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Suzuki M, Cooksley C, Suzuki T, Ramezanpour M, Nakazono A, Nakamaru Y, Homma A, Vreugde S. TLR Signals in Epithelial Cells in the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 2:780425. [PMID: 35387020 PMCID: PMC8974762 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.780425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is constantly at risk of invasion by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In particular, the mucosal epithelium of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is at the very forefront of the battles between the host and the invading pathogens. Recent studies have revealed that the epithelium not only constitutes a physical barrier but also takes an essential role in the activation of the immune system. One of the mechanisms equipped in the epithelium to fight against microorganisms is the Toll-like receptor (TLR) response. TLRs recognize common structural components of microorganisms and activate the innate immune system, resulting in the production of a plethora of cytokines and chemokines in the response against microbes. As the epithelia-derived cytokines are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergic rhinitis (AR), the molecules involved in the TLR response may be utilized as therapeutic targets for these diseases. There are several differences in the TLR response between nasal and bronchial epithelial cells, and knowledge of the TLR signals in the upper airway is sparse compared to that in the lower airway. In this review, we provide recent evidence on TLR signaling in the upper airway, focusing on the expression, regulation, and responsiveness of TLRs in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs). We also discuss how TLRs in the epithelium are involved in the pathogenesis of, and possible therapeutic targeting, for CRS and AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Clare Cooksley
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mahnaz Ramezanpour
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Akira Nakazono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamaru
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Kvarantan A, Balta V, Zarkovic N, Horvat T, Vukovic T, Zarkovic K, Kalogjera L. Association between aryl hydrocarbon receptor and 4-hydroxynonenal in oxidative stress-mediated chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. EUR J INFLAMM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211065613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Сhronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) is a distinct entity within the chronic rhinosinusitis group of diseases, which are chronic upper airway diseases with several pheno- and endotypes. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNPs. The aim was to assess the association between expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in patients with CRSwNPs. Methods The study included 26 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery: Fourteen patients with CRSwNPs, and 12 controls with healthy sinus mucosa. Expression of AhR and 4-HNE was assessed in tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. The level of 4-HNE in serum samples was measured using the ELISA assay. Total oxidative capacity (TOC) was assessed by measuring the peroxidase activity. Results Higher levels of 4-HNE expression were observed in tissues (3, range 1–3 vs. 0, range 0–0 p<0.001) and serum (27.7±11.5 vs 9.8±7.7 pmol/mg, p < 0.001) samples of CRSwNPs patients, as compared to healthy controls. Higher expression of AhR was found in inflammatory cells (plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinopholes) of CRSwNPs patients, compared to controls (3, range 1–3 vs. 2, range 1–2, p = 0.001). There were no differences in TOC across groups (0.0285±0.0207 vs 0.02, 978±0.0197 µM H2O2 eq., p = 0.848). Patients with bronchial asthma (57%) had abundant eosinophil in tissue samples. Patients with recalcitrant CRSwNPs had higher 4-HNE serum levels, compared to non-recalcitrant cases (27.3 vs 24.2 pmol/mg, p = 0.339). Conclusion Patients suffering from CRSwNPs have oxidative stress–mediated overexpression of AhR, which is linked to a chronic inflammatory response in the paranasal sinus tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Kvarantan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, County Hospital Čakovec, Čakovec, Croatia
| | - Vedran Balta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Zagreb University, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Neven Zarkovic
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Ruđer Bošković Research Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Horvat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Ruđer Bošković Research Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Vukovic
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Ruđer Bošković Research Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamelija Zarkovic
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Livije Kalogjera
- Department of ENT & Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Zagreb, Croatia
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Differential expression and role of S100 proteins in chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 20:14-22. [PMID: 31644435 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune system modulators have been under investigation to help elucidate the underlying pathophysiologies of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Psoriasin (S100A7) and calgranulins (S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12) are S100 proteins that have been studied for their immune-mediating responses to pathogens within the context of CRS. This review highlights the expression patterns and proposed roles of S100 proteins in CRS with (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP) nasal polyps. RECENT FINDINGS Elevated levels of S100A7 and S100A12 were measured in the sinonasal tissues of patients with CRSsNP compared with CRSwNP and controls. S100A12 expression in CRSsNP was significantly correlated to disease severity. Contrastingly, increased S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/A9 levels were demonstrated in the nasal polyp tissues of patients with CRSwNP compared with those in inferior turbinate and uncinate tissues of patients with CRSsNP and controls. SUMMARY The reported differential expression patterns and activities of psoriasin and calgranulins suggest that S100 proteins exert unique and concerted roles in mediating immunity in different subtypes of CRS. These studies will enable further investigations focused on understanding the immune-modulating mechanisms of S100 proteins in different inflammatory signaling pathways and disease phenotypes of CRS toward the pursuit of identifying new biomarkers and targets for improved outcomes.
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Tai J, Han MS, Kwak J, Kim TH. Association Between Microbiota and Nasal Mucosal Diseases in terms of Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4744. [PMID: 33947066 PMCID: PMC8124637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of nasal inflammatory diseases is related to various factors such as anatomical structure, heredity, and environment. The nasal microbiota play a key role in coordinating immune system functions. Dysfunction of the microbiota has a significant impact on the occurrence and development of nasal inflammation. This review will introduce the positive and negative roles of microbiota involved in immunity surrounding nasal mucosal diseases such as chronic sinusitis and allergic rhinitis. In addition, we will also introduce recent developments in DNA sequencing, metabolomics, and proteomics combined with computation-based bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhu Tai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Mun Soo Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jiwon Kwak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Orlandi RR, Kingdom TT, Smith TL, Bleier B, DeConde A, Luong AU, Poetker DM, Soler Z, Welch KC, Wise SK, Adappa N, Alt JA, Anselmo-Lima WT, Bachert C, Baroody FM, Batra PS, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Beswick D, Bhattacharyya N, Chandra RK, Chang EH, Chiu A, Chowdhury N, Citardi MJ, Cohen NA, Conley DB, DelGaudio J, Desrosiers M, Douglas R, Eloy JA, Fokkens WJ, Gray ST, Gudis DA, Hamilos DL, Han JK, Harvey R, Hellings P, Holbrook EH, Hopkins C, Hwang P, Javer AR, Jiang RS, Kennedy D, Kern R, Laidlaw T, Lal D, Lane A, Lee HM, Lee JT, Levy JM, Lin SY, Lund V, McMains KC, Metson R, Mullol J, Naclerio R, Oakley G, Otori N, Palmer JN, Parikh SR, Passali D, Patel Z, Peters A, Philpott C, Psaltis AJ, Ramakrishnan VR, Ramanathan M, Roh HJ, Rudmik L, Sacks R, Schlosser RJ, Sedaghat AR, Senior BA, Sindwani R, Smith K, Snidvongs K, Stewart M, Suh JD, Tan BK, Turner JH, van Drunen CM, Voegels R, Wang DY, Woodworth BA, Wormald PJ, Wright ED, Yan C, Zhang L, Zhou B. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: rhinosinusitis 2021. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 11:213-739. [PMID: 33236525 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR-RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR-RS-2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence-based findings of the document. METHODS ICAR-RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence-based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence-based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. RESULTS ICAR-RS-2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence-based management algorithm is provided. CONCLUSION This ICAR-RS-2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence-based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amber U Luong
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Zachary Soler
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kevin C Welch
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | | | - Claus Bachert
- Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sun Yatsen University, Gangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A Gudis
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Daniel L Hamilos
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Richard Harvey
- University of New South Wales and Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Amin R Javer
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valerie Lund
- Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, UCLH, London, UK
| | - Kevin C McMains
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Joaquim Mullol
- IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alkis J Psaltis
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Luke Rudmik
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raymond Sacks
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - De Yun Wang
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Carol Yan
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Luo Zhang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Peng Y, Zi XX, Tian TF, Lee B, Lum J, Tang SA, Tan KS, Qiu QH, Ye J, Shi L, Guan WJ, Andiappan AK, Wang DY. Whole-transcriptome sequencing reveals heightened inflammation and defective host defence responses in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.00732-2019. [PMID: 31439685 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00732-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathways underlying chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) are unclear. We conducted genome-wide gene expression analysis to determine pathways and candidate gene sets associated with CRSwNP. METHODS We performed whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing on 42 polyp (CRSwNP-NP) and 33 paired nonpolyp inferior turbinate (CRSwNP-IT) tissues from patients with CRSwNP and 28 inferior turbinate samples from non-CRS controls (CS-IT). We analysed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the gene sets that were enriched in functional pathways. RESULTS Principal component-informed analysis revealed cilium function and immune regulation as the two main Gene Ontology (GO) categories differentiating CRSwNP patients from controls. We detected 6182 and 1592 DEGs between CRSwNP-NP versus CS-IT and between CRSwNP-NP versus CRSwNP-IT tissues, respectively. Atopy status did not have a major impact on gene expression in various tissues. GO analysis on these DEGs implicated extracellular matrix (ECM) disassembly, O-glycan processing, angiogenesis and host viral response in CRSwNP pathogenesis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified significant enrichment of type 1 interferon signalling and axonal guidance canonical pathways, angiogenesis, and collagen and fibrotic changes in CRSwNP (CRSwNP-NP and CRSwNP-IT) tissues compared with CS-IT. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis implicated sets of genes co-regulated in processes associated with inflammatory response and aberrant cell differentiation in polyp formation. CONCLUSIONS Gene signatures involved in defective host defences (including cilia dysfunction and immune dysregulation), inflammation and abnormal metabolism of ECM are implicated in CRSwNP. Functional validation of these gene expression patterns will open opportunities for CRSwNP therapeutic interventions such as biologics and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Peng
- Dept of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Dept of Otolaryngology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiao-Xue Zi
- Dept of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Teng-Fei Tian
- Dept of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Dept of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - See Aik Tang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Dept of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qian-Hui Qiu
- Dept of Otolaryngology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Dept of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Dept of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li Shi
- Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei-Jie Guan
- Dept of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Dept of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Taziki MH, Azarhoush R, Taziki MM, Naghavi-Alhosseini M, Javid N, Davoodi H. Correlation Between HMGB1 and TLR4 Expression in Sinonasal Mucosa in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2019; 98:599-605. [PMID: 31238737 DOI: 10.1177/0145561319858915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common inflammations in the upper airway. Despite the wide prevalence of CRS, the pathogenesis of this disease is poorly understood. Several components of the innate immune system may play a significant role in CRS, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR9, and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). This study was conducted to determine the expression of TLR4, TLR9, HMGB1, and pNFκ-B p65 in paraffin-embedded blocks of patients with CRS with nasal polyps compared with those of the control group. METHODS Twenty-six formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from patients with confirmed CRS and 26 patients undergoing septoplasty due to anatomic variations and no other inflammatory nasal diseases as the control group were assessed. Expression patterns of HMGB1, TLR9, TLR4, and pNFκ-B p65 genes were examined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time qRT-PCR). Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS and analyzed using unpaired 2-tailed t tests or 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Real-time PCR showed that the expression level of HMGB1 messenger RNA was significantly increased in the tissues of patients with CRS compared with controls (P < .05). The other 3 genes were also upregulated in the patients, but were not significant compared with control. Analysis of the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) revealed a significant positive correlation between HMGB1 and TLR4 (r = 0.79, P < .05) in patients and negative correlation between TLR4 and NfκB in the control group (r = 0.94; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Both HMGB1 and TLR4 are increased in the paranasal sinus mucosa of patients with CRS. These results suggest a possible contribution of HMGB1 and its internal receptor (TLR4) in the pathophysiology of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Taziki
- Clinical Research Development Unit (CRDU), 5 Azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ramin Azarhoush
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | | | - Naeme Javid
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Homa Davoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Workman AD, Nocera AL, Mueller SK, Otu HH, Libermann TA, Bleier BS. Translating transcription: proteomics in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps reveals significant discordance with messenger RNA expression. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:776-786. [PMID: 30775848 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much of the literature examining chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) immunopathology has been predicated on messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis with the assumption that transcriptional changes would reflect end-effector protein expression. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis using matched transcriptomic and proteomic data sets. METHODS Matched tissue proteomic and transcriptomic arrays were quantified in CRSwNP polyp tissue and control inferior turbinate tissue (n = 10/group). Mucus samples were additionally collected in 6 subjects from each group. Proteins were grouped into functional categories by bioinformatics and differential expression analyses. Log-log regression and Pearson correlations were performed to determine the level of agreement between data sets. RESULTS Of the 1310 proteins examined, 393 were significantly differentially expressed in CRSwNP. On regression analysis, differences in protein expression were poorly predicted by differences in mRNA expression (R2 = 0.020, p < 0.05). Several genes canonically thought to be overexpressed in CRSwNP, including IL-5, IL-13, TSLP, CCL13, and CCL26, showed substantial increases in mRNA transcription, but had minimally or unchanged protein expression. Others, including IgE, periostin, CCL18, and CST1/2, were increased at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Among differentially regulated proteins, tissue and mucus protein levels showed weak correlation (r = 0.26, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Proteomic analysis in CRSwNP has revealed novel disease-associated proteins and pathways, yet correlates poorly with transcriptomic data. The increasing availability of proteomic arrays opens the door to new potential explanatory mechanisms in CRSwNP and suggests that mRNA based studies should be validated with protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Workman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Angela L Nocera
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarina K Mueller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hasan H Otu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Towia A Libermann
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, MA.,Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, MA.,BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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9
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Kuhar HN, Tajudeen BA, Mahdavinia M, Heilingoetter A, Ganti A, Gattuso P, Ghai R, Batra PS. Relative abundance of nasal microbiota in chronic rhinosinusitis by structured histopathology. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 8:1430-1437. [PMID: 30240151 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease process with several different phenotypes. Recent data has shown that CRS phenotypes maintain distinct nasal microbiota that may predict surgical outcomes. Nasal microbiota and structured histopathologic reporting have the potential to further differentiate subtypes and provide additional insight into the pathophysiology of CRS. METHODS Sinus swabs collected during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) were studied by polymerase chain reaction analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA. A structured histopathology report of 13 variables was utilized to analyze sinus tissue removed during FESS. Histopathology variables and relative abundance of nasal microbiota were compared among CRS patients. RESULTS A total of 51 CRS patients who underwent FESS were included. Relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum in nasal microbiota of CRS patients was associated with presence of neutrophilic infiltrate (27.47 ± 44.75 vs 9.21 ± 11.84, p < 0.029), presence of mucosal ulceration (47.67 ± 45.52 vs 13.27 ± 26.48, p < 0.041), presence of squamous metaplasia (5562.70 ± 2715.66 vs 3563.73 ± 2580.84, p < 0.035), and absence of Charcot-Leyden crystals (5423.00 ± 3320.57 vs 679.94 ± 1653.66, p < 0.001). Relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum in nasal microbiota of CRS patients was associated with increased severity of inflammatory degree (p < 0.004) and presence of mucosal ulceration (p < 0.004). CONCLUSION Distinct histopathologic features of CRS are associated with relative abundance of nasal microbiota phyla, specifically Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature on microbiota in sinonasal disease and may have important implications for understanding pathophysiologic mechanisms of CRS subtypes and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bobby A Tajudeen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rush Sinus Program, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Mahboobeh Mahdavinia
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Paolo Gattuso
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Ritu Ghai
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Pete S Batra
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rush Sinus Program, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To perform analysis of evidence in current literature on the topic of genetics and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), with a particular focus on recent findings in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), genes associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia, and taste receptor T2R38. Other genes that have been found to have association with CRS are also presented and discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in CFTR and CRS research have investigated possible CFTR-potentiators for treatment of refractory CRS. The T2R38 gene has been shown to be applicable in the clinical setting with a testable phenotype and may have a role in the prognosis and influencing management strategies of CRS patients. Many genes of the immune system have been studied, with genome-wide association studies and candidate-gene approaches identifying new associations that will need replication and further elucidation. SUMMARY CRS is a multifactorial disease, with strong evidence of a genetic component in its pathophysiology for some cases. Currently, there are over 70 genes that have been genetically associated with CRS in the past 15 years. Future investigations into genetic causes and predispositions of CRS may allow for improved prognostication and development of disease-prevention strategies as well as novel therapeutic targets.
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Levchenko AS, Piskunov VS, Konoplya NA, Bushueva OY, Raspopov AA, Mezentseva OY, Polonikov AV. Genetic Aspects of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. RUSS J GENET+ 2018; 54:910-918. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418080082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
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12
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Pulsipher A, Davis BM, Smith KA, Ashby S, Qin X, Firpo M, Orlandi RR, Alt JA. Calgranulin C (S100A12) Is Differentially Expressed in Subtypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 32:380-387. [PMID: 29943619 PMCID: PMC6340112 DOI: 10.1177/1945892418782238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Calgranulin C (S100A12) is an innate immune peptide at the air-mucosal interface associated with neutrophil involvement, which when overexpressed has been implicated as a biomarker of inflammatory diseases. Decreased epithelial expression of certain innate immune peptides has been reported in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We hypothesized that S100A12 is differentially expressed in the sinonasal mucosa of patients with CRS compared to controls and that S100A12 is a potential biomarker of CRS-specific quality of life (QOL) and disease severity. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted which included 70 patients: 17 controls, 28 having CRS without (CRSsNP), and 25 with (CRSwNP) nasal polyps. The expression of S100A12 and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) was assessed in the anterior ethmoid tissues from all patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. Disease-specific QOL (Rhinosinusitis Disability Index) and disease severity (computed tomography [CT] and endoscopy) were evaluated and correlated to the expression levels of S100A12. Results S100A12 and HNE were significantly elevated in patients with CRSsNP compared to normal controls ( P < .05 and P < .001, respectively) and patients with CRSwNP ( P < .05 and P < .001, respectively), as measured by ELISA and IHC analyses. Patients with CRS exhibited worse CRS-specific disease severity compared to normal controls ( P < .05), and the increased protein levels of S100A12 were significantly correlated to disease severity, represented by CT scores ( P < .05). Conclusions S100A12 is differentially expressed in CRS subtypes and is significantly elevated in patients with CRSsNP and associated with CRS-specific disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Pulsipher
- 1 Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brock M Davis
- 1 Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kristine A Smith
- 1 Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Shaelene Ashby
- 1 Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Xuan Qin
- 1 Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Matt Firpo
- 1 Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Richard R Orlandi
- 1 Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jeremiah A Alt
- 1 Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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13
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Kaur R, Casey J, Pichichero M. Differences in innate immune response gene regulation in the middle ear of children who are otitis prone and in those not otitis prone. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2017; 30:218-223. [PMID: 28124644 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute otitis media (AOM) causes an inflammatory response in the middle ear. We assessed differences in innate immune responses involved in bacterial defense at onset of AOM in children who were stringently defined as otitis prone (sOP) and children not otitis prone (NOP). STUDY DESIGN Innate immune genes analysis from middle ear fluid (MEF) samples of children. METHODS Genes of toll-like receptors (TLR), nod-like and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, downstream effectors important for inflammation and apoptosis, including cytokines and chemokines, were studied from MEF samples by using a real-time polymerase chain reaction array. Protein levels of differentially regulated genes were measured by Luminex. RESULTS Gene expression in MEF among children who were sOP was significantly different in upregulation of interleukin 8, secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3, and in downregulation of interferon regulatory factor 7 and its related signaling molecules interferon alpha, Toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 compared with children who were NOP. Differences in innate gene regulation were similar when AOM was caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. CONCLUSION Innate-immune response genes are differentially regulated in children who were sOP compared with children with NOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kaur
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York, USA
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14
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Abstract
Bacterial pathogens and microbiome alterations can contribute to the initiation and propagation of mucosal inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). In this article, the authors review the clinical and research implications of key pathogens, discuss the role of the microbiome, and connect bacteria to mechanisms of mucosal immunity relevant in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thad W Vickery
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vijay R Ramakrishnan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado, 12631 East 17th Avenue, B205, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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15
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Halderman A, Lane AP. Genetic and Immune Dysregulation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2017; 50:13-28. [PMID: 27888910 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent condition that is heterogeneous in disease characteristics and multifactorial in cause. Although sinonasal mucosal inflammation in CRS is often either reversible or well-managed medically and surgically, a significant proportion of patients has a refractory form of CRS despite maximal therapy. Two of the several described factors thought to contribute to disease recalcitrance are genetic influences and dysfunction of the host immune system. Current evidence for a genetic basis of CRS is reviewed, as it pertains to putative abnormalities in innate and adaptive immune function. The role of systemic immunodeficiencies in refractory CRS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Halderman
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 6th Floor, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-0910, USA.
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16
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Min HJ, Yoon JH, Kim CH. HSP70 is associated with the severity of inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2017; 30:101-6. [PMID: 27456583 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal secretions include cytokines and inflammatory mediators that are involved in the pathogenesis of upper airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE We tried to find unknown biomolecules that are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS We collected nasal mucosal secretions from patients who were diagnosed as having CRS and who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. A total of 63 patients who underwent nasal secretion collection were reviewed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed by using nasal lavage samples to evaluate which biomolecules were associated with the severity of inflammation based on the Lund-Mackay score. By using human nasal epithelial cells, we performed Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the secretory mechanism of heat shock protein (HSP) 70. RESULTS We found that the level of interleukin 8 and HSP70 were significantly associated with the Lund-Mackay score and interleukin 17C, C-X-C motif chemokine 10, and HSP27 were not significantly associated. HSP70 was also significantly associated with the surgical outcome of the enrolled patients. Furthermore, we found that exposure to hypoxia and treatment of lipoteichoic acid induced the secretion of HSP70 but that lipopolysaccharide did not induce the secretion of HSP70 in human nasal epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that HSP70 might play a role in the pathogenesis of CRS and the possibility of HSP70 as a biomolecule that represents the severity of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Min
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Mahdavinia M, Keshavarzian A, Tobin MC, Landay AL, Schleimer RP. A comprehensive review of the nasal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:21-41. [PMID: 26510171 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been known as a disease with strong infectious and inflammatory components for decades. The recent advancement in methods identifying microbes has helped implicate the airway microbiome in inflammatory respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. Such studies support a role of resident microbes in both health and disease of host tissue, especially in the case of inflammatory mucosal diseases. Identifying interactive events between microbes and elements of the immune system can help us to uncover the pathogenic mechanisms underlying CRS. Here we provide a review of the findings on the complex upper respiratory microbiome in CRS in comparison with healthy controls. Furthermore, we have reviewed the defects and alterations of the host immune system that interact with microbes and could be associated with dysbiosis in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahdavinia
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M C Tobin
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A L Landay
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Protecting the upper airway from microbial infection is an important function of the immune system. Proper detection of these pathogens is paramount for sinonasal epithelial cells to be able to prepare a defensive response. Toll-like receptors and, more recently, bitter taste receptors and sweet taste receptors have been implicated as sensors able to detect the presence of these pathogens and certain compounds that they secrete. Activation of these receptors also triggers innate immune responses to prevent or counteract infection, including mucociliary clearance and the production and secretion of antimicrobial compounds (e.g., defensins). OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the current knowledge of the role of innate immunity in the upper airway, the mechanisms by which it is carried out, and its clinical relevance. METHODS A literature review of the existing knowledge of the role of innate immunity in the human sinonasal cavity was performed. RESULTS Clinical and basic science studies have shown that the physical epithelial cell barrier, mucociliary clearance, and antimicrobial compound secretion play pivotal innate immune roles in defending the sinonasal cavity from infection. Clinical findings have also linked dysfunction of these defense mechanisms with diseases, such as chronic rhinosinusitis and cystic fibrosis. Recent discoveries have elucidated the significance of bitter and sweet taste receptors in modulating immune responses in the upper airway. CONCLUSION Numerous innate immune mechanisms seem to work in a concerted fashion to keep the sinonasal cavity free of infection. Understanding sinonasal innate immune function and dysfunction in health and disease has important implications for patients with respiratory ailments, such as chronic rhinosinusitis and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Hariri
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Surgical Services, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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Orlandi RR, Kingdom TT, Hwang PH, Smith TL, Alt JA, Baroody FM, Batra PS, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Bhattacharyya N, Chandra RK, Chiu A, Citardi MJ, Cohen NA, DelGaudio J, Desrosiers M, Dhong HJ, Douglas R, Ferguson B, Fokkens WJ, Georgalas C, Goldberg A, Gosepath J, Hamilos DL, Han JK, Harvey R, Hellings P, Hopkins C, Jankowski R, Javer AR, Kern R, Kountakis S, Kowalski ML, Lane A, Lanza DC, Lebowitz R, Lee HM, Lin SY, Lund V, Luong A, Mann W, Marple BF, McMains KC, Metson R, Naclerio R, Nayak JV, Otori N, Palmer JN, Parikh SR, Passali D, Peters A, Piccirillo J, Poetker DM, Psaltis AJ, Ramadan HH, Ramakrishnan VR, Riechelmann H, Roh HJ, Rudmik L, Sacks R, Schlosser RJ, Senior BA, Sindwani R, Stankiewicz JA, Stewart M, Tan BK, Toskala E, Voegels R, Wang DY, Weitzel EK, Wise S, Woodworth BA, Wormald PJ, Wright ED, Zhou B, Kennedy DW. International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6 Suppl 1:S22-209. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valerie Lund
- Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital; London UK
| | - Amber Luong
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston
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20
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Shun CT, Lin SK, Hong CY, Lin CF, Liu CM. Sirtuin 6 modulates hypoxia-induced autophagy in nasal polyp fibroblasts via inhibition of glycolysis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016; 30:179-85. [PMID: 26803106 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To elucidate the interaction between hypoxia-induced autophagy and glycolysis in nasal polyp fibroblasts, and the regulatory role of Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) in the pathogenesis of nasal polyp. OBJECTIVE Through examining the expressions of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), microtubule-associated protein II light chain 3 (LC3II) (an autophagy marker), and production of lactate under hypoxia, the interaction between autophagy and glycolysis was investigated. The role of SIRT6 on the hypoxia-induced autophagy and glycolysis was also examined. METHODS Nasal polyp specimens were used to examine the expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α, LDH, and LC3II by Western blot analysis, and primary cultures of nasal polyp fibroblasts were established from resected nasal polyps to measure hypoxia-induced LDH and LC3II expression by Western blot analysis and lactate production by colorimetry. Forced expression of SIRT6 with a lentiviral-based technique was used to evaluate its suppressive effect on autophagy and glycolysis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expressions of SIRT6, LDH, and beclin (another autophagy marker) in nasal polyps. RESULTS Expression of HIF-1α, LDH, and an autophagy marker, LC3II, are increased in nasal polyp specimens, and forced expression of SIRT6 in nasal polyp fibroblasts inhibited LDH expression, lactate production under hypoxia, and SIRT6. An immunohistochemistry study of nasal polyp showed that SIRT6 expression was reduced and LDH and beclin were enhanced. CONCLUSION Analysis of these data indicated that hypoxia may contribute to the formation of nasal polyp by promoting autophagy in nasal polyp fibroblasts. Through the antiglycolytic activity of SIRT6, the autophagy was suppressed, which was beneficial to nasal polyp formation. Modulation of glucose metabolism through SIRT6-based strategy may possess therapeutic potential for nasal polyposis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Tung Shun
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Hirschberg A, Kiss M, Kadocsa E, Polyanka H, Szabo K, Razga Z, Bella Z, Tiszlavicz L, Kemeny L. Different activations of toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptides in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyposis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:1779-88. [PMID: 26518209 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both up- and down-regulation of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the sinonasal mucosa have already been associated with the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with (CRSwNP) or without (CRSsNP) nasal polyps. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of all known TLR and several AMP genes and some selected proteins in association with allergy, asthma and aspirin intolerance (ASA) in CRS subgroups. RT-PCR was applied to measure the mRNA expressions of 10 TLRs, four defensins, lysozyme, cathelicidin and lactoferrin (LTF) in sinonasal samples from patients with CRSsNP (n = 19), CRSwNP [ASA(-): 17; ASA(+): 7] and in control subjects (n = 12). Protein expressions were detected with immunohistochemistry (n = 10). Statistical analysis was done with the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, and Student t test. TLR2, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, β-defensins 1 and 4, cathelicidin and LTF mRNA expressions were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in CRSwNP, whereas only TLR2 and LTF were up-regulated in CRSsNP compared to controls. There was no statistical difference in respect of allergy, aspirin intolerance and smoking between CRSsNP, ASA(-) and ASA(+) CRSwNP patients. TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, LTF, β defensin 2 and lysozyme protein expressions were found to be elevated in macrophages of CRSwNP samples (p < 0.05). Gene expression analysis showed markedly different expressions in CRSwNP (6 out of 10 TLR and 4 out of 7 AMP genes were up-regulated) compared to CRSsNP (1/10, 1/7). The distinct activation of the innate immunity may support the concept that CRSsNP and CRSwNP are different subtypes of CRS. These findings were found to be independent from allergy, asthma, smoking, aspirin intolerance and systemic steroid application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andor Hirschberg
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, St John's Hospital, Dios arok 1-3, 1125, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Maria Kiss
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Kadocsa
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | - Zsolt Razga
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bella
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Lajos Kemeny
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
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22
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Carr TF. Editorial: Innovative steps toward understanding sinonasal disease, improving diagnostics and optimizing patient care. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 28:359-60. [PMID: 25198018 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2014.28.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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