1
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Chang Y, Dai T, Song G, Wang S, Pei H, Shen G, Feng J. Metabolomic analysis reveals the biological characteristics of giant congenital melanocytic nevi. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116060. [PMID: 38382316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Giant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN) is a congenital cutaneous developmental deformity tumor that usually occurs at birth or in the first few weeks after birth, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics strategy was employed to evaluate the metabolic variations in serum and urine of the GCMN patients in order to understand its underlying biochemical mechanism and provide a potential intervention idea. Twenty-nine metabolites were observed to change significantly in serum and urine metabolomes, which are mainly involved in a variety of metabolic pathways including glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, TCA cycle and metabolisms of amino acids. The substantial cores of all the disturbed metabolic pathways are related to amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism and regulate the physiological state of the GCMN patients. Our results provide the physiological basis and physiological responses of GCMN and will be helpful for better understanding the molecular mechanisms of GCMN in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Chang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tao Dai
- Department of Wound Reconstructive Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Sanxi Wang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Huile Pei
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Guiping Shen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jianghua Feng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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2
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Sawicka MM, Sawicki K, Jadeszko M, Bielawska K, Supruniuk E, Reszeć J, Prokop-Bielenia I, Polityńska B, Jadeszko M, Rybaczek M, Latoch E, Gorbacz K, Łysoń T, Miltyk W. Proline Metabolism in WHO G4 Gliomas Is Altered as Compared to Unaffected Brain Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:456. [PMID: 38275897 PMCID: PMC10814259 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Proline metabolism has been identified as a significant player in several neoplasms, but knowledge of its role in gliomas is limited despite it providing a promising line of pursuit. Data on proline metabolism in the brain are somewhat historical. This study aims to investigate alterations of proline metabolism in gliomas of WHO grade 4 (GG4) in the context of the brain. A total of 20 pairs of samples were studied, consisting of excised tumor and unaffected brain tissue, obtained when partial brain resection was required to reach deep-seated lesions. Levels of proline oxidase/proline dehydrogenase (POX/PRODH), Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductases (PYCR1/2/3), prolidase (PEPD), and metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) were assessed, along with the concentration of proline and proline-related metabolites. In comparison to normal brain tissue, POX/PRODH expression in GG4 was found to be suppressed, while PYCR1 expression and activity of PEPD, MMP-2, and -9 were upregulated. The GG4 proline concentration was 358% higher. Hence, rewiring of the proline metabolism in GG4 was confirmed for the first time, with a low-POX/PRODH/high-PYCR profile. High PEPD and MMPs activity is in keeping with GG4-increased collagen turnover and local aggressiveness. Further studies on the mechanisms of the interplay between altered proline metabolism and the GG4 microenvironment are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M. Sawicka
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (K.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Karol Sawicki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (K.S.); (M.J.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (T.Ł.)
| | - Marek Jadeszko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (K.S.); (M.J.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (T.Ł.)
| | - Katarzyna Bielawska
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (K.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Supruniuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Joanna Reszeć
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Izabela Prokop-Bielenia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Polityńska
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Jadeszko
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Transplantation, Medical University of Bialystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Rybaczek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (K.S.); (M.J.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (T.Ł.)
| | - Eryk Latoch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Gorbacz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (K.S.); (M.J.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (T.Ł.)
| | - Tomasz Łysoń
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (K.S.); (M.J.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (T.Ł.)
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (K.B.); (W.M.)
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3
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Gulati K, Manukonda R, Kairamkonda M, Kaliki S, Poluri KM. Serum Metabolomics of Retinoblastoma: Assessing the Differential Serum Metabolic Signatures of Unilateral and Bilateral Patients. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:48233-48250. [PMID: 38144138 PMCID: PMC10733957 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common pediatric eye cancer. To identify the biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring the progression of Rb in patients, mapping of the alterations in their metabolic profiles is essential. The present study aims at exploring the metabolic disparity in serum from Rb patients and controls using NMR-based metabolomics. A total of 72 metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids, were quantified in serum samples from 24 Rb patients and 26 controls. Distinct clusters of Rb patients and controls were obtained using the partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model. Further, univariate and multivariate analyses of unilateral and bilateral Rb patients with respect to their age-matched controls depicted their distinct metabolic fingerprints. Metabolites including 2-phosphoglycerate, 4-aminobutyrate, proline, O-phosphocholine, O-phosphoethanolamine, and Sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Sn-GPC) showed significant perturbation in both unilateral and bilateral Rb patients. However, metabolic differences among the bilateral Rb cases were more pronounced than those in unilateral Rb cases with respect to controls. In addition to major discriminatory metabolites for Rb, unilateral and bilateral Rb cases showed specific metabolic changes, which might be the result of their differential genetic/somatic mutational backgrounds. This further suggests that the aberrant metabolic perturbation in bilateral patients signifies the severity of the disease in Rb patients. The present study demonstrated that identified serum metabolites have potential to serve as a noninvasive method for detection of Rb, discriminate bilateral from unilateral Rb patients, and aid in better understanding of the RB tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Gulati
- The
Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
- Brien
Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad
Eye Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
| | - Radhika Manukonda
- The
Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
- Brien
Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad
Eye Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
| | - Manikyaprabhu Kairamkonda
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The
Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad-500034, Telangana, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
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4
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Cutshaw G, Hassan N, Uthaman S, Wen X, Singh B, Sarkar A, Bardhan R. Monitoring Metabolic Changes in Response to Chemotherapies in Cancer with Raman Spectroscopy and Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13172-13184. [PMID: 37605298 PMCID: PMC10845238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to clinical therapies remains a major barrier in cancer management. There is a critical need for rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools that enable early prediction of treatment response to allow accurate clinical decisions. Here, Raman spectroscopy was employed to monitor changes in key metabolites as early predictors of response in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, HCT116, treated with chemotherapies. We show at the single cell level that HCT116 is resistant to cetuximab (CTX), the first-line treatment in CRC, but this resistance can be overcome with pre-sensitization of cells with oxaliplatin (OX). In combination treatment of CTX + OX, sequential delivery of OX followed by CTX rather than simultaneous administration of drugs was observed to be critical for effective therapy. Our results demonstrated that metabolic changes are well aligned to cellular mechanical changes where Young's modulus decreased after effective treatment, indicating that both changes in mechanical properties and metabolism in cells are likely responsible for cancer proliferation. Raman findings were verified with mass spectrometry (MS) metabolomics, and both platforms showed changes in lipids, nucleic acids, and amino acids as predictors of resistance/response. Finally, key metabolic pathways enriched were identified when cells are resistant to CTX but downregulated with effective treatment. This study highlights that drug-induced metabolic changes both at the single cell level (Raman) and ensemble level (MS) have the potential to identify mechanisms of response to clinical cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cutshaw
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Nora Hassan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Xiaona Wen
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Bhuminder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
| | - Rizia Bardhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50012, USA
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5
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Wang Z, Wu X, Chen HN, Wang K. Amino acid metabolic reprogramming in tumor metastatic colonization. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1123192. [PMID: 36998464 PMCID: PMC10043324 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1123192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is considered as the major cause of cancer death. Cancer cells can be released from primary tumors into the circulation and then colonize in distant organs. How cancer cells acquire the ability to colonize in distant organs has always been the focus of tumor biology. To enable survival and growth in the new environment, metastases commonly reprogram their metabolic states and therefore display different metabolic properties and preferences compared with the primary lesions. For different microenvironments in various colonization sites, cancer cells must transfer to specific metabolic states to colonize in different distant organs, which provides the possibility of evaluating metastasis tendency by tumor metabolic states. Amino acids provide crucial precursors for many biosynthesis and play an essential role in cancer metastasis. Evidence has proved the hyperactivation of several amino acid biosynthetic pathways in metastatic cancer cells, including glutamine, serine, glycine, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), proline, and asparagine metabolism. The reprogramming of amino acid metabolism can orchestrate energy supply, redox homeostasis, and other metabolism-associated pathways during cancer metastasis. Here, we review the role and function of amino acid metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells colonizing in common metastatic organs, including lung, liver, brain, peritoneum, and bone. In addition, we summarize the current biomarker identification and drug development of cancer metastasis under the amino acid metabolism reprogramming, and discuss the possibility and prospect of targeting organ-specific metastasis for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyun Wu
- West China School of Basic Medical Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-Ning Chen
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kui Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Tu H, Yin X, Wen J, Wu W, Zhai B, Li J, Jiang H. Glutaminase 1 blockade alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via promoting proline metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 634:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Huynh TYL, Oscilowska I, Szoka L, Piktel E, Baszanowska W, Bielawska K, Bucki R, Miltyk W, Palka J. Metformin Induces PRODH/POX-Dependent Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:869413. [PMID: 35733940 PMCID: PMC9207455 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.869413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the antineoplastic activity of metformin (MET) is well established, the underlying mechanism of the activity is not understood. Since MET activates AMP kinase (AMPK) and proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) is stimulated by AMPK ligands (implicated in the regulation of cancer cell survival/apoptosis), the effect of MET on PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis in wild-type MCF-7 cells (MCF-7WT) and POX knockdown MCF-7 cells (MCF-7crPOX cells) was studied. PRODH/POX catalyzes proline degradation generating ROS-induced apoptosis or autophagy. Availability of proline for PRODH/POX functions is regulated by the activity of prolidase (enzyme releasing proline from imidodipeptides), collagen biosynthesis (process consuming proline), and metabolism of proline, ornithine, and glutamic acid. We have found that MET is cytotoxic for MCF-7 cells (IC50∼17 mM), and to the lower extent for MCF-7crPOX cells (IC50∼28 mM). In MCF-7WT cells, the effect was accompanied by the inhibition of DNA biosynthesis, collagen biosynthesis, stimulation of ROS formation, AMPKα phosphorylation, and expression of prolidase, p53, caspase 8, caspase 9, and cleaved PARP. In MET-treated MCF-7crPOX cells, the processes were less affected than in MCF-7WT cells and the expression of caspase 9 was decreased, while cleaved caspase 8 and cleaved PARP were not detected. The effects were accompanied by an increase in the prolidase activity and proline concentration. The mechanism for MET-induced apoptosis involves the up-regulation of prolidase activity and a decrease in collagen biosynthesis contributing to an increase in the concentration of substrate (proline) for PRODH/POX-dependent ROS formation and activation of caspases −9 and −8. The data suggest that PRODH/POX participates in the MET-induced intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Yen Ly Huynh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ilona Oscilowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szoka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Weronika Baszanowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bielawska
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jerzy Palka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Jerzy Palka,
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8
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Kusum K, Raj R, Rai S, Pranjali P, Ashish A, Vicente-Muñoz S, Chaube R, Kumar D. Elevated Circulatory Proline to Glutamine Ratio (PQR) in Endometriosis and Its Potential as a Diagnostic Biomarker. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14856-14866. [PMID: 35557708 PMCID: PMC9088897 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis (EM) is a hormone-dependent gynecological disease associated with chronic pelvic pain and altered immuno-inflammatory processes. It shares some cancer-like characteristics such as increased proline biosynthesis and activated glutaminolysis. Both proline and glutamine are interconvertible metabolically, and studies have shown their roles in cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, redox homeostasis, occurrence/development of endometrial carcinoma, and its further progression toward the malignant state. So based on this, we hypothesized that the circulatory proline to glutamine ratio (PQR) would be altered in EM and may serve as an indicative biomarker to improve the clinical diagnosis of EM. In present study, the circulatory-PQR levels were estimated for 39 EM patients and 48 age matched healthy female subjects using 800 MHz NMR spectroscopy. Among 39 EM patients, 15 were in the clinical stages I to II and referred to here as moderate EM (MEM) patients and 24 were in the clinical stages III to IV and referred here as severe EM (SEM) patients. The circulatory-PQR levels were significantly increased in EM patients (0.99 ± 0.13 μM in MEM; 1.39 ± 0.22 μM in SEM) compared to normal control (NC) subjects (0.52 ± 0.05 μM in NC). Further, the circulatory PQR levels exhibit the highest diagnostic potential with area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve values equal to 0.87 ± 0.04 [95%CI = 0.79-0.96] for MEM and 0.89 ± 0.04 [95% CI = 0.82-0.96] for SEM. These results suggested that circulatory-PQR has significant potential to serve as a noninvasive biomarker for diagnostic/prognostic screening of EM and further underscored the importance of these two nonessential amino acids (proline and glutamine) in cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Kusum
- Department
of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritu Raj
- Centre
of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow-226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Rai
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pranjali Pranjali
- Centre
of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow-226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Ashish
- Department
of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sara Vicente-Muñoz
- NMR-Metabolomics
Core, Division of Pathology, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Radha Chaube
- Department
of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre
of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow-226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Proline Metabolism in Malignant Gliomas: A Systematic Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14082030. [PMID: 35454935 PMCID: PMC9027994 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Studies of various types of cancers have found proline metabolism to be a key player in tumor development, involved in basic metabolic pathways, regulating cell proliferation, survival, and signaling. Here, we systematically searched the literature to find data on proline metabolism in malignant glial tumors. Despite limited availability, existing studies have found several ways in which proline metabolism may affect the development of gliomas, involving the maintenance of redox balance, providing essential glutamate, and affecting major signaling pathways. Metabolomic profiling has revealed the importance of proline as a link to basic cell metabolic cycles and shown it to be correlated with overall survival. Emerging knowledge on the role of proline in general oncology encourages further studies on malignant gliomas. Abstract Background: Proline has attracted growing interest because of its diverse influence on tumor metabolism and the discovery of the regulatory mechanisms that appear to be involved. In contrast to general oncology, data on proline metabolism in central nervous system malignancies are limited. Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic literature review of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases according to PRISMA guidelines, searching for articles concerning proline metabolism in malignant glial tumors. From 815 search results, we identified 14 studies pertaining to this topic. Results: The role of the proline cycle in maintaining redox balance in IDH-mutated gliomas has been convincingly demonstrated. Proline is involved in restoring levels of glutamate, the main glial excitatory neurotransmitter. Proline oxidase influences two major signaling pathways: p53 and NF- κB. In metabolomics studies, the metabolism of proline and its link to the urea cycle was found to be a prognostic factor for survival and a marker of malignancy. Data on the prolidase concentration in the serum of glioblastoma patients are contradictory. Conclusions: Despite a paucity of studies in the literature, the available data are interesting enough to encourage further research, especially in terms of extrapolating what we have learned of proline functions from other neoplasms to malignant gliomas.
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10
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NSAIDs Induce Proline Dehydrogenase/Proline Oxidase-Dependent and Independent Apoptosis in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073813. [PMID: 35409177 PMCID: PMC8998922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered in cancer therapy for their inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is overexpressed in most cancers. However, we found that NSAIDs as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)-induced apoptosis independent of the COX-2 inhibition, and the process was mediated through activation of proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX)-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This mitochondrial enzyme converts proline to ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) during which ATP or ROS is generated. To confirm the role of PRODH/POX in the mechanism of NSAID-induced apoptosis we obtained an MCF7 CRISPR/Cas9 PRODH/POX knockout breast cancer cell model (MCF7POK-KO). Interestingly, the studied NSAIDs (indomethacin and diclofenac) in MCF7POK-KO cells contributed to a more pronounced pro-apoptotic phenotype of the cells than in PRODH/POX-expressing MCF7 cells. The observed effect was independent of ROS generation, but it was related to the energetic disturbances in the cells as shown by an increase in the expression of AMPKα (sensor of cell energy status), GLUD1/2 (proline producing enzyme from glutamate), prolidase (proline releasing enzyme), PPARδ (growth supporting transcription factor) and a decrease in the expression of proline cycle enzymes (PYCR1, PYCRL), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and collagen biosynthesis (the main proline utilizing process). The data provide evidence that the studied NSAIDs induce PRODH/POX-dependent and independent apoptosis in MCF7 breast cancer cells.
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11
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Duan JJ, Wang D, Cai J, Chen JJ, Zheng XX, Chen TQ, Wang J, Zhang X, Yang QK, Yu SC. An aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 inhibitor attenuates the metastasis of human colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215662. [PMID: 35331786 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The development of therapeutic regimens that selectively inhibit the biological processes involved in CRC cell dissemination is important. We used multiple Affymetrix DNA microarray hybridization datasets to identify genes related to metastasis and have significant prognostic value for patients with CRC. Quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining were used to evaluate mRNA and protein expression. The function of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 (ALDH1A3) in invasion was assessed by performing transwell assays and animal experiments. Real-time PCR, luciferase reporter assays, and western blotting were used to identify the genes regulated by ALDH1A3. Molecular docking, MTS assays, cellular thermal shift assays, isothermal titration calorimetry, microscale thermophoresis, and enzymatic activity assays were used to screen and verify the efficacy of the ALDH1A3-specific inhibitor YD1701 (dibenzo-30-crown10-ether). Finally, subcutaneous or orthotopic xenograft models were established to investigate the therapeutic potential of YD1701. Human ALDH1A3 was identified to correlate with a metastatic phenotype in CRC cells and a poor patient prognosis. Moreover, ALDH1A3 upregulated the expression of ZEB1 and SNAI2 by inhibiting miR-200 family members. The ALDH1A3-specific inhibitor YD1701 was screened, attenuated the invasion of CRC cells in vitro, and prolonged the survival of mice bearing subcutaneous or orthotopic xenografts. Our results show that ALDH1A3 promotes invasion and metastasis via the miR-200-ZEB1/SANI2 axis and is thus a plausible marker for predicting CRC progression. Inhibiting ALDH1A3 with the identified compound YD1701 might represent an effective therapeutic approach to prevent the metastasis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jie Duan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiao Cai
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jun-Jie Chen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zheng
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tian-Qing Chen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030002, Shanxi, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qing-Kai Yang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Cancer Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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12
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Proline Dehydrogenase/Proline Oxidase (PRODH/POX) Is Involved in the Mechanism of Metformin-Induced Apoptosis in C32 Melanoma Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042354. [PMID: 35216470 PMCID: PMC8876342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) in the mechanism of antineoplastic activity of metformin (MET) was studied in C32 melanoma cells. PRODH/POX is a mitochondrial enzyme-degrading proline that is implicated in the regulation of cancer cell survival/apoptosis. The enzyme is activated by AMP kinase (AMPK). It has been found that MET induced a significant decrease in cell viability and DNA biosynthesis accompanied by an increase in the expressions of AMPK and PRODH/POX in C32 cells. The mechanism for MET-dependent cytotoxicity on C32 cells was found at the level of PRODH/POX-induced ROS generation and activation of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 expressions in these cells. The effects were not observed in MET-treated PRODH/POX knock-out C32 cells. Of interest is an MET-dependent increase in the concentration of proline, which is a substrate for PRODH/POX. This phenomenon is due to the MET-dependent inhibition of collagen biosynthesis, which is the main proline-utilizing process. It has been found that the underlying mechanism of anticancer activity of MET involves the activation of AMPK, PRODH/POX, increase in the cytoplasmic concentration of proline, inhibition of collagen biosynthesis, and stimulation of PRODH/POX-dependent ROS generation, which initiate the apoptosis of melanoma cells.
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13
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Chiral secondary amino acids, their importance, and methods of analysis. Amino Acids 2022; 54:687-719. [PMID: 35192062 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring secondary amino acids, with proline as the main representative, contain an alpha-imino group in a cycle that is typically four-, five-, and six-membered. The unique ring structure exhibits exceptional properties-conformational rigidity, chemical stability, and specific roles in protein structure and folding. Many proline analogues have been used as valuable compounds for the study of metabolism of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and for the synthesis of compounds with desired biological, pharmaceutical, or industrial properties. The D-forms of secondary amino acids play different roles in living organisms than the L-forms. They have different metabolic pathways, biological, physiological, and pharmacological effects, they can be indicators of changes and also serve as biomarkers of diseases. In the scientific literature, the number of articles examining D-amino acids in biological samples is increasing. The review summarises information on the occurrence and importance of D- and L-secondary amino acids-azetidic acid, proline, hydroxyprolines, pipecolic, nipecotic, hydroxypipecolic acids and related peptides containing these D-AAs, as well as the main analytical methods (mostly chromatographic) used for their enantiomeric determination in different matrices (biological samples, plants, food, water, and soil).
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14
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Bogner AN, Ji J, Tanner JJ. Structure-based engineering of minimal proline dehydrogenase domains for inhibitor discovery. Protein Eng Des Sel 2022; 35:gzac016. [PMID: 36448708 PMCID: PMC9801229 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) catalyzes the FAD-dependent oxidation of l-proline to Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and is a target for inhibitor discovery because of its importance in cancer cell metabolism. Because human PRODH is challenging to purify, the PRODH domains of the bacterial bifunctional enzyme proline utilization A (PutA) have been used for inhibitor development. These systems have limitations due to large polypeptide chain length, conformational flexibility and the presence of domains unrelated to PRODH activity. Herein, we report the engineering of minimal PRODH domains for inhibitor discovery. The best designs contain one-third of the 1233-residue PutA from Sinorhizobium meliloti and include a linker that replaces the PutA α-domain. The minimal PRODHs exhibit near wild-type enzymatic activity and are susceptible to known inhibitors and inactivators. Crystal structures of minimal PRODHs inhibited by S-(-)-tetrahydro-2-furoic acid and 2-(furan-2-yl)acetic acid were determined at 1.23 and 1.72 Å resolution. Minimal PRODHs should be useful in chemical probe discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Bogner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Juan Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - John J Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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15
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Hong X, Mao L, Xu L, Hu Q, Jia R. Prostate-specific membrane antigen modulates the progression of prostate cancer by regulating the synthesis of arginine and proline and the expression of androgen receptors and Fos proto-oncogenes. Bioengineered 2022; 13:995-1012. [PMID: 34974814 PMCID: PMC8805960 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2016086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is strikingly upregulated during oncogenesis and prostate cancer (PCa) progression, but the functions of this antigen in PCa remain unclear. Here, we constructed PSMA-knockdown LNCaP and 22rv1 cell lines and performed metabonomic and transcriptomic analyses to determine the effects of PSMA on PCa metabolism and transcription. The metabolism of arginine and proline was detected using specific kits. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the identified differentially expressed genes were quantified by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The proliferation of each cell line was evaluated through CCK-8, EdU and colony formation assays. The migration and invasion abilities of each cell line were detected using wound healing and transwell assays, respectively. PSMA knockdown led to metabolic disorder and abnormal transcription in PCa and resulted in inhibition of the proliferation and metastasis of PCa cells in vitro and in vivo. The depletion of PSMA also promoted the biosynthesis of arginine and proline, inhibited the expression of AR and PSA, and induced the expression of c-Fos and FosB. PSMA plays an important role in the metabolism, proliferation and metastasis of human PCa and may be a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Hong
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Mao
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luwei Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruipeng Jia
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Phang JM. Editorial. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1767-1768. [PMID: 34842968 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M Phang
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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17
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Phang JM. Perspectives, past, present and future: the proline cycle/proline-collagen regulatory axis. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1967-1975. [PMID: 34825974 PMCID: PMC8651602 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the 35 years since the introduction of the "proline cycle", its relevance to human tumors has been widely established. These connections are based on a variety of mechanisms discovered by many laboratories and have stimulated the search for small molecule inhibitors to treat cancer or metastases. In addition, the multi-layered connections of the proline cycle and the role of proline and hydroxyproline in collagen provide an important regulatory link between the extracellular matrix and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Phang
- Scientist Emeritus, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, CCR, NCI at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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18
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Campbell AC, Prater AR, Bogner AN, Quinn TP, Gates KS, Becker DF, Tanner JJ. Photoinduced Covalent Irreversible Inactivation of Proline Dehydrogenase by S-Heterocycles. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2268-2279. [PMID: 34542291 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the first step of proline catabolism, the oxidation of l-proline to Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. PRODH has emerged as a cancer therapy target because of its involvement in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Here, we report the discovery of a new class of PRODH inactivator, which covalently and irreversibly modifies the FAD in a light-dependent manner. Two examples, 1,3-dithiolane-2-carboxylate and tetrahydrothiophene-2-carboxylate, have been characterized using X-ray crystallography (1.52-1.85 Å resolution), absorbance spectroscopy, and enzyme kinetics. The structures reveal that in the dark, these compounds function as classical reversible, proline analogue inhibitors. However, exposure of enzyme-inhibitor cocrystals to bright white light induces decarboxylation of the inhibitor and covalent attachment of the residual S-heterocycle to the FAD N5 atom, locking the cofactor into a reduced, inactive state. Spectroscopic measurements of the inactivation process in solution confirm the requirement for light and show that blue light is preferred. Enzyme activity assays show that the rate of inactivation is enhanced by light and that the inactivation is irreversible. We also demonstrate the photosensitivity of cancer cells to one of these compounds. A possible mechanism is proposed involving photoexcitation of the FAD, while the inhibitor is noncovalently bound in the active site, followed by electron transfer, decarboxylation, and radical combination steps. Our results could lead to the development of photopharmacological drugs targeting PRODH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Austin R. Prater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Alexandra N. Bogner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Thomas P. Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Donald F. Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - John J. Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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19
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Zhang T, Liu Y, Liu W, Li Q, Hou W, Huang Y, Lv P, Meng L, Li Y, Jia Y, Liu X, Zuo Z. Increased PYCR1 mRNA predicts poor prognosis in kidney adenocarcinoma: A study based on TCGA database. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27145. [PMID: 34559102 PMCID: PMC8462611 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) plays important roles in cancers, but its contribution to adenocarcinoma of the kidney (AK) and the potential mechanism remain to be clarified. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the relationship between PYCR1 mRNA and AK based on The Cancer Genome Atlas database.PYCR1 mRNA in AK and normal tissues was compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test. The relationship between PYCR1 mRNA and clinicopathological characters was evaluated using logistic regression. The association between PYCR1 mRNA and survival rate was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier test and Cox regression of univariate and multivariate analysis. Additionally, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was conducted to annotate the biological function of PYCR1 mRNA.Increased PYCR1 mRNA was found in AK tissues. Increased PYCR1 mRNA was related to high histologic grade, clinical stage, and lymph node and distant metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and univariate analysis showed that AK patients with increased PYCR1 mRNA had worse prognosis than those without. PYCR1 mRNA remained independently associated with overall survival (HR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.07-1.66; P = .009) in multivariate analysis. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis suggested that ribosome, proteasome, inhibition of p53 signaling pathway, extracellular matrix receptor interaction, and homologous recombination were differentially enriched in increased PYCR1 mRNA phenotype.Increased PYCR1 mRNA is a potential marker in patients with AK. More importantly, p53 pathway, ribosome, proteasome, extracellular matrix receptor interaction, and homologous are differentially enriched in AK patients with increased PYCR1 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Diabetic Cognitive and Perceptive Dysfunction, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Qunwang Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Pan Lv
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Lu Meng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yinhua Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yunge Jia
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xuezheng Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Diabetic Cognitive and Perceptive Dysfunction, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhongfu Zuo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Diabetic Cognitive and Perceptive Dysfunction, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Postdoctoral Research Station, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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20
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Geng P, Qin W, Xu G. Proline metabolism in cancer. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1769-1777. [PMID: 34390414 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells often change their metabolism to support uncontrolled proliferation. Proline is the only proteogenic secondary amino acid that is abundant in the body. Recent studies have shown that proline metabolism plays an important role in metabolic reprogramming and affects the occurrence and development of cancer. Proline metabolism is related to ATP production, protein and nucleotide synthesis, and redox homeostasis in tumor cells. Proline can be synthesized by aldehyde dehydrogenase family 18 member A1 (ALDH18A1) and delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (PYCR), up-regulating ALDH18A1 and PYCR can promote the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. As the main storage of proline, collagen can influence cancer cells proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Its synthesis depends on the hydroxylation of proline catalyzed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs), which will affect the plasticity and metastasis of cancer cells. The degradation of proline occurs in the mitochondria and involves an oxidation step catalyzed by proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX). Proline catabolism has a dual role in cancer, linking apoptosis with the survival and metastasis of cancer cells. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the regulation of proline metabolic enzymes at the genetic and post-translational levels is related to cancer. This article reviews the role of proline metabolic enzymes in cancer proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and development. Research on proline metabolism may provide a new strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wangshu Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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21
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Hydroxyproline in animal metabolism, nutrition, and cell signaling. Amino Acids 2021; 54:513-528. [PMID: 34342708 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline is highly abundant in collagen (accounting for about one-third of body proteins in humans and other animals). This imino acid (loosely called amino acid) and its minor analogue trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline in their ratio of approximately 100:1 are formed from the post-translational hydroxylation of proteins (primarily collagen and, to a much lesser extent, non-collagen proteins). Besides their structural and physiological significance in the connective tissue, both trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline and trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline can scavenge reactive oxygen species and have both structural and physiological significance in animals. The formation of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline residues in protein kinases B and DYRK1A, eukaryotic elongation factor 2 activity, and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor plays an important role in regulating their phosphorylation and catalytic activation as well as cell signaling in animal cells. These biochemical events contribute to the modulation of cell metabolism, growth, development, responses to nutritional and physiological changes (e.g., dietary protein intake and hypoxia), and survival. Milk, meat, skin hydrolysates, and blood, as well as whole-body collagen degradation provide a large amount of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. In animals, most (nearly 90%) of the collagen-derived trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline is catabolized to glycine via the trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline oxidase pathway, and trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline is degraded via the trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline dehydratase pathway to ornithine and glutamate, thereby conserving dietary and endogenously synthesized proline and arginine. Supplementing trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline or its small peptides to plant-based diets can alleviate oxidative stress, while increasing collagen synthesis and accretion in the body. New knowledge of hydroxyproline biochemistry and nutrition aids in improving the growth, health and well-being of humans and other animals.
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22
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Cortisol enhances citrulline synthesis from proline in enterocytes of suckling piglets. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1957-1966. [PMID: 34244859 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are marked decreases in plasma concentrations of cortisol and arginine (an essential amino acid for neonates) as well as intestinal citrulline synthesis in piglets during the first 14 days of life. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that increasing plasma cortisol concentrations by cortisol administration may prevent the decline in intestinal citrulline and arginine synthesis from proline, thereby possibly increasing plasma arginine concentration in suckling piglets and their growth. Seven-day-old pigs reared by sows received daily intramuscular injections of hydrocortisone 21-acetate (25 mg/kg) or vehicle solution (saline) (n = 10/group). At 14 days of age, piglets were used to prepare jejunal enterocytes. Cells were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min in oxygenated Krebs buffer containing 5 mM glucose, 2 mM [U-14C]proline, and 2 mM glutamine. Cortisol treatment increased plasma cortisol concentration, mitochondrial proline oxidase and N-acetylglutamate synthase activities, cytosolic argininosuccinate lyase activity, and the intracellular concentrations of N-acetylglutamate and carbamoyl phosphate for citrulline and arginine synthesis. However, cortisol treatment induced the expression of intestinal arginase-II for arginine hydrolysis, resulting in no change in plasma arginine concentration. Administration of cortisol had no effect on milk consumption or the whole-body growth rate of piglets, but increased villus height in the jejunum and ileum. Collectively, these results suggest an important role for proline oxidase and N-acetylglutamate in regulating citrulline and arginine synthesis from proline in pig enterocytes. Because proline catabolism plays an important role in modulating protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and arginine production, our findings may have important implications for understanding the role of proline oxidase in the growth and health of the mammalian small intestine.
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23
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Tejedor G, Contreras-Lopez R, Barthelaix A, Ruiz M, Noël D, De Ceuninck F, Pastoureau P, Luz-Crawford P, Jorgensen C, Djouad F. Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Reductase 1 Directs the Cartilage Protective and Regenerative Potential of Murphy Roths Large Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:604756. [PMID: 34277596 PMCID: PMC8284254 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.604756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murphy Roths Large (MRL) mice possess outstanding capacity to regenerate several tissues. In the present study, we investigated whether this regenerative potential could be associated with the intrinsic particularities possessed by their mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We demonstrated that MSCs derived from MRL mice (MRL MSCs) display a superior chondrogenic potential than do C57BL/6 MSC (BL6 MSCs). This higher chondrogenic potential of MRL MSCs was associated with a higher expression level of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1), an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of proline, in MRL MSCs compared with BL6 MSCs. The knockdown of PYCR1 in MRL MSCs, using a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), abolishes their chondrogenic potential. Moreover, we showed that PYCR1 silencing in MRL MSCs induced a metabolic switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. In two in vitro chondrocyte models that reproduce the main features of osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes including a downregulation of chondrocyte markers, a significant decrease of PYCR1 was observed. A downregulation of chondrocyte markers was also observed by silencing PYCR1 in freshly isolated healthy chondrocytes. Regarding MSC chondroprotective properties on chondrocytes with OA features, we showed that MSCs silenced for PYCR1 failed to protect chondrocytes from a reduced expression of anabolic markers, while MSCs overexpressing PYCR1 exhibited an increased chondroprotective potential. Finally, using the ear punch model, we demonstrated that MRL MSCs induced a regenerative response in non-regenerating BL6 mice, while BL6 and MRL MSCs deficient for PYCR1 did not. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that MRL mouse regenerative potential is, in part, attributed to its MSCs that exhibit higher PYCR1-dependent glycolytic potential, differentiation capacities, chondroprotective abilities, and regenerative potential than BL6 MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maxime Ruiz
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Danièle Noël
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric De Ceuninck
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Immuno-Inflammatory Disease, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Philippe Pastoureau
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Immuno-Inflammatory Disease, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Farida Djouad
- IRMB, INSERM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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24
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YÜKSEL B, DEVECİ ÖZKAN A. The Role of Citrus Nobiletin on Oxidative Stress Levels and Superoxide Dismutase Activities in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. COMMAGENE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.31594/commagene.895415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Palka J, Oscilowska I, Szoka L. Collagen metabolism as a regulator of proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase-dependent apoptosis/autophagy. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1917-1925. [PMID: 33818628 PMCID: PMC8651534 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on the regulatory role of amino acids in cell metabolism have focused on the functional significance of proline degradation. The process is catalysed by proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX), a mitochondrial flavin-dependent enzyme converting proline into ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). During this process, electrons are transferred to electron transport chain producing ATP for survival or they directly reduce oxygen, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducing apoptosis/autophagy. However, the mechanism for switching survival/apoptosis mode is unknown. Although PRODH/POX activity and energetic metabolism were suggested as an underlying mechanism for the survival/apoptosis switch, proline availability for this enzyme is also important. Proline availability is regulated by prolidase (proline supporting enzyme), collagen biosynthesis (proline utilizing process) and proline synthesis from glutamine, glutamate, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and ornithine. Proline availability is dependent on the rate of glycolysis, TCA and urea cycles, proline metabolism, collagen biosynthesis and its degradation. It is well established that proline synthesis enzymes, P5C synthetase and P5C reductase as well as collagen prolyl hydroxylases are up-regulated in most of cancer types and control rates of collagen biosynthesis. Up-regulation of collagen prolyl hydroxylase and its exhaustion of ascorbate and α-KG may compete with DNA and histone demethylases (that require the same cofactors) to influence metabolic epigenetics. This knowledge led us to hypothesize that up-regulation of prolidase and PRODH/POX with inhibition of collagen biosynthesis may represent potential pharmacotherapeutic approach to induce apoptosis or autophagic death in cancer cells. These aspects of proline metabolism are discussed in the review as an approach to understand complex regulatory mechanisms driving PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis/survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Palka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ilona Oscilowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szoka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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26
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Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming with heterogeneity is a hallmark of cancer and is at the basis of malignant behaviors. It supports the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells according to the low nutrition and hypoxic microenvironment. Tumor cells frantically grab energy sources (such as glucose, fatty acids, and glutamine) from different pathways to produce a variety of biomass to meet their material needs via enhanced synthetic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis, fatty acid synthesis (FAS), and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). To survive from stress conditions (e.g., metastasis, irradiation, or chemotherapy), tumor cells have to reprogram their metabolism from biomass production towards the generation of abundant adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and antioxidants. In addition, cancer cells remodel the microenvironment through metabolites, promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Herein, we discuss how the metabolism is reprogrammed in cancer cells and how the tumor microenvironment is educated via the metabolic products. We also highlight potential metabolic targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huakan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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27
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Lee YR, An KY, Jeon J, Kim NK, Lee JW, Hong J, Chung BC. Untargeted Metabolomics and Polyamine Profiling in Serum before and after Surgery in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120487. [PMID: 33260822 PMCID: PMC7760053 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in Korea and globally. In this study, we aimed to characterize the differential serum metabolomic profiles between pre-operative and post-operative patients with colorectal cancer. To investigate the significant metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with colorectal cancer, we analyzed serum samples from 68 patients (aged 20–71, mean 57.57 years). Untargeted and targeted metabolomics profiling in patients with colorectal cancer were performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Untargeted analysis identified differences in sphingolipid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, and arginine and proline metabolism in pre- and post-operative patients with colorectal cancer. We then performed quantitative target profiling of polyamines, synthesized from arginine and proline metabolism, to identify potential polyamines that may serve as effective biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Results indicate a significantly reduced serum concentration of putrescine in post-operative patients compared to pre-operative patients. Our metabolomics approach provided insights into the physiological alterations in patients with colorectal cancer after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ra Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea;
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ki-Yong An
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Justin Jeon
- Department of Sport Industry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, ICONS, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Ji Won Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
| | - Jongki Hong
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (B.C.C.); Tel.: +82-2-961-9255 (J.H.); +82-2-958-5067 (B.C.C.)
| | - Bong Chul Chung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea;
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (B.C.C.); Tel.: +82-2-961-9255 (J.H.); +82-2-958-5067 (B.C.C.)
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28
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Ferreira AGK, Biasibetti-Brendler H, Sidegum DSV, Loureiro SO, Figueiró F, Wyse ATS. Effect of Proline on Cell Death, Cell Cycle, and Oxidative Stress in C6 Glioma Cell Line. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:327-334. [PMID: 33196952 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since proline metabolism has been implicated to play an underlying role in apoptotic signaling and cancer, and hyperprolinemic patients present susceptibility to tumors development, this study investigated the effect of proline on cell death, cell cycle, antioxidant enzymes activities, and immunocontent/activity of proteins involved in cell death/survival signaling pathways in C6 glioma cells. C6 cells were incubated with proline (0-5 mM) for 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or 7 days. Proline in high concentrations slightly decreased LDH release, and no cytotoxic effect was seen by Annexin-PI staining. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were increased by proline (1 mM) after 72 h, suggesting an increase in reactive species levels. Acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited by proline at 1, 3, and 5 mM. The cell cycle progression was not altered. Results from Western blot analyses showed that proline at 1 mM after 72 h increased p-NF-ĸB and decreased acetylcholinesterase immunocontent but did not altered AKT, p-AKT, GSK3β, and p-GSK3β. Taken together, the data suggest that high proline levels seems to favor the signaling pathways towards cell proliferation, since acetylcholinesterase, which may act as tumor suppressor, is inhibited by proline. Also, p-NF-κB is increased by proline treatment and its activation is related to tumor cell proliferation and cellular response to oxidants. Proline also induced oxidative stress, but it appears to be insufficient to induce a significant change in cell cycle progression. These data may be related, at least in part, to the increased susceptibility to tumor development in hyperprolinemic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Gisiane Kurek Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Helena Biasibetti-Brendler
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniele Susana Volkart Sidegum
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Samanta Oliveira Loureiro
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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29
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Long M, Xu M, Qiao Z, Ma Z, Osire T, Yang T, Zhang X, Shao M, Rao Z. Directed Evolution of Ornithine Cyclodeaminase Using an EvolvR-Based Growth-Coupling Strategy for Efficient Biosynthesis of l-Proline. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1855-1863. [PMID: 32551572 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
l-Proline takes a significant role in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries as well as graziery. Typical biosynthesis of l-proline is from l-glutamate, involving three enzyme reactions as well as a spontaneous cyclization. Alternatively, l-proline can be also synthesized in l-ornithine and/or l-arginine producing strains by an ornithine aminotransferase (OCD). In this study, a strategy of directed evolution combining rare codon selection and pEvolvR was developed to screen OCD with high catalytic efficiency, improving l-proline production from l-arginine chassis cells. The mutations were generated by CRISPR-assisted DNA polymerases and were screened by growth-coupled rare codon selection system. OCDK205G/M86K/T162A from Pseudomonas putida was identified with 2.85-fold increase in catalytic efficiency for the synthesis of l-proline. Furthermore, we designed and optimized RBS for the BaargI and Ppocd coupling cascade using RedLibs, as well as sRNA inhibition of argF to moderate l-proline biosynthesis in l-arginine overproducing Corynebacterium crenatum. The strain PS6 with best performance reached 15.3 g/L l-proline in the shake flask and showed a titer of 38.4 g/L in a 5 L fermenter with relatively low concentration of residual l-ornithine and/or l-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Long
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhina Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenfeng Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tolbert Osire
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Minglong Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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30
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D'Aniello C, Patriarca EJ, Phang JM, Minchiotti G. Proline Metabolism in Tumor Growth and Metastatic Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:776. [PMID: 32500033 PMCID: PMC7243120 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells show a formidable capacity to survive under stringent conditions, to elude mechanisms of control, such as apoptosis, and to resist therapy. Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to support uncontrolled proliferation and metastatic progression. Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity are hallmarks of cancer cells, which endow them with aggressiveness, metastatic capacity, and resistance to therapy. This heterogeneity is regulated by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli including those from the tumor microenvironment. Increasing evidence points to a key role for the metabolism of non-essential amino acids in this complex scenario. Here we discuss the impact of proline metabolism in cancer development and progression, with particular emphasis on the enzymes involved in proline synthesis and catabolism, which are linked to pathways of energy, redox, and anaplerosis. In particular, we emphasize how proline availability influences collagen synthesis and maturation and the acquisition of cancer cell plasticity and heterogeneity. Specifically, we propose a model whereby proline availability generates a cycle based on collagen synthesis and degradation, which, in turn, influences the epigenetic landscape and tumor heterogeneity. Therapeutic strategies targeting this metabolic-epigenetic axis hold great promise for the treatment of metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina D'Aniello
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo J. Patriarca
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - James M. Phang
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Naples, Italy
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31
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Pelin JN, Edwards-Gayle CJC, Castelletto V, Aguilar AM, Alves WA, Seitsonen J, Ruokolainen J, Hamley IW. Self-Assembly, Nematic Phase Formation, and Organocatalytic Behavior of a Proline-Functionalized Lipopeptide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13671-13679. [PMID: 32134243 PMCID: PMC7146753 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of the amphiphilic lipopeptide PAEPKI-C16 (P = proline, A = alanine, E = glutamic acid, K = lysine, I = isoleucine, and C16 = hexadecyl) was investigated using a combination of microscopy, spectroscopy, and scattering methods and compared to that of C16-IKPEAP with the same (reversed) peptide sequence and the alkyl chain positioned at the N-terminus and lacking a free N-terminal proline residue. The catalytic activity of these peptides was then compared using a model aldol reaction system. For PAEPKI-C16, the cryo-TEM images showed the formation of micrometer-length fibers, which by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were found to have radii of 2.5-2.6 nm. Spectroscopic analysis shows that these fibers are built from β-sheets. This behavior is in complete contrast to that of C16-IKPEAP, which forms spherical micelles with peptides in a disordered conformation [Hutchinson J. Phys. Chem. B 2019, 123, 613]. In PAEPKI-C16, spontaneous alignment of fibers was observed upon increasing pH, which was accompanied by observed birefringence and anisotropy of SAXS patterns. This shows the ability to form a nematic phase, and unprecedented nematic hydrogel formation was also observed for these lipopeptides at sufficiently high concentrations. SAXS shows retention of an ultrafine (1.7 nm core radius) fibrillar network within the hydrogel. PAEPKI-C16 with free N-terminal proline shows enhanced anti:syn diastereoselectivity and better conversion compared to C16-IKPEAP. The cytotoxicity of PAEPKI-C16 was also lower than that of C16-IKPEAP for both fibroblast and cancer cell lines. These results highlight the sensitivity of lipopeptide properties to the presence of a free proline residue. The spontaneous nematic phase formation by PAEPKI-C16 points to the high anisotropy of its ultrafine fibrillar structure, and the formation of such a phase at low concentrations in aqueous solution may be valuable for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane N.B.D. Pelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade
Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | | | - Valeria Castelletto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
| | - Andrea M. Aguilar
- Instituto
de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Wendel A. Alves
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade
Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Nanomicroscopy Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja
2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Nanomicroscopy Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja
2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
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32
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Understanding the role of key amino acids in regulation of proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (prodh/pox)-dependent apoptosis/autophagy as an approach to targeted cancer therapy. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 466:35-44. [PMID: 31933109 PMCID: PMC7028810 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In stress conditions, as neoplastic transformation, amino acids serve not only as nutrients to maintain the cell survival but also as mediators of several regulatory pathways which are involved in apoptosis and autophagy. Especially, under glucose deprivation, in order to maintain the cell survival, proline and glutamine together with other glutamine-derived products such as glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and ornithine serve as alternative sources of energy. They are substrates for production of pyrroline-5-carboxylate which is the product of conversion of proline by proline dehydrogenase/ proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) to produce ATP for protective autophagy or reactive oxygen species for apoptosis. Interconversion of proline, ornithine, and glutamate may therefore regulate PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis/autophagy. The key amino acid is proline, circulating between mitochondria and cytoplasm in the proline cycle. This shuttle is known as proline cycle. It is coupled to pentose phosphate pathway producing nucleotides for DNA biosynthesis. PRODH/POX is also linked to p53 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathways. Proline availability for PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis/autophagy is regulated at the level of collagen biosynthesis (proline utilizing process) and prolidase activity (proline supporting process). In this review, we suggest that amino acid metabolism linking TCA and Urea cycles affect PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis/autophagy and the knowledge might be useful to targeted cancer therapy.
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Tołoczko-Iwaniuk N, Dziemiańczyk-Pakieła D, Celińska-Janowicz K, Zaręba I, Klupczyńska A, Kokot ZJ, Nowaszewska BK, Reszeć J, Borys J, Miltyk W. Proline-Dependent Induction of Apoptosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)-The Effect of Celecoxib. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010136. [PMID: 31935820 PMCID: PMC7016823 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma remains a significant worldwide public health challenge, associated with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment of this type of cancer lacks effective medication. Moreover, there are very few specific biomarkers that are useful in early diagnosis or treatment optimisation. Proline metabolism may prove to be of importance in the search for new treatment modalities. Methods: To evaluate the significance of proline metabolism in the development of oral cancer, proline concentration was assessed in oral cancer tissue and normal oral mucosa. The results were compared to the clinical stage and histological grade of the tumours. Moreover, the expression of proteins involved in proline metabolism via proline dehydrogenase/oxidase (PRODH/POX, PPARγ, HIF1-α) was determined. In the next stage of the study, conducted on cell lines of tongue cancer treated with celecoxib, the aforementioned factors involved in proline metabolism were evaluated. Cellular viability and cell proliferation, as well as apoptosis, were also assessed. Results: Our research results indicate that a high intracellular proline concentration and expression of factors involved in its metabolism correlate with the clinical stage and histological grade of oral cancer. Moreover, we are the first researchers to demonstrate that celecoxib can affect proline metabolism, causing an increase in pro-apoptotic factors (PRODH/POX, PPARγ), reducing the expression of HIF-1α and activating apoptosis. Conclusions: Proline metabolism, due to its involvement in the process of apoptosis, can be of great importance in anticancer therapy. It appears that celecoxib, which influences the PRODH/POX pathway, may be a promising therapeutic compound in oral cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tołoczko-Iwaniuk
- Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (B.K.N.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-667-564-188; Fax: +48-857-468-379
| | - Dorota Dziemiańczyk-Pakieła
- Department of Otolaryngology, Provincial Hospital in Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 26, 15-278 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Celińska-Janowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-522 Białystok, Poland; (K.C.-J.); (W.M.)
| | - Ilona Zaręba
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-522 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Klupczyńska
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.); (Z.J.K.)
| | - Zenon J. Kokot
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.); (Z.J.K.)
| | - Beata Klaudia Nowaszewska
- Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (B.K.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Reszeć
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Jan Borys
- Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (B.K.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-522 Białystok, Poland; (K.C.-J.); (W.M.)
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Li C, Li Z, Zhang T, Wei P, Li N, Zhang W, Ding X, Li J. 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Reveals the Antitumor Mechanisms of Triptolide in BALB/c Mice Bearing CT26 Tumors. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1175. [PMID: 31680959 PMCID: PMC6798008 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, the main active ingredient in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Celastraceae), has shown promising effects against a variety of tumors. However, the molecular pharmacological mechanisms explaining the action of triptolide remain unknown. In this study, the CT26 colon tumor cell line was inoculated subcutaneously into BALB/c mice, and plasma samples were subjected to 1H NMR metabolomics analysis. The metabolic signature identified five metabolites whose levels were lower and 15 whose levels were higher in CT26 tumor-bearing mice than in normal control mice. Triptolide treatment significantly reversed the levels of nine of these metabolites, including isoleucine, glutamine, methionine, proline, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-hydroxyisovalerate, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, and low-density lipoprotein/very low-density lipoprotein. Based on the identities of these potential biomarkers, we conclude that the antitumor mechanism of triptolide might rely on correcting perturbations in branched-chain amino acid metabolism, serine/glycine/methionine biosynthesis, and ketone bodies metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Peihuang Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Nuo Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Weijin F, Zhibin X, Shengfeng Z, Xiaoli Y, Qijian D, Jiayi L, Qiumei L, Yilong C, Hua M, Deyun L, Jiwen C. The clinical significance of PYCR1 expression in renal cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16384. [PMID: 31305441 PMCID: PMC6641676 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) is an enzyme involved in cell metabolism and is upregulated in cancer. However, the correlations of PYCR1 expression with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify the expression of PYCR1 and its clinical relevance in RCC patients.PYCR1 mRNA expression differences between RCC and the adjacent normal renal tissues were assessed using the Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Subsequently, the expression of PYCR1 mRNA and protein were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunochemistry using 30 paired frozen samples of RCC and the adjacent normal renal tissues. The protein expression of PYCR1 was evaluated by immunostaining formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of RCC samples from 96 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy, and its relationship with clinical features were analyzed. Nonpaired t tests were used to statistically analyze the differences between the 2 groups. Cox univariable and multivariable analyses of overall survival (OS) among RCC patients were performed.The expression of PYCR1 mRNA was significantly upregulated in RCC tissues compared to adjacent normal renal tissues in the TCGA database (P < .01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value was 0.748. The expression of PYCR1 mRNA and protein was significantly upregulated in RCC compared with that in paired normal renal tissues (P < .01). Higher PYCR1 levels were associated with metastasis (P < .01). Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that higher PYCR1 expression was correlated with poorer OS. Therefore, PYCR1 may act as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target in the diagnosis and treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Weijin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing
| | - Xie Zhibin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing
| | - Zheng Shengfeng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing
| | - Yang Xiaoli
- Scientific Research Center, GuiLin Medical University, GuiLin
| | - Ding Qijian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing
| | - Liu Jiayi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guang, Xi Medical University, NanNing, GuangXi, China
| | - Liang Qiumei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing
| | - Chen Yilong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing
| | - Mi Hua
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing
| | - Liu Deyun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing
| | - Cheng Jiwen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing
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Hassanpour S, Saadati A, Hasanzadeh M, Shadjou N, Mirzaie A, Jouyban A. Direct writing of biocatalytic materials based on pens filled with high-tech enzymatic inks: “Do-it-Yourself”. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Wang D, Wang L, Zhang Y, Yan Z, Liu L, Chen G. PYCR1 promotes the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer under the negative regulation of miR-488. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:588-595. [PMID: 30605882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PYCR1 is over-expressed in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its high expression accelerates the progression of NSCLC. However, the underlying mechanisms of PYCR1 in NSCLC progression remain poorly understood. Our study determined the mechanisms of PYCR1 in promotion of the occurrence and development of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, the expression patterns of PYCR1 in NSCLC tissues and cells were determined by RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Then, the effects of PYCR1 on cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by CCK-8 and flow cytomery assays. Finally, we explored the up-regulatory microRNAs (miRs) of PYCR1 and determined if MAPK pathway involved in this process. PYCR1 expression was elevated in NSCLC tissue samples and cells, and the high expression of PYCR1 closely associated with patients' advanced clinical process and poor outcome. Up-regulation of PYCR1 significantly increased the expression of p38 and promoted its nuclear accumulation. Besides, PYCR1 expression was negatively regulated by miR-488, and up-regulation of miR-488 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and tumorigenesis and increased cell apoptosis, and decreased p38 expression and its nuclear accumulation, whereas up-regulation of PYCR1 rescued these results induced by miR-488 over-expression. Collectively, these data suggest the mechanism of PYCR1 in promotion of NSCLC progression. PYCR1 is negatively regulated by miR-488 and then promotes the occurrence and development of NSCLC and activates p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchang Wang
- Department of Respiration, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lingchan Wang
- Department of Respiration, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Respiration, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhenfeng Yan
- Department of Respiration, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Leyuan Liu
- Department of Respiration, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Respiration, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Proline catabolism refers to the 4-electron oxidation of proline to glutamate catalyzed by the enzymes proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and l-glutamate γ-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (GSALDH, or ALDH4A1). These enzymes and the intermediate metabolites of the pathway have been implicated in tumor growth and suppression, metastasis, hyperprolinemia metabolic disorders, schizophrenia susceptibility, life span extension, and pathogen virulence and survival. In some bacteria, PRODH and GSALDH are combined into a bifunctional enzyme known as proline utilization A (PutA). PutAs are not only virulence factors in some pathogenic bacteria but also fascinating systems for studying the coordination of metabolic enzymes via substrate channeling. Recent Advances: The past decade has seen an explosion of structural data for proline catabolic enzymes. This review surveys these structures, emphasizing protein folds, substrate recognition, oligomerization, kinetic mechanisms, and substrate channeling in PutA. CRITICAL ISSUES Major unsolved structural targets include eukaryotic PRODH, the complex between monofunctional PRODH and monofunctional GSALDH, and the largest of all PutAs, trifunctional PutA. The structural basis of PutA-membrane association is poorly understood. Fundamental aspects of substrate channeling in PutA remain unknown, such as the identity of the channeled intermediate, how the tunnel system is activated, and the roles of ancillary tunnels. FUTURE DIRECTIONS New approaches are needed to study the molecular and in vivo mechanisms of substrate channeling. With the discovery of the proline cycle driving tumor growth and metastasis, the development of inhibitors of proline metabolic enzymes has emerged as an exciting new direction. Structural biology will be important in these endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Tanner
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri.,2 Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hydroxyproline is a structurally and physiologically important imino acid in animals. It is provided from diets and endogenous synthesis, and its conversion into glycine enhances the production of glutathione, DNA, heme, and protein. Furthermore, oxidation of hydroxyproline by hydroxyproline oxidase (OH-POX) plays an important role in cell antioxidative reactions, survival, and homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms whereby hydroxyproline participates in metabolism and cell signaling can improve the nutrition and health of animals and humans. Recent Advances: Hydroxyproline is highly abundant in milk and is utilized for renal synthesis of glycine to support neonatal growth, development, and survival. The oxidation of hydroxyproline by mitochondrial OH-POX generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enhanced ROS production contributes to the regulation of oxidative defense, apoptosis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, hypoxic responses, and cell survival in animals. CRITICAL ISSUES Although dietary hydroxyproline enters the portal circulation, its utilization by the portal-drained viscera is unknown. Pathways for hydroxyproline metabolism and their regulation at the molecular, cellular, and whole-body levels remain to be defined. Furthermore, the mechanisms responsible for hydroxyproline-derived ROS and related metabolites to induce cell survival or apoptosis are unknown. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Interorgan metabolism of hydroxyproline (including synthesis, catabolism, and flux) in animals must be quantified using isotope technologies. Efforts should also be directed toward studying dietary, hormonal, and epigenetic regulation of OH-POX expression at transcriptional and translational levels. Another emerging research need is to understand the roles of cellular redox and signaling networks involving both ROS and Δ1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate in nutrition, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University , Beijing, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- 2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University , Beijing, China
| | - Chien-An A Hu
- 2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, China .,3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico , Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Guoyao Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University , Beijing, China .,2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, China .,4 Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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Ye Y, Wu Y, Wang J. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 promotes cell proliferation via inhibiting apoptosis in human malignant melanoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:6399-6407. [PMID: 30568501 PMCID: PMC6267761 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s166711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly malignant tumor of cutaneous melanocytes with a fast progression. We investigated the cellular effects of pyrroline-5- carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) in the MM cell lines, A375 and M14. Methods Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry analysis were performed to evaluate the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of MM cell lines, respectively. To gain more insight into the role of PYCR1 in tumor growth, we analyzed the AKT phosphorylation level in PYCR1-specific siRNA (siPYCR1) and negative control (NC) cells. Results Biochemical analysis revealed a clear increase in PYCR1 expression in human MM samples, and its high expression predicted a poor prognosis. Silencing of PYCR1 suppressed the proliferation and migration of A375 and M14 cells. The percentage of apoptosis in cells transfected with siPYCR1 significantly increased in comparison to that of cells transfected with negative control siRNA (NC). The enhanced apoptosis in PYCR1 knockdown cells was consistent with an increased level of markers of apoptosis. siPYCR1 inhibited AKT phosphorylation, as well as the expression of its downstream protein, P70, suggesting that PYCR1 promoted cell growth of the MM cell lines A375 and M14 through stimulation of the AKT pathway. Moreover, forkhead box K2 and regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1 shared a similar expression pattern to that of PYCR1 and were significantly downregulated in PYCR1 knockdown cells. Conclusion PYCR1 promoted tumor progression through the AKT pathway in human MM in vitro. Our results expand the knowledge of PYCR1 functions in solid tumors and provide a potential target for the clinical treatment of human MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Ye
- Department of Dermatology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China,
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Oncology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China,
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41
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Li Y, Liu X, Ma Y, Wang Y, Zhou W, Hao M, Yuan Z, Liu J, Xiong M, Shugart YY, Wang J, Jin L. knnAUC: an open-source R package for detecting nonlinear dependence between one continuous variable and one binary variable. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:448. [PMID: 30466390 PMCID: PMC6249767 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing the dependence of two variables is one of the fundamental tasks in statistics. In this work, we developed an open-source R package (knnAUC) for detecting nonlinear dependence between one continuous variable X and one binary dependent variables Y (0 or 1). RESULTS We addressed this problem by using knnAUC (k-nearest neighbors AUC test, the R package is available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/knnauc/ ). In the knnAUC software framework, we first resampled a dataset to get the training and testing dataset according to the sample ratio (from 0 to 1), and then constructed a k-nearest neighbors algorithm classifier to get the yhat estimator (the probability of y = 1) of testy (the true label of testing dataset). Finally, we calculated the AUC (area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic) estimator and tested whether the AUC estimator is greater than 0.5. To evaluate the advantages of knnAUC compared to seven other popular methods, we performed extensive simulations to explore the relationships between eight different methods and compared the false positive rates and statistical power using both simulated and real datasets (Chronic hepatitis B datasets and kidney cancer RNA-seq datasets). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that knnAUC is an efficient R package to test non-linear dependence between one continuous variable and one binary dependent variable especially in computational biology area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Six Industrial Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Six Industrial Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meng Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Momiao Xiong
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Houston Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, Division of Intramural Division Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jiucun Wang
- Six Industrial Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Jin
- Six Industrial Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Al-Taee KMK, Zepp M, Berger I, Berger MR, Adwan H. Pancreatic carcinoma cells colonizing the liver modulate the expression of their extracellular matrix genes. Genes Cancer 2018; 9:215-231. [PMID: 30603057 PMCID: PMC6305105 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is the main target of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) metastasis. Here, a rat model was used for analysing gene expression modulations during liver colonization. ASML PDAC cells were injected to isogenic rats and re-isolated at various stages of liver colonization for RNA isolation or re-cultivation. Microarrays were used for analysing mRNA and miRNA profiles of expression. The results were partially confirmed by (q) RT-PCR and western blot. Selected genes were knocked down by siRNA transfection and the resulting cell behaviour was analysed. The ratio of up- and down regulated genes decreased from 20:1 (early stage) to 1.2:1 (terminal stage). Activation of cancer relevant gene categories varied between stages of liver colonization, with a nadir in the intermediate stage. The cells' environment triggered up to hundredfold changed expression for collagens, matrix metalloproteinases and chemokines. These modulations in mRNA expression were related to respective changes at miRNA levels. Gene expression knockdown of Mmp2 and Ccl20, which were highly modulated in vivo, was correlated with reduced proliferation and migration in vitro. Thus, target genes and temporal alterations in expression were identified, which can serve as basis for future therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khamael M K Al-Taee
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Zepp
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irina Berger
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Kassel, Mönchebergstraße, Kassel
| | - Martin R Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hassan Adwan
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,German University of Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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43
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Cappelletti P, Tallarita E, Rabattoni V, Campomenosi P, Sacchi S, Pollegioni L. Proline oxidase controls proline, glutamate, and glutamine cellular concentrations in a U87 glioblastoma cell line. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196283. [PMID: 29694413 PMCID: PMC5918996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Proline is a multifunctional amino acid that plays an essential role in primary metabolism and physiological functions. Proline is oxidized to glutamate in the mitochondria and the FAD-containing enzyme proline oxidase (PO) catalyzes the first step in L-proline degradation pathway. Alterations in proline metabolism have been described in various human diseases, such as hyperprolinemia type I, velo-cardio-facial syndrome/Di George syndrome, schizophrenia and cancer. In particular, the mutation giving rise to the substitution Leu441Pro was identified in patients suffering of schizophrenia and hyperprolinemia type I. Here, we report on the expression of wild-type and L441P variants of human PO in a U87 glioblastoma human cell line in an attempt to assess their effect on glutamate metabolism. The subcellular localization of the flavoenzyme is not altered in the L441P variant, for which specific activity is halved compared to the wild-type PO. While this decrease in activity is significantly less than that previously proposed, an effect of the substitution on the enzyme stability is also apparent in our studies. At 24 hours of growth from transient transfection, the intracellular level of proline, glutamate, and glutamine is decreased in cells expressing the PO variants as compared to control U87 cells, reaching a similar figure at 72 h. On the other hand, the extracellular levels of the three selected amino acids show a similar time course for all clones. Furthermore, PO overexpression does not modify to a significant extent the expression of GLAST and GLT-1 glutamate transporters. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the proline pathway links cellular proline levels with those of glutamate and glutamine. On this side, PO might play a regulatory role in glutamatergic neurotransmission by affecting the cellular concentration of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Cappelletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Center, Politecnico of Milano and University of Insubria, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena Tallarita
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Rabattoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Campomenosi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Center, Politecnico of Milano and University of Insubria, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Center, Politecnico of Milano and University of Insubria, Milano, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Center, Politecnico of Milano and University of Insubria, Milano, Italy
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Celińska-Janowicz K, Zaręba I, Lazarek U, Teul J, Tomczyk M, Pałka J, Miltyk W. Constituents of Propolis: Chrysin, Caffeic Acid, p-Coumaric Acid, and Ferulic Acid Induce PRODH/POX-Dependent Apoptosis in Human Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell (CAL-27). Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:336. [PMID: 29681859 PMCID: PMC5897514 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis evokes several therapeutic properties, including anticancer activity. These activities are attributed to the action of polyphenols. Previously it has been demonstrated, that one of the most abundant polyphenolic compounds in ethanolic extracts of propolis are chrysin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid. Although their pro-apoptotic activity on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells (CAL-27) was established previously, the detailed mechanism of this process remains unclear. Considering the crucial role of proline metabolism and proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) in the regulation of cancer cell survival/apoptosis, we studied these processes in polyphenol-treated CAL-27 cells. All studied polyphenols evoked anti-proliferative activity, accompanied by increased PRODH/POX, P53, active caspases-3 and -9 expressions and decreased collagen biosynthesis, prolidase activity and proline concentration in CAL-27 cells. These data suggest that polyphenols of propolis induce PRODH/POX-dependent apoptosis through up-regulation of mitochondrial proline degradation and down-regulation of proline utilization for collagen biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Celińska-Janowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Ilona Zaręba
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Lazarek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Teul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Jerzy Pałka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Proline oxidase silencing induces proline-dependent pro-survival pathways in MCF-7 cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13748-13757. [PMID: 29568391 PMCID: PMC5862612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline degradation by proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) contributes to apoptosis or autophagy. The identification of specific pathway of apoptosis/survival regulation is the aim of this study. We generated knocked-down PRODH/POX MCF-7 breast cancer cells (MCF-7shPRODH/POX). PRODH/POX silencing did not affect cell viability. However, it contributed to decrease in DNA and collagen biosynthesis, increase in prolidase activity and intracellular proline concentration as well as increase in the expression of iNOS, NF-κB, mTOR, HIF-1α, COX-2, AMPK, Atg7 and Beclin-1 in MCF-7shPRODH/POX cells. In these cells, glycyl-proline (GlyPro, substrate for prolidase) further inhibited DNA and collagen biosynthesis, maintained high prolidase activity, intracellular concentration of proline and up-regulated HIF-1α, AMPK, Atg7 and Beclin-1, compared to GlyPro-treated MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 cells, GlyPro increased collagen biosynthesis, concentration of proline and expression of caspase-3, cleaved caspases -3 and -9, iNOS, NF-κB, COX-2 and AMPKβ. PRODH/POX knock-down contributed to pro-survival autophagy pathways in MCF-7 cells and GlyPro-derived proline augmented this process. However, GlyPro induced apoptosis in PRODH/POX-expressing MCF-7 cells as detected by up-regulation of active caspases -3 and -9. The data suggest that PRODH/POX silencing induces autophagy in MCF-7 cells and GlyPro-derived proline supports this process.
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Resistance to the Antiproliferative In Vitro Effect of PI3K-Akt-mTOR Inhibition in Primary Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Is Associated with Altered Cell Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020382. [PMID: 29382066 PMCID: PMC5855604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive signaling through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-Akt-mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K-Akt-mTOR) pathway is present in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. However, AML is a heterogeneous disease, and we therefore investigated possible associations between cellular metabolism and sensitivity to PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway inhibitors. We performed non-targeted metabolite profiling to compare the metabolome differences of primary human AML cells derived from patients susceptible or resistant to the in vitro antiproliferative effects of mTOR and PI3K inhibitors. In addition, the phosphorylation status of 18 proteins involved in PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling and the effect of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin on their phosphorylation status was investigated by flow cytometry. Strong antiproliferative effects by inhibitors were observed only for a subset of patients. We compared the metabolite profiles for responders and non-responders towards PI3K-mTOR inhibitors, and 627 metabolites could be detected. Of these metabolites, 128 were annotated and 15 of the annotated metabolites differed significantly between responders and non-responders, including metabolites involved in energy, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. To conclude, leukemia cells that are susceptible or resistant to PI3K-Akt-mTOR inhibitors differ in energy, amino acid, and arachidonic acid metabolism, and modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism alters the activation of mTOR and its downstream mediators.
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Cai F, Miao Y, Liu C, Wu T, Shen S, Su X, Shi Y. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:731-740. [PMID: 29403556 PMCID: PMC5780737 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered tumor cell metabolism is involved in the process of tumorigenesis. Proline metabolism is of critical importance for tumor cells, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1), a key proline biosynthesis enzyme, has been reported to be overexpressed in prostate cancer and to promote tumor cell growth in breast cancer. The present study investigated the relationship between PYCR1 and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The results revealed that PYCR1 was overexpressed in NSCLC tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. High PYCR1 expression was associated with poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Following knockdown of PYCR1 by small interfering RNA, cell proliferation was revealed to be significantly inhibited and the cell cycle was arrested, while apoptosis was increased in SPC-A1 and H1703 NSCLC cells. Furthermore, the silencing of PYCR1 resulted in the downregulation of expression of the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, the regulator of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway B-cell lymphoma-2, and B-cell lymphoma-extra large. The results of the present study indicated the involvement of PYCR1 in the proliferation and apoptosis of NSCLC. Therefore, PYCR1 may be a novel therapeutic target for inhibiting cell proliferation in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Miao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Chenyang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Simei Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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Song L, Ding S, Ge Z, Zhu X, Qiu C, Wang Y, Lai E, Yang W, Sun Y, Chow SA, Yu L. Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors attenuate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by impairing receptor tyrosine kinases signalling in endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:1241-1259. [PMID: 28910489 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has become a major clinical challenge for HIV-positive patients. However, the role of ART in blood vessel growth is largely unknown. Here, we examined an integral component of ART, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and investigated their effects on key microvascular functions, including angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis capability of endothelial cells (ECs) was evaluated using migration, proliferation and tube formation assays in vitro, and mouse ear and Matrigel plug assays in vivo. Expressions of signalling molecules and mitochondrial antioxidant catalases were determined using Western blotting. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) internalization and endocytosis were examined using flow cytometry and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy respectively. Mitochondrial DNA copy number and ROS were determined using quantitative real-time PCR and MitoSOX staining respectively. KEY RESULTS Pharmaceutical doses of NRTIs [azidothymidine (AZT), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and lamivudine (3TC)] inhibited angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro by affecting the proliferation and migration of ECs. Correspondingly, NRTIs selectively attenuated the activation and transduction of endothelial RTK signals, VEGFR2 and FGFR1 pathways, in vascular ECs and the VEGFR3 pathway in lymphatic ECs. Both TDF and 3TC restrained RTKs' endocytosis into early endosomes but not internalization, while AZT blocked the protein maturation of RTKs. Excessive ROS levels were detected in NRTI-treated ECs, and the MnSOD mimic MnTMPyP alleviated the angiogenic/lymphangiogenic defects induced by NRTIs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS NRTIs negatively regulate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and subsequently impairing RTK signalling in ECs. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sha Ding
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Ge
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Qiu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuewen Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Enyin Lai
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Samson A Chow
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luyang Yu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Rizzi YS, Cecchini NM, Fabro G, Alvarez ME. Differential control and function of Arabidopsis ProDH1 and ProDH2 genes on infection with biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1164-1174. [PMID: 27526663 PMCID: PMC6638284 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis contains two proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) genes, ProDH1 and ProDH2, encoding for homologous and functional isoenzymes. Although ProDH1 has been studied extensively, especially under abiotic stress, ProDH2 has only started to be analysed in recent years. These genes display distinctive expression patterns and show weak transcriptional co-regulation, but are both activated in pathogen-infected tissues. We have demonstrated previously that Arabidopsis plants with silenced ProDH1/2 expression fail to trigger defences against the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato AvrRpm1 (Pst-AvrRpm1), and that ProDH1 and ProDH2 are differentially regulated by salicylic acid (SA). In the current work, we used prodh1 and prodh2 single-mutant plants to assess the particular contribution of each gene to resistance against Pst-AvrRpm1 and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. In addition, we studied the sensitivity of ProDH1 and ProDH2 to the jasmonic acid (JA) defence pathway. We found that ProDH1 and ProDH2 are both necessary to achieve maximum resistance against Pst-AvrRpm1 and B. cinerea. However, ProDH2 has a major effect on early restriction of B. cinerea growth. Interestingly, ProDH1 is up-regulated by SA and JA, whereas ProDH2 is only activated by JA, and both genes display transcriptional inter-regulation at basal and infection conditions. These studies provide the first evidence of the contribution of ProDH2 to disease resistance, and describe the differential regulation and non-redundant but complementary function of both enzyme isoforms in infected tissues, providing support for a fundamental role of ProDH in the control of biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Soledad Rizzi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET, Departamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad UniversitariaCórdobaX5000HUAArgentina
| | - Nicolás Miguel Cecchini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET, Departamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad UniversitariaCórdobaX5000HUAArgentina
| | - Georgina Fabro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET, Departamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad UniversitariaCórdobaX5000HUAArgentina
| | - María Elena Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET, Departamento de Química BiológicaFacultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad UniversitariaCórdobaX5000HUAArgentina
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Hasanzadeh M, Nahar AS, Hassanpour S, Shadjou N, Mokhtarzadeh A, Mohammadi J. Proline dehydrogenase-entrapped mesoporous magnetic silica nanomaterial for electrochemical biosensing of L-proline in biological fluids. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 105:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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