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Francis FL, Ribeiro TLM, LaFleur D, Hergenreder JE, Smith ZK. Encapsulated Butyric Acid and Zinc as a Feed Additive for Lambs Abruptly Transitioned to a Grain-Based Diet. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:457. [PMID: 38927337 PMCID: PMC11201255 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Butyric acid is attributed to gastrointestinal epithelial development and health and two studies were conducted to determine if supplementing encapsulated butyric acid and zinc (BZ) in lambs abruptly transitioned to a finishing diet has effects on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, rumen morphometrics, small intestinal histology, and carcass traits. Polypay wethers (n = 84; initial shrunk body weight = 38.8 kg ± 4.8 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design study. Wethers were abruptly transitioned from a high roughage-based diet to a 100% concentrate-based diet and dietary treatments were 0 or 2 g BZ/kg of diet dry matter. Study 1 evaluated growth performance and carcass traits of lambs over a 59.5 d feeding period, and Study 2 evaluated changes in rumen morphometrics and small intestine histology in serial harvested lambs. Wethers supplemented with BZ had increased body wall thickness, decreased calculated boneless closely trimmed retail cuts, and decreased red meat yield (p ≤ 0.03) compared to non-supplemented wethers. Linear effects (p ≤ 0.01) for harvest date were observed for most rumen and small intestine measurements. Supplementing wethers with BZ did not improve growth performance, carcass traits, or rumen and small intestine measurements. The effects of BZ supplementation on fat deposition in ruminants should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forest L. Francis
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (F.L.F.); (T.L.M.R.)
| | - Thiago Lauro Maia Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (F.L.F.); (T.L.M.R.)
| | - Doug LaFleur
- Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA; (D.L.); (J.E.H.)
| | | | - Zachary K. Smith
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (F.L.F.); (T.L.M.R.)
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Kang R, Lee H, Seon H, Park C, Song J, Park JK, Kim YK, Kim M, Park T. Effects of diets for three growing stages by rumen inocula donors on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbiome. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:523-542. [PMID: 38975572 PMCID: PMC11222118 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Hanwoo and Jeju Black cattle (Jeju Black) are native breeds of Korean cattle. Jeju Black cattle are recognized as natural monuments and are known to exhibit slower growth rates compared to Hanwoo. While several studies have analyzed the genetic characteristics of these cattle, there has been limited research on the differences in their microbiome. In this study, rumen fluid was obtained from three Hanwoo steers and three Jeju Black steers, and three different diets (total mixed rations [TMRs] for growing, early fattening, and late fattening periods) were used as substrates for in vitro fermentation. The in vitro incubation was conducted for 3 h and 24 h following a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. After both incubation periods, fermentation characteristics were analyzed, and ruminal microbiome analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, employing both QIIME2 and PICRUSt2. The results revealed significant differences in the ruminal microbiota due to the inoculum effect. At the phylum level, Patescibacteria and Synergistota were found to be enriched in the Jeju Black inoculum-treated group. Additionally, using different inocula also affected the relative abundance of major taxa, including Ruminococcus, Pseudoramibacter, Ruminococcaceae CAG-352, and the [Eubacterium] ruminantium group. These microbial differences induced by the inoculum may have originated from varying levels of domestication between the two subspecies of donor animals, which mainly influenced the fermentation and microbiome features in the early incubation stages, although this was only partially offset afterward. Furthermore, predicted commission numbers of microbial enzymes, some of which are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, fatty acids, and alpha amylase, differed based on the inoculum effect. However, these differences may account for only a small proportion of the overall metabolic pathway. Conversely, diets were found to affect protein biosynthesis and its related metabolism, which showed differential abundance in the growing diet and were potentially linked to the growth-promoting effects in beef cattle during the growing period. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that using different inocula significantly affected in vitro fermentation characteristics and microbiome features, mainly in the early stages of incubation, with some effects persisting up to 24 h of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryukseok Kang
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Huseong Lee
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam
National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science,
Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hyeonsu Seon
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam
National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Cheolju Park
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam
National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Minseok Kim
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam
National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Tansol Park
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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Zheng W, Duan H, Cao L, Mao S, Shen J. Acid-base properties of non-protein nitrogen affect nutrients intake, rumen fermentation and antioxidant capacity of fattening Hu sheep. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1381871. [PMID: 38596467 PMCID: PMC11002212 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1381871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study conducted a comparison of the effects of non-protein nitrogen with different acid-base properties on feed intake, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion and antioxidant capacity in fattening Hu sheep. Sixteen fattening male sheep (31.43 ± 2.41 kg) with permanent rumen cannulas were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments: 1% urea and 1.78% ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, AC). A 42 days experimental period was conducted, with 14 days for adaptation and 28 days for treatment. Daily feed intake was recorded and various samples including feed, feces, rumen fluid, and blood were collected at different time points during the final week. The results indicated that the urea group had significantly higher dry matter intake, average daily gain, and gain efficiency in comparison to the AC group (p < 0.01). There was no difference in rumen pH and concentration of ammonia nitrogen between different groups (p > 0.05), but the rumen pH of urea group was higher than that of the AC group at 1 and 3 h after feeding (p < 0.05). The urea group exhibited higher concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and individual VFAs compared to the AC group at all-time points (p < 0.01). Compared to the urea group, the intake of all nutrients decreased in the AC group (p < 0.01), but the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter increased significantly (p < 0.01), and the digestibility of CP had an increasing trend (p = 0.06) in the AC group. Additionally, the urea group had lower levels of serum glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, Cl, total protein and globulin than the AC group (p < 0.05). The overall levels of HCO3-, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, albumin/globulin, blood urea nitrogen and total cholesterol in the urea group increased significantly compared to the AC group (p < 0.05). It was concluded that adding urea to the high-concentrate diet resulted in increased rumen pH and improved rumen fermentation and growth performance in fattening sheep compared to NH4Cl addition. Furthermore, urea addition improved sheep's antioxidant capacity and maintained their acid-base balance more effectively as compared to NH4Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwei Duan
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liwen Cao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junshi Shen
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Dong C, Wei M, Ju J, Du L, Zhang R, Xiao M, Zheng Y, Bao H, Bao M. Effects of guanidinoacetic acid on in vitro rumen fermentation and microflora structure and predicted gene function. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1285466. [PMID: 38264478 PMCID: PMC10803542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1285466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The fermentation substrate was supplemented with 0% guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) (control group, CON), 0.2% GAA (GAA02), 0.4% GAA (GAA04), 0.6% GAA (GAA06) and 0.8% GAA (GAA08) for 48 h of in vitro fermentation. Gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h of fermentation. The gas was collected, and the proportions (%, v/v) of H2, CH4 and CO2 were determined. The rumen fermentation parameters, including pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), microbial protein (MCP) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), were also determined. Furthermore, the bacterial community structure was analyzed through 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The gene functions were predicted using PICRUSt1 according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The results showed that with the increase in GAA supplementation levels, the MCP and the concentration of rumen propionate were significantly increased, while the concentration of isovalerate was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The results of microbial diversity and composition showed that the Shannon index was significantly decreased by supplementation with GAA at different levels (p < 0.05), but the relative abundance of norank_f_F082 and Papillibacter in the GAA06 group was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Especially in group GAA08, the relative abundances of Bacteroidota, Prevotella and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The results of gene function prediction showed that the relative abundances of the functions of flagellar assembly, bacterial chemotaxis, plant-pathogen interaction, mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), but the relative abundances of bile secretion and protein digestion and absorption were significantly increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation with 0.8% GAA enhanced in vitro rumen fermentation parameters, increased the relative abundance of Prevotella and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 in the rumen, and increased the metabolic pathways of bile secretion and protein digestion and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Manlin Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Ji Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Liu Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Runze Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Yongjie Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Hailin Bao
- Horqin Left Wing Rear Banner Ethnic Vocational and Technical School, Tongliao, China
| | - Meili Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
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Świerk S, Przybyło M, Wajsman I, Molik E, Miltko R, Górka P. Effect of increased intake of concentrates and sodium butyrate supplementation on reticulorumen macroanatomy and reticulorumen fermentation in growing rams. Animal 2023; 17:100899. [PMID: 37558584 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased ruminal butyrate production is considered to have mostly positive impacts on rumen macro- and microanatomy and its functions. However, excessive ruminal butyrate production may also affect the rumen negatively. Forty-two growing rams were allocated into six treatments and fed a diet with low (22.5% of diet DM; LOW) or high (60% of diet DM; HIGH) inclusion of concentrates in combination with no, low (1.6% of diet DM) or high (3.2% of diet DM) sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation to obtain low or high reticuloruminal (RR) pH with different concentrations of butyrate. Both absolute (L/day) and relative (% of BW) water intake increased linearly with increasing dose of SB (P ≤ 0.02). The RR fluid pH was lower for HIGH compared to LOW treatments (P < 0.01) but was not affected by SB supplementation (P = 0.35). Total short-chain fatty acid concentration, propionate and valerate concentrations in the RR fluid were higher for HIGH compared to LOW treatments (P ≤ 0.01), but were not affected by SB supplementation (P ≥ 0.22). Reticuloruminal butyrate was higher for HIGH compared to LOW treatments and increased linearly with increasing dose of SB (P < 0.01). High concentrate inclusion in the diet (P < 0.01) decreased and SB supplementation tended to (P = 0.10) decrease fibrolytic activity in the RR. Increasing doses of SB linearly decreased acetate, isovalerate and NH3-N concentrations in RR fluid, and RR digesta DM weight (g DM/kg BW; P ≤ 0.02). Relative RR and rumen tissue weights (g/kg BW) were higher for LOW compared to HIGH (P ≤ 0.03) treatments but were not affected by SB inclusion in the diet (P ≥ 0.35). Also, there was no impact of concentrates or SB inclusion in the diet on ruminal epithelium DM weight (mg/cm2), either in the ventral or dorsal sac of the rumen (P ≥ 0.14). Under conditions of the current study, SB supplementation in the diet decreased RR digesta DM concentration and weight, acetate, isovalerate and NH3-N concentration in the RR fluid, and tended to reduce fibrolytic activity in the RR. At least part of this response could be due to increased intake of water, and consequently passage of digesta from the RR to lower regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Świerk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Przybyło
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - I Wajsman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - E Molik
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - R Miltko
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - P Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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Piran Filho FA, Bragatto JM, Parra CS, Silva SMS, Roco PJ, Ferraretto LF, Pereira MN, Daniel JLP. Physical effectiveness of corn silage fractions stratified with the Penn State Particle Separator for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6041-6059. [PMID: 37474365 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the physical effectiveness of whole-plant corn silage (CS) particles stratified with the Penn State Particle Separator, composed of 19- and 8-mm-diameter sieves and a pan, for lactating dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows (27.6 ± 2.8 kg/d of milk, 611 ± 74 kg body weight; 152 ± 83 d in milk) were assigned to two 4 × 4 Latin squares (22-d periods, 16-d adaptation), where one square was formed with rumen-cannulated cows. Three CS particle fractions were manually isolated using the 8- and 19-mm diameter sieves and re-ensiled in 200-L drums. The 4 experimental diets were (% dry matter): (1) CON (control): 17% forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from CS (basal roughage), 31.5% starch, and 31.9% NDF; (2) PSPan: 17% forage NDF from CS + 9% NDF from CS particles <8 mm, 25.9% starch, and 37.9% NDF; (3) PS8: 17% forage NDF from CS + 9% NDF from CS particles 8 to 19 mm, 25.5% starch, and 38.3% NDF; and (4) PS19: 17% forage NDF from CS + 9% NDF from CS particles >19 mm, 24.9% starch, and 38.8% NDF. Cows fed PS8 had greater dry matter intake and energy-corrected milk yield (22.4 and 26.9 kg/d, respectively) than cows fed CON (20.8 and 24.7 kg/d) and PS19 (21.2 and 24.8 kg/d), but no difference was detected between PSPan (21.6 and 25.8 kg/d) and other treatments. Milk fat concentration was greater for PS8 than CON, with intermediate values for PSPan and PS19. Milk fat yield was greater for cows fed PS8 than CON and PS19, and cows fed PSPan secreted more fat than CON cows but were not different from cows fed the other 2 diets. Cows fed CON had a lower meal frequency than cows fed PSPan, shorter meal and rumination times than PS8, and greater meal size and lower rates of rumination and chewing than the other 3 diets. Total chewing per unit of NDF was higher for PS8 than PSPan, although neither treatment differed from CON or PS19. Cows fed PS19 had higher refusal of feed particles >19 mm than cows fed CON and PSPan. The refusal of dietary NDF and undigested NDF in favor of starch were all greater for PS19 than on the other treatments. Cows fed PS19 had a greater proportion of the swallowed bolus and rumen digesta with particles >19 mm than the other 3 diets. Cows fed CON had the lowest ruminal pH and greatest lactate concentration relative to the other 3 diets. Plasma lipopolysaccharide was higher for cows fed CON and PSPan than for cows fed PS8 and PS19, and serum d-lactate tended to be lower on PSPan than for CON and PS8. In summary, the inclusion of CS fractions in a low-forage fiber diet (CON) reduced signs of ruminal acidosis. Compared with CS NDF <8 and >19 mm, CS NDF with 8- to 19-mm length promoted better rumen health and performance of dairy cows. These results highlight the importance of adjusting CS harvest and formulating dairy diets based on the proportion of particles retained between the 8- and 19-mm sieves.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Piran Filho
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - J M Bragatto
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - C S Parra
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - S M S Silva
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - P J Roco
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M N Pereira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil, 37200-900
| | - J L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil, 87020-900.
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Bach A, Baudon M, Elcoso G, Viejo J, Courillon A. Effects on rumen pH and feed intake of a dietary concentrate challenge in cows fed rations containing pH modulators with different neutralizing capacity. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00215-1. [PMID: 37164850 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Forty-five Holstein lactating cows (41 ± 8.8 kg/d of milk yield, 96 ± 35.6 days in milk, and 607 ± 80.4 kg of body weight) were enrolled in this study to assess the effects of diets supplemented with sodium bicarbonate or a magnesium-based product and their corresponding differences in dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on rumen pH, rumen microbial population, and milk performance of dairy cattle exposed to an induced decrease in rumen pH through a dietary challenge. Cows were randomly allocated to 3 total mixed rations (TMR) differing in the type of supplement to modulate rumen pH: (1) control, no supplementation; (2) SB, supplemented with 0.82% of sodium bicarbonate with a neutralizing capacity (NC) of 12 mEq/g; and (3) MG, supplemented with 0.25% of magnesium oxide (pHix-Up, Timab Magnesium) with a NC of 39 mEq/g. Thus, SB and MG rations had, in theory, the same NC. The 3 TMR differed for control, SB, and MG in their DCAD-S (calculated considering Na, K, Cl, and S), which was on average 13.2, 21.2, and 13.7 mEq/100 g, respectively, or DCAD-Mg (calculated accounting for Mg, Ca, and P), which was 31.4, 41.2, and 35.2 mEq/100 g, respectively. The study lasted 63 d, with the first 7 d serving as a baseline, followed by a fortnightly progressive decrease of dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio (FCR) starting at 48:52, then 44:56, then 40:60, and finishing at 36:64. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. Seven cows per treatment were equipped with electronic rumen boluses to monitor rumen pH. Control and SB cows consumed less dry matter (DM; 23.5 ± 0.31 kg/d) than MG cows (25.1 ± 0.31 kg/d) when fed dietary FCR of 44:56 and 40:60. Energy-corrected milk decreased from 40.8 ± 1.21 to 39.5 ± 1.21 kg/d as dietary FCR decreased, independently of dietary treatments. Rumen pH decreased and the proportion of the day with rumen pH <5.8 increased as dietary FCR decreased, and at low dietary FCR (i.e., 36:64) rumen pH was greater in MG cows than in control and SB cows. Reducing the DCAD-S from 28 to 18 mEq/100 g or the DCAD-Mg from 45 to 39 mEq/kg had no effects on DMI or milk yield. Cows supplemented with ∼62 g/d of magnesium oxide (pHix-Up) maintained a greater rumen pH and consumed more DM than cows supplemented with ∼200 g/d of sodium bicarbonate when fed a diet with low FCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bach
- Marlex Recerca i Educació, Barcelona, Spain 08173; Institució de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain 08010.
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Li Z, Zhao X, Jian L, Wang B, Luo H. Rumen microbial-driven metabolite from grazing lambs potentially regulates body fatty acid metabolism by lipid-related genes in liver. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:39. [PMID: 36879349 PMCID: PMC9990365 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid metabolism differs significantly between grazing and stall-feeding lambs, affecting the quality of livestock products. As two critical organs of lipid metabolism, the differences between feeding patterns on rumen and liver metabolism remain unclear. In this study, 16S rRNA, metagenomics, transcriptomics, and untargeted metabolomics were utilized to investigate the key rumen microorganisms and metabolites, as well as liver genes and metabolites associated with fatty acid metabolism under indoor feeding (F) and grazing (G). RESULTS Compared with grazing, indoor feeding increased ruminal propionate content. Using metagenome sequencing in combination with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, the results showed that the abundance of propionate-producing Succiniclasticum and hydrogenating bacteria Tenericutes was enriched in the F group. For rumen metabolism, grazing caused up-regulation of EPA, DHA and oleic acid and down-regulation of decanoic acid, as well as, screening for 2-ketobutyric acid as a vital differential metabolite, which was enriched in the propionate metabolism pathway. In the liver, indoor feeding increased 3-hydroxypropanoate and citric acid content, causing changes in propionate metabolism and citrate cycle, while decreasing the ETA content. Then, the liver transcriptome revealed that 11 lipid-related genes were differentially expressed in the two feeding patterns. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of CYP4A6, FADS1, FADS2, ALDH6A1 and CYP2C23 was significantly associated with the propionate metabolism process, suggesting that propionate metabolism may be an important factor mediating the hepatic lipid metabolism. Besides, the unsaturated fatty acids in muscle, rumen and liver also had a close correlation. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrated that rumen microbial-driven metabolite from grazing lambs potentially regulates multiple hepatic lipid-related genes, ultimately affecting body fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Luyang Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
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Silvestre AM, Cruz GD, Owens FN, Pereira MCS, Hicks RB, Millen DD. DM intake by feedlot beef cattle: factors that impact intake patterns. Animal 2023; 17:100734. [PMID: 36871322 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DM intake (DMI) for individual pens of cattle is recorded daily or averaged across each week by most commercial feedlots as an index of performance. Numerous factors impact DMI by feedlot cattle. Some are available at the start of the feedlot period (initial BW, sex), and others become available early in the feeding period (daily DMI during adaptation) or more continuously (daily DMI from the previous week). To evaluate the relative impact of these factors on daily DMI during individual weeks within the feedlot period, we employed a dataset compiled from 2009 to 2014 from one commercial feedlot, including 4 132 pens (485 458 cattle), which were split into two fractions: 80% were used to calculate DMI regressions on these factors to develop a prediction equation for mean DMI for each week of the feeding period, and 20% were reserved to test the adequacy of these prediction equations. Correlations were used to determine the relationship between all available variables with observed DMI. These variables were then included in the generalized least squares regression models. A veracity test of the model was performed against the reserved data. Daily DMI from previous week was the factor most highly correlated with daily DMI (P < 0.10) during from week 6 to week 31, accounting for approximately 70% of the variation, followed by mean daily DMI during adaptation period (weeks 1-4), including in the prediction model from weeks 5 to 12. Initial shrunk BW (ISBW) was the third most correlated factor, which was included in prediction equations from week 5 to week 20. Sex entered the prediction model only after week 8. Daily DMI for each test week within the feeding period was predicted closely (r2 = 0.98) by these four factors (RMSE = 0.155 kg). In conclusion, the mean daily DMI during each week of the finishing period for a pen of cattle could be predicted closely based on mean daily DMI intake during the previous week plus other variables available early in a feedlot period (daily DMI during adaptation period, ISBW and sex).
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Silvestre
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, Dracena, São Paulo 7900-000, Brazil
| | - G D Cruz
- Purina Animal Nutrition LLC, Arden Hills, MN 55126, USA
| | - F N Owens
- Regents Professor Emeritus, Oklahoma State University, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - M C S Pereira
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - R B Hicks
- Area Extension Livestock Specialist, Oklahoma State University, Guymon, OK 73942, USA
| | - D D Millen
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, Dracena, São Paulo 7900-000, Brazil.
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10
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Dai R, Ma X, Dingkao R, Huang C, La Y, Li X, Ma X, Wu X, Chu M, Guo X, Pei J, Yan P, Liang C. Effects of dietary crude protein levels in the concentrate supplement after grazing on rumen microbiota and metabolites by using metagenomics and metabolomics in Jersey-yak. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1124917. [PMID: 37200912 PMCID: PMC10185794 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1124917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The crude protein level in the diet will affect the fermentation parameters, microflora, and metabolites in the rumen of ruminants. It is of great significance to study the effect of crude protein levels in supplementary diet on microbial community and metabolites for improving animal growth performance. At present, the effects of crude protein level in supplementary diet on rumen fermentation parameters, microbial community, and metabolites of Jersey-Yak (JY) are still unclear. Methods The purpose of this experiment was to study the appropriate crude protein level in the diet of JY. The rumen fermentation indexes (volatile fatty acids and pH) were determined by supplementary diets with crude protein levels of 15.16 and 17.90%, respectively, and the microbial community and metabolites of JYs were analyzed by non-target metabonomics and metagenome sequencing technology, and the changes of rumen fermentation parameters, microbial flora, and metabolites in the three groups and their interactions were studied. Results and Discussion The crude protein level in the supplementary diet had significant effects on pH, valeric acid, and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (p < 0.05). The protein level had no significant effect on the dominant microflora at the phylum level (p > 0.05), and all three groups were Bacteroides and Firmicutes. The results of metabolite analysis showed that the crude protein level of supplementary diet significantly affected the metabolic pathways such as Bile secretion and styrene degradation (p < 0.05), and there were different metabolites between the LP group and HP group, and these different metabolites were related to the dominant microbial to some extent. To sum up, in this experiment, the effects of crude protein level in supplementary diet on rumen microorganisms and metabolites of JY and their relationship were studied, which provided the theoretical basis for formulating a more scientific and reasonable supplementary diet in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Renqing Dingkao
- Animal Husbandry Station, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gannan, Gansu, China
| | - Chun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongfu La
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Ping Yan,
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chunnian Liang,
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Rumen Bacteria Abundance and Fermentation Profile during Subacute Ruminal Acidosis and Its Modulation by Aspergillus oryzae Culture in RUSITEC System. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8070329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at characterizing changes in rumen bacteria abundance and fermentation profiles by artificial saliva (AS) pH, and at evaluating the potential modulatory role of Aspergillus oryzae culture (AOC) in a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system. The treatment included high AS pH (pH 6.8) or low AS pH (pH 5.5) according to the McDougall’s method, and low AS pH was sustained by changing the composition of the AS (NaHCO3 from 9.8 to 1.96 g/L, Na2HPO4 from 9.3 to 1.86 g/L). In low AS pH condition, the diets contained either 0% AOC, 1.25% AOC, or 2.5% AOC. Therefore, there are four treatments: (1) high AS pH, 0% AOC (HASP); (2) low AS pH, 0% AOC (AOC0); (3) low AS pH, 1.25% AOC (AOC1); (4) low AS pH, 2.5% AOC (AOC2), respectively. The experimental diets were supplemented with 16 g basic diets with the forage to concentrate ratio of 40:60. The experiments were conducted two independent 13 days, with 9 days adaption periods and 4 days sample collection. The results showed that low AS pH decreased the degradabilites of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p < 0.05), which occurred due to a decreased abundance of fibrolytic Ruminococcus albus (p < 0.001). The total concentration of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and proportion of propionate were decreased in the low AS pH (p = 0.026) and tended to increase the molar proportion of butyrate (p = 0.086) and the ratio of acetate to propionate (p = 0.088). The abundances of phylum Firmicutes (p = 0.065) and Proteobacteria (p = 0.063) tended to be greater in low AS pH group than high AS pH group. Low AS pH increased the abundance of phylum Actinobacteria (p = 0.002) compared to the high AS pH and decreased the abundances of phylum Spirochaetes (p = 0.032). Compared with the high AS pH, low AS pH increased the abundances of Prevotella (p = 0.003), Pseudoscardovia (p = 0.001), Mitsuokella (p = 0.005), and Dialister (p = 0.047), and decreased the abundances of Olivibacter (p = 0.026), Ruminobacter (p = 0.025), Treponema (p = 0.037), and Sphaerochaeta (p = 0.027) at genus level. Under a severe SARA in RUSITEC, supplementation of 2.5% AOC increased OM degradability, the copy numbers of Selenomonas ruminantium and Fibrobacter succinogenes. These findings indicate that the reduction AS pH at 5.5 caused a strong shift in bacterial composition in rumen. In addition, the addition of AOC in diets increased the growth rate of certain rumen bacteria that digest fiber or utilize lactate under SARA condition in RUSITEC system.
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Effects of Different Concentrations of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus licheniformis on Silage Quality, In Vitro Fermentation and Microbial Community of Hybrid Pennisetum. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141752. [PMID: 35883299 PMCID: PMC9311531 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the experiment was to study the effects of different concentrations of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and Bacillus licheniformis (BL) on the quality of hybrid Pennisetum (HP) silage. The experiment consisted of five treatment groups. The control group did not use additives, and the experimental groups were added with LP or BL of 1 × 105 cfu/g fresh weight (FW) and 1 × 107 cfu/g FW, respectively. The results showed that LP and BL could increase the in vitro fermentation gas production and reduce the ammonia nitrogen (AN) content in HP silage. Water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), lactic acid (LA) content, and gas production in the LP group were positively correlated with LP addition, and acetic acid (AA) was negatively correlated with addition. The content of WSC and LA in the LP7 group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05), and AA was lower than that in the control group (p > 0.05). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and gas production were negatively correlated with the addition of BL, while acid detergent fiber (ADF) content was positively correlated with the addition of BL. Furthermore, in the above indicators, the BL5 group reached a significant level with the control group (p < 0.05). The results of 16sRNA showed that the use of LP and BL could increase the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and decrease the relative abundance of Weissella in HP silage compared with the control group. In conclusion, LP and BL can significantly improve the quality of HP silage. The LP7 group and the BL5 group have the best silage effect. From the perspective of gas production in in vitro fermentation, the LP7 group had stronger fermentability and higher nutritional value.
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Nowak B, Moniuszko-Szajwaj B, Skorupka M, Puchalska J, Kozłowska M, Bocianowski J, Kołodziejski PA, Szumacher-Strabel M, Patra AK, Stochmal A, Cieslak A. Effect of Paulownia Leaves Extract Levels on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation, Microbial Population, Methane Production, and Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation. Molecules 2022; 27:4288. [PMID: 35807533 PMCID: PMC9268131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paulownia is a fast-growing tree that produces a huge mass of leaves as waste that can be used as a feed source for ruminants. The previous study showed that phenolic compounds were the most active biological substances in Paulownia leaves, which affected the ruminal parameters and methane concentration. However, there are no scientific reports on the Paulownia leaves extract (PLE) containing phenolic compounds for their mode of action in the rumen. Phenolics constituted the main group of bioactive compounds in PLE (84.4 mg/g dry matter). PLE lowered the concentration of ammonia, modulated the VFA profile in the ruminal fluid, and decreased methane production. The PLE caused a significant reduction of in vitro dry matter degradability, reduced the number of methanogens and protozoa, and affected selected bacteria populations. PLE had a promising effect on the fatty acid profile in the ruminal fluid. Paulownia as a new dietary component or its extract as a feed additive may be used to mitigate ruminal methanogenesis, resulting in environmental protection and reducing ruminal biohydrogenation, improving milk and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumiła Nowak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (B.N.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Barbara Moniuszko-Szajwaj
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (B.M.-S.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Skorupka
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (B.N.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Julia Puchalska
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (B.N.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Martyna Kozłowska
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (B.N.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Paweł Antoni Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Szumacher-Strabel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (B.N.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, Kolkata 700037, India;
| | - Anna Stochmal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (B.M.-S.); (A.S.)
| | - Adam Cieslak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (B.N.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (M.K.); (M.S.-S.)
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Xiao J, Chen T, Alugongo GM, Khan MZ, Li T, Ma J, Liu S, Wang W, Wang Y, Li S, Cao Z. Effect of the Length of Oat Hay on Growth Performance, Health Status, Behavior Parameters and Rumen Fermentation of Holstein Female Calves. Metabolites 2021; 11:890. [PMID: 34940648 PMCID: PMC8703666 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the length of oat hay on the performance, health, behavior, and rumen fermentation of dairy calves. For this purpose, two hundred and ten healthy two-day-old Holstein dairy calves were randomly allocated into three groups: basic diet (calf starter) without hay (CON), or a basic diet with oat hay at either long (OL: 10-12 cm) or short (OS: 3-5 cm) length cut. The basic diet was fed from day 4, while the hay was offered from day 14. All calves were weaned at day 56 and remained in their individual hutches till the end of the trial (day 70). Calf starter intake and fecal scores were recorded daily. Bodyweight, body size, and rumen fluid samples were collected biweekly before weaning and weekly after weaning. Overall, providing oat hay (OS and OL) in the diet increased the body weight, starter intake, and average daily gain compared to the CON group. Similarly, feeding oat hay improved rumen fermentation. More specifically, hay enhanced the rumen pH and changed the rumen fermentation type. Hay fed calves spent more time on rumination but less time performing abnormal behaviors compared to control. As it can be concluded, feeding oat hay to calves enhances the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and normal calf behaviors, implying improved animal welfare irrespective of the hay length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhijun Cao
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.X.); (T.C.); (G.M.A.); (M.Z.K.); (T.L.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (W.W.); (Y.W.); (S.L.)
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Jiang Y, Dai P, Dai Q, Ma J, Wang Z, Hu R, Zou H, Peng Q, Wang L, Xue B. Effects of the higher concentrate ratio on the production performance, ruminal fermentation, and morphological structure in male cattle-yaks. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:771-780. [PMID: 34918881 PMCID: PMC8959305 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study evaluated the effects of the different concentrate‐to‐forage ratio on the parameters of production, ruminal fermentation, blood biochemical indices, and ruminal epithelial morphological structure of the male cattle‐yaks. Methods Eight male cattle‐yaks (280 ± 10 kg of body weight) were randomly divided into the high concentrate (HighC, 70% concentrate feeds on a dry matter basis) and low concentrate (LowC, 50% concentrate feeds on a dry matter basis) groups. All the animals were regularly provided rations twice a day at 08:00 and 16:00 h and had free access to water. The experiment lasted for 37 days. Results The dry matter intake and average daily gain of the HighC group were higher (p < 0.05) than those of LowC group. Moreover, a high concentrate diet was found to significantly increase (p < 0.05) the total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) production, and the ratio of propionate and butyrate in TVFA. On the contrary, the ruminal pH, the ratio of isobutyrate and isovalerate, and the acetate‐to‐propionate were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after high concentrate feeding. The lipopolysaccharide concentrations of the ruminal fluid and plasma in the HighC group were higher (p < 0.05) than those of the LowC group. The results of the ruminal histomorphology showed the rumen to possess an inflammatory reaction. Conclusion These findings revealed that upon higher dry matter intake and average daily gain, high concentrate feeding altered the rumen fermentation and morphology, inducing the ruminal inflammation of the cattle‐yak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Dai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qindan Dai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huawei Zou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bai Xue
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Guo T, Guo T, Cao Y, Guo L, Li F, Li F, Yang G. Changes in the Fermentation and Bacterial Community by Artificial Saliva pH in RUSITEC System. Front Nutr 2021; 8:760316. [PMID: 34869530 PMCID: PMC8637203 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.760316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the artificial saliva (AS) pH on ruminal fermentation and rumen bacteria community in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system. The experiment was performed in two treatments (low AS pH vs. high AS pH) with four replicates. The low AS pH was sustained by altering the composition of the AS (NaHCO3 from 9.8 to 1.96 g/L, Na2HPO4 from 9.3 to 1.86 g/L) according to McDougall's method. The diets were supplemented with 16 g basic diets with forage to the concentrate ratio of 50:50. The experiments were conducted over 13-day incubation periods, with 9 days adaption and 4 days sample collection. The results showed low AS pH decreased dry matter (DM) degradability (64.37 vs. 58.67%), organic matter (OM) degradability (64.38 vs. 59.32%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability (46.87 vs. 39.94%), acid detergent fiber (ADF) degradability (38.16 vs. 31.13%), and crude protein (CP) degradability (70.33 vs. 62.99%), respectively. Compared with the high AS pH, the low AS pH increased the proportion of butyrate (P = 0.008) and decreased the proportion of propionate (P < 0.001). At the bacteria community, the low AS pH increased the abundances of Spirochaetes (P = 0.001) and Synergistetes (P = 0.004) and decreased the Verrucomicrobia abundance (P = 0.004) in solid-associated bacteria. At the genus level, the low AS pH increased the abundance of Lactobacillus (P = 0.050) and decreased the abundance of Schwartzia (P = 0.002) in solid-associated bacteria. The abundances of Prevotellaceae_YAB2003_group (P = 0.040), Schwartzia (P = 0.002), and Ruminobacter (P = 0.043) were lower in the low AS pH group compared with the high AS pH group in liquid-associated bacteria. Low AS pH decreased the number of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Fibrobacter succinogenes (P < 0.001) both in the solid- and liquid-associated bacteria, respectively. The results of the present study included three groups of bacteria communities according to the different sensitives to rumen pH: the abundances of Lactobacillus, Succinivibrio, and Prevotella_7 are increased with decreasing AS pH; the amounts of R. albus, R. flavefaciens, F. succinogenes as well as the abundances of Schwartzia and Ruminobacter decreased with the reducing AS pH; the abundances of Selenomonas_1, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and Succiniclasticum were not affected by the AS pH in RUSTITEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yurong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fadi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo Yang
- Gaolan Ecological and Agricultural Integrated Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Ecological Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Chen L, Mi H, Li B, Liu Y, Zhou C, Ren A, Tan Z, Kong Z, Fang R, Zhang G. Offering soybean molasses adsorbed to agricultural by-products improved lactation performance through modulating plasma metabolic enzyme pool of lactating cows. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6447-6457. [PMID: 34925776 PMCID: PMC8645711 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agricultural by-products, such as corncob powder (CRP), wheat bran (WB), rice husk (RH), defatted bran (DB), and soybean hulls (SH), were widely used as ruminant feed. However, the combination effect of soybean molasses mixed with agricultural by-products on cow lactating performance remains poorly understood. METHODS In vitro fermentation simulation technique was used to select the high ruminal fermentation performance of agricultural by-products mixed with soybean molasses. The selected mixtures were conducted to further explore the feeding effect on milk performance and blood metabolic enzyme on lactating dairy cows. RESULTS In in vitro simulation, it was confirmed that SH-SM showed better fermentation performance (including higher maximum gas production, acetate, propionate, and total VFA, but less initial fractional rate of degradation) than other four molasses-adsorbents, while WB-SM had the greatest DM and NDF disappearance and NH3-N and butyrate concentrations among substrates. After the simulation selection, we performed the feed experiment with SH-SM and WB-SM compared to the control. For lactating performance, higher (p < .01) milk fat and total milk solid content were observed in WB-SM, and a tendency improvement of milk protein content (p < .01) was observed in both of the cows fed with WB-SM and SH-SM. Among lactating periods, the blood glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, α-amylase, and lactate dehydrogenase which associated with amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism were improved in lactating dairy cows fed with WB-SM and SH-SM. CONCLUSION Dietary agricultural by-products (like wheat bran and soybean hulls) mixed with soybean molasses enhance the lactating performance of dairy cows by improving the host metabolism process of amino acids and carbohydrates. The mixed strategy for agricultural by-products shows another strong evidence for the resource reuse on dairy industry and reducing the by-product pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐Ecological Processes in Subtropical RegionNational Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic ProcessInstitute of Subtropical AgricultureThe Chinese Academy of SciencesChangshaChina
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Hui Mi
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐Ecological Processes in Subtropical RegionNational Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic ProcessInstitute of Subtropical AgricultureThe Chinese Academy of SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry SciencesLhasaChina
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐Ecological Processes in Subtropical RegionNational Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic ProcessInstitute of Subtropical AgricultureThe Chinese Academy of SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐Ecological Processes in Subtropical RegionNational Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic ProcessInstitute of Subtropical AgricultureThe Chinese Academy of SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Ao Ren
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐Ecological Processes in Subtropical RegionNational Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic ProcessInstitute of Subtropical AgricultureThe Chinese Academy of SciencesChangshaChina
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐Ecological Processes in Subtropical RegionNational Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic ProcessInstitute of Subtropical AgricultureThe Chinese Academy of SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Zhiwei Kong
- Key Laboratory for Agro‐Ecological Processes in Subtropical RegionNational Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic ProcessInstitute of Subtropical AgricultureThe Chinese Academy of SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Ge Zhang
- Feng Yi (Shanghai) BiotechnologyR&D Center co. LTDShanghaiChina
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Mahdavirad N, Chaji M, Bojarpour M, Dehghanbanadaky M. Comparison of the effect of sodium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, and zeolite as rumen buffers on apparent digestibility, growth performance, and rumen fermentation parameters of Arabi lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:465. [PMID: 34546468 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current research was conducted to compare the effect of various buffers or alkalizers in Arabi lambs and find new and less expensive buffering resources. Forty-five Arabi lambs with an average weight of 29.37 ± 3.63 kg were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and nine replicates. Treatments included 1 - control diet (no buffer); 2 - base diet + 0.75% sodium sesquicarbonate, 0.75% sodium bicarbonate; 3 - base diet + 2% zeolite; 4 - base diet + 1.5% sodium bicarbonate; and 5 - base diet + 1.5% sodium sesquicarbonate. Results showed that rumen pH increased and ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased in diets containing buffer in comparison to control diet (P < 0.05). Rumen concentration of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio showed reduction in experimental diets compared to control (P < 0.05). The concentration of propionate in control diet increased significantly compared to diets receiving buffer (P < 0.05). Using 1.5% sodium bicarbonate in the diet causes a significant increase in rumen protozoa population compared to the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in dry matter intake and growth performance of lambs. Generally, the effects of using 2% of zeolite were competitive with the effects of other buffers, and caused an increase in the rumen pH and concentration of the acetate. Therefore, the use of buffer in fattening lambs ration fed moderate concentrate diets is beneficial, and it is possible to use low-cost zeolite buffer in the ration of livestock as an alternative to sodium bicarbonate and/or sodium sesquicarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Mahdavirad
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, 6341773637, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Morteza Chaji
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, 6341773637, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Bojarpour
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, 6341773637, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dehghanbanadaky
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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19
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Silva TBP, Del Valle TA, Ghizzi LG, Silva GG, Gheller LS, Marques JA, Dias MSS, Nunes AT, Grigoletto NTS, Takiya CS, Rennó FP. Partial replacement of corn silage with whole-plant soybean and black oat silages for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9842-9852. [PMID: 34099291 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partially replacing corn silage (CS) with whole-plant soybean silage (SS) or black oat silage (OS) on nutrient intake and digestibility, in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability of silages, feeding behavior, rumen fermentation, and performance of dairy cows. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows (6 of which were rumen-cannulated) with 32.5 ± 4.92 kg/d milk yield, 150 ± 84.8 days in milk, and 644 ± 79.0 kg of body weight were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to evaluate the following treatments: (1) corn silage diet (CSD): using corn silage as the only forage source in the diet [48% dietary dry matter (DM)]; (2) whole-plant soybean silage diet (SSD): SS replacing 16% of corn silage from CSD; and (3) black oat silage diet (OSD): OS replacing 16% of corn silage from CSD. The inclusion of OS and SS decreased intakes of DM, organic matter, and crude protein. Corn silage had the greatest in vivo effective degradability of DM, and SS had the least effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber. The OSD treatment decreased milk and protein yields, whereas SSD increased rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration compared with the other diets. Cows fed OSD exhibited a greater preference for feed with small particles (<4 mm) compared with those fed SSD. Cows fed treatments containing either SS or OS at the expense of CS had increased rumination and chewing activities. Although replacing CS with OS and SS reduced feed intake, SS had no effect on productive performance of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia B P Silva
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas G Ghizzi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Silva
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa S Gheller
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Júlia A Marques
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Mauro S S Dias
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Alanne T Nunes
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Nathália T S Grigoletto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Caio S Takiya
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco P Rennó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil.
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20
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Utilization of Yeast Waste Fermented Citric Waste as a Protein Source to Replace Soybean Meal and Various Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Gas Kinetic, and Feed Digestion. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the application of citric waste fermented yeast waste (CWYW) obtained from an agro-industrial by-product as a protein source to replace soybean meal (SBM) in a concentrate diet. We also determined the effect of various roughage to concentrate ratios (R:C) on the gas production kinetics, ruminal characteristics, and in vitro digestibility using an in vitro gas production technique. The experiment design was a 3 × 5 factorial design arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replicates. There were three R:C ratios (60:40, 50:50, and 40:60) and five replacing SBM with CWYW (SBM:CWYW) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100). The CWYW product’s crude protein (CP) content was 535 g/kg dry matter (DM). There was no interaction effect between R:C ratios and SBM:CWYW ratios for all parameters observed (p > 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not affect the kinetics and the cumulative amount of gas. However, the gas potential extent and cumulative production of gas were increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60, and the values were about 74.9 and 75.0 mL/0.5 g, respectively (p < 0.01). The replacement of SBM by CWYW at up to 75% did not alter in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), but 100% CWYW replacement significantly reduced (p < 0.05) IVDMD at 24 h of incubation and the mean value. In addition, IVDMD at 12 h and 24 h of incubation and the mean value were significantly increased with the R:C ratio of 40:60 (p < 0.01). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not change the ruminal pH and population of protozoa (p > 0.05). The ruminal pH was reduced at the R:C ratio of 40:60 (p < 0.01), whereas the protozoal population at 4 h was increased (p < 0.05). The SBM:CWYW ratio did not impact the in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile (p > 0.05). However, the total VFA, and propionate (C3) concentration were significantly increased (p < 0.01) by the R:C ratio of 40:60. In conclusion, the replacement of SBM by 75% CWYW did not show any negative impact on parameters observed, and the R:C ratio of 40:60 enhanced the gas kinetics, digestibility, VFA, and C3 concentration.
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21
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Roman-Garcia Y, Mitchell KE, Denton BL, Lee C, Socha MT, Wenner BA, Firkins JL. Conditions stimulating neutral detergent fiber degradation by dosing branched-chain volatile fatty acids. II: Relation with solid passage rate and pH on neutral detergent fiber degradation and microbial function in continuous culture. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9853-9867. [PMID: 34147227 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To support improving genetic potential for increased milk production, intake of digestible carbohydrate must also increase to provide digestible energy and microbial protein synthesis. We hypothesized that the provision of exogenous branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) would improve both neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. However, BCVFA should be more beneficial with increasing efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis associated with increasing passage rate (kp). We also hypothesized that decreasing pH would increase the need for isobutyrate over 2-methylbutyrate. To study these effects independent from other sources of variation in vivo, we evaluated continuous cultures without (control) versus with BCVFA (0 vs. 2 mmol/d each of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and 2-methylbutyrate), low versus high kp of the particulate phase (2.5 vs. 5.0%/h), and high versus low pH (ranging from 6.3 to 6.8 diurnally vs. 5.7 to 6.2) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Diets were 50% forage pellets and 50% grain pellets administered twice daily. Without an interaction, NDF degradability tended to increase from 29.7 to 35.0% for main effects of control compared with BCVFA treatments. Provision of BCVFA increased methanogenesis, presumably resulting from improved NDF degradability. Decreasing pH decreased methane production. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and acetate production were decreased with increasing kp, even though true organic matter degradability and bacterial nitrogen flow were not affected by treatments. Decreasing pH decreased acetate but increased propionate and valerate production, probably resulting from a shift in bacterial taxa and associated VFA stoichiometry. Decreasing pH decreased isobutyrate and isovalerate production while increasing 2-methylbutyrate production on a net basis (subtracting doses). Supplementing BCVFA improved NDF degradability in continuous cultures administered moderate (15.4%) crude protein diets (excluding urea in buffer) without major interactions with culture pH and kp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Roman-Garcia
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - K E Mitchell
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - B L Denton
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - C Lee
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691
| | - M T Socha
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN 55344
| | - B A Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
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22
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Li MM, White RR, Guan LL, Harthan L, Hanigan MD. Metatranscriptomic analyses reveal ruminal pH regulates fiber degradation and fermentation by shifting the microbial community and gene expression of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:32. [PMID: 33892824 PMCID: PMC8063335 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Volatile fatty acids (VFA) generated from ruminal fermentation by microorganisms provide up to 75% of total metabolizable energy in ruminants. Ruminal pH is an important factor affecting the profile and production of VFA by shifting the microbial community. However, how ruminal pH affects the microbial community and its relationship with expression of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) for fiber degradation and fermentation are not well investigated. To fill in this knowledge gap, six cannulated Holstein heifers were subjected to a continuous 10-day intraruminal infusion of distilled water or a dilute blend of hydrochloric and phosphoric acids to achieve a pH reduction of 0.5 units in a cross-over design. RNA-seq based transcriptome profiling was performed using total RNA extracted from ruminal liquid and solid fractions collected on day 9 of each period, respectively. Results Metatranscriptomic analyses identified 19 bacterial phyla with 156 genera, 3 archaeal genera, 11 protozoal genera, and 97 CAZyme transcripts in sampled ruminal contents. Within these, 4 bacteria phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetes), 2 archaeal genera (Candidatus methanomethylophilus and Methanobrevibacter), and 5 protozoal genera (Entodinium, Polyplastron, Isotricha, Eudiplodinium, and Eremoplastron) were considered as the core active microbes, and genes encoding for cellulase, endo-1,4-beta- xylanase, amylase, and alpha-N-arabinofuranosidase were the most abundant CAZyme transcripts distributed in the rumen. Rumen microbiota is not equally distributed throughout the liquid and solid phases of rumen contents, and ruminal pH significantly affect microbial ecosystem, especially for the liquid fraction. In total, 21 bacterial genera, 4 protozoal genera, and 6 genes encoding CAZyme were regulated by ruminal pH. Metabolic pathways participated in glycolysis, pyruvate fermentation to acetate, lactate, and propanoate were downregulated by low pH in the liquid fraction. Conclusions The ruminal microbiome changed the expression of transcripts for biochemical pathways of fiber degradation and VFA production in response to reduced pH, and at least a portion of the shifts in transcripts was associated with altered microbial community structure. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00092-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng M Li
- Deptartment of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Litton-Reaves Hall, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. .,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
| | - Robin R White
- Deptartment of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Litton-Reaves Hall, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Laura Harthan
- Deptartment of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Litton-Reaves Hall, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Mark D Hanigan
- Deptartment of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Litton-Reaves Hall, 175 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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23
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Liang J, Zhang H, Zhang P, Zhang G, Cai Y, Wang Q, Zhou Z, Ding Y, Zubair M. Effect of substrate load on anaerobic fermentation of rice straw with rumen liquid as inoculum: Hydrolysis and acidogenesis efficiency, enzymatic activities and rumen bacterial community structure. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 124:235-243. [PMID: 33636425 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rumen liquid is excellent to effectively degrade lignocellulose. In this study, the suitable rice straw load during anaerobic fermentation of rice straw with rumen liquid as inoculum was explored to improve volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. At 10.0% rice straw load, the highest VFA concentration reached 10821.4 mg/L, and acetic acid and propionic acid were the main components. In 10.0% rice straw load system, high concentration of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) was also observed, and the enzymatic activities at 48 h were higher than those at other rice straw loads. At 10.0% rice straw load, lower diversity and richness of rumen bacteria were found than those at other rice straw loads. Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus were the main rumen bacteria during rice straw degradation, and the rumen bacteria might secret effective lignocellulolytic enzymes to enhance the hydrolysis and acidogenesis of rice straw. The determination of suitable rice straw load will be beneficial to the application of rumen liquid as inoculum in actual production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Liang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- College of Urban and Rural Construction, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yajing Cai
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingyan Wang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zeyan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiran Ding
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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24
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Vinyard JR, Myers CA, Murdoch GK, Rezamand P, Chibisa GE. Optimum grape pomace proportion in feedlot cattle diets: ruminal fermentation, total tract nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and blood metabolites. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6131974. [PMID: 33564882 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its high content of polyphenolic compounds, the dietary inclusion of grape pomace (GP) in ruminant diets can reduce reactive nitrogen (N) and methane emissions and enhance the shelf life and beneficial fatty acids (FAs) content of meat. However, the dietary inclusion of GP beyond a threshold that is still to be determined for feedlot cattle can also compromise nutrient supply and, thus, growth performance. This study investigated the optimum proportion of GP in finishing cattle diets. Nutrient intake and apparent total tract digestion, ruminal pH and fermentation, estimated microbial protein synthesis, route of N excretion, and blood metabolites were measured. Six ruminally fistulated crossbred beef heifers (mean initial body weight ± SD: 714 ± 50.7 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were 0%, 15%, and 30% of dietary dry matter (DM) as GP, with diets containing 84%, 69%, and 54% dry-rolled barley grain, respectively. There was a linear increase (P = 0.07) in DM intake and quadratic change (P ≤ 0.01) in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake. There was a quadratic change (P ≤ 0.04) in apparent total tract DM, NDF, and crude protein digestibility as dietary GP content increased. However, there were no treatment effects (P ≥ 0.18) on total ruminal short-chain FA concentration and duration and area pH < 6.2, 5.8, and 5.5. Although N intake did not differ (269, 262, 253 g/d; P = 0.33) across dietary treatments, feeding GP led to a tendency for a quadratic change (P ≤ 0.07) in ruminal ammonia-N and plasma urea-N concentrations. Total N excretion also changed (quadratic, P = 0.03) because of changes (quadratic, P = 0.02) in fecal N excretion as urinary excretion of N and urea-N did not differ (P ≥ 0.15) across treatments. Feeding GP led to quadratic changes (P ≤ 0.01) in fecal excretion of fiber-bound N. Microbial N flow and apparent N retention also changed (quadratic, P ≤ 0.04) as dietary GP proportion increased. In conclusion, responses to dietary GP proportion were mostly quadratic with indications that nutrient supply as reflected by changes in apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, microbial N supply, and apparent N retention could be compromised beyond a 15% dietary inclusion level.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Vinyard
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - Cheyanne A Myers
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - Gordon K Murdoch
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - Pedram Rezamand
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - Gwinyai E Chibisa
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
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25
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Arce-Cordero JA, Monteiro HF, Brandao VLN, Dai X, Bennett SL, Faciola AP. Effects of calcium-magnesium carbonate and calcium-magnesium hydroxide as supplemental sources of magnesium on microbial fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txaa229. [PMID: 33506181 PMCID: PMC7819468 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental sources of Mg can also aid in ruminal pH regulation due to their alkaline properties. Magnesium oxide (MgO) is the most common source of Mg for ruminants and can help controlling ruminal pH; however, the alkaline potential of other sources of Mg has not been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the inclusion of calcium–magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2) and calcium–magnesium hydroxide (CaMg(OH)4) alone or in combination as supplemental sources of Mg in corn silage-based diets and its impact on ruminal microbial fermentation. We hypothesized that inclusion of CaMg(OH)4 would allow for ruminal fermentation conditions resulting in a greater pH compared to the inclusion of CaMg(CO3)2. Four treatments were defined by the supplemental source of Mg in the diet: 1) Control (100% MgO, plus sodium sesquicarbonate as a buffer); 2) CO3 [100% CaMg(CO3)2]; 3) OH [100% CaMg(OH)4]; and 4) CO3/OH [50% Mg from CaMg(CO3)2, 50% Mg from CaMg(OH)4]. Nutrient concentration was held constant across treatments (16% CP, 30% NDF, 1.66 Mcal NEl/kg, 0.67% Ca, and 0.21% Mg). Four fermenters were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods of 10 d each. Samples were collected for analyses of nutrient digestibility, soluble Mg, VFA, and NH3, while pH was measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h post morning feeding to estimate % time when pH was below 6 (pH-B6) and area under the pH curve for pH below 6.0 (pH-AUC). Bacteria pellets were harvested for 15N analysis and estimates of N metabolism. Treatment effects were analyzed with the mixed procedure of SAS, while effects of using either CaMg(CO3)2 or CaMg(OH)4 as Mg source in comparison to Control treatment were evaluated by orthogonal contrasts. Similar pH-related variables were observed for Control, OH, and CO3/OH treatments, which had smaller pH-AUC and pH-B6 than CO3 (P ≤ 0.01). Butyrate molar proportion was greater in Control and CO3/OH than in CO3 and OH (P = 0.04). Orthogonal contrasts showed lower flow of bacterial N (P = 0.04), lower butyrate molar proportion (P = 0.08) and greater pH-AUC (P = 0.05) for diets with CaMg(CO3)2 in comparison with the Control. Concentration of soluble Mg in ruminal fluid (P = 0.73) and nutrient digestibility (P ≥ 0.52) were similar across treatments. Under the conditions of this experiment, using CaMg(OH)4 alone or combined with CaMg(CO3)2 allowed for a less acidic ruminal fermentation pattern than a diet with only CaMg(CO3)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - H F Monteiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - V L N Brandao
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - X Dai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - S L Bennett
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Abad P, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Ariza JJ, Baños A, García-Campaña AM. Effect of Allium Extract Supplementation on Egg Quality, Productivity, and Intestinal Microbiota of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010041. [PMID: 33379216 PMCID: PMC7823882 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The growing interest in phytogenic products for use in feed, especially in the poultry sector, is mainly due to the improvement in the productivity parameters and gut microbiota modulation properties. For this reason, phytogenic products are becoming excellent candidates as alternatives to the use of antibiotics in animal production to mitigate the negative effects derived from their use. The aim of this study is to explore the ability of allium extract (containing garlic and onion), used as an ingredient in laying hen feed, to improve performance. The promising results obtained in the present study suggest that Allium spp. extracts had the potential to be used in feeding laying hens to improve productivity, without affecting egg quality, and to modulate the gut microbiota. Abstract The use of allium extract containing propyl propane thiosulfonate (PTSO) as hen feed supplement was evaluated to demonstrate its positive effect on egg production and intestinal microbiota modulation. The study was carried out on 90 laying hens whose feed was supplemented with allium extract for 28 days. Nutritional properties of eggs were not affected, whereas an improvement in productivity was observed based on the increase weight of eggs. In addition, a modulator effect on intestinal microbiota was confirmed by the increase in Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., as well as by the reduction in Enterobacteriaceae populations. Finally, the preservation of egg composition was checked by monitoring the content of PTSO, using a new analytical method consisting of the use of solid phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Consequently, based on current results, Allium spp. extract rich in organosulfur compounds such as PTSO added to the diet had a beneficial effect on the microbiota and would seem to be a possible alternative to increase productivity, while not affecting the biochemical composition of egg. However, further studies on the effects of allium extract as feed supplement are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Abad
- DMC Research Center S.L.U., Camino de Jayena n°82, Alhendín, E-18620 Granada, Spain; (P.A.); (J.J.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.A.-M.); (A.M.G.-C.)
| | - Juan J. Ariza
- DMC Research Center S.L.U., Camino de Jayena n°82, Alhendín, E-18620 Granada, Spain; (P.A.); (J.J.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Alberto Baños
- DMC Research Center S.L.U., Camino de Jayena n°82, Alhendín, E-18620 Granada, Spain; (P.A.); (J.J.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Ana M. García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.A.-M.); (A.M.G.-C.)
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Li Y, Zhang GN, Feng GZ, Lv JY, Fang XP, Zhao C, Che L, Lan YX, Zhang YG. Effects of replacing alfalfa hay with malt sprouts and corn stover on milk production and nitrogen partitioning in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Mezzetti M, Bionaz M, Trevisi E. Interaction between inflammation and metabolism in periparturient dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S155-S174. [PMID: 32810244 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mezzetti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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29
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Amanzougarene Z, Yuste S, Fondevila M. Fermentation Pattern of Several Carbohydrate Sources Incubated in an In Vitro Semicontinuous System with Inocula from Ruminants Given Either Forage or Concentrate-Based Diets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020261. [PMID: 32041290 PMCID: PMC7070664 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A sudden change from a milk/forage diet to a high concentrate diet in young ruminants increases the rate and extent of rumen microbial fermentation, leading to digestive problems, such as acidosis. The magnitude of this effect depends on the nature of the ingredients. Six carbohydrate sources were tested: three cereal grains (barley, maize and brown sorghum), as high starch sources of different availability, and three byproducts (sugarbeet pulp, citrus pulp and wheat bran), as sources of either insoluble or soluble fibre. An in vitro semicontinuous incubation system was used to compare the fermentation pattern of substrates incubated with inocula-simulating concentrate or forage diets, under the pH and liquid outflow rate conditions of intensive feeding systems. The magnitude of microbial fermentation was higher with the concentrate than the forage inoculum, and the drop in pH in the first part of incubation was more profound. Among the substrates, citrus pulp had a greater acidification potential and was fermented at a higher extent, followed by wheat bran and barley. In conclusion, the acidification capacity of substrates plays an important role in the environmental conditions, depending on the type of diet given to the ruminant. This in vitro system allows us to compare the substrates under conditions simulating high-concentrate feeding. Abstract The fermentation pattern of several carbohydrate sources and their interaction with the nature of microbial inoculum was studied. Barley (B), maize (M), sorghum, (S), sugarbeet pulp (BP), citrus pulp (CP) and wheat bran (WB) were tested in an in vitro semicontinuous system maintaining poorly buffered conditions from 0 to 6 h, and being gradually buffered to 6.5 from 8 to 24 h to simulate the rumen pH pattern. Rumen fluid inoculum was obtained from lambs fed with either concentrate and barley straw (CI) or alfalfa hay (FI). The extent of fermentation was higher with CI than FI throughout the incubation (p < 0.05). Among the substrates, S, BP and M maintained the highest pH (p < 0.05), whereas CP recorded the lowest pH with both inocula. Similarly, CP recorded the highest gas volume throughout the incubation, followed by WB and B, and S recorded the lowest volume (p < 0.05). On average, the total volatile fatty acid (VFA), as well as lactic acid concentration, was higher with CP than in the other substrates (p < 0.05). The microbial structure was more affected by the animal donor of inoculum than by the substrate. The in vitro semicontinuous system allows for the study of the rumen environment acidification and substrate microbial fermentation under intensive feeding conditions.
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Lopreiato V, Vailati-Riboni M, Morittu V, Britti D, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Trevisi E, Minuti A. Post-weaning rumen fermentation of Simmental calves in response to weaning age and relationship with rumination time measured by the Hr-Tag rumination-monitoring system. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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P C de Carvalho I, Doelman J, Martín-Tereso J. Post-ruminal non-protein nitrogen supplementation as a strategy to improve fibre digestion and N efficiency in the ruminant. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:64-75. [PMID: 31674078 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ruminant is able to transform plant fibres and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) into edible foods for human consumption. In an effort towards improving our understanding of this process, we sought to challenge convention and examine how the source, amount and site of NPN delivery in the gastrointestinal tract of the ruminant may affect fibre digestibility, rumen stability and N metabolism. In the first study presented here, we used four ruminally cannulated non-lactating heifers in a Latin square design to infuse 59 g/days of N in the form of ammonia (A) or urea (U) into either the rumen (R) or the abomasum (A). We found that intake was higher (p = .03) for animals receiving supplementary NPN as urea compared with ammonia. In addition, abomasally infused urea (UA) improved fibre fermentation by 9.4% (p = .05) and decreased ruminal pH fluctuations (lower slope in the cumulative pH parameters, p = .04) when compared with the same amount of urea infused ruminally (UR). In a second study, using the same group of heifers, we infused 50 or 150 g/day of urea into the rumen (UR50 and UR150) or 150 g of urea in the abomasum (UA150) or 50 g in the rumen and 100 g in the abomasum (URA150). Fibre digestion was improved by 4% (p = .02) when the same dose of urea was infused into the abomasum compared with the rumen, while estimated microbial protein production and N efficiency were not different between a low rumen dose and high post-ruminal dose of urea. Collectively, these studies provide insight into the viability of post-ruminal NPN supplementation as a strategy to improve fibre digestion and NPN inclusion in the ruminant diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Doelman
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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Teoh R, Caro E, Holman DB, Joseph S, Meale SJ, Chaves AV. Effects of Hardwood Biochar on Methane Production, Fermentation Characteristics, and the Rumen Microbiota Using Rumen Simulation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1534. [PMID: 31354652 PMCID: PMC6635593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar is a novel carbonized feed additive sourced from pyrolyzed biomass. This compound is known to adsorb gasses and carbon, participate in biological redox reactions and provide habitat biofilms for desirable microbiota proliferation. Therefore, biochar holds potential to modify rumen fermentation characteristics and reduce enteric CH4 emissions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hardwood biochar supplementation on fermentation parameters, methane (CH4) production and the ruminal archaeal, bacterial, and fungal microbiota using the in vitro RUSITEC (rumen simulation technique) system. Treatments consisted of a control diet (oaten pasture: maize silage: concentrate, 35:35:30 w/w) and hardwood biochar included at 400 or 800 mg per day (3.6 and 7.2% of substrate DM, respectively), over a 15-day period. Biochar supplementation had no effect (P ≥ 0.37) on pH, effluent (mL/d), total gas (mL/d), dry matter (DM) digestibility or CH4 production (mg/d). The addition of 800 mg biochar per day had the tendency (P = 0.10) to lower the % of CH4 released in fermentation compared to 400 mg/d biochar treatment. However, no effect (P ≥ 0.44) was seen on total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyric, branched-chain VFA, valerate and caproate production and the ratio of acetate to propionate. No effect (P > 0.05) was observed on bacterial, archaeal or fungal community structure. However, biochar supplementation at 800 mg/d decreased the abundance of one Methanomethylophilaceae OTU (19.8-fold, P = 0.046) and one Lactobacillus spp. OTU (31.7-fold, P < 0.01), in comparison to control treatments. Two fungal OTUs classified as Vishniacozyma victoriae (5.4 × 107 increase) and Sporobolomyces ruberrimus (5.4 × 107-fold increase) were more abundant in the 800 mg/d biochar samples. In conclusion, hardwood biochar had no effects on ruminal fermentation characteristics and may potentially lower the concentration of enteric CH4 when included at higher dosages by manipulating ruminal microbiota abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Teoh
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Eleonora Caro
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen Joseph
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Meale
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex V. Chaves
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Temel S. Variations in Nutrient Composition During Noaea mucronata’s Active Growth As a Source of Roughage. ULUSLARARASI TARIM VE YABAN HAYATI BILIMLERI DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.24180/ijaws.487284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Brandao VLN, Faciola AP. Unveiling the relationships between diet composition and fermentation parameters response in dual-flow continuous culture system: a meta-analytical approach. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1064-1075. [PMID: 32704870 PMCID: PMC7200414 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the functional form of the relationship between diet composition (dietary crude protein [CP] and neutral detergent fiber [NDF]) and amount of substrate (fermenter dry matter intake [DMI]) with microbial fermentation end products in a dual-flow continuous culture system. A meta-analysis was performed using data from 75 studies. To derive the linear models, the MIXED procedure was used, and for nonlinear models, the NLMIXED procedure was used. Significance levels to fit the model assumed for fixed and random effects were P ≤ 0.05. Independent variables were dietary NDF, CP, and fermenter DMI, whereas dependent variables were total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration; molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and butyrate; true ruminal digestibilities of organic matter (OM), CP, and NDF; ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration and flows of NH3-N; non-ammonia nitrogen; bacterial-N; dietary-N; and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). Ruminal digestibilities of OM, NDF, and CP decreased as fermenter DMI increased (P < 0.04). Dietary NDF and CP digestibilities were quadratically associated (P < 0.01). Total VFA linearly increased as DMI increased (P < 0.01), exponentially decreased as dietary NDF increased (P < 0.01), and was quadratically associated with dietary CP (P < 0.01), in which total VFA concentration was maximized at 18% dietary CP. Molar proportion of acetate exponentially increased (P < 0.01) as dietary NDF increased. Molar proportion of propionate linearly increased and exponentially decreased as DMI and dietary NDF increased, respectively (P < 0.01). Bacterial-N quadratically increased and dietary-N exponentially increased as DMI increased (P < 0.01). Flows of bacterial-N and dietary-N linearly decreased as dietary NDF increased (P < 0.02), and dietary-N flow was maximized at 18% CP. The EMPS linearly increased as dietary CP increased (P < 0.02) and was not affected by DMI or dietary NDF (P > 0.05). In summary, increasing fermenter DMI increased total VFA concentration and molar proportion of propionate, whereas, dietary NDF increased the molar proportion of acetate. Dietary CP increased bacterial-N flow and was positively associated with NH3-N concentration. Overall, the analysis of this dataset demonstrates evidences that the dual-flow continuous culture system provides valuable estimates of ruminal digestibility, VFA concentration, and nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Li W, Gelsinger S, Edwards A, Riehle C, Koch D. Transcriptome analysis of rumen epithelium and meta-transcriptome analysis of rumen epimural microbial community in young calves with feed induced acidosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4744. [PMID: 30894588 PMCID: PMC6426933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many common management practices used to raise dairy calves while on milk and during weaning can cause rumen acidosis. Ruminal pH has long been used to identify ruminal acidosis. However, few attempts were undertaken to understand the role of prolonged ruminal acidosis on rumen microbial community or host health in young calves long after weaning. Thus, the molecular changes associated with prolonged rumen acidosis in post weaning young calves are largely unknown. In this study, we induced ruminal acidosis by feeding a highly processed, starch-rich diet to calves starting from one week of age through 16 weeks. Rumen epithelial tissues were collected at necropsy at 17 weeks of age. Transcriptome analyses on the rumen epithelium and meta-transcriptome analysis of rumen epimural microbial communities were carried out. Calves with induced ruminal acidosis showed significantly less weight gain over the course of the experiment, in addition to substantially lower ruminal pH in comparison to the control group. For rumen epithelial transcriptome, a total of 672 genes (fold-change, FC ≥ 1.5; adjusted-p ≤ 0.05) showed significant differential expression in comparison to control. Biological pathways impacted by these differentially expressed genes included cell signaling and morphogenesis, indicating the impact of ruminal acidosis on rumen epithelium development. rRNA read-based microbial classification indicated significant increase in abundance of several genera in calves with induced acidosis. Our study provides insight into host rumen transcriptome changes associated with prolonged acidosis in post weaning calves. Shifts in microbial species abundance are promising for microbial species-based biomarker development and artificial manipulation. Such knowledge provides a foundation for future more precise diagnosis and preventative management of rumen acidosis in dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- The Cell Wall Utilization and Biology Laboratory, US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA ARS, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Sonia Gelsinger
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Andrea Edwards
- The Cell Wall Utilization and Biology Laboratory, US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA ARS, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christina Riehle
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Daniel Koch
- Department of Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Pastorini M, Pomiés N, Repetto JL, Mendoza A, Cajarville C. Productive performance and digestive response of dairy cows fed different diets combining a total mixed ration and fresh forage. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4118-4130. [PMID: 30827558 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of feeding increasing levels of fresh forage (FF) as a proportion of total dry matter intake (DMI) on nutrient intake, rumen digestion, nutrient utilization, and productive performance of total mixed ration (TMR)-fed cows. Twelve dairy cows (90 ± 22 d in milk, 523 ± 88 kg of body weight, 7,908 ± 719 kg of milk production in the previous lactation) were housed in individual tiestalls and assigned to treatments according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design replicated 4 times. Treatments were 100% TMR (T100), 75% TMR plus 25% FF (T75), and 50% TMR plus 50% FF (T50). The experiment lasted 60 d, divided into 3 periods of 20 d each; the first 12 d of each period were used for diet adaptation and the last 8 d for data collection. The TMR (18.1% crude protein, 24.6% acid detergent fiber) and FF (Lolium multiflorum; 15.1% crude protein, 24.1% acid detergent fiber) were prepared and cut daily and offered to each cow individually. The highest DMI was reached in T100 and T75, which was reflected in greater intake of the different nutrients than T50. No differences were detected in the apparent total digestibility of the nutrients, mean ruminal pH, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations among treatments. Cows in T50 resulted in the lowest ruminal N-NH3 concentration and the lowest microbial N flow to the duodenum. Milk yield was 8.5% higher from cows in T100 and T75 compared with T50, but we observed no differences for milk fat or milk protein yield among treatments. Milk fat of cows fed T50 had 8% more unsaturated fatty acids (FA) than that of cows fed T100, mostly because of a higher content of monounsaturated FA. Additionally, cows in T50 had a higher concentration of linoleic acid, vaccenic acid, and rumenic acid than T100. Meanwhile, the concentration of linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in cows fed T75 was higher than T100. The milk fat of the cows fed T50 and T75 had a lower n-6:n-3 ratio than T100. We concluded that including up to 29% of FF in the total DMI in combination with a TMR did not affect the intake or digestion of nutrients or the productive response in dairy cows and resulted in a higher concentration of desirable FA from a consumer's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pastorini
- Campo Experimental N°2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42, CP 80100 San José, Uruguay
| | - N Pomiés
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Instituto de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42, CP 80100 San José, Uruguay
| | - J L Repetto
- Departamento de Bovinos, Instituto de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42, CP 80100 San José, Uruguay
| | - A Mendoza
- Departamento de Bovinos, Instituto de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42, CP 80100 San José, Uruguay; Programa de Producción de Leche, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Ruta 50 km 11, CP 70002 Colonia, Uruguay
| | - C Cajarville
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Instituto de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42, CP 80100 San José, Uruguay.
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Rabelo CHS, Valente ALS, Barbero RP, Basso FC, Reis RA. Performance of finishing beef cattle fed diets containing maize silages inoculated with lactic-acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an16358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of lactic-acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis as silage additives on feed intake and growth performance of finishing feedlot beef cattle. Whole-maize forage was ensiled either with distilled water (untreated), or inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri and L. plantarum at a rate 1 × 105 cfu/g fresh forage for each bacteria (LBLP); or inoculated with B. subtilis and L. plantarum at a rate 1 × 105 cfu/g fresh forage for each bacteria (BSLP). Thirty-six young crossbreed bulls (316 ± 33.9 kg) were used in the feedlot program for 110 days, and they were assigned (n = 12) to one of three diets containing untreated, LBLP, or BSLP silages in a 40:60 forage:concentrate ratio. Dry matter (DM) intake, average daily gain, and carcass yield of bulls were unaffected by silage inoculation. Conversely, bulls fed the BSLP silage had lower DM, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility compared with bulls fed untreated silage. Bulls fed both inoculated silages had a reduction of ~12% in neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility compared with that in bulls fed untreated silage. Bulls fed the LBLP silage spent more time chewing (496 min/day) than bulls fed untreated silage. There was little effect of silage inoculation on rumen fermentation, but bulls fed the inoculated silages had a lower concentration of ammonia-N. In conclusion, adding L. plantarum combined with L. buchneri or B. subtilis to maize silage do not improve the growth performance of finishing feedlot beef cattle.
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Xiao J, Guo L, Alugongo G, Wang Y, Cao Z, Li S. Effects of different feed type exposure in early life on performance, rumen fermentation, and feed preference of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8169-8181. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vinyard JR, Hall JB, Sprinkle JE, Chibisa GE. Effects of maturity at harvest on the nutritive value and ruminal digestion of Eragrostis tef (cv. Moxie) when fed to beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3420-3432. [PMID: 29788095 PMCID: PMC6095295 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Teff (Eragrostis tef cv. Moxie), a warm-season annual grass, could be an excellent forage for beef cattle. However, there is limited information on its nutritive value to cattle when harvested at different stages of maturity. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of feeding teff hay harvested at the boot (BT), early-heading (EH), or late-heading (LH) stages of maturity on nutrient intake, ruminal fermentation characteristics, omasal nutrient flow, and N utilization in beef cattle. Six ruminally cannulated beef heifers (mean initial BW ± SD, 476 ± 32.6) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 28-d periods (18 d for adaptation and 10 d for measurements). Dry matter intake was measured daily. Indwelling pH loggers were used to measure ruminal pH from days 21 to 28. Ruminal fluid and omasal digesta were collected from days 26 to 28 to determine fermentation characteristics and omasal nutrient flow. Fecal and urine samples to quantify N excretion were also collected (days 26 to 28). Blood samples for plasma urea-N (PUN) determination were collected 3 h post-feeding on day 28. There were no changes (P > 0.28) in the ADF or NDF content of teff with advancing maturity, but indigestible NDF increased (P < 0.01) with increasing maturity. Maturity had no effect (P ≥ 0.14) on DMI, and ruminal total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration, pH, digestibility, and outflow of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and CP. However, the CP content of BT hay was greater (P < 0.01) than for EH and LH hay (18.1, 14.1, and 11.5%, respectively, DM basis), and this resulted in the higher CP intake (P < 0.01) for heifers fed the BT than the EH and LH hay. Consequently, ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) concentration was greater (P < 0.01) for heifers fed BT than EH and LH hay, thereby possibly explaining the tendency for a decrease (P = 0.08) in PUN concentration, and a decrease (P < 0.01) in the excretion of total N, urine N, and urea-N (UUN) with advancing maturity. However, fecal N excretion (g/d) did not differ (P = 0.76). In conclusion, despite a decrease in CP intake and ruminal NH3-N concentration, feeding beef heifers EH and LH compared to BT teff hay did not compromise ruminal digestion and outflow of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and CP, and microbial protein synthesis. Advancing maturity in teff hay also resulted in a decrease in the excretion of total N and urine N and UUN when fed to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Vinyard
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - John B Hall
- Nancy M. Cummings Research, Extension and Education Center, University of Idaho, Carmen, ID
| | - James E Sprinkle
- Nancy M. Cummings Research, Extension and Education Center, University of Idaho, Carmen, ID
| | - Gwinyai E Chibisa
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
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Pino F, Mitchell LK, Jones CM, Heinrichs AJ. Comparison of diet digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumen rate of passage, and feed efficiency in dairy heifers fed ad-libitum versus precision diets with low and high quality forages. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1498788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Pino
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Lucas Karl Mitchell
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Coleen Mowrey Jones
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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Recent advances in the understanding of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in goats, with focus on the link to feeding behaviour. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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42
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Chang G, Wang L, Ma N, Zhang W, Zhang H, Dai H, Shen X. Histamine activates inflammatory response and depresses casein synthesis in mammary gland of dairy cows during SARA. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:168. [PMID: 29792195 PMCID: PMC5966854 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mounting evidences observed that subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) induced by high concentration (HC) diet increases the translocation of histamine from digestive tract into circulation causing a diverse of diseases in dairy cows. However, it is largely unknown how it does affect the function of mammary gland and milk quality. Hence, this study aims to observe the effects of histamine derived from the digestive tract on the inflammatory response and casein synthesis in the mammary glands during SARA. Twelve cows fitted rumen fistula were randomly divided into either control group administrated low concentration (LC) diet (60% forage, n = 6) or treatment group administrated HC diet (40% forage, n = 6) for 18 weeks. Results Our data showed that HC diet resulted in significant declines in rumen pH value, milk yield and milk quality, as well as longer duration of averaged pH value below 5.6 per day (more than 180 min) compared to LC diet, these findings confirmed SARA occurence. Our study also observed that SARA increased the content of histamine in rumen fluid, plasma, liver and mammary gland, and enhanced the mRNA expression of histamine specific receptor in the mammary gland. Additionally, we found that the mRNA expression of inflammatory response genes in mammary glands was increased, which was consistent with the protein expression results, showing that the protein kinase C(PKC) / nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) or protein kinase A (PKA) / NF-κB signalling pathways of the inflammatory response were activated. The mRNA expression of mTOR, P70S6K and αS1 in mammary glands were significantly decreased with the protein expression of mTOR, P70S6K and αS1-casein, and the phosphorylation levels of the mTOR and P70S6K proteins were also decreased. Conclusions Our study showed that the milk protein of lactating cows is depressed after long-term feeding of HC at the individual level, which was paralleled at the gene and protein levels. The inflammatory response in mammary gland caused by histamine derived from the digestive tract is related to the decline of casein synthesis. Our findings point to a new link between the inflammatory response and casein synthesis, but the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this process will require further research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1491-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lailai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nana Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyu Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Koch LE, Gomez NA, Bowyer A, Lascano GJ. Precision-feeding dairy heifers a high rumen-undegradable protein diet with different proportions of dietary fiber and forage-to-concentrate ratios. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5617-5628. [PMID: 29293789 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of dietary fiber can alter nutrient and N utilization in precision-fed dairy heifers and may further benefit from higher inclusion levels of RUP. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of feeding a high-RUP diet when dietary fiber content was manipulated within differing forage-to-concentrate ratios (F:C) on nutrient utilization of precision-fed dairy heifers. Six rumen-cannulated Holstein heifers (555.4 ± 31.4 kg BW; 17.4 ± 0.1 mo) were randomly assigned to 2 levels of forage, high forage (HF; 60% forage) or low forage (LF; 45% forage), and to a fiber proportion sequence (low fiber: 100% oat hay and silage [OA], 0% wheat straw [WS]; medium fiber: 83.4% OA, 16.6% WS; and high fiber: 66.7% OA, 33.3% WS) administered according to a split-plot 3 × 3 Latin square design (21-d periods). Similar levels of N intake (1.70 g N/kg BW) and RUP (55% of CP) were provided. Data were analyzed as a split-plot, 3 × 3 Latin square design using a mixed model with fixed effects of period and treatment. A repeated measures model was used with data that had multiple measurements over time. No differences were observed for DM, OM, NDF, or ADF apparent digestibility coefficients (dC) between HF- and LF-fed heifers. Heifers receiving LF diets had greater starch dC compared to HF heifers. Increasing the fiber level through WS addition resulted in a linear reduction of OM dC. There was a linear interaction for DM dC with a concurrent linear interaction in NDF dC. Nitrogen intake, dC, and retention did not differ; however, urine and total N excretion increased linearly with added fiber. Predicted microbial CP flow (MP) linearly decreased with WS inclusion mainly in LF heifers, as indicated by a significant interaction between F:C and WS. Rumen pH linearly increased with WS addition, although no F:C effect was detected. Ruminal ammonia concentration had an opposite linear effect with respect to MP as WS increased. Diets with the higher proportion of fiber benefited the most from a high RUP supply, complementing the substantial reduction in predicted MP caused by the incremental dietary fiber concentration. These results suggest that RUP supplementation is a practical method for reestablishing optimal ruminal N balance in the event of increased dietary fiber through forage inclusion in precision-fed dairy heifer diets.
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Bhatt RS, Sahoo A, Karim SA, Gadekar YP. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rumen bypass-fat supplementation on growth, nutrient utilisation, rumen fermentation and carcass traits of lambs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight weaned (3 months of age) lambs were randomly distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial design to assess the effect of rumen bypass-fat (RBF) feeding (with and without) and probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation (with and without) on growth, nutrient utilisation, rumen metabolic profile and carcass traits during the post-weaning phase (3–6 months of age) of life. The four experimental groups, each having 12 lambs (six male and six female), were thus designated as control (C, basic diet without RBF and probiotic), basic diet without RBF but with probiotic (C + P), basic diet with RBF but without probiotic (C + RBF) and basic diet with RBF and probiotic (C + P + RBF). The basic diet consisted of ad libitum concentrates and dry pala (Zizyphus nummularia) leaves. Additionally, each lamb received 500 g of green ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) leaves. The RBF was calcium salt of fatty acids (source: rice bran oil) and fed at 40 g per kg of concentrate and the probiotic was fed at 9.0 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) per kg bodyweight. Weekly bodyweights were recorded to assess the growth performance of lambs and revealed significantly (P = 0.026) higher gain in weight and average daily gain in RBF-supplemented groups independent of probiotic supplementation. The intake of concentrate was higher (P = 0.025) in RBF-fed groups and lead to increased (P = 0.028) total daily dry-matter intake and higher (P < 0.05) plane of nutrition (more metabolisable energy and a higher digestible crude protein intake) irrespective of probiotic supplementation. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was narrower (P < 0.05) in RBF- and probiotic-supplemented animals. Digestibility of organic matter, ether extract and acid detergent fibre increased and higher nitrogen balance was observed in lambs fed with RBF. Probiotic supplementation showed a positive effect (P < 0.05) on digestibility of acid detergent fibre. Ruminal metabolic profile was assessed at the end of the experimental feeding and it showed higher pH and ciliate protozoa population with RBF, independent of probiotic supplementation. Urinary purine derivatives were measured during the metabolic trial at the end of the experiment, which showed higher allantoin excretion leading to increased microbial nitrogen flow with RBF supplementation. Pre-slaughter weight, loin eye area and lean percentage were higher with a lower bone percentage and cooking loss, showing positive carcass attributes in RBF-fed groups, and the effect of probiotic was non-significant. It is concluded that RBF supplementation enhanced higher intake and utilisation of nutrients that supported improved weight gain, FCR and carcass traits, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae feeding had a positive effect on fibre digestibility and FCR, possibly by modifying the gut environment.
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Amanzougarene Z, Yuste S, Castrillo C, Fondevila M. In vitro acidification potential and fermentation pattern of cereal grains incubated with inoculum of animals given forage or concentrate-based diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the acidification and fermentation pattern of maize (M1, M2, M3), barley (B1, B2, B3) and sorghum (S1, S2, S3) varieties depending on the rumen environment (inoculum from forage or concentrate diets, FI or CI), in 10 h incubation series with a low buffered medium. With CI, gas volume from barley was similar to maize (P > 0.05) except at 4 and 6 h, when M2 and M1 were lower. Barley or maize varieties did not differ in gas production (P > 0.05). After 10 h, barley and maize produced on average 82.5 and 73.0 mL/g organic matter (OM), whereas S1, S2 and S3 rendered 68.4, 31.1 and 39.7 mL/g. With FI, differences between barley and maize were detected after 6 h (61.0, 35.3 and 14.1 mL/g OM at 10 h for barley, maize and sorghum). Among inocula, pH with CI was lower than with FI (P < 0.001). Incubation pH at 10 h was 5.51, 5.21 and 5.00 with CI, and 5.52, 5.85 and 5.91 with FI, for sorghum, maize and barley varieties. Gas production and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were higher (P < 0.001) with CI than FI (67.3 vs 36.8 mL/g and 31.0 vs 19.9 mmol/L at 10 and 8 h). Butyrate and valerate proportions were higher with CI (P < 0.001), whereas acetate and branched chain VFA were lower (P < 0.001). Fermentative activity against vitreous starch such as maize or sorghum was lower for forage than concentrate inoculum. Study of fermentation of starch-rich substrates in a low buffered medium gives a more realistic picture than conventionally buffered conditions.
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Kang S, Wanapat M. Improving ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility in dairy steers by banana flower powder-pellet supplementation. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of banana flower powder pellet (BAFLOP pellet) on nutrient digestibility, rumen ecology and microorganism population. Four rumen-fistulated dairy steers of 200 ± 20 kg bodyweight were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The treatments were as follows: control (T1), NaHCO3 supplementation at 20 g/kg of total dry-matter feed intake (DMI; T2), BAFLOP-pellet supplementation at 20 g/kg of DMI (T3) and BAFLOP-pellet supplementation at 40 g/kg of DMI (T4). All cattle were fed roughage–concentrate mix (30 : 70 ratio) at 25 g/kg bodyweight. Standard management protocols were employed during the experimental periods. The results showed that nutrient digestibility was increased in steers supplemented with NaHCO3 and BAFLOP pellets at 40 g/kg DMI (P < 0.05). Although ruminal temperature and blood urea nitrogen were not influenced by dietary supplementation, ruminal pH was increased (P < 0.05) in steers supplemented with NaHCO3 and BAFLOP pellets at 40 g/kg DMI. In addition, NaHCO3 supplementation increased bacterial and protozoal populations, whereas populations of fungal zoospores were similar among treatments. Supplementation with BAFLOP pellets at 40 g/kg DMI increased the bacterial count, whereas protozoal numbers were similar to those in the control group (P < 0.05). On the basis of the present findings, BAFLOP-pellet supplementation improved nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH and microbial population, without having any adverse effects on voluntary feed intake. The present study showed promising results for BAFLOP pellets (40 g/kg DMI) as a rumen dietary buffering agent, suggesting that these pellets could be used a replacement for sodium bicarbonate in ruminants fed high-concentrate diets.
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Ishaq SL, AlZahal O, Walker N, McBride B. An Investigation into Rumen Fungal and Protozoal Diversity in Three Rumen Fractions, during High-Fiber or Grain-Induced Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis Conditions, with or without Active Dry Yeast Supplementation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1943. [PMID: 29067009 PMCID: PMC5641310 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a gastrointestinal functional disorder in livestock characterized by low rumen pH, which reduces rumen function, microbial diversity, host performance, and host immune function. Dietary management is used to prevent SARA, often with yeast supplementation as a pH buffer. Almost nothing is known about the effect of SARA or yeast supplementation on ruminal protozoal and fungal diversity, despite their roles in fiber degradation. Dairy cows were switched from a high-fiber to high-grain diet abruptly to induce SARA, with and without active dry yeast (ADY, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation, and sampled from the rumen fluid, solids, and epimural fractions to determine microbial diversity using the protozoal 18S rRNA and the fungal ITS1 genes via Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Diet-induced SARA dramatically increased the number and abundance of rare fungal taxa, even in fluid fractions where total reads were very low, and reduced protozoal diversity. SARA selected for more lactic-acid utilizing taxa, and fewer fiber-degrading taxa. ADY treatment increased fungal richness (OTUs) but not diversity (Inverse Simpson, Shannon), but increased protozoal richness and diversity in some fractions. ADY treatment itself significantly (P < 0.05) affected the abundance of numerous fungal genera as seen in the high-fiber diet: Lewia, Neocallimastix, and Phoma were increased, while Alternaria, Candida Orpinomyces, and Piromyces spp. were decreased. Likewise, for protozoa, ADY itself increased Isotricha intestinalis but decreased Entodinium furca spp. Multivariate analyses showed diet type was most significant in driving diversity, followed by yeast treatment, for AMOVA, ANOSIM, and weighted UniFrac. Diet, ADY, and location were all significant factors for fungi (PERMANOVA, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0452, P = 0.0068, Monte Carlo correction, respectively, and location was a significant factor (P = 0.001, Monte Carlo correction) for protozoa. Diet-induced SARA shifts diversity of rumen fungi and protozoa and selects against fiber-degrading species. Supplementation with ADY mitigated this reduction in protozoa, presumptively by triggering microbial diversity shifts (as seen even in the high-fiber diet) that resulted in pH stabilization. ADY did not recover the initial community structure that was seen in pre-SARA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian McBride
- Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Wenner B, de Souza J, Batistel F, Hackmann T, Yu Z, Firkins J. Association of aqueous hydrogen concentration with methane production in continuous cultures modulated to vary pH and solids passage rate. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5378-5389. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hao X, Gao H, Wang X, Zhang G, Zhang Y. Replacing alfalfa hay with dry corn gluten feed and Chinese wild rye grass: Effects on rumen fermentation, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and lactation performance in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2672-2681. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Dieho K, van den Bogert B, Henderson G, Bannink A, Ramiro-Garcia J, Smidt H, Dijkstra J. Changes in rumen microbiota composition and in situ degradation kinetics during the dry period and early lactation as affected by rate of increase of concentrate allowance. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2695-2710. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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