A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability

Comparative digestibility and gas production kinetics of Tifton 85 hay in donkeys and horses

This study aimed to verify whether donkeys of the Nordestino ecotype are more efficient than horses concerning apparent digestibility and gas production of Tifton 85 hay at different maturity stages, using the total feces collection method and the in vitro gas production technique. Four donkeys and four horses were used in a 2 × 2 factorial completely randomized design with two Equidae species and hay at two maturity stages (higher quality "Hay 1″ and lower quality "Hay 2″). No difference (P < 0,05) was found between the Equidae species for apparent nutrient digestibility of the Hay 1. For the Hay 2, there was a difference only in crude protein (horses 93.15 % and donkeys 90.84 %) and neutral detergent insoluble protein (horses 48.09 % and donkeys 25.36 %). Both species exhibited higher productions of total gas volume when fed the higher quality hay (horses 69,02 for Hay 1 and 45,67 for Hay 2, donkeys 58,37 for Hay 1 and 55,27 for Hay 2, unit: mL g-1 MS). A higher gas volume production related to the digestible fiber fraction was found for the lower quality hay. Moreover, the horses exhibited higher gas volume of the non-fiber carbohydrate fraction value and greater total gas production with the higher quality hay. It is concluded that donkeys of the Nordestino ecotype fed as horses, i.e., consuming 2 % live weight/day of the higher quality hay, demonstrated comparable digestibility profiles as horses. On the other hand, when fed the lower quality hay, the donkeys demonstrated greater digestive efficiency of the fiber fraction.

By-product from biscuit manufacture as corn replacements in sheep diets: nutritional and metabolic traits

The objective was to evaluate the effect of by-product from biscuit manufacture (BBM) as an alternative to corn with different replacement levels on the nutritional and metabolic parameters of sheep. The diets were formulated to meet the requirements of finishing lambs aiming at a weight gain of 200 g/day, based on Tifton 85 grass hay, soybean meal, and BBM replacing corn at 0, 15, 30, and 45%. A digestion system (TE-150, TECNAL®) was used for the in vitro digestibility analysis. The experiment was conducted in two parts: incubation of the feed and incubation of the diets. For the in vivo studies, twenty 4-month-old non-castrated male Morada Nova lambs, weighing on average 17.1 kg were used. A trial of nutrient intake and apparent digestibility was conducted over a period of 21 days, with a 15-day adaptation period a 7-day sample collection period. For the assessment of ingestive behavior, the time spent on different activities was recorded through visual observation of the animals every five minutes, for three full 24-h periods. Data were subjected to regression analysis. For the metabolic parameter trial, rumen fluid and blood were collected at pre-established times: 0 h (pre-prandial) and 2, 5, 8 h post-prandial, and the data recorded were subjected to split-plot analysis. The different substitution levels showed similarities in nutrient intake and apparent digestibility (P < 0.05). There was a positive linear effect of diets containing BBM on the efficiency of dry matter intake and neutral detergent fiber rumination. Substituting corn with BBM up to 45% in sheep diets maintained similar nutritional and metabolic parameters as well as ingestive behavior compared to a diet containing only corn as the energy source.

Net portal appearance used to assess feed evaluation system predictions of the digestive flow and gut metabolism of essential amino acids in dairy cows: A meta-analysis

Accurate prediction of intestinal digestible flows of EAA (DigFlowEAA) is a crucial step for adequately balancing EAA supply to reduce the amount of CP fed to dairy cows, without compromising either milk production or the health status of the animals. The objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the performance of 3 dairy feed evaluation systems (FES) to predict DigFlowEAA (NRC; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine [NASEM]; and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System version 6.5.5 [CNCPS]) in relation to observed net portal appearance (NPAobs) of EAA. Although the DigFlowEAA cannot be measured directly and none of the FES were designed to estimate the net portal appearance (NPA) of EAA, NPA could be predicted (NPApred) from estimations of DigFlowEAA minus the estimated metabolic fecal protein (MFP). This NPApred, however, would not include any oxidation for EAA or synthesis for Arg, a semi-EAA, occurring during the absorption process. Intuitively, the prediction errors should be smallest for the DigFlowEAA best predicted across the 3 FES and for the EAA not oxidized by the portal-drained viscera (PDV). The dataset included 83 NPAobs treatment means from 25 studies. To avoid type I error, mean and linear biases were considered biologically relevant if statistically significant and representing >5.0% of the observed mean (%obs.mean). The NPApred of branched-chain AA (BCAA) and Thr showed a similar pattern across the 3 FES, with all overpredicted relative to NPAobs (6%obs.mean to 27%obs.mean). The NPApred for the other EAA were more variable: (1) underprediction of Arg (9%obs.mean to 20%obs.mean) with NRC and NASEM, and Met (8%obs.mean) with NRC, (2) overprediction of Lys and Phe (5%obs.mean to 11%obs.mean) with NASEM, and His, Met and Trp (8%obs.mean to 14%obs.mean) with CNCPS, and (3) linear biases for Arg (7%obs.mean) with NASEM, and for His, Lys, Met, and Phe (5%obs.mean to 14%obs.mean) with CNCPS. In our previously reported meta-analysis, the mean and linear biases between observed and predicted EAA postruminal outflow were related to the site of digesta sampling (duodenal vs. omasal) for some EAA, but it was not possible to determine which sampling site was representative of the true supply of EAA to the cows. In an effort to solve this issue, predictions of NPA (except Trp) were recalculated removing the mean and linear biases observed in duodenal and omasal studies of our previous meta-analysis (NPArec_duo and NPArec_oma). Compared with NPApred, the pattern of BCAA and Thr remained overpredicted in NPArec_duo and NPArec_oma across the 3 FES. This strongly suggests oxidation of Ile, Leu, Val, and Thr by the PDV averaging, respectively, 12% (range 6% to 18%), 16% (range 14% to 17%), 24% (range 18% to 27%), and 19% (range 13% to 23%) of NPAobs across the 3 FES. The magnitude of PDV oxidation, however, would be related to the ratio of DigFlowEAA to digestible energy intake. The negative mean biases for Arg NPApred would suggest synthesis by the PDV. For the BCAA, Thr, and Arg, because of the uncertainty on the biological quantification of the differences between NPAobs and NPApred, the relative performance of each FES could not be assessed. Assuming no oxidation of the other EAA (i.e., His, Lys, Met, and Phe) by the PDV and an adequate estimation of MFP, their NPAobs indicate that the DigFlow of (1) Met is underpredicted by NRC, (2) Lys is overpredicted by NASEM, (3) His and Met are overpredicted with CNCPS, and (4) His, Lys, Met, and Phe present a linear bias with CNCPS, supporting similar observations on the postruminal EAA outflows from our previous meta-analysis. Based on current NPAobs studies and our previous meta-analysis on postruminal outflows of EAA, sampling digesta at the duodenum appears to be more representative of the true supply of EAA to the cows than sampling at the omasum.

Impact of dietary Babassu oil and sunflower oil blend on feed intake, carcass traits, and fatty acid composition in meat of lambs

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the blend of babassu oil (BO) and sunflower oil (SO) in different proportions on performance, quality, and fatty acid (FA) composition in lamb meat. Feeding BO reduced (P = 0.019) dry matter intake, energy intake (P = 0.029), final body weight (P = 0.043), dressing percentage (P = 0.051), and subcutaneous fat thickness (s.c. fat; P = 0.020) but did not change meat quality traits. The SO blend addition performed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the nutrient intake, without affect carcass characteristics. Dietary BO diet increased (P < 0.05) trans-monounsaturated fatty acids (trans-MUFA) in meat and s.c. fat. However, saturated FA (SFA) and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in meat did not change. No difference in trans-MUFA content was found (P = 0.810) when adding SO blend to the diet. The lipid supplementation did not affect (P > 0.05) the PUFA proportion in s.c. fat, but BO reduced (P < 0.05) branched-chain fatty acids, cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-MUFA), and 18:0-oxo compared to the unsupplemented diets. Dietary SO blend inclusion did not extensively modify productive and neither meat quality traits, compared to BO solely addition. However, the addition of 18.6 g/kg of SO blend increased cis-MUFA content in meat and BCFA in s.c. fat, representing an alternative for the local Amazon producers which already utilize this source of lipid.

In-depth proteomic analysis of alfalfa silage inoculated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum reveals protein transformation mechanisms and optimizes dietary nitrogen utilization

Alfalfa is a vital feedstock for ruminants due to its high protein content. However, concerns regarding nitrogen (N) loss in alfalfa silage from protein transformation have arisen, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain undefined. This study investigated the patterns of protein transformation in alfalfa during fermentation through multi-omics analysis. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum treatment effectively preserved the true protein PB1 and peptide-N, by mitigating N degradation. Proteomic profiling revealed a decrease in the abundance of higher molecular weight proteins (45-70 kDa), coupled with an increase in lower molecular weight proteins (15-45 kDa), mainly located in the membrane, cytoplasm and ribosome. Meanwhile, levels of protein hydrolysates, including peptides and essential amino acids, were elevated. Among these, Ile-Pro, Pro-Val, flavorful L-Glu and the proteogenic Arg were identified as the predominant constituents. Tripeptidyl-peptidase, carboxypeptidase, and serine protease were identified as the primary plant proteases mediating protein transformation. These findings highlight the synergistic effects of plant proteases and microbial activity, mainly from L. plantarum, in transforming large proteins into peptides and amino acids during fermentation. Our findings provide insights for the targeted regulation of alfalfa protein transformation during fermentation, potentially enhancing protein utilization in ruminants.

Levels of concentrates and protein sources in intensive pasture-based beef cattle rearing during the rainy season in the Amazon biome

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different nutritional strategies on the intensification of beef cattle farming on pastures during the rainy season. Eighty male cattle (testers) were randomly allocated to 16 paddocks formed with Mombaça grass (Megathyrsus maximus), totaling five animals (testers) per paddock. The strategies consisted of two levels of concentrates (LC) [7 and 10 g.kg-1 of body weight (BW)], i.e., low and high LC, and two protein sources (PS) with dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) and soybean meal (SBM) in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The forage's chemical, structural, and productive characteristics and the supplemented animals' performance, productivity, and serum parameters were evaluated. The forage had the greatest height (P = 0.038) at the lowest LC; however, a greater leaf proportion (P = 0.049) and leaf: stem ratio (L:S) (P = 0.042) were observed when the highest LC was used. The animals receiving the highest LC had the highest supplement intake (P < 0.001) and a lower pasture intake (P = 0.001). The average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between the LC (P = 0.135) and PS (P = 0.190) groups (0.97 kg.day-1). The LC used in the nutritional strategies did not affect the stocking rate (P = 0.272) or productivity (P = 0.986). Supplementation of 7 g.kg-1 BW is recommended for intensive rearing of beef cattle during the rainy season, as it results in high gains at a relatively low cost. In addition, as there were no negative responses to the use of DDGS as a protein source in the supplement, it represents an alternative for replacing soybean meal in the formulations.

Effects of substituting alfalfa silage with whole plant quinoa silage on rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen microbial community of sheep in vitro

This study investigated the effect of different ratios of quinoa-to-alfalfa silage on the fermentation parameters, methane production, and rumen microbial community composition during in vitro fermentation trials. The objective was to evaluate the potential of quinoa as a viable silage material. Five treatment groups were set up with varying quinoa proportions of 0, 30, 50, 70, and 100%, and stored 60 days. The results showed that increasing the quinoa proportion in the alfalfa-quinoa mixed silage resulted in a decrease in concentrations of propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and the methane (CH4) fraction of total gas emissions (p < 0.05). Conversely, dry matter digestibility, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration, acetate concentration, acetate to propionate ratio, butyrate concentration, cumulative CH4 emissions, and total gas production increased (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Spirochaetota decreased linearly (p < 0.05), while Verrucomicrobiota increased (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of CAG 873, Prevotella, Acinetobacter, Treponema D, RUG11690, and Ruminococcus E decreased linearly (p < 0.05), whereas the relative abundance of Bact 11, Limimorpha, F23 D06, Advenella, and unclassified bacteria increased linearly (p < 0.05). In summary, the inclusion of quinoa in alfalfa silage alters the fiber structure of the feed and significantly affects its nutritional composition, in vitro fermentation parameters, methane production, and microbial community composition. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing ruminant feed.

Effects of ruminal infusion of unsaturated fatty acids on digestive parameters, milk fatty acids and ruminal kinetics in Jersey cows supplemented with chitosan

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ruminal infusion of unsaturated fatty acids on digestive parameters, milk fatty acids, and ruminal kinetics in Jersey cows supplemented (CHI) or not supplements (CON) with chitosan. Four multiparous Jersey cows cannulated in the rumen were used (DIM 150 ± 45, daily milk production 22.2 ± 4.5 kg). A crossover design was used, with two experimental periods of 17 days, seven days of adaptation, and 10 days of data collection. With a washout (buffer period) of five days between periods. Cows in the CHI group received 0.2% chitosan in the DM total of diet or 4g/kg of DMI. On day 17, 300 g of soybean oil were infused to evaluate the effect of chitosan's interaction on linoleic acid's biohydrogenation. No differences in dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrients, milk production, and composition were observed with the inclusion of 0.2% of CHI in the DM total of diet. CHI did not alter the fatty acid profile of milk, except for C18:1 cis-11 (P=0.02), which decreased with CHI supplementation. Diets did not influence any variables of energy balance, rumen characterization, omasal flow of nutrients, and rumen kinetics. Including chitosan in diets for lactating Jersey cows did not promote production and composition changes. Likewise, chitosan at the evaluated level does not influence rumen kinetics, omasal flow of nutrients, and energy balance.

Effects of dietary supplementation with vegetable oils of different unsaturated fatty acids composition on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance performance, and carcass traits of sheep

We aimed at evaluating the best unsaturated fatty acid candidate (vegetable oil) for blending (dry matter-DM basis) with cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) to improve feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, growth, and carcass traits in sheep. Forty uncastrated male Santa Ines × Dorper crossbred sheep (n = 8/treatment) weighting 24.44 ± 1.5 kg were used. Animals were randomly assigned to a completely randomized design and received one of the following treatments: a control group consisting of a blend of phenolic lipids (CNSL at 0.5%) and canola oil (a monounsaturated fatty acid source, MUFA, at 1.5%), and four treatment groups with CNSL (0.5%) combined with 1.5% of a high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) vegetable oil (corn, soybean, sunflower, or cottonseed oil), as DM basis. Feeding sheep with CNSL + canola oil resulted in higher SFA, UFA, and MUFA and lower PUFA's (P < 0.05) intakes. The TDN intake was lower for the CNSL + corn oil diet than the other oils (P < 0.0001). The DM and NDF digestibility were higher for CNSL + cottonseed oil (PUFA) or canola oil (MUFA) diets than other oils (P < 0.05). The CNSL + soybean oil blend promoted a lower urinary N excretion (P = 0.047) in sheep. Growth and carcass traits were not affected by the oil's composition in the blends. The level of saturation was confirmed as such a determining factor in the DM and NDF digestibility since the oil containing the highest concentration of MUFA (canola oil) showed better digestibility compared to other PUFA-rich oils; however, without effect on the performance and feed efficiency of the sheep.

Performance of Pantaneira Breed Cows on Pasture Supplemented with Homeopathic Additives and Yeast

To improve the nutritional efficiency of ruminants and promote well-being in a natural and effective manner, the use of additives such as homeopathic products and yeast has been increasingly incorporated into diets, especially in grazing systems.To evaluate the effects of homeopathic products and yeast on the performance of Pantaneira cows maintained in rotational grazing on Mombaça grass in the Pantanal, Brazil.Sixty cows were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments and 15 replicates. The treatments were: CTL: control (without additives); HOM: homeopathic (4 g/kg Entero 100, 4 g/kg Figotonus, and 4 g/kg Convert H); YEA: yeast (24 g/kg Saccharomyces cerevisiae); and HY: homeopathic + yeast (4 g/kg Entero 100, 4 g/kg Figotonus, 4 g/kg Convert H + 24 g/kg S. cerevisiae). The variables measured included forage and supplement intake, diet digestibility, weight gain, and feed conversion. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey and Duncan tests, with a significance level set at 5%.Cows in the HY treatment group showed higher average daily gains and better feed conversion compared to the CTL treatment (p ≤ 0.05). They exhibited higher digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and ether extract, as well as higher levels of total digestible nutrients and digestible energy (p ≤ 0.05).The inclusion of 4 g/kg Entero 100, 4 g/kg Figotonus, 4 g/kg Convert H, and 24 g/kg S. cerevisiae improved nutrient digestibility, body weight gain and feed conversion in Pantaneira cows.

Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ultra-diluted complex on the health status, growth performance, and blood parameters of dairy calves during the preweaning phase in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. During a 75-period trial, thirty-four Holstein newborn calves at the second day of life were completely randomized individually into two treatments: (1) control (CON), oral saline supplementation (5 mL/d); and (2) oral supplementation with 5 mL/d of a ultra-diluted complex (UD): Sulfur: 1060 + Viola tricolor: 1014 + Caladium seguinum: 1030 + Zincum oxydatum: 1030 + Phosphorus: 1060 + Cardus marianus: 1060 + Colibacillinum: 1030 + Podophyllum: 1030 + Vehicle: alcohol. Free access to water and a starter was ensured during the trial period. Feed intake and fecal and health scores were monitored daily. Calves were weighed and measured weekly. Blood samples were collected at enrollment on the first day and every 21 days until the 75th day, 2 h after morning milk feeding, and tested for hematology, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total protein albumin, globulin, and creatinine. At 70 days of age, calves were disbudded following the standard management practices of the farm. The inflammatory profile, including Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, and haptoglobin, was quantified in serum samples. The ultra-diluted complex was ineffective in reducing the incidence of diseases, starter feed intake, daily weight gain, and body measurements and inflammatory profile. Blood parameters were also not affected. Thus, the ultra-diluted complex was inefficient in reducing the incidence of diseases and did not affect the performance and metabolites of pre-weaned Holstein calves.

Feed intake, milk production and feed conversion of dairy cows fed re-ensiled press cake from grass-clover silage compared to unprocessed grass-clover silage

Press cake silage (PCS) is a by-product of biorefining, which can substitute unprocessed grass or grass-clover silage (GCS) in ruminant feeding. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of including re-ensiled PCS from GCS in dairy cows' diet on feed intake, milk production and composition, feed conversion, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) as well as feed sorting and rumination behaviour compared to a control ration. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were tested in this experiment differing in PCS and GCS proportion in forage: 0% PCS and 50% GCS (CON), 25% PCS and 25% GCS (PCS25) and 50% PCS and 0% GCS (PCS50). The study was designed as a cross-over trial with six Holstein Friesian and nine Simmental cows (average 624 ± 68 kg body weight and 60 ± 20 days in milk at the start of the trial). The experiment consisted of three experimental runs, each lasting for 35 days with a 14 days adaptation phase and a 21 days measurement period. Diets were fed as TMR containing 37% grass silage, 26% concentrates and differing proportions of PCS or GCS depending on experimental group (37% GCS in CON, 18.5% PCS and 18.5% GCS in PCS25, 37% PCS in PCS50). Dry matter intake of dairy cows was higher in the PCS25 compared to the PCS50 group with both groups being not different from the CON treatment. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) production was lowest in the PCS50 group but did not differ significantly between treatments. Milk composition was also similar in all three treatments, except for milk urea content, which was lower in the PCS50 group. Moreover, ATTD of crude protein and ruminal nitrogen balance as well as phosphorus intake and the phosphorus effort for production of 1 kg ECM decreased with rising PCS inclusion in the diet. In contrast, no differences between treatments were found for dry matter, crude protein and energy effort for ECM production as well as for feed sorting and rumination behaviour. In conclusion, replacing GCS by re-ensiled PCS in TMR-diets did not affect ECM production and feed conversion of dairy cows while increasing the utilisation of crude protein and phosphorus. Therefore, re-ensiled PCS can substitute GCS in dairy cows' TMR-diets. However, the long-term effects of decreased phosphorus intake and ATTD of crude protein in cows fed PCS-rich diets should be examined in future studies.

Assessment of genetic diversity in Sehima nervosum for yield, nutritional traits and ensiling quality

The low sugar content of tropical range grasses makes them difficult to ensiling. This study identified sugar rich (>7 % on dry matter basis) accessions of Sehima nervosum (SN), which is adequate to initiate lactic acid production during ensiling. Sehima is a prominent range grass of Sehima-Dichatnthium grasslands in India followed by Africa, Pakistan, China and Australia. In this study, 92 diverse SN germplasm accessions were evaluated for biomass yield, nutritional quality and sugar content. Green forage yield was higher in rainy season (ranged 2.2 to 58.1 t ha-1) compared to post rainy season (varied between 0.48 and 44.0 t ha-1). The approximates values expressed (%), crude protein ranged from 3.15 to 6.10, neutral detergent fiber from 67.13 to 81.95, acid detergent fiber from 42.03 to 56.05, cellulose from 24.49 to 37.98 and lignin from 3.78 to 7.97. Sugar content varied from 27.04 to 123.32 mg g-1 DM. To advance this experiment, the next phase involved selecting 19 accessions of SN with >7 % sugar content on DM and promising forage yield. These accessions again evaluated for nutritional quality, subjected to in vitro tests, and then assessed for ensiling potential. Among 19 accessions, carbohydrate bound to lignin (Cc) ranged from 15.35 % to 25.63 % total carbohydrates. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) ranged from 33.07 % to 44.32 %, digestible energy (DE) from 1.46 to 1.95 Kcal per kg of dry matter (DM), and metabolizable energy (ME) from 1.20 to 1.60 Kcal per kg of DM. The intake of dry matter, digestible dry matter, and relative feed value varied from 1.55 to 1.77, 45.88 %-51.51 %, and 57.96 %-66.94 %, respectively. Methane production, as a percentage of the total gas, was at its lowest for IG-99-195 (7.91 %) and reached its highest for IG-01-391 (14.97 %). Silage pH ranged from 4.57 (IG-02-703) to 5.61 (IG-99-181) and lactic acid from 0.094 % to 1.774 % DM. Accessions IG-02-703, IG-02-713, and IG-2045-1 had good silage quality, with suitable pH and lactic acid levels. Planting these in pastures and grazing lands could improve the availability of quality fodder during lean periods.

Effects of sunflower cake in lamb diets on meat quality and its fatty acid profile

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sunflower cake (SFC) levels (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% dry matter) in the diet for feedlot lambs on meat quality and its fatty acid profile. Forty crossbreed non castrated hair lambs were fed with experimental diets through 70 days when they were slaughtered and a Longissimus lumborum section were evaluated for physicochemical quality and fatty acid profile. There were no effects of SFC levels (P > 0.05) on chemical composition of meat, except on moisture (P < 0.05) which was quadratically affected by SFC. The fat thickness (EG) was quadratically affected by SFC level (P < 0.05), but cooking losses, meat pH, shear force, loin eye area were not affected by SFC. The saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), total of unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA) and MUFA:SFA ratio were not affected by the inclusion of SFC (P < 0.05), however, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA:SFA ratio increased linearly (P < 0.05) while saturated hypercholesterolemic (SHC) were quadratically affected (P < 0.05). The SFC promoted a linear decrease on palmitoleic acid in the meat whereas linoleic, cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA were linearly increased (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data suggest that SFC fed up 28% on dry matter basis in lamb diets do not cause negative effects on meat quality and still promote improvement on its quality in health perspective by increasing CLA content.

Efficacy of Fat Supplements with Different Unsaturated/Saturated FA Ratios Undergoing First Postpartum Ovulation in Lactating Anovulatory Goats

We investigated whether microalgae or linseed supply during the early postpartum period affects ovarian restimulation and supports the first postpartum ovulation in lactating anovulatory goats. Thirty-eight An-glo-Nubian-crossbred adult goats were allocated into three groups, one with a control diet (n = 12), fed a total mixed ration (TMR) comprising chopped elephant grass and concentrate; an algal diet (n = 13), fed TMR + green microalgae (1% dry matter); and a linseed diet (n = 13), TMR + linseed (12% dry matter). Supplements were furnished from the second to fifth week (time of weaning). Goats were estrus synchronized on day 40 by insertion of an intravaginal CIDR device for 5 days, after which 0.075 mg PGF2α was applied to induce ovulation, and estrus was monitored for 72 h. From the 5th-15th day of ovulation induction, the corpus luteum (CL) area and progesterone rate were monitored. The algal and linseed groups showed lower feed intake (p < 0.001) and higher (p < 0.001) triglyceride levels/follicle numbers, respectively. After estrus induction, no differences were observed in estrus response; however, the linseed group showed more and larger growing follicles (p = 0.016 and p < 0.01), a higher ovulation rate (p < 0.05), a larger CL area (p < 0.05), and higher progesterone levels (p < 0.001). Linseed after delivery stimulates follicular growth before and after ovulation induction, favoring better CL quality during the first ovulation.

Microencapsulated Escape Lysine with Tannin as an Adjuvant in Sheep Diets

The use of escape protein, which is absorbed in the small intestine, can improve the production of ruminant animals because it meets their protein requirements better. This study hypothesized that wax lipid matrices are effective encapsulants for escape lysine in ruminants and tested tannin extract as an adjuvant. Forty intact male Santa Ines × Dorper sheep (~4 months old, BW 23 ± 1.2 kg) were allocated, in a randomized block design, to four treatments: control group (no lysine addition), supplementation with free lysine, escape lysine, and escape lysine + tannin extract. The ether extract intake was higher in the sheep fed escape lysine + tannin compared to the control and free lysine group. The sheep fed escape lysine presented higher DM and aNDF eating efficiency (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the free lysine and control groups. Escape lysine with and without tannin presented greater TDN compared to free lysine and control. The NFCs were lower in the free lysine diet, and the crude protein digestibility was higher in the sheep fed lysine + tannin and the control group compared to the escape and free lysine groups. The lysine treatments did not affect (p > 0.05) the performance, ingestive behavior, and blood parameters. The rectal temperature was higher in the sheep fed lysine escape compared to those fed free lysine. The sheep fed escape lysine + tannin exhibited reduced (p ≤ 0.05) large particles and improved peNDF 12 h after feeding. The escape lysine diet, regardless of the addition of tannin, improved the total digestible nutrients and eating efficiency, without affecting the performance, feed conversion, and blood variables of the sheep.

Effects of Tithonia diversifolia Extract as a Feed Additive on Digestibility and Performance of Hair Lambs

Animal production requires efficiency, safety and environmental sustainability. Bioactive compounds from tropical plants could modulate ruminal fermentation, providing an alternative method to antibiotic treatment and addressing concerns about antibiotic resistance. In this study, the aim was to determine the effects of Tithonia diversifolia extract (TDE) on performance, intake, digestibility and blood parameters [i.e., glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] in crossbreed sheep. The main biocompounds of the TDE include caffeic acid (CA), quercetin (QCT), luteolin (LT) and apigenin (AP). Experiment 1: An in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) study was conducted to determine the optimal inclusion levels. The IVDM values were 73.09a, 82.03b, 81.01b, 73.20a and 74.51a for the control, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg for the DM treatments, respectively (R-Sq adj = 0.857). The levels of 5 and 10 g were selected for the in vivo experiment. Experiment 2: Twenty-eight male crossbred hair lambs were assigned to four treatments (n = 7): control, 20 mg monensin/day, 5 g TDE/day and 10 g TDE/day groups. No differences in animal performance were observed, including body weight and feed conversion (p > 0.05). The TDE at 10 g/day improved NDF digestibility) (61.32%) and reduced the ruminal acetate to propionate ratio. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher in 10 g TDE treatment with 66.41% and the lowest acetate production (67.82%) (p = 0.042), and propionate production (21.07%) were observed. The TDE were safe at 5 g and 10 g/day for liver function and exhibited lower BUN levels suggesting an improvement in protein metabolism. TDE extract at 10 g/day (TDE10), showed improvements in total tract digestibility of NDF and reduced the ruminal acetate to propionate ratio. However, due to TDE10 reducing the DM intake, the improvements in digestibility and ruminal fermentation were not reflected in growth performance improvements.

The Effects of Animal, Collection Time, and Interval on the Microbiota Structure, Metabolism, and Degradative Potential of Rumen Fluid Inoculum Collected by Esophageal Probe from Hay-Fed Cows

Rumen fluid (RF) is the greatest source of uncontrolled inter-assay variations in in vitro digestibility tests. This study aimed to investigate the effect of donor cow (DC) individual variability, time relative to feeding, and weekly sampling intervals on RF microbiota structure and metabolism, and on its degradative capacity expressed as enzymatic activity (EA). RF was collected using an esophageal probe from 4 Holstein hay-fed DCs before feeding, and 4 and 8 h post-feeding, over 3 days with one-week intervals, for a total of 3 weeks. Rumen bacteriome ß-diversity was affected by DCs and the one-week interval but not by time relative to feeding. However, volatile fatty acids and NDF and DM digestibility were not altered based on DCs. Propionic, lactic, and butyric acids were consistent between weeks, with some variations in lactic and butyric acids 8 h after feeding. Amylase and cellulase activities fluctuated between the weekly intervals, while xylanase activity increased in RF collected at 4 and 8 h after feeding (p = 0.030) and in DC3 compared to the other DCs (p < 0.001). Our results reinforce the importance of pooling RF from multiple cows and increasing the number of replicates to enhance the accuracy of the analysis.

Growth performance and body composition of feedlot lambs fed refused melon fruit

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing corn grain with refused melon fruit (RMF) in the diet on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, performance, carcass characteristics, and physical-chemical attributes of meat from lambs finished in feedlot. We used 30 male lambs of the Santa Inês breed, not castrated, with 18.3 ± 1.1 kg body weight and 120 days of life, feedlot in individual stalls for 71 days. The animals were fed at will with treatment diets containing 0 g/kg (control, without RMF), 100, 200, 300, or 400 g/kg of RMF in the dry matter of the total diet, in a forage: concentrate ratio of 30:70. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the intake of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and metabolizable energy of the lambs receiving diets with the inclusion of RMF. The inclusion of RMF significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the final weight, average daily gain, and gross feed efficiency but did not influence (P > 0.05) the carcass weight and tissue composition of the shoulder. There was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of the inclusion of RMF on the physical-chemical characteristics of the meat, but the moisture content of the meat increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing RMF in the diet. We recommend including up to 300 g/kg of RMF in diets for lambs formulated to gain 0.2 kg/day and with a 30:70 forage: concentrate ratio.

Impacts of Protein and Energy Levels on Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Activity Under Different Incubation Temperatures

This study aimed to explore the effects of different incubation temperatures on ruminal fermentation and rumen microorganisms and determine the appropriate protein and energy levels to enhance microbial protein synthesis using an in vitro system. Rumen inoculum was collected from two fistulated Holstein heifers (trial 1: BW: 652.3 kg ± 25.2; trial 2: BW: 683.3 kg ± 30.2) and assessed using a closed-batch culture system. The experimental model employed a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement using incubation temperatures set to 39 and 41 °C, with protein levels set to 12.0, 13.5, 15.0, 16.5, and 18.0% of DM in trial 1 or with energy levels set to 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, and 2.8 Mcal/kg of DM in trial 2. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure. The results showed increased (p < 0.05) NH3-N concentrations and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) with higher incubation temperatures, while the liquid-associated bacterial (LAB) amounts decreased (p < 0.05) in trials 1 and 2. The interaction between the energy level and incubation temperature affected (p < 0.05) the LAB protein levels in trial 2. Higher protein levels led to increased (p < 0.05) NH3-N and acetate concentrations, but it decreased (p < 0.05) the propionate percentage. Conversely, higher energy levels decreased (p < 0.05) the amount of acetate and increased the propionate concentration, altering the acetate-to-propionate ratio. However, no interaction involving TVFA and LAB was observed between the incubation temperature and the protein or energy levels. Changes in the NH3-N, TVFAs, and LAB protein amounts were observed under different incubation temperatures and energy levels. In conclusion, these findings provide insight into the metabolic adaptation under different ruminal temperatures and the impacts of dietary adjustments on rumen fermentation and microbial activity. However, there are limitations to replicating the complex physiological responses that occur within the whole body solely through in vitro experiments.

Determination of the nutritional potential and valorization of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) wastes as an antioxidant agent in ruminant feeding: in vitro and in vivo studies

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a plant known for its diverse medicinal and nutritional properties, which has adapted well to arid and semi-arid regions of the world, particularly in the Middle East. Research on saffron wastes (SW) as a dietary additive for small ruminants is limited. Therefore, two primary experiments were designed to evaluate the nutritional potential of SW. In the first trial, the nutritional value of SW collected from various regions in northeast Iran was assessed through proximate analysis and in vitro procedures. In the second trial, the effects of incorporating SW (a 1: 1 mixture from all regions, w: w) at two levels (30 and 60 g/day) into the diets of Afshari male lambs were investigated in comparison to a control diet. Except for dry matter and ether extract contents, other chemical and mineral compounds varied among the SW collected from different regions. The samples displayed diversity in potential gas production and estimated dry matter intake (DMI). In the in vivo experiment, DMI, nutrient digestibility, and most blood metabolites were not significantly affected by the addition of SW; however, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, and cholesterol levels were respectively decreased, increased, and decreased in lambs fed 60 g SW/day compared to the control group. Overall, SW collected from various regions demonstrated different nutritional values. Although the dietary inclusion of SW at the level of 60 g/day did not adversely effect on DMI, nutrient digestibility, or certain blood metabolites, it is suggested for its potential improvement in lambs' health indicators. Long-term studies are recommended for future SW evaluation in vivo.

Effect of coconut processing by-product graded feeding on carcass traits and meat quality of lambs

The inclusion of by-product coconut mesocarp skins (CMS) in diets was evaluated in feedlot lambs. The objective of this study was to evaluate CMS levels effects on carcass traits and meat quality of lambs. Thirty-five male lambs with an initial body weight of 16.9 ± 2.93 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with five CMS levels in total dry matter (0; 4.8; 9.6; 14.4 and 19.2%) and fed during 71 d until slaughter. High levels of CMS decreased the intake of dry matter and negatively affected the performance of lambs. Fat and protein contents of Longissimus lumborum muscle (P < 0.05) and the saturated fatty acid (FA) decreased (P < 0.001) whereas polyunsaturated FA increased (P < 0.01) with the inclusion of CMS. The ratio t10/t11-18:1 increased with the inclusion of CMS (P < 0.001). The instrumental color descriptors were unaffected by CMS levels. According to the effects on the investigated meat quality traits we recommend up to 4.8% CMS in diets of confined lambs.

Productivity and nitrogen metabolism of lactating cows fed pistachio hull with soybean meal partially replaced by slow-release urea

Pistachio hull (PH), a rich source of tannin, may interact with nitrogen (N) and affect N metabolism in dairy cows. This investigation aimed to assess the effects of feeding PH and two N sources (soybean meal: SBM or slow-release urea: SRU) on milk production, digestibility, and N metabolism in lactating dairy cows. The study utilized a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 12 Holstein dairy cows (body weight = 611 ± 39 kg; 84 ± 14 days in milk; 45.6 ± 5.3 kg/d milk), with treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial configuration. The main factors were (1) the tannin source [without or with dried PH included at 76.5 g/kg of diet DM] and (2) two N sources [SBM vs. SRU]. Crude protein and total phenolic and tannin contents were greater, but NDF was lower in PH than in sugar beet pulp. Feeding diets containing 7.65% PH resulted in reductions in milk yield, milk urea N, and milk efficiency but milk fat and protein concentration increased. Milk yield was similar between SBM and SRU. Feeding PH in replacement to sugar beet pulp did not interact with N sources, except for feed intake, as the PH + SRU diet tended to decrease feed intake (P = 0.09). Feeding PH was also associated with decreased dry matter, crude protein, and NDF digestibility. Dry matter digestibility decreased when a portion of SBM was replaced by SRU. Feeding PH in replacement to sugar beet pulp lowered ruminal ammonia-N concentration and increased acetate-to-propionate proportion. Feeding PH vs. sugar beet pulp had no effect on N intake and N excretion in urine and milk, but it increased the amount of N excretion in feces and decreased apparent N efficiency (milk N/N intake). Alanine aminotransferase was lower in cows fed SRU only in PH- but not sugar beet pulp-containing diets. Blood creatinine was lower when SRU was included in the PH-containing diet, but the opposite was observed in diets containing sugar beet pulp. Feeding PH instead of sugar beet pulp did not affect blood urea-N but resulted in lower glucose and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations. Overall, cows fed PH in replacement to sugar beet pulp were less efficient in converting feed nutrients into milk production, likely because of its negative effect on nutrient digestion. Partial replacement of SBM with SRU had no influence on lactation productivity and urea-N concentration in milk and blood. This may imply the suitability of SRU in providing a sustained supply of N in the rumen, likely qualifying it as a viable source of N to replace a portion of SBM in dairy diets.

Water Management Interventions, Organic Fertilization, and Harvest Time in Dry Land in the Biosaline Production of Cactus Pear

Brackish water can promote physicochemical changes in the soil. Aiming to mitigate the effect of excess salts in the soil, the use of organic matter promotes restructuring. The aim was to evaluate the productive and nutritional characteristics of cactus pear under different brackish water depths (ID) and levels of organic matter (OM). A factorial arrangement of 4 × 4 × 4 with four replications was utilized. Plots consisted of ID (0, 12, 20, and 28% reference evapotranspiration-ETo), and subplots were composed of OM levels (0, 15, 30, and 45 t/ha) and days after planting (DAP; 180, 270, 360, and 450 days). The growth, yield, and chemical composition of cactus pear were affected by ID and OM and/or by their interaction. The regular and increasing application of ID from 192 to 456 mm/year and a rainfall of 110 mm/year in cactus pear crops in biosaline systems improves the growth, freshness, dry matter yields, accumulation capacity per unit area, and chemical composition of cactus pear. The increase in OM up to the range from 30 to 45 Mg/ha linearly increases the agronomic performance of cactus pear. Biosaline systems with cactus pear should be adopted with the combined use of regular supplementary ID and OM, measuring at 304 mm/year and 45 Mg/ha, respectively.

Performance of grazing cows fed supplements from coproducts of biodiesel industry replacing soybean meal

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the substitution of soybean meals by biodiesel co-products on the performance and nutrient balance of lactating cows on pasture. Twelve dairy cows (7/8 Holstein-Gir) in early lactation were included in this feeding trial. These animals had an average daily milk yield of 21.1 kg and were distributed in a 4 × 4 triple Latin square experimental design. Protein supplements fed to these lactating cows contained peanut meal, cotton and sunflower as a complete replacement for soybean meal. Nutrient intake and digestibility, milk production, microbial protein synthesis, energy and protein balance were the parameters assessed in this study. Supplements containing different biodiesel co-products did not influence (P > 0.05) the level of forage intake, supplementation and nutrient by lactating cows, except for the total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake which was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in cows supplemented with cottonseed meal. The cotton meal also promoted higher digestibility of TDN (P = 0.001) and total carbohydrates (TCHO; P = 0.001) of the diet and, as a result, higher energy consumption (P = 0.01) and lower negative energy balance (P = 0.01). Cottonseed meal is a co-product of the biodiesel industry that has the ability to replace soybean meal as a source of protein in the supplement without affecting performance and promoting greater energy availability, demonstrating its ability to reduce the effects of negative energy balance in cows at the beginning of lactation kept on tropical pastures.

Recent Developments in the Application of Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae in Ruminant Feed

The resource-intensive nature of the ruminant farming sector, which has been exacerbated by population growth and increasing pressure to reduce feed antibiotics and growth promoters, has sparked interest in looking for sustainable alternative feed sources to enhance ruminant production efficiency. Edible filamentous fungi, rich in macronutrients like proteins, offer promise in reducing the reliance on conventional protein sources and antimicrobials to improve feed quality and animal performance. The inclusion of single-cell proteins, particularly filamentous fungi, in ruminant feed has long been of scientific and industrial interest. This review focuses on the potential application of the extensively studied Aspergillus oryzae and its fermentation extracts in ruminant nutrition. It provides an overview of conventional ruminant feed ingredients, supplements, and efficiency. Additionally, this review analyzes the re-utilization of organic residues for A. oryzae cultivation and examines the effects of adding fungal extracts to ruminant feed on ruminal digestibility and animal performance, all within a circular bioeconomy framework.

Feeding Behavior, Water Intake, and Physiological Parameters of Feedlot Lambs Fed with Diets Containing Babassu Oil Associated with Sunflower Oil Blend

This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary inclusion of babassu oil (BO) associated with sunflower oil (SO) on feeding behavior, water intake, and physiological parameters of feedlot lambs. Thirty-five castrated male lambs (16.6 kg ± 3.9 kg) were distributed in a randomized block design with 5 treatments (diets) and 7 replications. The tested diets were oil-free diet (OF), 45 g/kg BO (BO), 30 g/kg BO with an additional 15 g/kg SO (1.5 SO), 22.5 g/kg BO with an additional 22.5 g/kg SO (2.25 SO), and 30 g/kg SO with an additional 15 g/kg BO (3.0 SO) on dry matter (DM) basis. The experimental period lasted 60 days. Animals that received BO diet and the combination of BO with SO had lower intakes of DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) compared to the control diet (P < 0.05). Differences on the respiratory rate (RR) was observed between animals in the control diet and those in the diets containing SO (P=0.001), with a linear increase in RR as the levels of SO in the diets increased (P=0.004). All physiological parameters showed a time effect (P < 0.05). Animals fed with the control diet had higher water intake via drinking fountain (P=0.030) and total water intake (P=0.029) compared to animals fed with diets containing SO. In relation to SO levels, water intake via drinking fountain (P=0.002), total water intake (P=0.002), and total water intake per kg of DM ingested (P=0.001) linearly increased with the levels increase in the composition of the diets. The tested diets did not alter the feeding behavior of the feedlot lambs. However, the combination of BO with different levels of SO reduced DM and water intake via drinking fountain and RR.

Fermentation Parameters, Amino Acids Profile, Biogenic Amines Formation, and Bacterial Community of Ensiled Stylo Treated with Formic Acid or Sugar

Substantial proteolysis occurs and free amino acids can be degraded to biogenic amines by decarboxylation during stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) ensiling. High biogenic amine concentrations in silage are harmful to the health of ruminant animals. The purposes of this work were to (1) analyze the biogenic amines and amino acids concentrations, bacterial composition, and fermentation profile of spontaneously fermented stylo silage, (2) explore the effect of formic acid or sugar additive on these silage parameters, and (3) further reveal the correlations between silage amines and fermentation parameters, amino acids, and bacteria. Freshly chopped stylo was treated with distilled water (control), formic acid (4 mL/kg), and sugar (20 g/kg) and fermented for 28 days. The results indicated that putrescine (321 mg/kg dry matter), cadaverine (384 mg/kg dry matter), and tyramine (127 mg/kg dry matter) rapidly increased in concentration and become predominant in the control silage after 28 days of fermentation. Applying formic acid and sugar at ensiling, especially the acidifier, significantly decreased putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and total biogenic amine concentrations compared with the control treatment (p < 0.0001). Clostridium pabulibutyricum, Weissella cibaria and W. paramesenteroides were the predominant bacteria in the control silage, and the application of both additives remarkably lowered their relative abundance in comparison with the control treatment (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine were positively related to pH, butyric acid, non-protein nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen (p < 0.01). These amines also had significant correlations with C. pabulibutyricum, W. cibaria and W. paramesenteroides (p < 0.001). Putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine were the main biogenic amines and C. pabulibutyricum was the predominant undesirable bacterium in naturally fermented stylo silage. C. pabulibutyricum, W. cibaria and W. paramesenteroides were positively related to putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine formation. The application of formic acid or sugar significantly reduced the undesirable bacterial population and improved the fermentation and hygienic quality of the stylo silage. These findings lay the foundation for further elucidating the microbial mechanism underlying the main biogenic amine formation during fermentation of stylo silage.

Effects of yeast and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme additives on lamb performance and feed efficiency

Yeast and fibrolytic enzymes serve as additives incorporated into the nutrition of ruminants to regulate rumen fermentation and increase the digestibility of fiber, thereby enhancing the efficiency of rumen fermentation. Two experiments were conducted to assess the impact of five diets: a control diet without additives, diets with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE), and diets with a blend of 0.7yeast + 0.3EFE or 0.7EFE + 0.3Yeast (based on recommended levels in g/kg of total DM). In the first experiment, 40 five-month-old Santa Ines lambs (mean weight 25.0 ± 1.3 kg) were distributed in a completely randomized design (5 treatments and 8 lambs) for 81 days to evaluate performance, ingestive behaviour, and serum metabolites. In the second experiment, 25 Santa Ines male lambs weighing 25.7 ± 4.1 kg were housed in metabolic cages, in a randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 lambs, evaluating digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen pH. EFE supplementation increased intakes of dry matter (DM), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and apNDF (mean of 38.1, 5.26, and 27%, respectively) compared to yeast or the 0.7yeast-0.3EFE blend. Feed conversion was most efficient (mean of 27.1%) in lambs fed Yeast, 0.7EFE + 0.3yeast, and the control diet. Lambs fed 0.7yeast + 0.3EFE spent less time eating (mean of 16.5%) and more time idling (mean of 10.75%), whereas EFE-fed lambs spent more time eating (mean of 19.73%), and 0.7EFE + 0.3yeast-fed lambs spent more time ruminating (mean of 20.14%). Control group lambs chewed and ruminated less (means of 24.64 and 17.21%, respectively) compared to other treatments. Lambs on the 0.7yeast + 0.3EFE blend had higher eating and rumination efficiency rates for DM and apNDF (mean of 19.11 and 17.95%, respectively) compared to other additive treatments or individual additives. They also exhibited lower (means 7.59 g/d) urinary N excretion, with improved N retention (mean 3185 g/d) compared to the control group. There were significant effects on serum albumin and cholesterol concentrations, with the 0.7yeast + 0.3EFE blend showing higher albumin (mean 4.08 g/dL) levels, while diets without additives and yeast-EFE blends had higher cholesterol (mean of 62.51 g/dL) concentrations. Including Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast along with 0.7 yeast + 0.3 EFE blend is recommended when feeding similar lamb diets to those used herein because it improves the efficiency of intake, rumination of DM and NDF, and nitrogen utilization without affecting the lamb performance.

By-Products of the Babassu Agribusiness for Ruminant Diets

The use of babassu agro-industrial residues in animal feed, in addition to being an economic option of great importance in reducing the environmental impact in regions of the Brazilian Cerrado, provides the production of good quality foods of animal origin due to its nutritional characteristics. However, information related to the nutritional components of babassu by-industrial residues has not yet been sufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of some by-products from the babassu production chain through chemical composition and in situ degradability analyses. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, with 4 by-products from babassu processing (cake, greasy, fine flour, and 95 µm flour) and 5 replications. The by-products differ in terms of chemical composition, except for the hemicellulose content. For the degradability of fraction "a" of dry matter, it presented a higher percentage for 95 µm flour. Fine flour and 95 µm flour presented the highest fractions "b" and "c," potential, and effective degradability of dry matter. For the degradation of crude protein, the highest percentages of potential and effective degradability were observed for greasy and 95 µm flour. The highest standardized potentially degradable fraction and the highest passage rate were obtained by 95 µm flour, which also showed greater degradation for dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber. Among the by-products studied, the babassu cake has superior chemical composition; however, the 95 µm flour presented nutritional value and satisfactory rumen degradation to be used as an additive or in partial replacement of traditional concentrates.

Tropical grass digestibility assessed by the mobile bag and in vitro methods in horses

This study aimed to compare the digestibility of tropical grasses by horses by the in vivo method using mobile nylon bags with the in vitro digestibility method using horse feces as a source of inoculum. Five horses were used in a 2 × 5 factorial design with randomized blocks featuring two methods (in vivo and in vitro) and five grasses: Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.), sixweeks threeawn grass (Aristida adsencionis, Linn), Alexandergrass (Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc.), capim-de-raiz (Chloris orthonoton, Doell), and Sabi grass (Urochloa mosambicensis). No difference (P>0.05) was found between the in vivo and in vitro methods regarding nutrient digestibility of Sabi grass and sixweeks threeawn. Tifton 85 was the only grass that showed differences (P<0.05) between the two methods concerning the apparent digestibility of all nutrients. Alexandergrass, Tifton 85, and capim-de-raiz exhibited the best digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and organic matter by the mobile bag method compared to the in vitro method. Tifton 85 and capim-de-raiz had higher crude protein digestibility by the mobile bag method than by the in vitro method. The mean retention time of the mobile bags in the digestive tract of the horses was 43.69 h. The bags with samples of sixweeks threeawn and Sabi grass had shorter retention times than capim-de-raiz and Alexandergrass (P<0.0001). It is concluded that, for sixweeks threeawn and Sabi grass, digestibility in horses can be assessed using the in vitro method in place of the mobile nylon bag method.

Parkia platycephala replacing ground corn in the diet of confined lambs: intake, digestibility, ingestive behaviour, rumen fermentation and carcass yield

This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestibility, ingestive behaviour, productive performance, rumen fermentation and carcass yield of lambs fed diets with Parkia platycephala pods (PP) replacing ground corn. For this, twenty-eight castrated male lambs (18.34 ± 4.81 kg, 120 days of age), were distributed in randomised blocks with 4 treatments and 7 replicates. Four diets were formulated replacing ground corn with PP (0, 33, 66, and 100%) on a roughage: concentrate ratio of 30:70 on a dry matter basis. The feedlot period lasted for 60 days, and the animals were slaughtered consecutively. The replacing of ground corn with PP reduced the intakes of ether extract and metabolisable energy, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, total digestible nutrients, isovalerate, and omental + mesenteric fat, while it increased the digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates, carcass finishing, and the yields of rumen, reticulum, and omasum (p < 0.05). A quadratic effect was observed for the time of chews per rumen bolus, number of rumination chews per day, number of rumination chews per bolus, and number of rumination chews per minute, propionate (p = 0.002), butyrate (p < 0.01) and total short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (p < 0.05) according to the increase in PP levels replacing ground corn in diets offered to lambs. The rumen pH was reduced and the NH3-N increased according to the evaluation period (p < 0.05). The highest concentration of total SCFA was observed in the collection carried out at 09 h (p < 0.05). The use of up to 100% PP in diets offered to lambs is recommended as it provides nutrient intake, weight gain, and carcass yield similar to ground corn.

Soybean molasses can be used as a substitute for corn in grazing beef cattle supplements during the rainy season

Soybean molasses (SBMO) is a byproduct derived from the production of soy protein concentrate, obtained through solubilization in water and alcohol. The utilization of SBMO as an animal feed ingredient shows promising potential, primarily due to its low cost and as a potential energy concentrate. This study aimed to assess the intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters (pH and ruminal ammonia - NH3), nitrogen retention (NR) and microbial protein synthesis in grazing beef cattle supplemented with SBMO as a substitute for corn during the rainy season. Five Nellore (10-month-old) bulls with an average initial weight of 246 ± 11.2 kg were utilized in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The animals were housed in five paddocks, each consisting of 0.34 ha of Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha). Five isonitrogenous protein-energy supplements (300 g crude protein [CP]/kg supplement) were formulated, with SBMO replacing corn at varying levels (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 g-1 g). The supplements were provided daily at a quantity of 2.0 kg-1 animal. The inclusion of SBMO at any level of corn substitution did not significantly affect the intake of pasture dry matter or total dry matter (P > 0.10). Likewise, the intake of CP and, consequently, the ruminal concentration of NH3 did not differ among the SBMO levels. Increasing the inclusion of SBMO did not have a significant impact on NR (P > 0.10), indicating that animals receiving supplements containing 100% SBMO as a substitute for corn may perform similarly to animals receiving supplements with 100% corn (0% SBMO). Soybean molasses represents a viable alternative energy source for grazing beef cattle during the rainy season and can entirely replace corn without adversely affecting animal nutritional performance.

Impact of replacing protein pellets with soybean grain on nutrient utilization and the rumen and blood parameters of feedlot cattle under tropical conditions

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of replacing protein pellets with soybean grain in high-concentrate diets with or without the addition of silage, on the intake, digestibility, and rumen and blood parameters of feedlot cattle in tropical regions. Four cannulated, crossbred steers were used, 4.5 ± 0.5 years old, with an average weight of 685.55 ± 111.78 kg. The steers were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square, in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme (two sources of protein: protein pellets or whole soybean grain, with or without added dietary bulk). There was no effect (P ≥ 0.109) from the interaction between the source of protein and the addition of silage to the diet on dry matter (DM) and nutrient intake, or the digestibility (P ≥ 0.625) of DM or crude protein (CP). However, both factors affected (P ≤ 0.052) the intake of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), as well as the independent digestibility (P ≤ 0.099) of fat, NFC, total carbohydrates (TC), and total cholesterol concentration. There was an effect (P ≤ 0.053) from the interaction between the source of protein and the addition of silage to the diet on the digestibility of NDF and total digestible nutrients (TDN), as well as on the glycose concentration (P = 0.003). Blood parameters (i.e. protein, albumin, creatinine, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) were not affected (P ≥ 0.139) by the source of protein, the addition of silage, or their interaction. Lastly, including 150 g/kg silage DM in a high-grain diet, and using soybean grain as a source of protein in substitution of protein pellet could be a suitable nutritional strategy to ensure adequate DM and nutrient intake and digestibility, with no detrimental effects on rumen and blood parameters of feedlot cattle in the tropics.

Nutritional Evaluation of Milk Thistle Meal as a Protein Feedstuff for Diets of Dairy Cattle

The objective of this work is to investigate the chemical and nutritional value of milk thistle meal (MTM) in order to improve it and to provide theoretical support for its application in dairy cattle production. MTM was assessed in comparison with seven conventional protein feed sources, namely, soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CS), canola meal (CN), palm kernel meal (PK), rice bran meal (RB), corn germ meal (CG), and sesame meal (SS). The chemical composition of these feedstuffs was assessed using wet chemical analysis, the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System was used to evaluate the carbohydrate and protein fractions, and the in situ nylon bag technique and the modified three-step in vitro method were used to assess the rumen degradation and intestinal digestibility. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared technology was used to determine the feedstuff protein spectral molecular structure and its amino acid profile was also assessed. The result showed that MTM acid detergent fiber, lignin, unavailable nitrogen, and non-degradable carbohydrate content were higher than those of the other feedstuffs. It had a 17% and 36% rumen effective degradation rate of neutral detergent fiber and dry matter, respectively, and had the lowest small intestinal rumen undegradable protein digestibility rate. It was low in leucine, histidine, arginine, and proline, but high in methionine. The total area of amide I and amide II in the protein secondary structure was similar to that of CN and CS, and the amide I and II ratio was not different from that of RB. To sum up, MTM has a poor carbohydrate composition and is high in fiber but, in comparison to most other protein feeds, has a higher crude protein rumen effective degradation rate, similar to that of SBM, and it is a good source of methionine, a limiting amino acid. Hence, its nutritional value can be further improved for application in dairy feeding through processes such as microbial or enzymatic fermentation.

Intensively Reared Nelore Steers with Levels of Concentrate and Protein Sources during the Dry Season

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different nutritional strategies on the intensification of beef cattle farming on pastures during the dry period of the year. Eighty male cattle (testers) were randomly allocated to 16 paddocks formed with Mombaça grass (Megathyrsus maximus), totaling five animals (testers) per paddock. The strategies consisted of two LCs [10 and 16.7 g·kg-1 body weight (BW)] and two PSs with DDGS and SBM in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The chemical, structural, and productive characteristics of the forage were evaluated, as well as the performance, productivity, and serum parameters of the supplemented animals. The forage presented a greater L:C (p = 0.033) and CP content (p = 0.007) when the lowest LC was used. Animals that received the highest LC had the highest supplement intake (p < 0.001) and the lowest pasture intake (p < 0.001). The nutritional strategy with an LC of 16.7 g·kg-1 of body weight (BW) resulted in a greater increase in total BW, i.e., 200 kg·BW ha-1 more. Therefore, higher levels of concentrate ensure greater productivity for beef cattle grazing, and DDGS can replace SBM in supplements used in the intensive raising of beef cattle on pasture without compromising the performance and productivity of the animals.

Nutritional value and kinetics of in vitro fermentation of spineless cactus of the genus Nopalea in different phenological phases

The objective was to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of spineless cactus of the genus Nopalea, F-21 (Nopalea cochenillifera Dyck), IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Dyck) and Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), in different phenophases. There was no effect (P < 0.05) of the phenological phases of spineless cactus on DM, ash, OM, EE, and CP. Varieties F-21 and Miúda presented higher values of DM and OM, whereas the CP was higher for IPA-Sertânia. The contents of NDF, ADF, and ADL, as well as the fractions of carbohydrates B2 and C were higher in the mature stage, irrespective of the variety. The Miúda variety showed higher levels of NFC and fractions A + B1 and the lower levels of pectin compared to the F-21 and IPA-Sertânia varieties, but not differ of TC to F-21. The volume of gas produced via the degradation of NFC was higher for young phenological phases. The young and intermediate stages showed a higher in vitro digestibility of DM. Based on the results, varieties IPA-Sertânia and Miúda have a high potential for use in animal feed because of their high nutritional quality. Mature cladodes showed a higher fibrous fraction and lower digestibility in all varieties.

Essential Oils in Nellore Beef Cattle: In Vivo Impact on Rumen Emissions

Essential oils (EOs), as rumen additives, decreased CH4 emissions in in vitro trials but results from in vivo studies are still limited. We investigated the effects of Origanum vulgare (OEO) and Thymus vulgaris (TEO) EOs on in vivo methane emissions from Nellore beef cattle. Six adult rumen-cannulated Nellore cattle were used in a double 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of three diets containing either 3 mL OEO per kg of concentrate, 3 mL TEO/kg of concentrate, or no EO addition. The experimental period consisted of three 21 d feeding periods and methane production was measured using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) technique from Day 16 to Day 21 of each feeding period. Intake, total apparent digestibility (dry matter as well as neutral and acid detergent fiber), and rumen parameters (pH, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, and short-chain fatty acids) were also evaluated. The EOs did not decrease CH4 emissions and had no effect on rumen parameters.

Ability of three dairy feed evaluation systems to predict postruminal outflows of amino acids in dairy cows: A meta-analysis

Adequate prediction of postruminal outflows of essential AA (EAA) is the starting point of balancing rations for EAA in dairy cows. The objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the performance of 3 dairy feed evaluation systems (National Research Council [NRC], Cornell Net Protein and Carbohydrate System version 6.5.5 [CNCPS], and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine [NASEM]) to predict EAA outflows (Trp was not tested). The data set included a total of 354 treatment means from 70 duodenal and 24 omasal studies. To avoid Type I error, mean and linear biases were considered of concern if statistically significant and representing >5.0% of the observed mean. Analyses were conducted on raw observed values and on observations adjusted for the random effect of study. The analysis on raw data indicates the ability of the feed evaluation system to predict absolute values whereas the analysis on adjusted values indicates its ability to predict responses of EAA outflows to dietary changes. For the prediction of absolute values (based on raw data), NRC underpredicted outflows of all EAA, from 5.3% to 8.6% of the observed mean (%obs.mean) except for Leu, Lys, and Val; NASEM overpredicted Lys (10.8%obs.mean); and CNCPS overpredicted Arg, His, Lys, Met, and Val (5.2 to 26.0%obs.mean). No EAA had a linear bias of concern with NASEM, followed by NRC for His (6.8%obs.mean), and CNCPS for all EAA (5.6 to 12.2%obs.mean) except Leu, Phe, and Thr. In contrast, for the prediction of responses to dietary changes (based on adjusted data), NRC had 2 EAA presenting a linear bias of concern, followed by NASEM and CNCPS with 4 and 6 EAA, respectively. Predictions of His showed a linear bias of concern (5.3 to 9.6%obs.mean) with the 3 feed evaluation systems. Measured chemistry of crude protein and EAA were reported for 1 or more feed ingredients of the ration in 36% of the studies, and resulted in decreased linear biases in the 3 feed evaluation systems. The difference in mean biases of Met outflows was systematically positive when comparing omasal versus duodenal studies. Predictions of Met outflows with NRC had a higher concordance correlation coefficient in duodenal (used to develop NRC equations) versus omasal studies, whereas the opposite was observed with CNCPS, the latter showing the lowest mean bias for Met in omasal sampling studies. The 30% difference in Met mean biases between sampling sites appeared related to a similar difference found for observed Met versus nonammonia nitrogen outflows between duodenal and omasal studies, which is independent of predictions. In conclusion, NRC and NASEM yielded accurate predictions of EAA outflows, with a small superiority of NASEM to predict absolute values, and slight superiority of NRC to predict the responses to dietary changes. In comparison, CNCPS may present mean and linear biases of concern for many EAA. Moreover, it remains to determine which sampling site is more representative of the true supply of EAA to the cows.

Effect of nonstructural carbohydrates on production performance, rumen metabolism and rumen health in lambs fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous complete diets

Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are readily fermentable in the rumen and, are a critical factor while preparing protracted feed for higher animal performance. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous complete feeds were prepared for this investigation to contain varying levels of nonstructural carbohydrates viz., 40.13 (NSC1), 45.21 (NSC2), 50.00 (NSC3) and 55.85 (NSC4) per cent, respectively. The four isocaloric and isonitrogenous complete feeds were tested in 32 Mecheri ram lambs (around three months of age) in a completely randomised block design (n = 8), and the lambs were fed their respective feed for six months. The study revealed that the increased NSC level in the complete diet increased the body weight and weight gain linearly (P < 0.05). The dietary NSC level affected the dry matter consumption in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05) and the lambs of the NSC4 group consumed significantly (P < 0.05) less DM compared to other dietary groups. The overall average feed conversion efficiency differed significantly (P < 0.05) among dietary groups. The correlation between dietary NSC level and faecal score was quadratic (r2 = 62.7, P < 0.05). The rumen pH, total nitrogen and NH3-N concentration were linearly decreased (P < 0.05) and the molar proportion of total short-chain fatty acids and propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05). The energy loss expressed as methane production was significantly (P < 0.01) lower for the high NSC diet-fed lambs. The lambs fed on a low NSC diet had significantly (P < 0.05) lower carcass weights, dressing percentage and loin eye area. The per cent share of rumen weight in the total fore stomach and the rumen papillae measurements length, width and surface area were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in high NSC diet-fed lambs. Increased levels of NSC in the diet increased (P < 0.05) fat deposition in the internal organs. The saturated fatty acids content in the meat was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered, whereas, the oleic acid and linoleic acid were increased (P < 0.05) as the NSC level increased in the diet. The study revealed that as the level of NSC increased in the complete diet there was a concomitant improvement in the final body weight, ADG and feed efficiency of post-weaned Mecheri lambs. It can therefore be recommended that the complete feed with 50 per cent NSC levels would be optimum to reap maximum returns from fattening Mecheri lambs.

Exploring the genetic variability in yield, nutritional and digestibility traits in oat grains through ruminant nutrition

Oat is a dual-purpose crop used for both food and feed for animals. The objective of this work is to characterize oat varieties for their genetic diversity in yield, physical traits, and nutritional composition, aiming to identify potential parent varieties for breeding programs to develop new oat varieties for improved livestock feed and diverse industrial applications. To conduct, chemical analysis for protein and carbohydare fractions, energy and digestible nutrient estimated, stastical analyses performed to assess genetic variations for traits among vaieties. Significant genetic variation (p < 0.05) for grain yield, grain density, sieving percentage, crude protein, ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber, cellulose, lignin, neutral and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen were observed in grains of eight oat varieties. All protein fractions exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05). Total carbohydrate content ranged significantly (p < 0.05) from 73 % to 79 %. The grains contained higher levels of intermediately degradable starch and pectin (54.12-60.16 %) compared to the slowly degradable cell wall (26-33 %), lignin bounded cell wall (6-10 %), and rapidly degradable sugars (2-8%). Significant variation (p < 0.05) was observed in terms of gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy for maintenance and lactation about (2 Mcal/kg dry matter), gain (1.6-1.8 Mcal/kg dry matter), total digestible nutrients, digestible dry matter, rumen degradable protein, and total digestible nutrients related to crude protein, fatty acid, neutral detergent fiber, and non-fiber carbohydrate. Organic matter and ether extract were positively associated (p < 0.01) with total digestible nutrients, digestible and metabolizable energy, dry matter digestible and truly digestible non fibrous cabohydrates, while neutral and acid detergent fiber and cellulose showed negative correlation. The research shows that oat varieties vary widely in their yield, physical features, and nutritional content, offering potential for breeding better varieties for both animal feed and industrial uses.

Metabolic and productive parameters of lactating dairy cows under heat stress conditions supplemented with plant polyphenol extract

The impact of heat stress on dairy cattle leads to significant economic losses and a negative impact on the welfare of the animals. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the nutritional additive (Thermoplus®) in dairy cows under postpartum heat stress conditions, and its effects on the metabolic profile, production and quality of milk. Eighteen lactating Holstein cows (8 multiparous and ten primiparous), in a free-stall system, with a mean body condition score (BCS) of 3.14 ± 0.05, live weight of 624.55 ± 18, 61 kg, with initial mean days in milk (DIM) of 90 ± 10.11, were selected. The animals were grouped into a control (CG, n = 9) and a treatment (TG, n = 9). Both groups underwent 14 days of diet adaptation, the TG received the basal diet supplemented with 50 g of the additive, once a day, individually, while the control group received only the total diet. Data collection of metabolic and productive parameters were evaluated on days -14 (before adaptation), 1 (after the diet adaptation period), 16, 30, and 44. Milk, blood, and body condition score (BCS) were collected once a day, and heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were collected twice a day. Serum concentrations of albumin, calcium, magnesium, glucose, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) were evaluated. In the milk, the percentage of fat, protein, lactose, and total solids were determined in each sampling. Milk yield was measured daily. Humidity and ambient temperature values were collected on the days of the collection every 30 min, from 5:30 am to 5:00 pm, to calculate the temperature-humidity index (THI). Statistical analyzes were performed using the SAS software (version 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The THI ranged from 62.22 to 79.47. Our findings showed that when the THI was greater than 72, the animals in the TG were able to maintain milk yield (Odds ratio (OD) = -0.0577,), and the animals in the CG had a greater chance of reducing it (OD = -0.2301). Multiparous cows in the TG had higher milk yield than CG (32.57 ± 0.34 vs 30.50 ± 0.36 kg per day; P = 0.0078) and lower SCC (34.110 ± 6,940 vs 665.50 ± 214.41 cells per ml; P = 0.03), with the same percentages of total solids (P > 0.05). In multiparous metabolic markers, TG when compared CG had higher albumin concentrations (2.50 ± 0.07 vs 2.12 ± 0.07 g/dl; < 0.001), equal PON-1 (P > 0.05), and higher BHBA levels (0.49 ± 0.03 vs 0.39 ± 0.04 mmol/l). Primiparous from the CG had higher concentrations of NEFA (0.18 ± 0.02 mmol/l) than multiparous from the same group (0.09 ± 0.02 mmol/l) P = 0.0265. The use of the plant polyphenol extract in postpartum Holstein cows challenged by heat stress had beneficial effects on the production and health of the mammary gland in multiparous cows without decreasing milk solids. The non-reduction of the activities of the acute phase proteins indicates an immunomodulatory and inflammatory-reducing effect of the product used.

Assessing genotypes of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) as an alternative to maize silage for sheep nutrition

Nutritive value of five Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass) genotypes (IG96-50, IG96-96, IG96-358, IG96-401 and IG96-403) weredetermined. Their sugar contents (>70 mg/g of dry matter) and ensiling potential were evaluated using in vitro batch culture and in vivo studies. Research indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) in the dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and lignin contents of the C. ciliaris genotypes tested. Genotypes also differed (P < 0.05) in total carbohydrates, structural carbohydrates, non-structural carbohydrates and protein fractions. Genotype IG96-96 had the lowest total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and metabolizable energy contents (377.2 g/kg, 6.95 and 5.71 MJ/kg of dry matter, respectively), and net energy values for lactation, maintenance and growth. After 45 days of ensiling, C. ciliaris silages differed (P < 0.05) in dry matter, pH, and lactic acid contents, and their values ranged between 255-339, 4.06-5.17 g/kg of dry matter and 10.8-28.0 g/kg of dry matter, respectively. Maize silage had higher (P < 0.05) Organic Matter (919.5g/kg of dry matter), ether extract (20.4g/kg of dry matter) and hemi-cellulose (272.3 g/kg of dry matter) than IG96-401 and IG96-96 silages. The total carbohydrates and non-structural carbohydrates of maize silage were higher (P < 0.05), while structural carbohydrates were comparable (P < 0.05) with C. ciliaris silages. Sheep on maize silage had (P < 0.05) higher metabolizable energy, lower crude protein, and digestible crude protein intake (g/kg of dry matter) than those on C. ciliaris silage diets. Nitrogen intake and urinary-N excretion were higher (P < 0.05) on genotype IG96-96 silage diet. Overall, this study suggested that certain C. ciliaris genotypes, notably IG96-401 and IG96-96, exhibited nutritive values comparable to maize silage in sheep studies, offering a promising avenue for future exploration as potential alternatives in diversified and sustainable livestock nutrition programs.

Co-ensiled rice straw with whole sugar beet and its effect on the performance of lactating cows

This study investigated the effect of co-ensiled rice straw (RS) with whole sugar beet (SB) on lactating cows' performance. Ensiled rice straw (ERS) as control (CGS) was incorporated with immersed corn grains (CG) for 24 h, while the 2nd and 3rd ensiled RS (LSB and HSB) contained SB substituted of 50 and 100% of CG on an energy basis (total digestible nutrients, TDN), respectively. In the experimental diets, D1, D2, and D3, which include CGS, LSB, and HSB provided ad-libitum, respectively, while a concentrated feed mixture (2% of body weight) was offered. The population of lactic acid bacteria was slightly higher with fed HSB, relative to LSB and CGS. The OM, CP, EE, NFC, and TCH contents of CGS were slightly higher than LSB and HSB, while the opposite happened with the aNDFom, and ADFom contents. The digestibility of DM, OM, aNDFom, and ADFom of the D3 group was higher (P < 0.05) than in D1 and D2. The D3 recorded the highest values (P < 0.05) of silage consumption, and palatability. Milk production, fat-corrected milk (FCM), and energy-corrected milk (ECM) were (P < 0.05) higher for cows fed D3 compared with D1 and D2. Fat, protein, lactose, and total solids were trending on the same track. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of cows fed diet D3 was better than cows fed D1 diet. The level of glucose in the blood increased (P < 0.05) significantly with feeding on HSB than LSB, which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to CGS. In conclusion, co-ensiling of RS with the whole SB plant consider a good method to improve its nutritional value.

Impact of Production Systems on the Levels of Vitamin E, β-Carotene, and Cholesterol in the Liver of Cattle Raised in the Eastern Amazon

The nutritional composition of bovine liver, particularly in terms of vitamins E, β-carotene, and cholesterol concentration, is significantly influenced by the cattle-rearing system and diet. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of four predominant cattle-rearing systems in the Eastern Amazon region on the vitamin E, β-carotene content, and cholesterol levels in bovine liver during the rainy season. Liver-tissue samples were collected from 48 cattle, with twelve specimens representing each rearing system. The systems encompassed two native pastures located in flood-prone areas, cultivated pastures on upland terrain and a confinement-rearing system. Our findings indicate that, when considering all rearing systems collectively, there were no significant differences in the levels of vitamins and cholesterol in the liver tissues (p > 0.05). However, a marked disparity in cholesterol levels emerged when comparing intensive rearing systems to extensive ones, with the former demonstrating notably higher concentrations (p = 0.01). Additionally, the intensive rearing system was associated with elevated levels of β-carotene (p < 0.01), α-tocopherol (p = 0.01), and β-tocopherol (p = 0.01) relative to the extensive systems. No significant variations were observed amongst the different extensive systems (p > 0.05). These results suggest that, while all rearing systems yielded liver tissues with typical concentrations of vitamins and cholesterol, the intensive rearing system led to a higher accumulation of certain vitamin compounds. This study highlights the substantial nutritional implications of different cattle-rearing systems in the Eastern Amazon and provides valuable insights for developing dietary strategies to optimize the nutritional quality of bovine liver. Therefore, the generated results are groundbreaking in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil, and inspire the development of new research projects to address other demands in this field and achieve additional outcomes.

Impact of rearing systems in the Eastern Amazon on cholesterol, β-carotene and vitamin E homologues in steer

Introduction

The quality of meat, with a focus on compounds important for human health, is directly related to the rearing systems in which the animals are produced. The search for a balanced diet, with an emphasis on low cholesterol and adequate levels of vitamins, aligns with society's emphasis on healthy eating, directly correlated with the importance of the offer made by producers for the cattle's diet.

Objective and methodology

The objective was to verify the impact of different rearing systems, in the Eastern Amazon, during the rainy season, on the concentrations of vitamins (A, E) and cholesterol in the muscle (Longissimus lumborum) of crossbred Nelore cattle, castrated, aged between 24 and 36 months, and weighing between 410 and 628 kg. Twelve animals, from each of the three pasture rearing systems: native pasture in flooded areas of Monte Alegre; native pasture in a flooded area of Santa Cruz do Arari; and pasture cultivated on dry land in São Miguel do Guamá, all located in Pará, Brazil-were sampled in commercial slaughterhouses.

Results

A notable influence was observed in the concentrations of β-carotene (p < 0.01), α-Tocopherol (p = 0.02), β-Tocopherol (p < 0.01) and the combined sum of β-Tocotrienol and γ-Tocopherol (p < 0.01), as well as δ-Tocopherol (p < 0.01) when contrasting extensive with intensive systems (confinement). However, there was a difference in the content of vitamins and cholesterol between the isolated extensive systems, or between the four rearing systems (p > 0.05). Extensive systems, mainly in Monte Alegre, demonstrated greater amounts of α-Tocopherol and δ-Tocopherol.

Conclusion

On the other hand, the intensive system exhibited higher levels of other investigated compounds, clarifying the nutritional variations generated by different livestock rearing practices in the region. Therefore, the results obtained are innovative in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil, in addition to inspiring the development of new research to meet other demands in this field, and achieve additional results, such as determining which meat, coming from cattle in production systems in the country, presents the better compositional quality of vitamins and lipids.

Alternative flours from pulp melons (Cucumis melo L.): Seasonality influence on physical, chemical, technological parameters, and utilization in bakery product

Fresh vegetables have high water content and low acidity, so drying can extend shelf life, allowing the obtaining of alternative flours for the development of new products. The study aimed to investigate the influence of the melon harvest and off-season on the chemical composition of melon (Cantaloupe, Charentais e Honey Dew) flours and the potential application in products. The flours were evaluated for granulometry, morphology, centesimal composition, lipid and mineral content, total phenolic compound (TPC), antioxidant activity, and technological properties. Cakes containing melon flour were produced to replace wheat flour (0, 25, and 50 %) and evaluated for proximate composition, microbiology, and sensory parameters. Flours were classified as fine-grained (MESH >16), except Charentais off-season (medium - MESH 8-16, and fine-grained - MESH >16), and all presented a rough surface and minimal cell wall ruptures. The harvest homogeneously influenced the humidity, as all the off-season flours showed higher levels [17-22 %] (p < 0.05) due to weather conditions. For TPC, Cantaloupe melon flours from the harvest (CFH) [208 mg/100 g] and off-season [877 mg/100 g] stood out (p < 0.05), and the latter showed greater antioxidant potential [328 μmol TE/g]. Palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic acid stood out in all flours, and potassium for minerals (63-78 %) in the harvest and off-season. The harvest and off-season specifically influenced the flour of each variety in swelling power, water solubility, oil absorption, and emulsifying capacity. For cakes with CFH, no thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli were detected, and the mesophilic count was <1.0 CFU/g. The ash, protein, lipid, and fiber contents increased proportionally to melon flour addition (p < 0.05). Sensory acceptance was high for cakes containing 25 and 50 % of CFH [82.78 % and 82.53 %], and most consumers would likely buy the products (4.04 and 3.99) (p < 0.05). The study contributed to knowledge about the seasonality effect and demonstrated the potential use of melon flour in developing new products.

Carcass traits and morphometry, typification of the Longissimus dorsi muscle and non-carcass components of hair lambs: can biscuit bran completely replace corn? A machine learning approach

Biscuit bran (BB) is a co-product with worldwide distribution, with Brazil as the second largest cookie producer in the world with 1,157,051 tons. We evaluate the impact of completely replacing corn with BB on the characteristics and morphometry of carcass of purebred and crossbred Morada Nova lambs using machine learning techniques as an auxiliary method. Twenty male lambs from two genetic groups (GG) were used: purebred red-coated Morada Nova (MNR) and crossbred MNR × white-coated Morada Nova (MNF1). Supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques were used. No interaction (P > 0.05) was observed between diets (D) and genetic groups (GG) and no simple isolated effect was observed for carcass characteristics, qualitative-quantitative typification of the Longissimus dorsi muscle, weight of non-carcass components, weight and yield of commercial cuts and carcass morphometric measurements. The formation of two horizontal clusters was verified: (i) crossed lambs with corn and BB and (ii) purebred lambs fed corn and BB. Vertically, three clusters were formed based on carcass and meat characteristics of native lambs: (i) thermal insulation, body capacity, true yield, and commercial cuts; (ii) choice, performance, physical carcass traits, and palatability; and (iii) yield cuts and non-carcass components. The heatmap also allowed us to observe that pure MN lambs had a greater body capacity when fed BB, while those fed corn showed superiority in commercial cuts, true yields, and non-carcass components. Crossbred lambs, regardless of diet, showed a greater association of physical characteristics of the carcass, performance, palatability, and less noble cuts. Crossbred lambs, regardless of diet, showed a greater association of physical characteristics of the carcass, performance, palatability, and less noble cuts. BB can be considered an alternative energy source in total replacement of corn. Integrating of machine learning techniques is a useful statistical tool for studies with large numbers of variables, especially when it comes to analyzing complex data with multiple effects in the search for data patterns and insights in decision-making on the farm.

Nutritional parameters and productive performance of grazing sheep using castor bean cake as supplement or fertilizer

The objective was to evaluate the effect of detoxified castor bean replacing soybean meal in the concentrate diet or as nitrogen organic fertilizer replacing urea on intake and nutrient digestibility, blood parameters and productive performance of sheep finished on irrigated Tamani grass pasture under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate. The treatments were two concentrate diets: standard (ground corn and soybean meal) and alternative diet (ground corn and detoxified castor bean cake), and two nitrogen fertilizers: chemical (urea) and organic (fresh castor bean cake). The randomized complete block design was used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with four replications (500 m² paddocks). Four sheep (2 castrated males and 2 females) were distributed in each experimental unit, totaling 64 animals with an average initial weight of 19.42 ± 3.6 kg. No effects (P > 0.05) were observed on the variables inherent to the evaluation of the pasture. The average stocking rate (SR) among treatments was 85.50 sheep/ha, equivalent to 9.87 Animal Units (AU)/ha. The alternative diet presented lower dry matter digestibility (62.71%), with no negative effects on nutrient intake and kidney parameters. Animals fed the standard and alternative diet showed average daily gain of 103.75 and 86.76 g/day, respectively. A finishing period of up to 100 days is recommended for sheep selected for production systems in semi-arid regions managed intensively on pasture. Detoxified castor bean cake did not alter nutrient intake, liver and kidney parameters of the sheep and can be used in pasture-based sheep farming.

Carcass and meat characteristics of Nellore young bulls fed diet using cottonseed cake as a replacer of the forage fiber source

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of substituting traditional forage fiber sources with cottonseed cake in the diet on both the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of carcass and meat in Nelore young bulls. Twenty-four Nelore steers starting with an average weight of 377.8 ± 43.5 kg, were individually housed in stalls and provided with individualized feeding over a 112-day confinement period. The study followed a completely randomized design with two treatments and 12 replications. The diets incorporated either whole plant corn silage (WPCS) and, cottonseed cake (CSC) as fiber sources, at a rate of 300 g/kg of dry matter. The CSC diet promoted higher carcass weight. Aging animal meat for seven days significantly decreased the shear force from 83.4 to 71.6 N. Although diets did not influence meat composition, WPCS diet provided higher concentrations of C16:1, C18:1n9c, C18:3n3, and C22:2 acid, and CSC diet higher concentrations of C15:0, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6c, and 20:3n3. The WPCS diet provided higher concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids and ω9, and the CSC diet had higher concentrations of ω6 and ω6:ω3 ratio in meat. Cottonseed cake used as a fiber source increases the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids and ω6 fatty acids in the meat of young bulls finished in feedlot.