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Schumm H, Steil R, Lechner-Meichsner F, Morina N, Weise C, Mewes R, Kuck S, Reuter J, Giesebrecht J, Cludius B, Ehring T. Associations between sleep problems and posttraumatic stress symptoms, social functioning, and quality of life in refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2023; 36:1176-1183. [PMID: 37883129 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suffer from sleep problems, leading to impairments in social functioning and quality of life. Refugees are at high risk for sleep problems due to stressful life circumstances and a high PTSD prevalence. However, limited data on the frequency of sleep problems in refugees with diagnosed PTSD exist. This study examined the frequency of sleep problems in refugees with PTSD and their associations with symptoms of PTSD. Additionally, we investigated the contribution of sleep problems to social functioning and quality of life. Participants (N = 70) were refugees from different countries of origin currently living in Germany. All participants met the criteria for PTSD and completed measures of PTSD symptom severity, subjective sleep problems, social impairment, and quality of life. There was a very high frequency of sleep problems in the sample (100%), and sleep problems were significantly associated with both clinician-rated, r = .47, and self-rated, r = .30, PTSD symptom severity after controlling for overlapping items. Contrary to expectations, sleep problems did not predict social impairment, d = 0.16, nor quality of life, d = 0.13, beyond the effect of other PTSD symptoms. The findings highlight the widespread frequency of sleep problems among refugees. Future studies should assess the causal nature of the association between sleep problems and measures of psychosocial functioning in more detail and examine its dynamic change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schumm
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Steil
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Lechner-Meichsner
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nexhmedin Morina
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weise
- Department of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sascha Kuck
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Reuter
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Giesebrecht
- Department of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Cludius
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Alemi Q, Panter-Brick C, Oriya S, Ahmady M, Alimi AQ, Faiz H, Hakim N, Sami Hashemi SA, Manaly MA, Naseri R, Parwiz K, Sadat SJ, Sharifi MZ, Shinwari Z, Ahmadi SJ, Amin R, Azimi S, Hewad A, Musavi Z, Siddiqi AM, Bragin M, Kashino W, Lavdas M, Miller KE, Missmahl I, Omidian PA, Trani JF, van der Walt SK, Silove D, Ventevogel P. Afghan mental health and psychosocial well-being: thematic review of four decades of research and interventions. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e125. [PMID: 37424447 PMCID: PMC10375890 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four decades of war, political upheaval, economic deprivation and forced displacement have profoundly affected both in-country and refugee Afghan populations. AIMS We reviewed literature on mental health and psychosocial well-being, to assess the current evidence and describe mental healthcare systems, including government programmes and community-based interventions. METHOD In 2022, we conducted a systematic search in Google Scholar, PTSDpubs, PubMed and PsycINFO, and a hand search of grey literature (N = 214 papers). We identified the main factors driving the epidemiology of mental health problems, culturally salient understandings of psychological distress, coping strategies and help-seeking behaviours, and interventions for mental health and psychosocial support. RESULTS Mental health problems and psychological distress show higher risks for women, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities and youth. Issues of suicidality and drug use are emerging problems that are understudied. Afghans use specific vocabulary to convey psychological distress, drawing on culturally relevant concepts of body-mind relationships. Coping strategies are largely embedded in one's faith and family. Over the past two decades, concerted efforts were made to integrate mental health into the nation's healthcare system, train cadres of psychosocial counsellors, and develop community-based psychosocial initiatives with the help of non-governmental organisations. A small but growing body of research is emerging around psychological interventions adapted to Afghan contexts and culture. CONCLUSIONS We make four recommendations to promote health equity and sustainable systems of care. Interventions must build cultural relevance, invest in community-based psychosocial support and evidence-based psychological interventions, maintain core mental health services at logical points of access and foster integrated systems of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qais Alemi
- School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, California, USA
| | - Catherine Panter-Brick
- Jackson Institute for Global Affairs and Department of Anthropology, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Mariam Ahmady
- Department of Counselling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kabul University, Afghanistan
| | | | - Hafizullah Faiz
- Jalalabad Regional Management Office, Swedish Committee for Afghanistan, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Nadia Hakim
- Migration Health Unit, International Organization for Migration, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | | | - Roman Naseri
- Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Unit, International Medical Corps, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | - Sayed Javid Sadat
- Mental Health and Peacebuilding Program, International Assistance Mission, Herat, Afghanistan
| | | | - Zalmai Shinwari
- Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Unit, HealthNet TPO, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | - Rohullah Amin
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Helmut-Schmidt University, Germany
| | - Sayed Azimi
- Independent Mental Health Specialist, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Atal Hewad
- Department of Ipso Academy and Quality Management, International Psychosocial Organisation, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zeinab Musavi
- Behrawan Research and Psychology Services Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | - Martha Bragin
- Silberman School of Social Work, The City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Wataru Kashino
- Prevention Treatment and Rehabilitation Section, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michalis Lavdas
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Inge Missmahl
- International Psychosocial Organisation, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | - Sarah Kate van der Walt
- Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Unit, Première Urgence – Aide Médicale Internationale, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Derrick Silove
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Ventevogel
- Public Health Section, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, Switzerland
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Mohamed Dafa L, Gómez Gascón T, Poveda Agustín J, Polentinos Castro E. [Prevalence of mental symptoms in the Sahrawi refugees in Tindouf camps, Algeria, determined using the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire 28]. Aten Primaria 2023; 55:102653. [PMID: 37216881 PMCID: PMC10209483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2023.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of psychopathological symptoms among Saharawi refugees and the influence of sociodemographic factors on the phenotypic expression of mental disorders. DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive study. LOCATION Primary and hospital health care. PARTICIPANTS 383 participants over 18 years of age, 59.8% women and 40.2% men, with a mean age of 37.2 (SD = 13.0), from the Laayoune camp, and from the Rabuni National Hospital. METHODOLOGY A descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out between January and August 2017. Participants were selected by consecutive sampling. The main variable was the presence of mental symptoms, measured with the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire - 28. A descriptive analysis of each sociodemographic variable (age, sex, educational level, occupation) and its association with the main variable was carried out using Logistic regression. RESULTS 43.3%, 95%CI (38.4-48.3) obtained a score that suggests the presence of mental symptoms. Women presented a mean score higher than men, in subscales A (somatic symptoms) and in subscale B (anxiety). Age over 50 years and having no educational level were associated with a higher probability of having mental symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that the prevalence of mental symptoms among Saharawi refugees is high, and reinforces the need for more scientific research in the field of mental health to put the prevention of mental disorders and the promotion of mental health in the focus of health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehdia Mohamed Dafa
- Centro de Salud La Granja de San Ildefonso, Sanidad de Castilla y León (SACYL), Segovia, España.
| | - Tomás Gómez Gascón
- Fundación para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Atención Primaria (FIIBAP), Madrid, España
| | - Jesús Poveda Agustín
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid. España
| | - Elena Polentinos Castro
- Unidad de Apoyo a la Investigación, Gerencia Asistencial de Atención Primaria, Servicio Madrileño de Salud. Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC) ISCIII Madrid. España
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Rahimitabar P, Kraemer A, Bozorgmehr K, Ebrahimi F, Takian A. Health condition of Afghan refugees residing in Iran in comparison to Germany: a systematic review of empirical studies. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:16. [PMID: 36681845 PMCID: PMC9862781 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The re-emerging dominance of the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2021 caused a new wave of Afghan refugees heading Iran and neighboring countries. Iran in the Middle East and Germany in Europe are two major host countries to the largest populations of Afghan refugees. In both countries, several studies have been done to assess the health condition of refugees. OBJECTIVES To systematically review the existing literature to identify similarities and differences of health conditions of Afghan refugees living in the two countries, and to synthesize evidence on the health status and health care access of these populations. METHODS Related electronic databases and grey literature of Iran and Germany on the health of Afghan refugees were scanned and searched up for the period 2000-2020. Key terms were formed by combining "Afghan refugees or immigrants or populations or asylum seekers", "Physical or mental health", "Healthcare service or access or use", "Iran or Germany". Empirical studies were considered if they contained samples of Afghan refugees with particular outcomes for Afghans. Results were categorized for both countries in the three main areas of physical health, mental health, and access/use of healthcare services. RESULTS Nine hundred twenty-two documents were extracted, of which 75 full-texts were finally reviewed. 60 documents belonged to the health condition of Afghan refugees residing in Iran including 43 in physical health, 6 in mental health, 8 in healthcare access and use, and 3 in multiple aspects of health, and 15 belonged to Germany including 7 in physical health, 4 in mental health, 2 in healthcare access and use, and 2 in multiple aspects of health. A less explicit evaluation of the overall health condition of Afghan refugees was observable, particularly for Germany. While matches on the study subject exist for both countries, in comparison to Germany, we extracted more quantitative and qualitative health studies on Afghan refugees of the mentioned areas from Iran. German health studies were rare, less qualitative, and more on the health condition of diverse refugee groups in general. CONCLUSIONS Wide gaps and unanswered questions related to mental health and overall health status of the Afghan refugee population are observable, especially in Germany. Our systematic review identified the gap in evidence, which we would recommend to bridge using a wider lens to comprehensively assess the overall condition of refugees considering associations between health and socio-economic and cultural determinants instead of a one-dimensional approach. Further, within health studies on refugee populations, we recommend stratification of results by the country of origin to capture the within-group diversity among refugees with different countries of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Rahimitabar
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128FlüGe Research Project (Refugee Health), School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Kraemer
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128FlüGe Research Project, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kayvan Bozorgmehr
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Section for Health Equity Studies & Migration, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Ebrahimi
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Amirhossein Takian
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Global Health and Public Policy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box 1417613151, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Health Management, Policy & Economics, School of Public Health, TUMS, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Heath Equity Research Center (HERC), TUMS, Tehran, Iran
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Blackwell MA, Lardier DT, Choe R, Goodkind JR. Geocultural variation in correlates of psychological distress among refugees resettled in the United States. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:1472-1483. [PMID: 35729776 PMCID: PMC11216627 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Attention to cultural variability in mental health symptoms could inform intervention targets; however, this is currently a neglected area of study. This study examined whether the associations between common mental health disorder (CMD) symptoms and predictors of CMDs varied cross-culturally. Participants were 290 refugees from three geocultural regions (Afghanistan, Great Lakes region of Africa, and Iraq and Syria) who recently resettled in the United States and completed assessments of CMD symptoms and predictors. Multilevel generalized linear modeling was used to examine the interactions between correlates of depressive, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and each of the three cultural reference groups. Relative to refugees from other regions, Iraqi and Syrian participants demonstrated stronger associations between the number of reported traumatic experiences and both depressive, B = 0.01, SE = .003, p = .003, and anxiety symptoms, B = 0.01, SE = .003, p < .001; Afghan participants showed a stronger association between physical quality of life and PTSD symptoms, B = 0.02, SE = .011, p = .037; and African participants demonstrated stronger associations between gender and symptoms of all three CMDs, Bs = 0.11-.020, SEs = .04-.06, ps = .005-.008, and weaker associations between traumatic event exposure and CMD symptoms, Bs = -0.01--0.02, SEs = .003-.006, ps = .000-.002. CMD symptoms likely present differently across cultures, with various predictors more salient depending on cultural backgrounds and differential experiences that vary based on context. These findings have implications for cross-cultural assessment research and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David T. Lardier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ryeora Choe
- Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jessica R. Goodkind
- Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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6
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Badrfam R, Zandifar A. Mental health status of Afghan immigrants in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic: An exacerbation of a long-standing concern. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 55:102489. [PMID: 33291050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Badrfam
- Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Atefeh Zandifar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rajaei Educational & Medical Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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7
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Kananian S, Soltani Y, Hinton D, Stangier U. Culturally Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Plus Problem Management (CA-CBT+) With Afghan Refugees: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. J Trauma Stress 2020; 33:928-938. [PMID: 33155348 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Culturally adapted cognitive behavioral therapy (CA-CBT) is a well-evaluated, transdiagnostic group intervention for refugees that uses psychoeducation, meditation, and stretching exercises. In the current study, we added problem-solving training to CA-CBT and evaluated this treatment (i.e., CA-CBT+) in a randomized controlled pilot trial with a sample of Farsi-speaking refugees. Participants (N = 24) were male refugees diagnosed with DSM-5 PTSD, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders who were randomly assigned to either a treatment or waitlist control (WLC) condition. Treatment components were adapted both to the specific cultural background and the current social problems of asylum seekers. Assessments were performed pretreatment, 12-weeks posttreatment, and 1-year follow-up. The primary treatment outcome was the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28); secondary outcome measures included the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire, Somatic Symptom Scale, World Health Organization Quality of Life, and Emotion Regulation Scale. Eleven of 12 participants were randomized to CA-CBT+ completed treatment. Based on intent-to-treat data, large between-group effect sizes were seen at posttreatment in the GHQ-28, d = 3.0, and for most secondary outcome measures. Improvements for individuals in the treatment group decreased at 1-year follow-up, but effect sizes demonstrated continued large improvements on all measures as compared to pretreatment levels. In summary, CA-CBT+ led to large improvements in general psychopathological distress and quality of life, which were maintained in the long term. In addition, the dropout rate was very low, with delivery in group format. Thus, problem-solving training appears to be a promising addition to CA-CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasaman Soltani
- Department of Psychology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Devon Hinton
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Department of Psychology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Jannesari S, Hatch S, Oram S. Seeking sanctuary: rethinking asylum and mental health. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2020; 29:e154. [PMID: 32787983 PMCID: PMC7443819 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796020000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced migrants are at an increased risk of mental disorder compared to host country populations. To effectively address this, programmatic and policy responses need to be underpinned by rigorous evidence. Drawing on our experience conducting a systematic review of post-migration risk factors for mental disorder among asylum seekers and our appraisal of related systematic reviews, this paper discusses four challenges facing the field: (1)The reliance on Western conceptions of mental health.(2)The investigation, to date, of a relatively narrow range of potential risk factors.(3)The lack of consistency in the measurement and reporting of risk factor variables.(4)The use of the legal term 'asylum seeker' to define study populations.We suggest potential ways forward, including using mental health measures developed in collaboration with communities affected by forced migration, the examination of key risk factors around homelessness and workers' rights, the development of a core set of risk factors to be investigated in each study, and defining study populations using the conceptual category of 'sanctuary seekers' - people who have fled their country and are asking another country for safety and residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Jannesari
- Department of Health Services and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephani Hatch
- Psychological Medicine, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Siân Oram
- Department of Health Services and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Dadras O, Taghizade Z, Dadras F, Alizade L, Seyedalinaghi S, Ono-Kihara M, Kihara M, Nakayama T. "It is good, but I can't afford it …" potential barriers to adequate prenatal care among Afghan women in Iran: a qualitative study in South Tehran. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:274. [PMID: 32375696 PMCID: PMC7201652 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-02969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An estimated 96% of registered refugees in Iran are Afghan. Almost half of them are young women at the reproductive age. The adequate maternity care is crucial for healthy pregnancy. There is limited knowledge regarding the access and adequacy of maternity care among Afghan women in Iran. The reports from ministry of health (MOH) implicate higher prevalence of perinatal complications in Afghan population. This mainly attributed to the inadequate prenatal care during pregnancy. Therefore, this paper explores the potential barriers to prenatal care among Afghan women in Iran. Methods Using convenience sampling, thirty pregnant Afghan women were recruited at three community health centers with the highest number of Afghan visitors in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews in Persian language using an interview guide. The interviewers were two bilingual Afghan graduate midwifery students. Each interview lasted for an hour. The questions regarding the concerns and experienced obstacles in seeking prenatal care were asked. The interviews were transcribed into original language (Persian) and analyzed using content analysis and further translated back into English. The main themes were extracted grouping the similar codes and categories after careful consideration and consensus between the researchers. Results The financial constraints and lack of affordable health insurance with adequate coverage of prenatal care services, particularly the diagnostic and screening tests, were the most frequent reported obstacles by Afghan women. In addition, personnel behavior, transportation issues, stigma and discrimination, cultural concerns, legal and immigration issues were also mentioned as the source of disappointment and inadequate utilization of such services. Conclusions The findings of present study emphasize the necessity of available and most importantly, affordable prenatal care for Afghan women in Iran. Providing an affordable health insurance with adequate coverage of prenatal and delivery services, could reduce the financial burden, facilitate the access, and ensure the maternal and child health in this vulnerable population. The issues of fear and concern of deportation must be removed for at least illegal Afghan mothers to ensure their access to maternity care and improve the health of both mother and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Dadras
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ziba Taghizade
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Dadras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leyla Alizade
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedahmad Seyedalinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masako Ono-Kihara
- Global Health Interdisciplinary Unit, Center for Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kihara
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakayama
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Morina N, Akhtar A, Barth J, Schnyder U. Psychiatric Disorders in Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons After Forced Displacement: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:433. [PMID: 30298022 PMCID: PMC6160546 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Protracted armed conflicts not only shape political, legal, and socio-economic structures, but also have a lasting impact on people's human migration. In 2017, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reported an unprecedented number of 65.6 million individuals who were displaced worldwide as a result of armed conflicts. To date, however, little is known about these people's mental health status. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among forcibly displaced populations in settings of armed conflicts. Methods: We undertook a database search using Medline, PsycINFO, PILOTS, and the Cochrane Library, using the following keywords and their appropriate synonyms to identify relevant articles for possible inclusion: "mental health," "refugees," "internally displaced people," "survey," and "war." This search was limited to original articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published after 1980. We reviewed studies with prevalence rates of common psychiatric disorders-mood and anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, personality disorders, substance abuse, and suicidality-among adult internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees afflicted by armed conflicts. Results: The search initially yielded 915 articles. Of these references 38 studies were eligible and provided data for a total of 39,518 adult IDPs and refugees from 21 countries. The highest prevalence were for reported for post-traumatic stress disorder (3-88%), depression (5-80%), and anxiety disorders (1-81%) with large variation. Only 12 original articles reported about other mental disorders. Conclusions: These results show a substantial lack of data concerning the wider extent of psychiatric disability among people living in protracted displacement situations. Ambitious assessment programs are needed to support the implementation of sustainable global mental health policies in war-torn countries. Finally, there is an urgent need for large-scale interventions that address psychiatric disorders in refugees and internally displaced persons after displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Morina
- Department of Consultation Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aemal Akhtar
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jürgen Barth
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Schnyder
- Department of Consultation Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Kananian S, Ayoughi S, Farugie A, Hinton D, Stangier U. Transdiagnostic culturally adapted CBT with Farsi-speaking refugees: a pilot study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2017; 8:1390362. [PMID: 29163870 PMCID: PMC5687805 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1390362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Approximately half of all asylum seekers suffer from trauma-related disorders requiring treatment, among them Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms. There is a lack of easily accessible, low-threshold treatments taking the cultural background into account. Culturally Adapted CBT (CA CBT) is a well evaluated, transdiagnostic group intervention for refugees, using psychoeducation, meditation, and Yoga-like exercises. Objective: An uncontrolled pilot study with male Farsi-speaking refugees from Afghanistan and Iran was conducted to investigate feasibility with this ethnic group; a group for which no previous CBT trials have been reported. Method: The participants were nine Farsi-speaking, male refugees with M.I.N.I./DSM-IV diagnoses comprising PTSD, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders. Treatment components were adapted to the specific cultural framework of perception of symptoms, causes, ideas of healing, and local therapeutic processes. Before and after 12 weeks of treatment, the primary outcome was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Secondary outcome measures were the Posttraumatic Checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire, Somatic Symptom Scale, World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and Emotion Regulation Scale (ERS). Results: Seven participants completed treatment. In the completer analysis, improvements were found on almost all questionnaires. Large effect sizes were seen for the GHQ-28 (d = 2.0), WHOQOL-BREF scales (d = 1.0-2.3), ASQ tolerating subscale (d = 2.2), and ERS (d = 1.7). With respect to feasibility, cultural adaptation seemed to be a crucial means to promote effectiveness. Conclusion: CA CBT may reduce general psychopathological distress and improve quality of life. Improvement in emotion regulation strategies may mediate treatment effects. More support should be provided to enhance coping with the uncertainty of asylum status and stressful housing conditions. CA CBT appears to be a promising transdiagnostic treatment, serving as an initial low-threshold therapy in a stepped care approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schahryar Kananian
- Department of Psychology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Ayoughi
- Department of Psychology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arieja Farugie
- Department of Psychology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Devon Hinton
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Department of Psychology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Heydari A, Amiri R, Nayeri ND, AboAli V. Afghan refugees’ experience of Iran’s health service delivery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HEALTH CARE 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/ijhrh-06-2015-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore experiences of Afghan refugees from health service delivery in Mashhad, Iran.
Design/methodology/approach
– This is a descriptive study with contextual and qualitative design. Semi-structured interview conducted with 19 Afghan refugees and their caregivers and a focus group session were held with Afghan medical science students. Purposive sampling technique was used to select participants. Data were analysed by qualitative content analysis of Graneheim and Lundman. Lincoln and Guba’s criteria were implemented to ensure trustworthiness.
Findings
– The results with the core concept of “position of immigrants in the health system” were presented at four themes of “perceived discrimination”, “snowed with loneliness”, “feeling inferior”, and “gratitude”.
Research limitations/implications
– This study has some implications for researchers and practitioners. The present study is the first study that was done on the health of Afghan refugees in Iran, therefore it can be a ground for further research. In addition, it has valuable results regarding the Afghan immigrants’ experience of health care system of Iran.
Practical implications
– It can be useful for improving the condition of immigrants in Iran and for improving Iran’s health system. In order to improve the health system in Iran, authorities should pay much attention to transcultural caring and needs of minorities. Furthermore, health workers should be trained to appropriately take care of all patients, without prejudice.
Originality/value
– Overall the study revealed that there is inequity in access to health services among Afghan refugees in Iran. The findings, although not generalized, offer important insights into health care providers in Iran which should be delivering health service without prejudice. The authors recommended that policies of public medical insurance and assistance programme should be implemented for providing affordable health care services for Afghan refugees.
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Otoukesh S, Mojtahedzadeh M, Cooper CJ, Tolouian R, Said S, Ortega L, Didia SC, Behazin A, Sherzai D, Blandon P. Lessons from the profile of kidney diseases among Afghan refugees. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1621-7. [PMID: 25208585 PMCID: PMC4168767 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to a paucity of research on the profile of kidney diseases among refugee populations, specifically Afghan refugees in Iran, this study aimed to illustrate the pattern of kidney disease among Afghan refugees in Iran and create a database for evaluating the performance of future health services. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective cross sectional study, in which we collected the demographics and profile of kidney diseases among Afghan refugees between 2005 and 2010 from referrals to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) offices in Iran. RESULTS The total number of referrals in this group of diseases was 3193 out of 23 152 with 41.5% female and 58.5% male. Regarding age distribution, 10.5% were 0-14 years of age, 78% were 15-59, and 11.5% were ≥60. The most common health referral for females and males (0-14) was end-stage renal disease (ESRD), accounting for 34.6%. This was also the main reason of referrals for females and males aged 15-59, accounting for 73.5% and 66.6%, respectively, and in both sexes in the ≥60 age range it was 63.1%. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of our renal clinic referrals may gradually change to ESRD, which is associated with a huge economic burden. The need to provide health insurance to everyone or reform the health care system to provide coverage for more of the population can be justified and would improve cost effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Otoukesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, U.S.A
| | - Mona Mojtahedzadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, U.S.A
| | - Chad J. Cooper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, U.S.A
| | - Ramin Tolouian
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, U.S.A
| | - Sarmad Said
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, U.S.A
| | - Lauro Ortega
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, U.S.A
| | - S. Claudia Didia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, U.S.A
| | - Arash Behazin
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Dean Sherzai
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, U.S.A
| | - Pedro Blandon
- Department of Nephrology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, U.S.A
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14
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Ardian N, Mazloomy Mahmoudabad SS, Ardian M, Karimi M. General health of foreign-origin groups and native population. Glob J Health Sci 2014; 6:55-62. [PMID: 25168986 PMCID: PMC4825215 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n5p55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the mental health of marginal settlers (non-native population) may affect other citizens’ health, the present study attempts to investigate the mental health status of marginal settlers of Yazd. Materials and Methods: this study was a descriptive, cross-sectional research, in which 400 of non-native and native population have participated. To study mental health status of people, a questionnaire was used. The first section of this questionnaire was the 28-item questionnaire of GHQ and the second section dealt with demographic characteristics such as age, sex, employment status, household income, and educational level of the father of the family. The collected data was analyzed using statistical operations of Pearson correlation coefficient, T Student, univariate Anova, and non-parametric Chi Square. Results: The results revealed that the average scores of general health were 20.09±9.84 and 17.04±9.54 for native and non-native population, respectively. Among subscales of general health, the highest and lowest average scores belonged to social dysfunctions, which showed a dangerous mental health status, and depression, respectively. There was significant difference between average score of general health and educational level of the father of the family (p<.001). The temporary employment and leased household differs significantly from the average score of general health among native population. It was indicated that sex was one of the most powerful predictors of mental health and people had more mental health when they grew older. Anxiety was the strongest predictor of general health for both groups. Conclusion: It seems that background factors such as educational level and employment status effect general health of people more than living in marginal settlement.
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Otoukesh S, Mojtahedzadeh M, Sherzai D, Behazin A, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bazargan M. A retrospective study of demographic parameters and major health referrals among Afghan refugees in Iran. Int J Equity Health 2012; 11:82. [PMID: 23256618 PMCID: PMC3547741 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9276-11-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction For nearly three decades, the two neighboring countries of Iran and Pakistan hosted millions of Afghans. Today, Afghans still represent the largest group of refugees in the world. This feature has greatly influenced provision of health care for this population. Due to a paucity of research on the health status of Afghan refugees in Iran, this study aim to make a vista on the pattern of different common diseases among Afghan refugees in Iran and use it as an index for performance evaluation of future health services to them. Methods This is a retrospective cross sectional study, in which we collected the demographic and medical data between 2005 and 2010 from referrals to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) offices in Iran. We also considered a comparative review of the burden of disease estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) for Afghanistan and Iran. Results Total numbers of referrals were 23,152 with 52.6% Female and 47.66% male. 29% were 0–14 years of age, 54% were 15–59, and 17% were 60+. The most common health referral for females and males (0–14) was perinatal diseases (15.16%, 15.2%, respectively). In the females (15–59) it was ophthalmic diseases (13.65%), and for males it was nephropathies (21.4%), and in both sexes (60+) age range it was ophthalmic diseases (21.3%, 19.9%, respectively). The largest ethnic group of afghan refugees in this study was Hazara (55%) followed by Tajik (14%), Fars (12%), Sadat (9%), and 10% others. Ophthalmic diseases were the major cause of referrals by Hazara, Tajik, Fars, and Sadat groups with 26%, 20%, 26%, and 27% respectively. Referrals by pashtun group were mostly for neoplasms (17%), among Uzbek group it was nephropathies (26%), and in Baluch group Hematopoietic disorders (25%). Conclusion These data indicate higher referral rate for women 15–59 years of old and people in 60+ with ophthalmic diseases, neoplasms, and nephropathies. Even given certain intrinsic limitations of such a study, we believe these unique findings are worth further explanation. This implies the need for public health researchers to pursue prospective studies in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Otoukesh
- Department of Research, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
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16
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Case-management for patients with schizophrenia in Iran: a comparative study of the clinical outcomes of Mental Health Workers and Consumers' Family Members as case managers. Community Ment Health J 2009; 45:447-52. [PMID: 19415489 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-009-9197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of case-management services and the feasibility of considering the Consumers' Family Members (CFM) as service providers in Iran as a developing country. Three trained case-managers were allocated into each group (Mental Health Worker-MHW and CFM), providing 12 months of home-visit services for 129 individuals with schizophrenia. Burden, knowledge, quality of life and the general health condition of the caregivers, as well as positive/negative symptoms and social skills of the consumers were evaluated. Most clinical variables were improved without significant differences between groups. The hospitalization rate was reduced by 67%.
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17
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Lindert J, Ehrenstein OSV, Priebe S, Mielck A, Brähler E. Depression and anxiety in labor migrants and refugees--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med 2009; 69:246-57. [PMID: 19539414 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence rates of depression and anxiety among migrants (i.e. refugees, labor migrants) vary among studies and it's been found that prevalence rates of depression and anxiety may be linked to financial strain in the country of immigration. Our aim is to review studies on prevalence rates of depression and/or anxiety (acknowledging that Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is within that class of disorders), and to evaluate associations between the Gross National Product (GNP) of the immigration country as a moderating factor for depression, anxiety and PTSD among migrants. We carried out a systematic literature review in the databases MEDLINE and EMBASE for population based studies published from 1990 to 2007 reporting prevalence rates of depression and/or anxiety and or PTSD according to DSM- or ICD- criteria in adults, and a calculation of combined estimates for proportions using the DerSimonian-Laird estimation. A total of 348 records were retrieved with 37 publications on 35 populations meeting our inclusion criteria. 35 studies were included in the final evaluation. Our meta-analysis shows that the combined prevalence rates for depression were 20 percent among labor migrants vs. 44 percent among refugees; for anxiety the combined estimates were 21 percent among labor migrants vs. 40 percent among (n=24,051) refugees. Higher GNP in the country of immigration was related to lower symptom prevalence of depression and/or anxiety in labor migrants but not in refugees. We conclude that depression and/or anxiety in labor migrants and refugees require separate consideration, and that better economic conditions in the host country reflected by a higher GNP appear to be related to better mental health in labor migrants but not in refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Lindert
- Department of Public Health, Protestant University of Applied Sciences Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany.
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18
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Mahjoubi B, Mohammadsadeghi H, Mohammadipour M, Mirzaei R, Moini R. Evaluation of psychiatric illness in Iranian stoma patients. J Psychosom Res 2009; 66:249-53. [PMID: 19232238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to assess the nonpsychotic psychiatric disorders of stoma patients in Iran. METHOD In this cross-sectional study, patients referred to the Iranian Ostomy Association from 2005 to 2006 filled the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in Farsi as a screening instrument to identify cases of nonpsychotic psychiatric morbidity. RESULTS A total of 155 patients participated in the study, of whom 79 (51%) were female and 76 (49%) were male. Fifty-five percent of the patients (n=86) had psychiatric problems. The females' mean GHQ score was significantly higher than that of males (P=.001). Psychiatric disorder was significantly more frequent among patients with the following specifications: educational level of high school or lower (P=.001), mucosal hemorrhage of the ostomy (P=.03), stomal stenosis (P=.012), and history of psychiatric drug consumption (P=.000). GHQ score decreased as stoma age increased (P=.032; r=-.177). DISCUSSION Similar to other complications, psychiatric problems are prevalent in Iranian stoma patients. Our findings highlight the need for special support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Mahjoubi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Care Services, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Mofidi N, Ghazinour M, Araste M, Jacobsson L, Richter J. General mental health, quality of life and suicide-related attitudes among Kurdish people in Iran. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2008; 54:457-68. [PMID: 18786907 DOI: 10.1177/0020764008091663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate (1) general mental health, (2) quality of life and (3) suicide-related attitudes in Kurds living in Iranian Kurdistan. METHODS Cross-sectional investigation; cluster random sampling procedure; 1,000 Kurds were randomly selected from 1,000 of 68,000 households in Sannandaj City, Iran; General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12); Questionnaire on Attitudes Towards Suicide (ATTS). RESULTS About 27% of the subjects had to be regarded as probably suffering from a psychological disturbance. There was no gender difference regarding the number of ;cases'. These possible ;cases' were younger than ;non-cases'. The most ;cases' occurred among the unemployed. An increasing number of experiences related to suicide and the increasing emotional closeness of those experiences was found to be related to an increased probability that the individual would be classified as a ;case' according to the GHQ-12 total score. Unmarried individuals more often evaluated their overall quality of life as ;moderate' or ;bad' compared to married individuals. Unemployed people, self-employed people and housewives formed the groups who most often reported a ;very bad' or ;bad' quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Kurdish people in Iran are in need of facilities and interventional programmes aiming to improve general mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mofidi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Hagh-Shenas H, Goodarzi MA, Dehbozorgi G, Farashbandi H. Psychological consequences of the Bam earthquake on professional and nonprofessional helpers. J Trauma Stress 2005; 18:477-83. [PMID: 16281245 DOI: 10.1002/jts.20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the psychological status of rescue personnel who had formal training (Red Crescent workers, i.e., Red Cross workers, and firefighters) with university student volunteers who had no formal training in handling traumatic situations in the Bam earthquake. One hundred student volunteers, 18 Red Crescent workers, and 36 firefighters participated in this study. Participants completed the Civilian Mississippi Scale, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Helpers without formal training showed higher scores on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and GHQ subscales compared to trained rescue personnel. In addition, a significant number of volunteers without formal training met criteria for a possible PTSD diagnosis by scoring above the cut-off point for the Mississippi scale. Those who had higher scores on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index showed greater adverse psychological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hagh-Shenas
- Psychiatry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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