often results in spinal instability requiring surgical stabilization. This study describes the long-term outcome of spinal stabilization using a unilateral 5-hole 2-0 UniLock implant in eight dogs and two cats with trauma-induced thoracolumbar vertebral luxation/subluxation and presumed instability, as assessed by a combination of preoperative radiographs and MRI using a 3-compartment method. The UniLock plate was secured with four monocortical locking screws in adjacent vertebral bodies. Additional pins and facet screws were used in several patients. Postoperative radiographs and MRI studies showed restoration of the main spinal axis in all patients and satisfactory implantation of the screws in the vertebral bodies, with no intrusion in the vertebral canal or in the adjacent intervertebral disc spaces. Neurological status improved in nine patients six weeks postoperatively. Partial implant failure was detected in three patients with no long-term consequences. After 12 months, seven patients reached full recovery with no neurological deficit, two patients were euthanized (including one owing to an unrelated condition), and one remained paraparetic. The results of this study demonstrate that using a 2-0 UniLock implant to stabilize the thoracolumbar spine results in satisfactory long-term recovery in most dogs and cats with traumatic spinal luxation/subluxation and presumed instability. Complications may occur but do not require revision surgery and do not affect clinical outcomes.
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Allografts for Skin Closure during In Utero Spina Bifida Repair in a Sheep Model. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214928. [PMID: 34768448 PMCID: PMC8584988 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Use of off-label tissue graft materials, such as acellular dermal matrix (ADM), for in utero repair of severe spina bifida (SB), where primary skin layer closure is not possible, is associated with poor neurological outcomes. The cryopreserved human umbilical cord (HUC) patch has regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-scarring properties, and provides watertight SB repair. We tested the hypothesis that the HUC is a superior skin patch to ADM for reducing inflammation at the repair site and preserving spinal cord function. Methods: In timed-pregnant ewes with twins, on gestational day (GD) 75, spina bifida was created without a myelotomy (functional model). On GD 95, repair was performed using HUC vs. ADM patches (randomly assigned) by suturing them to the skin edges. Additionally, full thickness skin closure as a primary skin closure (PSC) served as a positive control. Delivery was performed on GD 140, followed by blinded to treatment neurological assessments of the lambs using the Texas Spinal Cord Injury Scale (TSCIS) for gait, proprioception, and nociception. Lambs without spina bifida were used as controls (CTL). Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging of spines at the repair site were performed, followed by quantitative pathological assessments. Histological assessments (blinded) included Masson’s trichrome, and immunofluorescence for myeloperoxidase (MPO; neutrophils) and for reactive astrocytes (inflammation) by co-staining vimentin and GFAP. Results: The combined hind limbs’ TSCIS was significantly higher in the HUC group than in ADM and PSC groups, p = 0.007. Both ADM and PSC groups exhibited loss of proprioception and mild to moderate ataxia compared to controls. MRI showed increased pathological findings in the PSC group when compared to the HUC group, p = 0.045. Histologically, the meningeal layer was thickened (inflammation) by 2–3 fold in ADM and PSC groups when compared to HUC and CTL groups, p = 0.01. There was lower MPO positive cells in the HUC group than in the ADM group, p = 0.018. Posterior column astrocyte activation was increased in ADM and PSC lambs compared to HUC lambs, p = 0.03. Conclusion: The HUC as a skin patch for in utero spina bifida repair preserves spinal cord function by reducing underlying inflammation when compared to ADM.
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Immekeppel A, Rupp S, Demierre S, Rentmeister K, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Goessmann J, Bali MS, Schmidli-Davies F, Forterre F. Investigation of timing of surgery and other factors possibly influencing outcome in dogs with acute thoracolumbar disc extrusion: a retrospective study of 1501 cases. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:30. [PMID: 34425852 PMCID: PMC8385450 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc extrusions in the thoracolumbar region are a common spinal neurologic disorder in dogs and usually considered a neurological emergency. Several factors, like timing of surgery, have previously been analysed in order to determine the effect on outcome and time of recovery. Most studies have investigated one defined population of dogs and the influence of a single factor on the overall outcome. In this retrospective study, a large cohort of dogs and the influence of one or combinations of several factors on outcome and time of recovery were analysed. RESULTS The bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association between the following variables and the time of recovery: the time span between the onset of clinical signs and surgery (Cramers Phi [Formula: see text] = 0.14; P = 0.003), the grade of severity ([Formula: see text] = 0.23; P < 0.001) and the implementation of physical rehabilitation ([Formula: see text] = 0.2; P < 0.001). However, the analysis of a multivariable regression model demonstrated that a significant correlation only exists between the time span between the onset of clinical signs and surgery and the overall outcome (P = 0.007), as well as between the grade of severity and the time of recovery (P < 0.001). The percentage of dogs with lacking deep pain perception (DPP) that had to be euthanised due to their neurological condition, decreased from 20.0 to 2.9% when physical rehabilitation was implemented. Additionally, the proportion of dogs (same group) that improved to reach an ambulatory status increased from 80.0 to 91.4%. CONCLUSION The results of the bivariate analysis demonstrated several correlations between some variables and overall outcome or time of recovery, whereas the multivariable regression model demonstrated only two associations. The time span between the onset of clinical signs and surgery was significantly associated with the overall outcome. We therefore suggest that a surgical intervention should be performed without unreasonable delay. Due to the correlation between the grade of severity and time of recovery, owners of dogs with more severe neurological deficits prior to surgery should be informed about the presumably prolonged time of recovery.
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Irizarry IN, Dugat DR, Sippel KM, Payton ME. Evaluation of the intervertebral disk, vertebral body, and spinal cord for changes secondary to percutaneous laser disk ablation. Vet Surg 2021; 51:97-108. [PMID: 34286854 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the intervertebral disk, vertebral endplates, and spinal cord for perioperative changes secondary to percutaneous laser disk ablation (PLDA) and correlate findings to clinical outcomes in dogs receiving thoracolumbar PLDA. STUDY DESIGN Blinded study. ANIMALS Thirty dogs. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed before PLDA (control/Group C), immediately following PLDA (Group I), and 3 months later (perioperative/Group P). Dogs were followed 3 years. Groups and dogs were randomized for evaluation. Two radiologists were blinded to each MRI study and dog. Each radiologist evaluated the disk, vertebral body, and spinal cord at each disk space receiving PLDA. RESULTS Mean disk degeneration was increased in Group P at L1-2 (p < .0001) and L2-3 (p = .0081). Both radiologists identified mild diskitis (1%-15%) in Group P (radiologist 1, p < .0001; radiologist 2, p = .0012). Cranial endplate lesions were identified in Group P at T11-12 (p = .0353), T13-L1 (p = .0026), and L4-5 (p = .0210). Lesions were identified in the caudal endplates of all eight disk spaces in Group P: T10-11 (p = .0004), T11-12 (p < .0001), T12-13 (p < .0001), T13-L1 (p < .0001), L1-2 (p < .0001), L2-3 (p < .0001), L3-4 (p < .0001), and L4-5 (p < .0001). There was no disk extrusion or spinal cord lesions identified. CONCLUSION This study evaluated effects that may occur secondary to PLDA, using MRI. Although vertebral body changes were identified, they did not correlate with clinical complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE PLDA appears to be a safe, effective procedure performed on thoracolumbar disks to reduce recurrence of intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) in dogs that previously experienced IVDH, despite the appearance of visible vertebral endplate lesions and mild diskitis on MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Nikol Irizarry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Danielle R Dugat
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kate M Sippel
- IDEXX Laboratories Telemedicine Consultants, Westbrook, Maine, USA
| | - Mark E Payton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Parker, Colorado, USA
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Spence SP, Israel SK. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings in relation to body weight in dogs with thoracolumbar disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:1222-1228. [PMID: 33978442 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.11.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of MRI lesions between dogs weighing < 15 kg (33 lb) and dogs weighing ≥ 15 kg. ANIMALS 494 dogs with clinical signs of thoracolumbar disease. PROCEDURES Electronic medical records of affected dogs that underwent MRI of the thoracolumbar vertebral column between January 2016 and July 2018 were reviewed. Data extracted included age, body weight, breed, sex, MRI findings, and lesion location. Data were compared between dogs weighing < 15 kg and dogs weighing ≥ 15 kg. RESULTS Of dogs weighing < 15 kg, 94.4% (371/393) were chondrodystrophic breeds. Only 24.8% (25/101) of dogs weighing ≥ 15 kg were chondrodystrophic breeds. Lesions consistent with intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) had an overall incidence of 87.2% (431/494). In dogs weighing < 15 kg, the incidence of IVDD was 94.7% (372/393), compared with 58.4% (59/101) in dogs weighing ≥ 15 kg. Dogs weighing < 15 kg had a significantly higher incidence of IVDD lesions in the T12-13 segment, compared with dogs weighing ≥ 15 kg. Dogs weighing ≥ 15 kg were 11.9 times (95% CI, 5.1 to 27.9) and 7.4 times (95% CI, 2.3 to 23) as likely to have a neoplastic lesion and fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy, respectively, compared with dogs weighing < 15 kg. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IVDD was the most common MRI finding in the study population. Dogs weighing ≥ 15 kg had a higher incidence of nonintervertebral disk lesions, compared with dogs weighing < 15 kg.
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Lee NN, Kramer JS, Stoker AM, Bozynski CC, Cook CR, Stannard JT, Choma TJ, Cook JL. Canine models of spine disorders. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1109. [PMID: 33392448 PMCID: PMC7770205 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neck and low back pain are common among the adult human population and impose large social and economic burdens on health care and quality of life. Spine-related disorders are also significant health concerns for canine companions with etiopathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnostic and therapeutic options that are very similar to their human counterparts. Historically, induced and spontaneous pathology in laboratory rodents, dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used for study of human spine disorders. While each of these can serve as useful preclinical models, they all have inherent limitations. Spontaneously occurring spine disorders in dogs provide highly translatable data that overcome many of the limitations of other models and have the added benefit of contributing to veterinary healthcare as well. For this scoping review, peer-reviewed manuscripts were selected from PubMed and Google Scholar searches using keywords: "intervertebral disc," "intervertebral disc degeneration," "biomarkers," "histopathology," "canine," and "mechanism." Additional keywords such as "injury," "induced model," and "nucleus degeneration" were used to further narrow inclusion. The objectives of this review were to (a) outline similarities in key features of spine disorders between dogs and humans; (b) describe relevant canine models; and (c) highlight the applicability of these models for advancing translational research and clinical application for mechanisms of disease, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment, with a focus on intervertebral disc degeneration. Best current evidence suggests that dogs share important anatomical, physiological, histological, and molecular components of spinal disorders in humans, such that induced and spontaneous canine models can be very effective for translational research. Taken together, the peer-reviewed literature supports numerous advantages for use of canine models for study of disorders of the spine when the potential limitations and challenges are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Medicine ProgramUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jacob S. Kramer
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Aaron M. Stoker
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Chantelle C. Bozynski
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Cristi R. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James T. Stannard
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Theodore J. Choma
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James L. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Fouhety A, Bruwier A, Bassanino J, Gabriel A, Boursier JF, Bedu AS, Leperlier D. Effect of Intravenous Morphine Injection on Neurological Examination of Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:571778. [PMID: 33178727 PMCID: PMC7596198 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.571778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to determine the effect of intravenous morphine injection on the modified Frankel scores of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE). Methods: This was a prospective, blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled study. We included dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of thoracolumbar IVDE that did not undergo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, or sedative treatment within the last 12 h. A neurological examination was performed and the deficits were graded using the modified Frankel score (MFS). Subsequently, each dog was randomly allocated to receive an intravenous injection of either morphine or placebo. After 30 min, the dogs were re-evaluated by the same veterinary officer who was blinded to the contents of the injections. Dogs were included in the study if IVDE was ultimately confirmed by surgery within one week of initial presentation. Results: Among the 79 dogs initially enrolled, 62 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Among them, thirty-two dogs received intravenous morphine injections and there was no difference between the pre- and post-injection modified Frankel scores. Thirty dogs received an intravenous placebo injection. One dog had a worsening of the MFS by one grade in the post-injection examination. Clinical Significance: In dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion, an intravenous injection of morphine does not affect the modified Frankel score after 30 min compared with the pre-injection value. These findings support the use of an analgesic morphine dose if the neurological examination can be performed 30 min or later after the injection.
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Fenn J, Olby NJ. Classification of Intervertebral Disc Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:579025. [PMID: 33134360 PMCID: PMC7572860 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.579025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) has been recognized in dogs since the 1800s, when the first descriptions of extruded disc material within the vertebral canal were published. In the intervening time our understanding of intervertebral disc pathology in dogs and cats has increased dramatically, with many variations of IVDD described. Whilst the volume of literature and collective understanding of IVDD has expanded, there has also been scope for confusion as the definition of intervertebral disc disease, with its myriad different manifestations, becomes more complicated. A large volume of literature has aimed to combine the use of histopathology, diagnostic imaging and clinical findings to better understand the various ways in which IVDD can be classified. Much of this research has focused on the classification of mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration, centering around the differences between, and overlaps in, IVDD in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dog breeds. However, with the increasing availability of advanced imaging modalities allowing more accurate antemortem diagnosis, the concept of IVDD has expanded to include other clinical presentations that may not fit into traditional models of classification of IVDD. This review aims to provide an up to date overview of both historical and current systems of IVDD classification, highlighting the important findings and controversies underpinning them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Fenn
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Dickinson PJ, Bannasch DL. Current Understanding of the Genetics of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:431. [PMID: 32793650 PMCID: PMC7393939 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature degeneration of the intervertebral disc and its association with specific chondrodystrophic dog breeds has been recognized for over a century. Several lines of evidence including disease breed predisposition, studies suggesting heritability of premature intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and association of a dog chromosome 12 (CFA 12) locus with intervertebral disc calcification have strongly supported a genetic component in IVDD in dogs. Recent studies documenting association of IVDD with an overexpressing FGF4 retrogene on CFA 12 have opened up new areas of investigation to further define the pathophysiology of premature IVDD. While preliminary data from studies investigating FGF4 retrogenes in IVDD implicate FGF4 overexpression as a major disease factor, they have also highlighted knowledge gaps in our understanding of intervertebral disc herniation which is a complex and multifactorial disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Danika L Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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17
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Barandun MA, Bult S, Demierre S, Vidondo B, Forterre F. Colder Ambient Temperatures Influence Acute Onset Canine Intervertebral Disc Extrusion. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:175. [PMID: 32318591 PMCID: PMC7154144 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine intervertebral disc disease is one of the most common neurologic conditions in veterinary medicine but the influence of environmental factors thereon has not been fully investigated. Subjectively, there has been the impression of increased admissions of acute spinal cord injuries due to intervertebral disc extrusion during periods of colder temperatures. In the present retrospective study, the different weather conditions (temperature, precipitation, sunshine, humidity, and atmospheric pressure) during the acute onset of clinical signs and a lag period of 3 days prior to the occurrence of symptoms were analyzed. One-hundred-and-one client owned dogs from the meteorological region of the Lake Geneva were presented to two referral centers during the 6-year (2007–2012) study period. Chondrodystrophic dogs represented 65.3% of our population, with the French Bulldog (19.8%) and Dachshund (17.8%) being the most common breeds. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified an increased occurrence of intervertebral disc disease during colder temperatures. Our results are congruent with those of human studies which have shown that lower ambient temperatures are associated with more pain and increased risk for muscle injuries. The interplay of endogenous (breed, anatomical characteristics) and exogenous (environmental) factors should be addressed in a larger cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Barandun
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franck Forterre
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Jeong IS, Piao Z, Rahman MM, Kim S, Kim NS. Canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation and rehabilitation therapy after surgical decompression: A retrospective study. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:394-402. [PMID: 31583237 PMCID: PMC6760504 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of surgical decompression and rehabilitation therapy in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH). Materials and Methods: After surgery, physiotherapeutic rehabilitation was performed by a combination of electrotherapy, infrared therapy, training for standing, deep tendon reflex, and aquatic treadmill exercise. A total of 186 dogs were selected from the hospital records and included in two groups: the rehabilitated group (RG, n = 96) and non-rehabilitated group (NRG, n = 90). Dogs in each group were subdivided into three groups based on a pre-operative clinical severity grading system and those in grades 2–4 were included in this study. Post-operative neurologic functions, unassisted standing, walking, and the success rate of both groups were evaluated and compared Results: Overall, 86.46% (83/96) of dogs had a successful neurologic outcome in the RG group, which was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than the NRG group 52.22% (47/90). Interestingly, the success rate differed when the preoperative grading system was considered. The success rates of grades 2, 3, and 4 were 97.14% (34/35), 97.33% (42/45), and 43.75% (7/16), respectively, in the rehabilitated groups, whereas in the non-rehabilitated groups, success rates were 82.35% (28/34), 51.85% (14/27), and 17.24% (5/29), respectively. The differences in success rates among the groups according to grading were 14.79%, 41.48%, and 26.51%, respectively, indicating that the proposed rehabilitation therapy is remarkably advantageous for increasing the success rate. Conclusion: Rehabilitation therapy after surgical decompression of thoracolumbar IVDH improves neurologic functions and increases the success rate, especially when the preoperative pathological condition is severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Seong Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Royal Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KNOTUS Co., Ltd., Research Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk do, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenglin Piao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Surgery, Royal Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KNOTUS Co., Ltd., Research Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Royal Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea Animal Medical Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Soo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Royal Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chai O, Harrosh T, Bdolah-Avram T, Mazaki-Tovi M, Shamir MH. Characteristics of and risk factors for intervertebral disk extrusions in Pekingese. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 252:846-851. [PMID: 29553897 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.7.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize and identify risk factors for intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE) in Pekingese. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS 426 Pekingese (81 with confirmed IVDE and 345 without IVDE) admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital from 2005 through 2015. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed and data were extracted regarding age, sex, body weight, body condition score, coat color, chief reason for initial evaluation, body system involved, and diagnosis. Survey radiographs of the vertebral column were examined. Data were compared between the confirmed IVDE and non-IVDE groups. RESULTS Confirmed IVDE was uncommon in dogs < 2 years of age (2/81 [2%]). The extrusion was primarily located in the thoracolumbar (n = 57 [70%]) and cervical (22 [27%]) regions; the most common sites were T12-13 and C6-7. The number of radiographically visible calcified disks was significantly greater in the confirmed IVDE versus non-IVDE group, and the presence of calcified disks in the T10-L4 region was associated with increased odds of IVDE (OR, 21.2). Black coat color was significantly more prevalent in the confirmed IVDE versus non-IVDE group and was associated with increased odds of developing IVDE (OR, 1.6). Mean body weight and the proportion of spayed female dogs were significantly greater in the confirmed IVDE versus non-IVDE group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Several risk factors for confirmed IVDE in Pekingese were identified that could be useful for counseling clients about the disease or, with additional research, designing selective breeding programs to reduce the prevalence of IVDE in the breed.
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Dorn M, Seath IJ. Neuter status as a risk factor for canine intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) in dachshunds: a retrospective cohort study. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2018; 5:11. [PMID: 30459956 PMCID: PMC6236875 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-018-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) involves displacement of the intervertebral disc secondary to disc degeneration and is extremely common in dachshunds. Clinical signs include pain with or without paresis or paralysis. Mortality rate is high and some cases are left with permanent disability even after treatment. Aims of this study were twofold: Firstly, to investigate whether neutering, i.e. gonadectomy, is associated with increased risk of IVDH in dachshunds, and secondly to investigate whether age of neutering alters risk of IVDH in this breed.Information was obtained for 1964 dachshunds from the owner survey, "Dachslife 2015". For dachshunds that were ≥ 3 years and < 10 years old at the time of the survey (1073 individuals) incidence of IVDH was compared between early-neutered (< 12 months), late-neutered (> 12 months) and entire animals of each gender. RESULTS Neutered females were at significantly higher risk of IVDH than entire females (risk ratio 1.81, 95% CI 1.28-2.54). For males, incidence of IVDH in neutered as compared with entire dachshunds was increased but this difference was not quite statistically significant (risk ratio 1.38, 95% CI 0.96-1.99).For both genders, this study demonstrated significantly increased risk of IVDH in early-neutered dachshunds (before 12 months old) as compared with those neutered late (after 12 months old). For early neutered males, risk ratio was 1.54 (95% CI 1.07-2.22). For early-neutered females, risk ratio was 2.12 (95% CI 1.44-3.11). CONCLUSION Results from this retrospective study suggest that gonadectomy, especially if performed before 12 months old, increases risk of IVDH in this breed. Decisions regarding neutering should be made on an individual basis, taking a range of pros and cons into account. Considering the high prevalence, morbidity and mortality of IVDH in dachshunds, increased IVDH risk associated with neutering is a key factor to consider in deciding whether and when to neuter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Dorn
- Attimore Veterinary Group, Ridgeway, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL7 2AD UK
- The Rehab Vet, Codicote, Herts SG4 8UB UK
| | - Ian J. Seath
- Dachshund Breed Council, Flackwell Heath, Flackwell Heath, Bucks HP10 9LE UK
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21
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Dugat DR, Bartels KE, Payton ME. Recurrence of disk herniation following percutaneous laser disk ablation in dogs with a history of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation: 303 cases (1994–2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:1393-1400. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.12.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Packer RMA, Seath IJ, O’Neill DG, De Decker S, Volk HA. DachsLife 2015: an investigation of lifestyle associations with the risk of intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2016; 3:8. [PMID: 27826450 PMCID: PMC5097381 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-016-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) represents a major problem in the Dachshund, with at a relative risk of IVDD 10-12 times higher than other breeds, and an estimated 19-24 % of Dachshunds showing clinical signs related to IVDD during their lifetime. A variety of genetic, physical and lifestyle-related risk factors for IVDD have previously been identified, with some conflicting findings. As such, advising owners and breeders regarding best-practice for IVDD prevention is challenging at present. This study aimed to (i) estimate prevalence of IVDD in six Dachshund varieties, and (ii) identify risk factors associated with IVDD diagnosis from a wide variety of demographic, conformational, dietary, activity and exercise-related variables. RESULTS A web-based survey "Dachs-Life 2015" was carried out from January-April 2015, with responses received for 2031 individual Dachshunds. Three-hundred and ten dogs were classed as Cases based on veterinary-diagnosis of IVDD, and 56 dogs were excluded from further analyses due to a lack of veterinary-diagnosis of their clinical signs. The remaining1665 dogs with no previous signs of IVDD were classified as Non-Cases. The overall prevalence of IVDD was 15.7 % (95 % CI: 14.1-17.3). Breed variety was significantly associated with IVDD risk, with the highest prevalence seen in the Standard Smooth-Haired (24.4 %, 95 % CI: 22.5-26.3) and lowest in the Standard Wire-Haired (7.1 %, 95 % CI: 6.0-8.2). Older dogs and neutered dogs were at increased odds of IVDD. Of the lifestyle risk factors, univariable analysis identified dogs that exercised for <30 min per day, were not allowed to jump on and off furniture, or were supplemented with glucosamine or chondroitin were at increased odds of IVDD, whereas dogs that exercised for more than 1 h per day, that were considered highly or moderately active by their owners, and those that showed at Open or Championship shows were at decreased odds of IVDD. CONCLUSIONS In line with previous reports, IVDD is commonly diagnosed in the Dachshund, with significant differences in prevalence between Dachshund varieties. Lifestyle risk factors were identified which are hypothesis-generating for future prospective studies, and can inform an evidence-based approach to mitigating IVDD risk for Dachshund owners and breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. A. Packer
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
| | - I. J. Seath
- Dachshund Breed Council, Flackwell Heath, Buckinghamshire UK
| | - D. G. O’Neill
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
| | - S. De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
| | - H. A. Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
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Papanna R, Mann LK, Snowise S, Morales Y, Prabhu SP, Tseng SCG, Grill R, Fletcher S, Moise KJ. Neurological Outcomes after Human Umbilical Cord Patch for In Utero Spina Bifida Repair in a Sheep Model. AJP Rep 2016; 6:e309-17. [PMID: 27621952 PMCID: PMC5017885 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1592316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of our study was to test the hypothesis that in utero repair of surgically created spina bifida in a sheep model using cryopreserved human umbilical cord (HUC) patch improves neurological outcome. METHODS Spina bifida with myelotomy was surgically created in timed pregnant ewes at gestational day (GD) 75. The fetuses were randomly assigned to unrepaired versus HUC and treated at GD 95 and then delivered at GD 140. Neurological evaluation was performed using the Texas Spinal Cord Injury Scale (TSCIS), bladder control using ultrasound, and the hindbrain herniation. RESULTS Three lambs without the spina bifida creation served as controls. There were four lambs with spina bifida: two were unrepaired and two underwent HUC repair. The control lambs had normal function. Both unrepaired lambs had nonhealed skin lesions with leakage of cerebrospinal fluid, a 0/20 TSCIS score, no bladder control, and the hindbrain herniation. In contrast, both HUC lambs had a completely healed skin defect and survived to day 2 of life, a 3/20 and 4/20 TSCIS score (nociception), partial bladder control, and normal hindbrain anatomy. CONCLUSIONS Cryopreserved HUC patch appears to improve survival and neurological outcome in this severe form of the ovine model of spina bifida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesha Papanna
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, UTHealth, The University of Texas Health Science at Houston, McGovern Medical School and the Fetal Center at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Lovepreet K Mann
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, UTHealth, The University of Texas Health Science at Houston, McGovern Medical School and the Fetal Center at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Saul Snowise
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, UTHealth, The University of Texas Health Science at Houston, McGovern Medical School and the Fetal Center at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Yisel Morales
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, UTHealth, The University of Texas Health Science at Houston, McGovern Medical School and the Fetal Center at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sanjay P Prabhu
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scheffer C G Tseng
- The Ocular Surface Center, Miami, Florida; TissueTech, Inc., Miami, Florida
| | - Raymond Grill
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Stephen Fletcher
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, The Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth, The University of Texas Health Science at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas; Department of Pediatric Surgery, UTHealth, The University of Texas Health Science at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Kenneth J Moise
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, UTHealth, The University of Texas Health Science at Houston, McGovern Medical School and the Fetal Center at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas
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24
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Willems N, Tellegen AR, Bergknut N, Creemers LB, Wolfswinkel J, Freudigmann C, Benz K, Grinwis GCM, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP. Inflammatory profiles in canine intervertebral disc degeneration. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:10. [PMID: 26757881 PMCID: PMC4711078 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intervertebral disc (IVD) disease is a common spinal disorder in dogs and degeneration and inflammation are significant components of the pathological cascade. Only limited studies have studied the cytokine and chemokine profiles in IVD degeneration in dogs, and mainly focused on gene expression. A better understanding is needed in order to develop biological therapies that address both pain and degeneration in IVD disease. Therefore, in this study, we determined the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cytokines, chemokines, and matrix components in IVDs from chondrodystrophic (CD) and non-chondrodystrophic (NCD) dogs with and without clinical signs of IVD disease, and correlated these to degeneration grade (according to Pfirrmann), or herniation type (according to Hansen). In addition, we investigated cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression and signs of inflammation in histological IVD samples of CD and NCD dogs. Results PGE2 levels were significantly higher in the nucleus pulposus (NP) of degenerated IVDs compared with non-degenerated IVDs, and in herniated IVDs from NCD dogs compared with non-herniated IVDs of NCD dogs. COX-2 expression in the NP and annulus fibrosus (AF), and proliferation of fibroblasts and numbers of macrophages in the AF significantly increased with increased degeneration grade. GAG content did not significantly change with degeneration grade or herniation type. Cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, immune protein (IP)-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were not detectable in the samples. Chemokine (C-C) motif ligand (CCL)2 levels in the NP from extruded samples were significantly higher compared with the AF of these samples and the NP from protrusion samples. Conclusions PGE2 levels and CCL2 levels in degenerated and herniated IVDs were significantly higher compared with non-degenerated and non-herniated IVDs. COX-2 expression in the NP and AF and reactive changes in the AF increased with advancing degeneration stages. Although macrophages invaded the AF as degeneration progressed, the production of inflammatory mediators seemed most pronounced in degenerated NP tissue. Future studies are needed to investigate if inhibition of PGE2 levels in degenerated IVDs provides effective analgesia and exerts a protective role in the process of IVD degeneration and the development of IVD disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0635-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Willems
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna R Tellegen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niklas Bergknut
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Wolfswinkel
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Freudigmann
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Regenerative Medicine II, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Karin Benz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Regenerative Medicine II, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Björn P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hague DW, Joslyn S, Bush WW, Glass EN, Durham AC. Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathologic findings in 6 dogs with surgically resected extraparenchymal spinal cord hematomas. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:225-30. [PMID: 25619517 PMCID: PMC4858063 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extraparenchymal spinal cord hematoma has been described in veterinary medicine in association with neoplasia, intervertebral disk disease, and snake envenomation. There are rare reports of spontaneous extraparenchymal spinal cord hematoma formation with no known cause in human medicine. Multiple cases of spontaneous extraparenchymal spinal cord hematoma have not been described previously in veterinary medicine. OBJECTIVES To describe the signalment, clinical findings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, and surgical outcomes in histopathologically confirmed extraparenchymal spinal cord hematomas in dogs with no identified underlying etiology. ANIMALS Six dogs had MRI of the spinal cord, decompressive spinal surgery, and histopathologic confirmation of extraparenchymal spinal cord hematoma not associated with an underlying cause. METHODS Multi-institutional retrospective study. RESULTS Six patients had spontaneous extraparenchymal spinal cord hematoma formation. MRI showed normal signal within the spinal cord parenchyma in all patients. All hematomas had T2-weighted hyperintensity and the majority (5/6) had no contrast enhancement. All dogs underwent surgical decompression and most patients (5/6) returned to normal or near normal neurologic function postoperatively. Follow-up of the patients (ranging between 921 and 1,446 days) showed no progression of neurologic clinical signs or any conditions associated with increased bleeding tendency. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Before surgery and histopathology confirming extraparenchymal hematoma, the primary differential in most cases was neoplasia, based on the MRI findings. This retrospective study reminds clinicians of the importance of the combination of advanced imaging combined with histopathologic diagnosis. The prognosis for spontaneous spinal cord extraparenchymal hematoma with surgical decompression appears to be favorable in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Hague
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Lee CS, Bentley RT, Weng HY, Breur GJ. A preliminary evaluation of the reliability of a modified functional scoring system for assessing neurologic function in ambulatory thoracolumbar myelopathy dogs. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:241. [PMID: 26403185 PMCID: PMC4583166 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to develop and assess the reliability of a modified scoring system for evaluating the function of the two pelvic limbs separately, in ambulatory thoracolumbar myelopathy dogs. A previously established neurologic score scale for dogs with T3-L3 lesions was modified in order to provide a separate score for each pelvic limb. RESULTS Seventeen ambulatory dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathies were evaluated. Using the new scale, two observers independently performed 22 observational gait analyses (OGAs) in ten dogs without videotape. Another 18 OGAs were performed in seven dogs by watching videotapes of them ambulating. There was poor agreement (concordance correlation coefficient, 0.87) between the two observers for all 40 OGAs. When stratified, the agreement was moderate (concordance correlation coefficient, 0.90) in the OGAs without videotaping and poor (concordance correlation coefficient, 0.80) for the OGAs based on videotapes. For the decision regarding which pelvic limb was more severely affected, a fair agreement (kappa value, 0.30) between the two observers was noted. Without videotape there was only slight agreement (kappa value, 0.05), but with videotape there was moderate agreement (kappa value, 0.56). CONCLUSIONS The modified scoring system in this study provides moderate reliability in assessing the functional neurologic status of each pelvic limb, by OGA without videotape, in canine T3-L3 patients. Further development of this scoring system is required. However, imperfect agreement when visually quantifying neurological deficits is not unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Sheng Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Present Address: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Gert J Breur
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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De Decker S, Wawrzenski LA, Volk HA. Clinical signs and outcome of dogs treated medically for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis: 98 cases (2004–2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:408-13. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.4.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rosenblatt AJ, Bottema CDK, Hill PB. Radiographic scoring for intervertebral disc calcification in the Dachshund. Vet J 2014; 200:355-61. [PMID: 24742872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc disease is a common, painful and debilitating neurological condition of dogs, causing substantial morbidity and mortality. The Dachshund is particularly susceptible to this disorder. The goal of this article is not to duplicate previously published reviews on canine intervertebral disc degeneration and degenerative diseases. Rather, the aims are threefold: (1) to reflect on selected clinical and pathophysiological aspects of intervertebral disc degeneration and disc disease that are pertinent to the Dachshund breed; (2) to review a radiographic spinal scoring scheme developed to reduce the prevalence of intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds; and (3) to suggest further areas of research to improve upon the currently established scoring scheme in an attempt to address this breed's greatest health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana J Rosenblatt
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Cynthia D K Bottema
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Peter B Hill
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
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Hearon K, Berg JM, Bonczynski JJ, Suarez C, Bergman P. Upper thoracic disc disease (T1-T9) in large-breed dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014; 50:105-11. [PMID: 24446398 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify large-breed dogs with intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in the upper thoracic region (thoracic vertebrae 1-9 [T1-T9]). Medical records of all dogs that were diagnosed with IVDD on MRI between February 2008 and September 2011 were reviewed. Of 723 dogs diagnosed with IVDD based on MRI, 527 (72.9%) were small-breed dogs. There were 21 (10.7%) large-breed dogs with IVDD in the T1-T9 region, whereas no small-breed dogs were identified with lesions in that region. The most common upper thoracic lesion sites were T2-T3 (33.3%) and T4-T5 (25.9%). The majority of dogs with T1-T9 lesions were German shepherd dogs (52.4%). Larger, older dogs were more likely to have T1-T9 lesions and more likely to have multiple regions with IVDD, in particular German shepherd dogs (35.1%). Dogs with T1-T9 IVDD were more likely to have IVDD in another region (66.7%). All large-breed dogs presenting with T3-L3 myelopathy should have diagnostic imaging performed of their entire thoracic and lumbar spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Hearon
- Surgery Department, Yonkers, NY; and Oncology Department, Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, NY (P.B.)
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Hemilaminectomy and vertebral stabilization for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc associated dynamic compression in 11 dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2013; 26:498-504. [PMID: 24008559 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-12-12-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the diagnostic findings, surgical technique and outcome in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc-associated dynamic compression. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Client owned dogs (n = 11). METHODS Medical records (2005-2010) of dogs with a stress myelographic diagnosis of spinal cord injury due to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc-associated dynamic compression with inconclusive compression in the neutral myelographic views that had hemilaminectomy and vertebral stabilization were reviewed. Data on pre- and postoperative neurologic status, diagnostic findings, surgical techniques and outcomes were retrieved. Follow-up clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed immediately, and at approximately one, two, and six months postoperatively as well as at annual follow-up examinations. RESULTS The stress myelography demonstrated distinct ventral dynamic compression due to bulging of the disc and additional dorsal compression due to infolding of the ligamentum flavum in some cases. The median percentage of post-stress reduction in spinal cord height on the lateral view was 18.0% (9.8-27.2%). All dogs recovered after surgery and at follow-up examinations were still ambulatory (median: 45 months, range: 7 to 94 months). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Thoracolumbar intervertebral disc degeneration may result in disc-associated dynamic compression. Stress myelography was an effective means of diagnosing this condition and hemilaminectomy with vertebral stabilization was an effective treatment resulting in long-term neurological improvement in all dogs.
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How long and low can you go? Effect of conformation on the risk of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in domestic dogs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69650. [PMID: 23894518 PMCID: PMC3722130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is a common neurological disorder in certain dog breeds, resulting in spinal cord compression and injury that can cause pain and neurological deficits. Most disc extrusions are reported in chondrodystrophic breeds (e.g. Dachshunds, Basset Hounds, Pekingese), where selection for 'long and low' morphologies is linked with intervertebral discs abnormalities that predispose dogs to IVDE. The aim of this study was to quantify the relationship between relative thoracolumbar vertebral column length and IVDE risk in diverse breeds. A 14 month cross-sectional study of dogs entering a UK small animal referral hospital for diverse disorders including IVDE was carried out. Dogs were measured on breed-defining morphometrics, including back length (BL) and height at the withers (HW). Of 700 dogs recruited from this referral population, measured and clinically examined, 79 were diagnosed with thoracolumbar IVDE following diagnostic imaging ± surgery. The BL:HW ratio was positively associated with IVDE risk, indicating that relatively longer dogs were at increased risk, e.g. the probability of IVDE was 0.30 for Miniature Dachshunds when BL:HW ratio equalled 1.1, compared to 0.68 when BL:HW ratio equalled 1.5. Additionally, both being overweight and skeletally smaller significantly increased IVDE risk. Therefore, selection for longer backs and miniaturisation should be discouraged in high-risk breeds to reduce IVDE risk. In higher risk individuals, maintaining a lean body shape is particularly important to reduce the risk of IVDE. Results are reported as probabilities to aid decision-making regarding breed standards and screening programmes reflecting the degree of risk acceptable to stakeholders.
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Smolders LA, Bergknut N, Grinwis GC, Hagman R, Lagerstedt AS, Hazewinkel HA, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP. Intervertebral disc degeneration in the dog. Part 2: Chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic breeds. Vet J 2013; 195:292-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An analysis and differential diagnosis of bony alterations in the lower lumbar vertebrae of a Homo erectus boy skeleton. OBJECTIVE To analyze low back problems during early human evolution. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Back problems in modern humans are often attributed to our upright, bipedal locomotion that is thought to place huge mechanical stresses on the vertebral column. However, little is known of this situation during the course of human evolution. METHODS We analyzed the lower lumbar spine of the most complete early hominid skeleton, the 1.5-million-year-old Homo erectus boy KNM-WT 15000 from Nariokotome, Kenya, who died at an age of approximately 8 years. We use bony alterations as indirect evidence for disc disease in the absence of soft tissue. RESULTS We describe an extensive osteophytic anterior curved remodeling of the left superior articular process of L5 and formation of a new joint at the underside of the left pedicle of L4. This indicates collisional facet joint subluxation, most likely as the result of juvenile traumatic disc herniation. CONCLUSIONS This indirect evidence of possible juvenile disc herniation in a Homo erectus boy skeleton represents the earliest known case of this typical human ailment that is intricately linked to upright bipedalism. The extensive bony remodeling of the articular processes of L4 and L5 suggests that the disc herniation occurred several months before his death. Disabling backache and recurrent sciatica might have, at least, temporarily restricted his daily activities, which indicates advanced social care and nursing in early Homo. We hypothesize that the early Homo intervertebral discs were more vulnerable to injury compared with modern humans because of a relatively small vertebral cross-sectional area.
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Comstock JF, Wardlaw JL, Brinkman-Ferguson EL, Rowe DE. Computed Tomographic Assessment of Body Fat in Dachshunds: A Pilot Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:1-5. [PMID: 25938006 DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2013.31001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has not been linked to causing intervertebral disc degeneration, but has been shown to influence time to ambulation, a strong long-term prognostic indicator in dogs with intervertebral disc disease. However, monitoring obesity to date is imprecise and subjective in the clinical setting. Having an objective formula based on morphometric measurements would potentially be more precise to track our patients' weights. Dogs have been shown to gain weight along their lumbar spine more rapidly than other areas. Varying body conformations make extrapolation from nonchondrodystrophic dogs to Dachshunds difficult. This study aimed to establish the region of fat accumulation along the thoracolumbar spine in Dachshunds. Retrospective computed tomographic (CT) analysis was performed on healthy Dachshunds that presented for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Fat area measured at L3 and L5 using attenuation ranges -135/-105 Hounsfield units (HU) was the most dependent on body weight (p = 0.05). There appeared to be no difference between subcutaneous, visceral or total percent body fat with weight agreement. T13, L3 and L5 all had linear relationships with patient weight and will likely be helpful for body mass index (BMI) formula creation (p < 0.01). This study indicates that any consistent location between L3 and L5 will give an accurate representation of the abdominal circumference and most obese area of the Dachshund with the umbilicus used as a landmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F Comstock
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jennifer L Wardlaw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Erin L Brinkman-Ferguson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Dennis E Rowe
- Experimental Statistics, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi, USA
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Aikawa T, Fujita H, Kanazono S, Shibata M, Yoshigae Y. Long-term neurologic outcome of hemilaminectomy and disk fenestration for treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation: 831 cases (2000–2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:1617-26. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.12.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rohdin C, Jeserevic J, Viitmaa R, Cizinauskas S. Prevalence of radiographic detectable intervertebral disc calcifications in Dachshunds surgically treated for disc extrusion. Acta Vet Scand 2010; 52:24. [PMID: 20398282 PMCID: PMC2873269 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An association between the occurrence of calcified discs, visible on radiographic examination (CDVR), and disc extrusions has been suggested in published literature over the past 10-20 years, mainly from Nordic countries. It has also been postulated that dogs without CDVR would not develop disc extrusions. Furthermore, inheritance of CDVR has been calculated and it has been postulated that, by selecting dogs for breeding with few, or no CDVR, the prevalence of disc extrusions in the Dachshund population may be reduced. Methods The prevalence of radiographic detectable intervertebral disc calcifications was calculated from one hundred surgeries for disc extrusion, performed in 95 Dachshunds, in order to determine if the disc causing clinically significant IVDD, had radiographic signs of calcification at the time of confirmed disc extrusion. Inclusion criteria, for each dog, included a complete physical, orthopedic and neurologic examination, radiographs of the entire vertebral column, a myelogram or magnetic resonance imaging examination indicating extradural spinal cord compression, and finally a surgical procedure confirming the diagnosis of a disc extrusion. In addition to descriptive statistics, age correlation with number of calcifications visible at radiographic examination and with CDVR at the surgery site was examined. Results We found that disc extrusions occur as frequently in discs that are found to have radiographic evidence of calcification as those discs that do not have signs of radiographic calcification, and that IVDD (intervertebral disc disease) requiring surgery does occur in the absence of any calcified discs on radiographic examination. We found that calcified discs were more frequent in our Dachshund population compared to previous studies suggesting that disc calcification might be a serious risk factor for developing disc extrusion. Further studies are needed to show, conclusively, if selection of breeding dogs based on CDVR in the Dachshund will reduce the incidence of IVDD. The presence of the calcifications of intervertebral disc should be evaluated with caution, as only part of the calcifications will be detected and the real extent of the disc degeneration may be underestimated.
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Levine GJ, Levine JM, Budke CM, Kerwin SC, Au J, Vinayak A, Hettlich BF, Slater MR. Description and repeatability of a newly developed spinal cord injury scale for dogs. Prev Vet Med 2009; 89:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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ISRAEL SARAHK, LEVINE JONATHANM, KERWIN SHARONC, LEVINE GWENDOLYNJ, FOSGATE GEOFFREYT. THE RELATIVE SENSITIVITY OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MYELOGRAPHY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THORACOLUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISK HERNIATIONS IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:247-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Levine JM, Levine GJ, Boozer L, Schatzberg SJ, Platt SR, Kent M, Kerwin SC, Fosgate GT. Adverse effects and outcome associated with dexamethasone administration in dogs with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation: 161 cases (2000–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:411-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.3.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Levine JM, Levine GJ, Johnson SI, Kerwin SC, Hettlich BF, Fosgate GT. Evaluation of the success of medical management for presumptive thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation in dogs. Vet Surg 2007; 36:482-91. [PMID: 17614930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the success of medical management of presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation in dogs and the variables associated with treatment outcome. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Dogs (n=223) with presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation. METHODS Medical records from 2 clinics were used to identify affected dogs, and owners were mailed a questionnaire about success of therapy, recurrence of clinical signs, and quality of life (QOL) as interpreted by the owner. Signalment, duration and degree of neurologic dysfunction, and medication administration were determined from medical records. RESULTS Eighty-three percent of dogs (185/223) were ambulatory at initial evaluation. Successful treatment was reported for 54.7% of dogs, with 30.9% having recurrence of clinical signs and 14.4% classified as therapeutic failures. From bivariable logistic regression, glucocorticoid administration was negatively associated with success (P=.008; odds ratio [OR]=.48) and QOL scores (P=.004; OR=.48). The duration of cage rest was not significantly associated with success or QOL. Nonambulatory dogs were more likely to have lower QOL scores (P=.01; OR=2.34). CONCLUSIONS Medical management can lead to an acceptable outcome in many dogs with presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation. Cage rest duration does not seem to affect outcome and glucocorticoids may negatively impact success and QOL. The conclusions in this report should be interpreted cautiously because of the retrospective data collection and the use of client self-administered questionnaire follow-up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results provide an insight into the success of medical management for presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation in dogs and may allow for refinement of treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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Levine JM, Levine GJ, Johnson SI, Kerwin SC, Hettlich BF, Fosgate GT. Evaluation of the Success of Medical Management for Presumptive Cervical Intervertebral Disk Herniation in Dogs. Vet Surg 2007; 36:492-9. [PMID: 17614931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the success of medical management of presumptive cervical disk herniation in dogs and variables associated with treatment outcome. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Dogs (n=88) with presumptive cervical disk herniation. METHODS Dogs with presumptive cervical and thoracolumbar disk herniation were identified from medical records at 2 clinics and clients were mailed a questionnaire related to the success of therapy, clinical recurrence of signs, and quality of life (QOL) as interpreted by the owner. Signalment, duration and degree of neurologic dysfunction, and medication administration were determined from medical records. RESULTS Ninety-seven percent of dogs (84/87) with complete information were described as ambulatory at initial evaluation. Successful treatment was reported for 48.9% of dogs with 33% having recurrence of clinical signs and 18.1% having therapeutic failure. Bivariable logistic regression showed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration was associated with success (P=.035; odds ratio [OR]=2.52). Duration of cage rest and glucocorticoid administration were not significantly associated with success or QOL. Dogs with less-severe neurologic dysfunction were more likely to have a successful outcome (OR=2.56), but this association was not significant (P=.051). CONCLUSIONS Medical management can lead to an acceptable outcome in many dogs with presumptive cervical disk herniation. Based on these data, NSAIDs should be considered as part of the therapeutic regimen. Cage rest duration and glucocorticoid administration do not appear to benefit these dogs, but this should be interpreted cautiously because of the retrospective data collection and use of client self-administered questionnaire follow-up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results provide insight into the success of medical management for presumptive cervical disk herniation in dogs and may allow for refinement of treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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