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Moreira GM, Aguiar GL, Meneses JAM, Luz MHD, Monteiro MGBB, Lara L, Ladeira MM, Souza JCD, Duarte MDS, Gionbelli MP. The course of pregnancy changes general metabolism and affects ruminal epithelium activity pattern in Zebu beef heifers. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Trotta RJ, Vasquez-Hidalgo MA, Vonnahme KA, Swanson KC. Effects of Nutrient Restriction During Midgestation to Late Gestation on Maternal and Fetal Postruminal Carbohydrase Activities in Sheep. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skz393. [PMID: 31879771 PMCID: PMC6986434 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the effects of nutrient restriction during midgestation to late gestation on maternal and fetal digestive enzyme activities, 41 singleton ewes (48.3 ± 0.6 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments: 100% (control; CON; n = 20) or 60% of nutrient requirements (restricted; RES; n = 21) from day 50 until day 90 (midgestation). At day 90, 14 ewes (CON, n = 7; RES, n = 7) were euthanized. The remaining ewes were subjected to treatments of nutrient restriction or remained on a control diet from day 90 until day 130 (late gestation): CON-CON (n = 6), CON-RES (n = 7), RES-CON (n = 7), and RES-RES (n = 7) and were euthanized on day 130. The fetal and maternal pancreas and small intestines were weighed, subsampled, and assayed for digestive enzyme activity. One unit (U) of enzyme activity is equal to 1 µmol of product produced per minute for amylase, glucoamylase, lactase, and trypsin and 0.5 µmol of product produced per minute for maltase and isomaltase. Nutrient restriction during midgestation and late gestation decreased (P < 0.05) maternal pancreatic and small intestinal mass but did not affect fetal pancreatic or small intestinal mass. Maternal nutrient restriction during late gestation decreased (P = 0.03) fetal pancreatic trypsin content (U/pancreas) and tended to decrease (P < 0.08) fetal pancreatic trypsin concentration (U/g), specific activity (U/g protein), and content relative to BW (U/kg of BW). Nutrient restriction of gestating ewes decreased the total content of α-amylase (P = 0.04) and tended to decrease total content of trypsin (P = 0.06) and protein (P = 0.06) in the maternal pancreas on day 90. Nutrient restriction during midgestation on day 90 and during late gestation on day 130 decreased (P = 0.04) maternal pancreatic α-amylase-specific activity. Sucrase activity was undetected in the fetal and maternal small intestine. Nutrient restriction during late gestation increased (P = 0.01) maternal small intestinal maltase and lactase concentration and tended to increase (P = 0.06) isomaltase concentration. Realimentation during late gestation after nutrient restriction during midgestation increased lactase concentration (P = 0.04) and specific activity (P = 0.05) in the fetal small intestine. Fetal small intestinal maltase, isomaltase, and glucoamylase did not respond to maternal nutrient restriction. These data indicate that some maternal and fetal digestive enzyme activities may change in response to maternal nutrient restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | | | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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3
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Prezotto LD, Thorson JF, Borowicz PP, Peine JL, Bedenbaugh M, Hileman SM, Lents CA, Caton JS, Swanson KC. Influences of maternal nutrient restriction and arginine supplementation on visceral metabolism and hypothalamic circuitry of offspring. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 65:71-79. [PMID: 30007131 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrient restriction during gestation can exert long-term negative effects on offspring health and performance. Arginine supplementation may rescue some of the negative effects elicited by maternal nutrient restriction. We tested the hypothesis that maternal arginine supplementation during gestation would rescue deleterious effects of nutrient restriction on in vitro O2 consumption in the liver and jejunum and hypothalamic protein expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and the colocalization of nNOS and active phosphor-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) in female offspring. Multiparous ewes were assigned to dietary treatment at 54 d of gestation: 100% of requirements (Con), 60% of control (Res), or Res plus rumen-protected arginine (Res-Arg; 180 mg/kg). At parturition, offspring were immediately removed from their dam and placed on a common diet. At 54 ± 4 d of age, female lambs (n = 6 per treatment) were weighed, the liver and jejunum were weighed, and samples were collected for in vitro measurement of O2 consumption. The hypothalamus was collected to determine protein expression of POMC, NPY, AgRP, and nNOS, and the colocalization of nNOS and pSTAT3 (n = 3, 4, and 4 for Con, Res, and Res-Arg, respectively). Hepatic consumption of O2 in vitro (mol/min/liver) was decreased (P = 0.04) in the Res and Res-Arg group compared with Con. Intensity of staining for NPY-containing fibers tended to decrease (P = 0.10) in Res and Res-Arg compared with Con. Number of POMC neuronal cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus decreased (P ≤ 0.03) in the Res group compared with Res-Arg. These observations demonstrate that maternal nutrient restriction decreases energy utilization in the liver and number of POMC cells in the ARC of offspring. Supplementation of arginine to the gestating ewe failed to influence hepatic use of energy in lambs from Res ewes. Numbers of POMC-containing cells were increased in the ARC in lambs from ewes restricted to 60% of nutritional requirements and supplemented with rumen-protected arginine, potentially influencing feeding behavior and hepatic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia D Prezotto
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Hultz Hall 166, Dept. 7630, PO Box 6050, Fargo 58108, USA; Northern Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, 3710 Assinniboine Road, Havre 59501, USA
| | - Jennifer F Thorson
- Northern Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, 3710 Assinniboine Road, Havre 59501, USA; USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Clay Center 68933, USA
| | - Pawel P Borowicz
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Hultz Hall 166, Dept. 7630, PO Box 6050, Fargo 58108, USA
| | - Jena L Peine
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Hultz Hall 166, Dept. 7630, PO Box 6050, Fargo 58108, USA
| | - Michelle Bedenbaugh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Stanley M Hileman
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Clay A Lents
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Clay Center 68933, USA
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Hultz Hall 166, Dept. 7630, PO Box 6050, Fargo 58108, USA
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Hultz Hall 166, Dept. 7630, PO Box 6050, Fargo 58108, USA.
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Nutrient restriction and realimentation in beef cows during early and mid-gestation and maternal and fetal hepatic and small intestinal in vitro oxygen consumption. Animal 2016; 10:829-37. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115002645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Meyer AM, Caton JS. Role of the Small Intestine in Developmental Programming: Impact of Maternal Nutrition on the Dam and Offspring. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:169-78. [PMID: 27180380 PMCID: PMC4717893 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-intestinal growth and function are critical for optimal animal growth and health and play a major role in nutrient digestion and absorption, energy and nutrient expenditure, and immunological competence. During fetal and perinatal development, the small intestine is affected by the maternal environment and nutrient intake. In ruminants, altered small-intestinal mass, villi morphology, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, vascularity, and gene expression have been observed as a result of poor gestational nutrition or intrauterine growth restriction. Although many of these data come from fetal stages, data have also demonstrated that nutrition during mid- and late gestation affects lamb small-intestinal growth, vascularity, digestive enzyme activity, and gene expression at 20 and 180 d of age as well. The small intestine is known to be a highly plastic tissue, changing with nutrient intake and physiological state even in adulthood, and the maternal small intestine adapts to pregnancy and advancing gestation. In ruminants, the growth, vascularity, and gene expression of the maternal small intestine also adapt to the nutritional plane and specific nutrient intake such as high selenium during pregnancy. These changes likely alter both pre- and postnatal nutrient delivery to offspring. More research is necessary to better understand the role of the offspring and maternal small intestines in whole-animal responses to developmental programming, but programming of this plastic tissue seems to play a dynamic role in gestational nutrition impacts on the whole animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; and
| | - Joel S Caton
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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Vonnahme KA, Lemley CO, Caton JS, Meyer AM. Impacts of Maternal Nutrition on Vascularity of Nutrient Transferring Tissues during Gestation and Lactation. Nutrients 2015; 7:3497-523. [PMID: 25984740 PMCID: PMC4446764 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the demand for food increases with exponential growth in the world population, it is imperative that we understand how to make livestock production as efficient as possible in the face of decreasing available natural resources. Moreover, it is important that livestock are able to meet their metabolic demands and supply adequate nutrition to developing offspring both during pregnancy and lactation. Specific nutrient supplementation programs that are designed to offset deficiencies, enhance efficiency, and improve nutrient supply during pregnancy can alter tissue vascular responses, fetal growth, and postnatal offspring outcomes. This review outlines how vascularity in nutrient transferring tissues, namely the maternal gastrointestinal tract, the utero-placental tissue, and the mammary gland, respond to differing nutritional planes and other specific nutrient supplementation regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
| | - Caleb O Lemley
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
| | - Allison M Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbus, MO 65210, USA.
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Meyer AM, Hess BW, Paisley SI, Du M, Caton JS. Small intestinal growth measures are correlated with feed efficiency in market weight cattle, despite minimal effects of maternal nutrition during early to midgestation. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3855-67. [PMID: 25057033 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that gestational nutrition would affect calf feed efficiency and small intestinal biology, which would be correlated with feed efficiency. Multiparous beef cows (n = 36) were individually fed 1 of 3 diets from d 45 to 185 of gestation: native grass hay and supplement to meet NRC recommendations (control [CON]), 70% of CON NEm (nutrient restricted [NR]), or a NR diet with a RUP supplement (NR+RUP) to provide similar essential AA as CON. After d 185 of gestation, cows were managed as a single group, and calf individual feed intake was measured with the GrowSafe System during finishing. At slaughter, the small intestine was dissected and sampled. Data were analyzed with calf sex as a block. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.33) of maternal treatment on residual feed intake, G:F, DMI, ADG, or final BW. Small intestinal mass did not differ (P ≥ 0.38) among treatments, although calf small intestinal length tended (P = 0.07) to be greater for NR than NR+RUP. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.20) in calf small intestinal density or jejunal cellularity, proliferation, or vascularity among treatments. Jejunal soluble guanylate cyclase mRNA was greater (P < 0.03) for NR+RUP than CON and NR. Residual feed intake was positively correlated (P ≤ 0.09) with small intestinal mass and relative mass and jejunal RNA content but was negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.09) with jejunal mucosal density and DNA concentration. Gain:feed was positively correlated (P ≤ 0.09) with jejunal mucosal density, DNA, protein, and total cells and was negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with small intestinal relative mass, jejunal RNA, and RNA:DNA. Dry matter intake was positively correlated (P ≤ 0.09) with small intestinal mass, relative mass, length, and density as well as jejunal DNA and protein content, total cells, total vascularity, and kinase insert domain receptor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 mRNA and was negatively correlated (P = 0.02) with relative small intestinal length. In this study, calf performance and efficiency during finishing as well as most measures of small intestinal growth were not affected by maternal nutrient restriction during early and midgestation. Results indicate that offspring small intestinal gene expression may be affected by gestational nutrition even when apparent tissue growth is unchanged. Furthermore, small intestinal size and growth may explain some variation in efficiency of nutrient utilization in feedlot cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - B W Hess
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071
| | - S I Paisley
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071
| | - M Du
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071
| | - J S Caton
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
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Camacho LE, Lemley CO, Van Emon ML, Caton JS, Swanson KC, Vonnahme KA. Effects of maternal nutrient restriction followed by realimentation during early and midgestation on beef cows. I. Maternal performance and organ weights at different stages of gestation. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:520-9. [PMID: 24664560 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of nutrient restriction during early to midgestation followed by realimentation on maternal performance and organ mass in pregnant beef cows. On d 30 of pregnancy, multiparous, nonlactating cows (initial BW = 620.5 ± 11.3 kg and BCS = 5.1 ± 0.1) were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: control (CON; 100% NRC; n = 18) and restricted (RES; 60% NRC; n = 30). On d 85, cows were slaughtered (CON, n = 6; R, n = 6), remained on control (CC; n = 12) and restricted (RR; n = 12), or were realimented to control (RC; n = 11). On d 140, cows were slaughtered (CC, n = 6; RR, n = 6; RC, n = 5), remained on control (CCC, n = 6; RCC, n = 5), or were realimented to control (RRC, n = 6). On d 254, all remaining cows were slaughtered. Cows were weighed before slaughter and all maternal organs were dissected and weighed. The diet consisted of grass hay to meet 100 or 60% NEm recommendations for fetal growth and to meet or exceed recommendations for other nutrients. At d 85 slaughters, BW and empty BW (EBW) were not affected (P ≥ 0.84) by maternal nutrition. However back fat was decreased (P = 0.05) in RES vs. CON cows. Large intestine and abomasum mass were increased (P ≤ 0.05) in RES cows vs. CON. At d 140, BW was decreased (P = 0.05) and EBW tended to be decreased (P = 0.10) in RRC cows vs. CCC and RCC being intermediate. Liver mass was decreased (P = 0.02) in RR vs. CC with RC being intermediate. Ruminal mass was decreased (P = 0.003) in RR vs. CC and RC cows. At d 254, BW and EBW were similar (P ≥ 0.78) across treatments. We observed partial changes in maternal weight and organ masses due to different lengths of maternal nutrient restriction followed by realimentation. It appears that the dam undergoes some adaptations during an early to midgestation nutrient restriction and becomes more efficient in the utilization of nutrients after being realimented and as gestation advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Camacho
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
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9
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The relationship between feed efficiency and the circadian profile of blood plasma analytes measured in beef heifers at different physiological stages. Animal 2014; 8:1684-98. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wood KM, Awda BJ, Fitzsimmons C, Miller SP, McBride BW, Swanson KC. Influence of pregnancy in mid-to-late gestation on circulating metabolites, visceral organ mass, and abundance of proteins relating to energy metabolism in mature beef cows1,2. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5775-84. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Wood
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - B. J. Awda
- College of Applied Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriah, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - C. Fitzsimmons
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S. P. Miller
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - B. W. McBride
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - K. C. Swanson
- Department of Animal Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050
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Prezotto LD, Lemley CO, Camacho LE, Doscher FE, Meyer AM, Caton JS, Awda BJ, Vonnahme KA, Swanson KC. Effects of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation on maternal and foetal hepatic and small intestinal energy utilization. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:797-807. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. D. Prezotto
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - C. O. Lemley
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences; Mississippi State University; MS USA
| | - L. E. Camacho
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - F. E. Doscher
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - A. M. Meyer
- Division of Animal Science; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - J. S. Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - B. J. Awda
- College of Applied Biotechnology; Al-Nahrain University; Jadriah Baghdad Iraq
| | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - K. C. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
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12
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Wood KM, Awda BJ, Fitzsimmons C, Miller SP, McBride BW, Swanson KC. Effect of moderate dietary restriction on visceral organ weight, hepatic oxygen consumption, and metabolic proteins associated with energy balance in mature pregnant beef cows. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4245-55. [PMID: 23893975 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two nonlactating multiparous pregnant beef cows (639 ± 68 kg) were used to investigate the effect of dietary restriction on the abundance of selected proteins regulating cellular energy metabolism. Cows were fed at either 85% (n = 11; LOW) or 140% (n = 11; HIGH) of total NE requirements. The diet consisted of a haylage-based total mixed ration containing 20% wheat straw. Cows were slaughtered by block (predicted date of parturition), beginning 83 d after the initiation of dietary treatments and every week thereafter for 6 wk, such that each block was slaughtered at approximately 250 d of gestation. Tissue samples from liver, kidney, sternomandibularis muscle, ruminal papilli (ventral sac), pancreas, and small intestinal muscosa were collected at slaughter and snap frozen in liquid N2. Western blots were conducted to quantify abundance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), ATP synthase, ubiquitin, and Na/K+ ATPase for all tissues; PPARγ, PPARγ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α), and 5´-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the activated form phosphorylated-AMPK (pAMPK) for liver, muscle, and rumen; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) for liver and kidney; and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) for liver. Statistical analysis was conducted using Proc Mixed in SAS and included the fixed effects of dietary treatment, cow age, block, and the random effect of pen. Dietary treatments resulted in cows fed HIGH having greater (P ≤ 0.04) ADG and final BW than cows fed LOW. Abundance of ubiquitin in muscle was greater (P = 0.009) in cows fed LOW, and PCG-1 α in liver was greater (P = 0.03) in cows fed HIGH. Hepatic O2 consumption was greater in HIGH (P ≤ 0.04). Feed intake can influence the abundance of important metabolic proteins and suggest that protein degradation may increase in muscle from moderately nutrient restricted cows and that energy metabolism in liver increases in cows fed above NE requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Wood
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W0, Canada
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Meyer AM, Neville TL, Reed JJ, Taylor JB, Reynolds LP, Redmer DA, Hammer CJ, Vonnahme KA, Caton JS. Maternal nutritional plane and selenium supply during gestation impact visceral organ mass and intestinal growth and vascularity of neonatal lamb offspring1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2628-39. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Meyer
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - T. L. Neville
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - J. J. Reed
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - J. B. Taylor
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID 83423
| | - L. P. Reynolds
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - D. A. Redmer
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - C. J. Hammer
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - J. S. Caton
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
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Yunusova RD, Neville TL, Vonnahme KA, Hammer CJ, Reed JJ, Taylor JB, Redmer DA, Reynolds LP, Caton JS. Impacts of maternal selenium supply and nutritional plane on visceral tissues and intestinal biology in 180-day-old offspring in sheep1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2229-42. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Yunusova
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - T. L. Neville
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - C. J. Hammer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - J. J. Reed
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - J. B. Taylor
- ARS-USDA, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID 83423
| | - D. A. Redmer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - L. P. Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
| | - J. S. Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108; and
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Neville TL, Meyer AM, Reyaz A, Borowicz PB, Redmer DA, Reynolds LP, Caton JS, Vonnahme KA. Mammary gland growth and vascularity at parturition and during lactation in primiparous ewes fed differing levels of selenium and nutritional plane during gestation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013; 4:6. [PMID: 23442441 PMCID: PMC3599765 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objectives were to examine the effects of selenium (Se) supply and maternal nutritional plane during gestation on mammary gland growth, cellular proliferation, and vascularity at parturition and d 20 of lactation. Rambouillet primiparous ewes (n = 84) were allocated to treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial. Factors were dietary Se (adequate Se [ASe, 11.5 μg/kg BW] or high Se [HSe, 77.0 μg/kg BW]) and nutritional plane (60% [RES], 100% [CON], or 140% [EXC]). At parturition, lambs were removed and 42 ewes (7/treatment) were necropsied. Remaining ewes were fed a common diet meeting requirements for lactation and mechanically milked twice daily until necropsy on d 20. At both necropsy periods, mammary glands were dissected and tissues harvested. Samples were analyzed for RNA, DNA, and protein content, cell proliferation, and vascularity. Where interactions were present (P ≤ 0.05), least squares means from the highest-order interaction are presented. Results Final body weight of ewes was least (P ≤ 0.002) in RES, intermediate for CON, and greatest for EXC, regardless of stage of the ewe at necropsy (parturition or d 20 of lactation). In ewes necropsied at parturition, mammary glands were heavier (P = 0.02) in EXC compared to RES, with CON intermediate. Concentration of RNA (mg/g) was decreased (P = 0.01) in EXC compared to CON at parturition. There was a tendency (P = 0.07) for a Se by nutrition interaction in percentage of cells proliferating where ASe-EXC ewes had greater (P ≤ 0.02) number of proliferating cells then all other treatments. Mammary vascular area tended (P = 0.08) to be affected by a Se by nutrition interaction where ASe-CON had less (P = 0.007) vascular area than HSe-CON ewes. In ewes necropsied at d 20 of lactation, the number of alveoli per area was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in RES compared to CON and EXC-fed ewes. Conclusions Results of this study indicate that proper maternal nutritional plane during gestation is important for mammary gland development, even out to d 20 of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammi L Neville
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108, USA.
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Meyer AM, Reed JJ, Neville TL, Taylor JB, Reynolds LP, Redmer DA, Vonnahme KA, Caton JS. Effects of nutritional plane and selenium supply during gestation on visceral organ mass and indices of intestinal growth and vascularity in primiparous ewes at parturition and during early lactation. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2733-49. [PMID: 22393031 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives were to investigate effects of nutritional plane and Se supply during gestation on visceral organ mass and intestinal growth and vascularization in ewes at parturition and during early lactation. Primiparous Rambouillet ewes (n = 84) were allocated to 2 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors included dietary Se [adequate Se (ASe, 11.5 μg/kg BW) or high Se (HSe, 77.0 μg/kg BW)], nutritional plane [60% (restricted; RES), 100% (control; CON), or 140% (high; HIH)], and physiological stage at necropsy (parturition or d 20 of lactation). At parturition, lambs were removed and 42 ewes (7 per treatment) were necropsied. Remaining ewes were transitioned to a common diet which met lactation requirements and mechanically milked for 20 d. In the absence of interactions (P > 0.10), main effects are reported. At parturition, stomach complex and liver masses were greatest for HIH, intermediate for CON, and least for RES (P < 0.02). Small intestinal mass was greater (P ≤ 0.002) for HIH than RES and CON, and greater (P < 0.01) for ASe than HSe. During early lactation, RES and CON gastrointestinal masses increased disproportionally to BW (P < 0.05). At parturition, jejunal mucosal density was less (P ≤ 0.01) for RES than CON and HIH, whereas CON had greater (P < 0.003) jejunal mucosal RNA concentration and RNA:DNA than RES and HIH. Although there were no differences (P > 0.17) at parturition, jejunal cell percent proliferation was greatest in RES, intermediate in CON, and least in HIH (P ≤ 0.09) at d 20 lactation. At both stages, RES had less (P = 0.01) jejunal capillary area density than HIH and less (P ≤ 0.03) capillary surface density than CON and HIH. During lactation, jejunal capillary size was greater (P = 0.04) for ewes previously fed HSe compared with ASe. At parturition, ASe-HIH had greater (P < 0.02) jejunal mucosal endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 mRNA than all other treatments and greater (P = 0.10) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) than all treatments, except ASe-RES. In addition, CON had less (P ≤ 0.08) jejunal VEGF receptor-1 (FLT1) mRNA compared with RES and HIH, and ASe had greater (P = 0.003) FLT1 than HSe at parturition. Ewes fed HIH had greater (P = 0.04) jejunal VEGF receptor-2 mRNA compared with RES. Results indicate that maternal intestinal growth and vascularization are responsive to nutritional plane and dietary Se during gestation and undergo changes postpartum when under similar lactational management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Meyer
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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Meyer AM, Reed JJ, Vonnahme KA, Soto-Navarro SA, Reynolds LP, Ford SP, Hess BW, Caton JS. Effects of stage of gestation and nutrient restriction during early to mid-gestation on maternal and fetal visceral organ mass and indices of jejunal growth and vascularity in beef cows1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2410-24. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Thorson JF, Karren BJ, Bauer ML, Cavinder CA, Coverdale JA, Hammer CJ. Effect of selenium supplementation and plane of nutrition on mares and their foals: Foaling data1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:982-90. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Caton JS, Reed JJ, Aitken RP, Milne JS, Borowicz PP, Reynolds LP, Redmer DA, Wallace JM. Effects of maternal nutrition and stage of gestation on body weight, visceral organ mass, and indices of jejunal cellularity, proliferation, and vascularity in pregnant ewe lambs1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:222-35. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Swanson TJ, Hammer CJ, Luther JS, Carlson DB, Taylor JB, Redmer DA, Neville TL, Reed JJ, Reynolds LP, Caton JS, Vonnahme KA. Effects of gestational plane of nutrition and selenium supplementation on mammary development and colostrum quality in pregnant ewe lambs1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2415-23. [PMID: 18441080 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T J Swanson
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA
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Neville TL, Ward MA, Reed JJ, Soto-Navarro SA, Julius SL, Borowicz PP, Taylor JB, Redmer DA, Reynolds LP, Caton JS. Effects of level and source of dietary selenium on maternal and fetal body weight, visceral organ mass, cellularity estimates, and jejunal vascularity in pregnant ewe lambs1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:890-901. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Reed JJ, Ward MA, Vonnahme KA, Neville TL, Julius SL, Borowicz PP, Taylor JB, Redmer DA, Grazul-Bilska AT, Reynolds LP, Caton JS. Effects of selenium supply and dietary restriction on maternal and fetal body weight, visceral organ mass and cellularity estimates, and jejunal vascularity in pregnant ewe lambs1. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:2721-33. [PMID: 17609476 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine effects of nutrient restriction and dietary Se on maternal and fetal visceral tissues, 36 pregnant Targhee-cross ewe lambs were allotted randomly to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments were plane of nutrition [control, 100% of requirements vs. restricted, 60% of controls] and dietary Se [adequate Se, ASe (6 microg/kg of BW) vs. high Se, HSe (80 microg/kg of BW)] from Se-enriched yeast. Selenium treatments were initiated 21 d before breeding and dietary restriction began on d 64 of gestation. Diets contained 16% CP and 2.12 Mcal/kg of ME (DM basis) and differing amounts were fed to control and restricted groups. On d 135 +/- 5 (mean +/- range) of gestation, ewes were slaughtered and visceral tissues were harvested. There was a nutrition x Se interaction (P = 0.02) for maternal jejunal RNA:DNA; no other interactions were detected for maternal measurements. Maternal BW, stomach complex, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and kidney mass were less (P < or = 0.01) in restricted than control ewes. Lung mass (g/kg of empty BW) was greater (P = 0.09) in restricted than control ewes and for HSe compared with ASe ewes. Maternal jejunal protein content and protein:DNA were less (P < or = 0.002) in restricted than control ewes. Maternal jejunal DNA and RNA concentrations and total proliferating jejunal cells were not affected (P > or = 0.11) by treatment. Total jejunal and mucosal vascularity (mL) were less (P < or = 0.01) in restricted than control ewes. Fetuses from restricted ewes had less BW (P = 0.06), empty carcass weight (P = 0.06), crown-rump length (P = 0.03), liver (P = 0.01), pancreas (P = 0.07), perirenal fat (P = 0.02), small intestine (P = 0.007), and spleen weights (P = 0.03) compared with controls. Fetuses from HSe ewes had heavier (P < or = 0.09) BW, and empty carcass, heart, lung, spleen, total viscera, and large intestine weights compared with ASe ewes. Nutrient restriction resulted in less protein content (mg, P = 0.01) and protein:DNA (P = 0.06) in fetal jejunum. Fetal muscle DNA (nutrition by Se interaction, P = 0.04) concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in restricted ewes fed HSe compared with other treatments. Fetal muscle RNA concentration (P = 0.01) and heart RNA content (P = 0.04) were greater in HSe vs. ASe ewes. These data indicate that maternal dietary Se may alter fetal responses, as noted by greater fetal heart, lung, spleen, and BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Reed
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Animal and Range Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
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Stefanovic L, Brenner DA, Stefanovic B. Direct hepatotoxic effect of KC chemokine in the liver without infiltration of neutrophils. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230:573-86. [PMID: 16118408 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
KC is a mouse homolog of human chemokine gro-alpha (CXCL1), expression of which is increased in liver diseases. We show that activated, but not quiescent, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) express KC. Hepatic stellate cells constitutively express the KC receptor, CXCR2. Addition of recombinant KC to HSCs undergoing activation in culture increases secretion and processing of Type I collagen. Overexpression of endogenous KC in the mouse liver could be achieved by an intraperitoneal injection of CCl(4), followed after 24 hrs by an injection of recombinant KC into circulation. This protocol resulted in about a 14-fold increase in concentration of KC protein in the liver. Overexpression of KC was associated with upregulation of the mRNA for CXCR2 and MIP-2 and with necrosis and increased synthesis of Type I collagen. This suggests that KC has a direct hepatotoxic effect, which led to a massive liver necrosis after 48 hrs. No accumulation of neutrophils was seen in the livers as judged by histology and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of myeloperoxidase mRNA. Autostimulation of KC and CXCR2 expression by recombinant KC protein in the mice with preexisting liver injury indicates a positive feedback regulation. Such regulation and direct hepatotoxicity of KC with increased collagen synthesis represent novel findings about the role of KC/ gro-alpha in liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Scheaffer AN, Caton JS, Redmer DA, Arnold DR, Reynolds LP. Effect of dietary restriction, pregnancy, and fetal type on intestinal cellularity and vascularity in Columbia and Romanov ewes. J Anim Sci 2005; 82:3024-33. [PMID: 15484955 DOI: 10.2527/2004.82103024x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate intestinal cellularity and vascularity in mature ewes in response to dietary restriction and pregnancy status and to quantify the response of these variables to increased nutrient demand of fetal growth. In Exp. 1, 28 mature Dorset x crossbred white-faced ewes (61.6+/-1.8 kg initial BW) were fed a pelleted, forage-based diet. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial, with dietary restriction (60% restriction vs. 100% maintenance for respective states of pregnancy) and pregnancy status (nonpregnant, NP; d 90 and 130) as main effects. Dietary treatments were initiated on d 50 of gestation and remained at 60 or 100% maintenance throughout the experiment. Nonpregnant ewes were fed dietary treatments for 40 d. In Exp. 2, four Romanov ewes were naturally serviced (Romanov fetus and Romanov dam; R/R); two Romanov embryos per recipient were transferred to four Columbia recipients (Romanov fetus and Columbia recipient; R/C), and three Columbia ewes were naturally serviced (Columbia fetus and Columbia dam; C/C). In Exp. 1, dietary restriction and pregnancy status interacted with regard to maternal jejunal DNA concentration (P < 0.01), with restricted ewes having a greater DNA concentration (mg/g; fresh basis) at d 130. Vascularity (percentage of total tissue area) in the jejunum was increased (P < 0.06) as a result of dietary restriction and pregnancy status. Total microvascular volume ofjejunal tissue was not altered by dietary restriction and increased (P < 0.01) at d 130 of pregnancy. In Exp. 2, R/R ewes had less (P < 0.09) DNA (g) in the jejunum compared with R/C and C/C ewes. Jejunal vascularity (%) was increased (P < 0.05) in R/R ewes compared with R/C or C/C ewes, whereas total jejunal microvascular volume remained unchanged. These data demonstrate intestinal vascular density responds to changes in diet and physiological state. In addition, pregnancy increased total jejunal microvascular volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Scheaffer
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA
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Scheaffer AN, Caton JS, Redmer DA, Reynolds LP. The effect of dietary restriction, pregnancy, and fetal type in different ewe types on fetal weight, maternal body weight, and visceral organ mass in ewes. J Anim Sci 2005; 82:1826-38. [PMID: 15217011 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8261826x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objectives were to evaluate maternal body changes in response to dietary restriction or the increased nutrient requirement of fetal growth. In Exp. 1, 28 mature crossbred ewes (61.6 +/- 1.8 kg initial BW) were fed a pelleted forage-based diet to evaluate effects of pregnancy and nutrient restriction on visceral organ mass. Treatments were arranged in 2 x 3 factorially, with dietary restriction (60% restriction vs. 100% maintenance) and reproductive status (nonpregnant [NP], d 90 or d 130 of gestation) as main effects. Dietary treatments were begun at d 50 of gestation, and restricted ewes remained at 60% of maintenance throughout the experiment. Nonpregnant and d-90 ewes were fed dietary treatments for 40 d and slaughtered. The d-130 ewes were fed dietary treatments for 80 d and then slaughtered. In Exp. 2, four Romanov ewes were naturally mated (Romanov fetus and Romanov dam; R/ R), and two Romanov embryos were transferred to each of four Columbia recipients (Romanov embryos and Columbia recipient; R/C). Three Columbia ewes were naturally mated (Columbia fetus and Columbia recipient; C/C). In both experiments, maternal organ weights were reported as fresh weight (grams), scaled to empty body weight (EBW; grams per kilogram) and maternal body weight (MBW; grams per kilogram). In Exp. 1, ewe EBW and fetal mass were decreased (P < 0.02) with restriction compared with maintenance. Dietary restriction decreased liver mass (16.7 vs. 14.5 g/kg EBW or 18.8 vs. 16.4 g/kg MBW; P < 0.01), but dietary restriction did not affect total digestive tract mass. In Exp. 2, ewe BW was less for the R/R compared with R/C and C/C (44.8 vs. 110.4 and 98.1 +/- 7.9 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Fetal weight at d 130 was less for the R/R than for R/C and C/C (2.2 vs. 3.3 and 4.7 +/- 0.3 kg, respectively; P < 0.01) when measured as individual fetuses; however, when measured as total fetal mass carried in each ewe, there was no effect of ewe type. These data suggest that the gastrointestinal tract, along with other maternal organs, responds to both level of dietary intake and nutrient requirements for gestation, and that fetal weight is decreased as a result of a 40% decrease in nutrients offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Scheaffer
- Department of Animal and Ranges Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA
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Soto-Navarro SA, Lawler TL, Taylor JB, Reynolds LP, Reed JJ, Finley JW, Caton JS. Effect of high-selenium wheat on visceral organ mass, and intestinal cellularity and vascularity in finishing beef steers1. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:1788-93. [PMID: 15217007 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8261788x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve crossbred steers (351 +/- 24 kg initial BW) were used to determine effects of high-Se wheat on visceral tissue mass, intestinal cell growth, and intestinal cellularity and vascularity. Steers were allotted randomly by BW to one of two treatments consisting of 75% concentrate diets that supplied 1) adequate Se concentration (7 to 12 microg x kg x BW(-1) x d(-1)) or 2) high-Se concentration (60 to 70 microg x kg x BW(-1) x d(-1)). Diets were similar in composition, including 25% grass hay, 25% wheat, 39% corn, 5% desugared molasses, and 6% wheat middlings supplement on a DM basis. In the Se treatment, high-Se wheat (10 ppm Se, DM basis) was replaced with low-Se wheat (0.35 ppm Se, DM basis). Diets were formulated to be similar in CP and energy (14.0% CP, 2.12 Mcal of NEm/kg, and 1.26 Mcal NEg/kg of DM) and were offered daily (1500) to individual steers in an electronic feeding system. Diets were fed at 2.38% BW. After 126 d, steers were slaughtered, and individual visceral tissue weights determined. Concentrations of DNA, RNA, and protein of duodenum, ileum, and total small intestine were not affected (P > or = 0.33) by treatment. Similarly, RNA:DNA and protein:DNA ratios in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and whole small intestine were not (P > or = 0.33) affected by feeding high-Se wheat. Conversely, jejunal weight was greater (P < 0.002) in steers fed high-Se wheat than in controls (916 vs. 1,427 +/- 84 g). Jejunal DNA was increased (P < 0.04) in steers fed high-Se wheat (2.95 vs. 3.56 +/- 0.19 mg/g), suggesting increased cell number. Concentrations of jejunal RNA and protein were not altered by treatment; however, because the jejunal weight increased in high-Se steers, DNA, RNA, and protein contents (grams) were greater than in control steers (P < 0.05). Vascularity of jejunal tissue decreased (P < 0.10) with high-Se wheat; however, because jejunal mass was greater for the high-Se wheat treatment, total microvascular volume was not affected by treatment. Percentage of jejunal crypt cell proliferation was not affected (P = 0.48) by treatment; however, total number of cells proliferating within the jejunum was increased in steers fed high-Se wheat. Data indicate that the lower jejunal vascularity in the diet high in Se (provided from wheat) may have resulted in increased jejunal mass to meet physiological nutrient demand. Therefore, negative effects of Se level used in this study on productive performance of feedlot steers are not expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Soto-Navarro
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA
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