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Vasoya D, Tzelos T, Benedictus L, Karagianni AE, Pirie S, Marr C, Oddsdóttir C, Fintl C, Connelley T. High-Resolution Genotyping of Expressed Equine MHC Reveals a Highly Complex MHC Structure. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1422. [PMID: 37510326 PMCID: PMC10379315 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes play a key role in a number of biological processes, most notably in immunological responses. The MHCI and MHCII genes incorporate a complex set of highly polymorphic and polygenic series of genes, which, due to the technical limitations of previously available technologies, have only been partially characterized in non-model but economically important species such as the horse. The advent of high-throughput sequencing platforms has provided new opportunities to develop methods to generate high-resolution sequencing data on a large scale and apply them to the analysis of complex gene sets such as the MHC. In this study, we developed and applied a MiSeq-based approach for the combined analysis of the expressed MHCI and MHCII repertoires in cohorts of Thoroughbred, Icelandic, and Norwegian Fjord Horses. The approach enabled us to generate comprehensive MHCI/II data for all of the individuals (n = 168) included in the study, identifying 152 and 117 novel MHCI and MHCII sequences, respectively. There was limited overlap in MHCI and MHCII haplotypes between the Thoroughbred and the Icelandic/Norwegian Fjord horses, showcasing the variation in MHC repertoire between genetically divergent breeds, and it can be inferred that there is much more MHC diversity in the global horse population. This study provided novel insights into the structure of the expressed equine MHC repertoire and highlighted unique features of the MHC in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Vasoya
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Thomas Tzelos
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Eleonora Karagianni
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Scott Pirie
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Celia Marr
- Rossdales Equine Hospital, Cotton End Road, Exning, Newmarket CD8 7NN, UK
| | - Charlotta Oddsdóttir
- The Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Constanze Fintl
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Timothy Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
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Malalana F, Ireland JL, Pinchbeck GL, McGowan CM. Risk factors for a first episode of primary uveitis in the UK and proportion of cases that experience recurrence following this first episode. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:42-47. [PMID: 35305037 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for a first episode of primary uveitis in horses have not been determined. In addition, disease progression and the proportion of horses that develop recurrence following the original episode are not known. OBJECTIVES To determine the risk factors for the development of a first episode of primary uveitis in horses in the UK and to document the proportion of cases that experience recurrence following this first episode. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case-control longitudinal study. METHODS Horses with a first episode of primary uveitis between July 2014 and August 2018 were recruited to the study. For each case, two controls were selected. A questionnaire was completed for each horse and multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify associations between horse and management-level variables and the risk of uveitis. Each case was then followed longitudinally to determine the rate of recurrence of uveitis. RESULTS Twenty-three cases and 46 controls were recruited. Being close to a pig farm (OR 27.8, CI 1.31-592.06) and a recent history of flooding of the pasture (OR 15.43, CI 2.80-84.98) was associated with increased risk of uveitis. Being in the same owner's possession for a longer amount of time had a protective effect (OR 0.79, CI 0.68-0.93). Horses recovered uneventfully following treatment and showed no evidence of recurrence in 59.1% of the cases (n = 13). In five horses (22.7%), the initial episode of uveitis could not be controlled and required surgical therapy. Recurrence was observed in four horses (18.2%). MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size. Recall bias from owners for some of the data. Possibility of selection bias. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians can use this information to identify horses with increased risk of uveitis and provide advice to the owners of these horses. The proportion of cases that experience recurrence appears low in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Joanne L Ireland
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Catherine M McGowan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Fischer BM, Brehm W, Reese S, McMullen RJ. Equine recurrent uveitis—A review. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Britta M. Fischer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
- Department of Ophthalmology Clinic for Animals Hofheim Germany
| | - Walter Brehm
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department for Horses University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine LMU Munich Germany
| | - Richard J. McMullen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
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Kingsley NB, Sandmeyer L, Bellone RR. A review of investigated risk factors for developing equine recurrent uveitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26:86-100. [PMID: 35691017 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is an ocular inflammatory disease that can be difficult to manage clinically. As such, it is the leading cause of bilateral blindness for horses. ERU is suspected to have a complex autoimmune etiology with both environmental and genetic risk factors contributing to onset and disease progression in some or all cases. Work in recent years has aimed at unraveling the primary triggers, such as infectious agents and inherited breed-specific risk factors, for disease onset, persistence, and progression. This review has aimed at encompassing those factors that have been associated, implicated, or substantiated as contributors to ERU, as well as identifying areas for which additional knowledge is needed to better understand risk for disease onset and progression. A greater understanding of the risk factors for ERU will enable earlier detection and better prognosis through prevention and new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Kingsley
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lynne Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rebecca R Bellone
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA
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5
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Wollanke B, Gerhards H, Ackermann K. Infectious Uveitis in Horses and New Insights in Its Leptospiral Biofilm-Related Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:387. [PMID: 35208842 PMCID: PMC8875353 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is a sight-threatening eye disease in equids known worldwide that leads to considerable pain and suffering. By far the most common type of uveitis in Germany and neighboring countries is classical equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), which is caused by chronic intraocular leptospiral infection and is the main cause of infectious uveitis in horses. Other infectious causes are extremely rare and are usually clinically distinguishable from ERU. ERU can be treated very effectively by vitreous cavity lavage (vitrectomy). For proper indications of this demanding surgery, it is necessary to differentiate ERU from other types of uveitis in which vitrectomy is not helpful. This can be conducted on the basis of anamnesis in combination with ophthalmologic findings and by aqueous humor examination. During vitrectomy, vitreous material is obtained. These vitreous samples have historically been used for numerous etiologic studies. In this way, a chronic intraocular leptospiral infection has been shown to be the cause of typical ERU and, among other findings, ERU has also been recognized as a biofilm infection, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of ERU and explaining some thus far unexplainable phenomena of ERU. ERU may not only have transmissible aspects to some types of uveitis in humans but may also serve as a model for a spontaneously occurring biofilm infection. Vitreous material obtained during therapeutically indicated vitrectomy can be used for further studies on in vivo biofilm formation, biofilm composition and possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wollanke
- Equine Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (H.G.); (K.A.)
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Degroote RL, Deeg CA. Immunological Insights in Equine Recurrent Uveitis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609855. [PMID: 33488614 PMCID: PMC7821741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses worldwide suffer from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an organ-specific, immune-mediated disease with painful, remitting-relapsing inflammatory attacks alternating with periods of quiescence, which ultimately leads to blindness. In course of disease, both eyes can eventually be affected and since blind horses pose a threat to themselves and their surroundings, these animals have to be killed. Therefore, this disease is highly relevant for veterinary medicine. Additionally, ERU shows strong clinical and pathological resemblance to autoimmune uveitis in man. The exact cause for the onset of ERU is unclear to date. T cells are believed to be the main effector cells in this disease, as they overcome the blood retinal barrier to invade the eye, an organ physiologically devoid of peripheral immune cells. These cells cause severe intraocular inflammation, especially in their primary target, the retina. With every inflammatory episode, retinal degeneration increases until eyesight is completely lost. In ERU, T cells show an activated phenotype, with enhanced deformability and migration ability, which is reflected in the composition of their proteome and downstream interaction pathways even in quiescent stage of disease. Besides the dysregulation of adaptive immune cells, emerging evidence suggests that cells of the innate immune system may also directly contribute to ERU pathogenesis. As investigations in both the target organ and the periphery have rapidly evolved in recent years, giving new insights on pathogenesis-associated processes on cellular and molecular level, this review summarizes latest developments in ERU research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane L Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Horses perform in a variety of disciplines that are visually demanding, and any disease impacting the eye has the potential to threaten vision and thus the utility of the horse. Advances in equine genetics have enabled the understanding of some inherited ocular disorders and ocular manifestations and are enabling cross-species comparisons. Genetic testing for multiple congenital ocular anomalies, congenital stationary night blindness, equine recurrent uveitis, and squamous cell carcinoma can identify horses with or at risk for disease and thus can assist in clinical management and breeding decisions. This article describes the current knowledge of inherited ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Tallmadge RL, Antczak DF, Felippe MJB. Genetics of Immune Disease in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:273-288. [PMID: 32654783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defenses against infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are critical to survival. It has been estimated that upwards of 7% of the coding genes of mammals function in immunity and inflammation. This high level of genomic investment in defense has resulted in an immune system characterized by extraordinary complexity and many levels of redundancy. Because so many genes are involved with immunity, there are many opportunities for mutations to arise that have negative effects. However, redundancy in the mammalian defense system and the adaptive nature of key immune mechanisms buffer the untoward outcomes of many such deleterious mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Tallmadge
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Maria Julia Bevilaqua Felippe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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10
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Bradley C, Grundon R, Sansom PG. The prevalence of uveitis in a population of donkeys in the UK. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:863-867. [PMID: 32145036 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveitis is reported to be a leading cause of blindness in horses. Little work has been undertaken to date to investigate whether donkeys are affected by a similar disease prevalence. OBJECTIVES To investigate the disease prevalence of uveitis in a population of donkeys in the UK. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive observational study. METHODS An ophthalmic examination was performed on each donkey, in a darkened stable. Each donkey underwent slit lamp biomicroscopy, and direct and/or indirect ophthalmoscopy. Fluorescein staining, STT1 and IOPs were measured when deemed clinically necessary. Pharmacological pupillary dilation was achieved using 1% tropicamide. RESULTS A total of 207 donkeys were examined: 139 males (67.1%) and 68 females (32.9%). Age range was 2-37 years (median: 17 years, interquartile range: 9-25 years). Three donkeys (1.5%) were blind in one eye, and one was monocular at the time of examination. Signs consistent with either previous or current uveitis were identified in eight eyes of six animals (2.9%). Clinical signs included are as follows: miosis (n = 1), corpora nigra atrophy (n = 6), anterior lens capsule pigment (n = 2), cataract (n = 8), posterior synechiae (n = 3), lens subluxation (n = 1), vitreal changes (n = 2), peripapillary scarring (n = 3) and phthisis bulbi (n = 1). Significant ocular pathology precluded fundic examination in three eyes. Three out of eight eyes (37.5%) were blinded by the pathology. The risk of uveitis was found to increase with age (OR 1.1, CI: 1.01-1.25) on univariable analysis (P = .046.). MAIN LIMITATIONS Fluorescein staining, tonometry and Schirmer tear test measurements were not performed on all donkeys. CONCLUSIONS The disease prevalence reported here is comparable to that reported for horses in the UK. Larger prospective studies are necessary to determine whether there is a similar trend in disease prevalence in the donkey population worldwide. In addition, further investigations should aim to establish whether uveitis in donkeys is similar to the ERU syndrome seen in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachael Grundon
- Eye Veterinary Clinic Ltd, Marlbrook, Leominster, Herefordshire, UK
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11
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Sandmeyer LS, Kingsley NB, Walder C, Archer S, Leis ML, Bellone RR, Bauer BS. Risk factors for equine recurrent uveitis in a population of Appaloosa horses in western Canada. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:515-525. [PMID: 32086865 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize clinical manifestations, measure frequency, and evaluate risk factors for equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) in Appaloosa horses in western Canada. ANIMALS 145 Appaloosa horses. PROCEDURES Ophthalmic examinations were completed and eyes were classified as having no or mild clinical signs, or moderate, or severe damage from ERU. Clinical signs, age, sex, base coat color, and pattern were recorded. Whole blood and/or mane hair follicles were collected for DNA extraction, and all horses were tested for the leopard complex (LP) spotting pattern allele. Pedigree analysis was completed on affected and unaffected horses, and coefficients of coancestry (CC) and inbreeding (COI) were determined. RESULTS Equine recurrent uveitis was confirmed in 20 (14%) horses. The mean age of affected horses was 12.3 years (±5.3; range 3-25). Age was a significant risk factor for ERU diagnosis (ORyear = 1.15) and classification (ORyear = 1.19). The fewspot coat pattern was significantly associated with increased risk for ERU compared to horses that were minimally patterned or true solids. The LP/LP genotype was at a significantly greater risk for ERU compared to lp/lp (OR = 19.4) and LP/lp (OR = 6.37). Classification of ERU was greater in the LP/LP genotype compared to LP/lp. Affected horses had an average CC of 0.066, and there was a significant difference in the distribution of CC for affected horses versus the control group (P = .021). One affected horse was the sire or grandsire of nine other affected. CONCLUSIONS Age, coat pattern, and genetics are major risk factors for the diagnosis and classification of ERU in the Appaloosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask, Canada
| | - Nicole B Kingsley
- Equine Research Unit, University of California Davis Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl Walder
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Sask, Canada
| | | | - Marina L Leis
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask, Canada
| | - Rebecca R Bellone
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory and the Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bianca S Bauer
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask, Canada
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12
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Malalana F, Ireland JL, Pinchbeck G, McGowan CM. Equine uveitis in the UK: a retrospective study (2008-2018). Vet Rec 2019; 186:92. [PMID: 31597695 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveitis appears to be less prevalent in the UK compared with other parts of the world and studies characterising the disease in the UK are lacking. The objectives of this retrospective study were to describe acute and recurrent cases presenting for management of uveitis in a referral hospital on the North West of England and compare the signalment of horses presenting with uveitis with the equine hospital population during the same period. METHODS Medical records of horses presented to the referral Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool with signs of uveitis between 2008 and 2018 were reviewed and clinical details extracted. RESULTS Seventy horses presented with uveitis; 33 were classified as acute and 37 as recurrent cases. Sixteen of the horses were affected bilaterally. More bilateral cases were classified as recurrent than acute (P=0.04). No differences in age or sex were noted between acute and recurrent cases, or between cases and the general hospital population. Warmbloods and Appaloosas were over-represented when compared with the general hospital population (P<0.001). Twenty-one horses (30 per cent, 95 per cent CI 20.5 to 41.4) underwent surgery for the control of the uveitis. Fourteen of the 70 horses (20.0 per cent, 95 per cent CI 12.3 to 30.8) underwent enucleation. CONCLUSION While relatively uncommon in the UK, uveitis can affect horses from a relatively young age. The disease appears to have a relatively higher frequency than expected in Warmbloods and Appaloosas. It is more likely that a recurrent case will have both eyes affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Jo L Ireland
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Cathy M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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13
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Malalana F. Leptospirosis in horses: A European perspective. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:285-286. [PMID: 30950557 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Malalana
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Divers TJ, Chang YF, Irby NL, Smith JL, Carter CN. Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:287-292. [PMID: 30629756 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
North American horses are commonly exposed to Leptospira organisms. Leptospira Bratislava is the most common infecting serovar but this serovar has not been confirmed to cause clinical disease in North American horses. Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki is responsible for most of the clinical diseases (leptospirosis) in North American horses. Leptospirosis is most commonly associated with diseases of the placenta and fetus, the kidneys and the eyes in horses. In-utero infections in pregnant mares may result in abortion, neonatal illness or birth of an antibody positive healthy foal. Acute renal failure in younger horses and recurrent uveitis in adult horses are other well documented clinical syndromes of leptospirosis. Abortions, neonatal disease and acute renal failure are caused by a subacute infection, while horses with Leptospira associated recurrent uveitis develop ocular disease months or years after the initial Leptospira infection. Diagnosis of Leptospirosis is made by a combination of antigen or antibody testing methods. Mares that abort following Leptospira infection have no additional clinical signs at the time of abortion but may shed the offending Leptospira spp. in the urine for several weeks. Antibiotic treatments are sometimes used in hopes of decreasing Leptospira shedding in infected horses or prophylactically in exposed pregnant mares but documentation of efficacy is lacking. Horses with Leptospira - associated acute renal failure can be successfully treated with antibiotics and supportive care. Recurrent uveitis is commonly associated with leptospirosis in North American horses and although horses may have chronic intraocular infection triggering an immune disease, systemic antimicrobial therapy has not been effective in eliminating the organism from the eye. An equine approved Leptospira Pomona type kennewicki vaccine is now available in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Y-F Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - N L Irby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - J L Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - C N Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Sauvage AC, Monclin SJ, Elansary M, Hansen P, Grauwels MF. Detection of intraocular Leptospira spp. by real-time polymerase chain reaction in horses with recurrent uveitis in Belgium. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:299-303. [PMID: 30144314 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) has been associated with Leptospira spp. infection. No information exists concerning the prevalence of Leptospira-associated ERU in Belgium and about the sensitivity of detection of Leptospira in different ocular media. OBJECTIVES To establish the prevalence of intraocular Leptospira spp. in ERU-affected and healthy eyes of horses examined at the Equine Clinic of the University of Liège by real-time PCR and to compare the results of the aqueous and vitreous humour of the same eye. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Sixty-six eyes from 59 client-owned horses with a diagnosis of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU-group) were studied from May 2015 to December 2017. Fifty healthy eyes from 28 euthanised horses for unrelated reasons examined during the same period were included in the control group. Intraocular fluids (aqueous and/or vitreous humours) from ERU-affected eyes were sampled and analysed by real-time PCR for Leptospira spp. Aqueous and vitreous humours from the control group were processed in the same way. RESULTS Both groups were comparable regarding age, sex, eye sampled (OS/OD), humours sampled (aqueous/vitreous humour) but not regarding breeds, with an over-representation of Warmbloods and Appaloosas in the ERU-group. The prevalence of Leptospira spp. was 30.3% (20/66 eyes) in the ERU-group. Leptospira spp. DNA was identified in 11 aqueous and 17 vitreous humours with eight horses testing positive in both humours, nine horses testing positive for vitreous humour alone and third horses for aqueous humour alone. The phi-correlation between aqueous and vitreous humour Leptospira-PCR results is 0.47 suggesting a low association. All the control eyes were negative. MAIN LIMITATIONS The diagnostic method selected for this study (lipL32 qPCR) did not allow identification of the serovars. CONCLUSIONS Leptospirosis is a potential cause of ERU in Belgium. Testing both intraocular media is advised whenever possible. The Summary is available in Spanish - see Supporting Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Sauvage
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Companion and Equine Animals, Ophthalmology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - S J Monclin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Companion and Equine Animals, Ophthalmology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Elansary
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - P Hansen
- Laboratory Synlab Veterinary, Liège, Belgium
| | - M F Grauwels
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Companion and Equine Animals, Ophthalmology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Hartley C. Eosinophilic keratitis in horses. IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.k2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Genetic Testing as a Tool to Identify Horses with or at Risk for Ocular Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017; 33:627-645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Paschalis-Trela K, Cywińska A, Trela J, Czopowicz M, Kita J, Witkowski L. The prevalence of ocular diseases in polish Arabian horses. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:319. [PMID: 29115950 PMCID: PMC5678559 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine ocular diseases pose a medical challenge due to long-lasting and cost-consuming therapies as well as economic issues associated with potential decrease in value of affected horses. The scale of the problem is significant but difficult to precisely define because epidemiological data is limited and lacks consistency in presentation. To date, no retrospective studies specifically investigating Arabian horses have been published. Results The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of ocular lesions and define the ocular diseases present in Arabian horses from breeding farms in Poland. Clinical and ophthalmic examination of 615 Arabian horses at Polish breeding farms (15% of Arabian population in Poland) were performed and medical history from the previous 5 years was analyzed. Data was obtained from review of veterinary archives and epidemiological interview of the resident veterinarian at each farm. The prevalence of ocular diseases was 9.75%. The following pathologies were diagnosed (with their respective prevalence): equine recurrent uveitis (ERU; 5.5%); cataract not related to ERU (3.3%); non-visual eyes (1.13%); posttraumatic lesions (0.8%); glaucoma (0.16%). Conclusions In this study, ERU was the most common ocular disease identified in Arabian horses in Poland. Its prevalence was lower than usually reported in Europe and the United States. There was no sex or farm predisposition but ocular disease prevalence increased with age. Other severe ocular pathologies were also observed, confirming that ocular diseases remain an important clinical problem. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-017-1252-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Paschalis-Trela
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland. .,TRELA VETs Referrals, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Cywińska
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Trela
- TRELA VETs Referrals, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Malalana F, Blundell RJ, Pinchbeck GL, Mcgowan CM. The role of Leptospira spp. in horses affected with recurrent uveitis in the UK. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:706-709. [PMID: 28321895 PMCID: PMC5655720 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a common cause of ocular pain and blindness in horses. Leptospira spp. have been commonly implicated in the pathophysiology of ERU in mainland Europe and the USA. No recent studies have been carried out in the UK, but Leptospira is reported not to be a major factor in the aetiology of ERU in the UK. OBJECTIVES To establish the prevalence of Leptospira-associated ERU in the UK and to identify the serovars involved in these cases; to compare serum vs. aqueous humour antibody levels in cases and controls in order to confirm the diagnosis of Leptospira-associated ERU, and to assess the usefulness of serology alone as a confirmatory test for Leptospira-associated ERU in the UK. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Eyes enucleated for clinical reasons in ERU-affected horses were collected. Blood and aqueous humour were obtained to determine antibody levels against a variety of Leptospira serovars and C-values (aqueous humour value/serum value) were calculated. In addition, eyes, blood and aqueous humour were obtained from control cases for comparison. Histopathology was performed in all eyes to confirm uveitis in each case. Differences in seroprevalences between ERU and control cases and between Leptospira- and non-Leptospira-associated ERU cases were calculated. RESULTS A total of 30 ERU and 43 control eyes were analysed. Of the ERU eyes, only two had a C-value of >4 (prevalence of Leptospira-associated uveitis: 6.7%). Serovars hardjo and javanica were detected. There was no difference in seroprevalence between horses with uveitis and control cases (65.5% and 41.9%, respectively; P = 0.11) or between Leptospira- and non-Leptospira-associated uveitis cases (100% and 63.0%, respectively; P = 0.52). MAIN LIMITATIONS The study was limited by low case numbers. Eyes were presented at different stages of disease. The only test used to detect Leptospira was the microscopic agglutination test. CONCLUSIONS Leptospira-associated ERU is uncommon in the UK. Serology alone may not help to definitively diagnose Leptospira-associated uveitis in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Malalana
- School of Veterinary Science, University of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - R. J. Blundell
- School of Veterinary Science, University of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - G. L. Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthSchool of Veterinary Science, University of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - C. M. Mcgowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseSchool of Veterinary Science, University of LiverpoolNestonUK
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20
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Curto E, Messenger KM, Salmon JH, Gilger BC. Cytokine and chemokine profiles of aqueous humor and serum in horses with uveitis measured using multiplex bead immunoassay analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 182:43-51. [PMID: 27863549 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether horses with clinically diagnosed Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) and those with Leptospirosis infection have a specific cytokine profile in their aqueous humor (AH) and serum that differs from horses with uveitis secondary to other ocular inflammatory processes and from horses with normal eyes. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-five client-owned horses with uveitis that were presented to the North Carolina State University Ophthalmology Service, and four University-owned horses without history or clinical signs of ocular disease. PROCEDURE Samples of AH and serum were obtained from horses with ERU (n=13), acute or non-recurrent uveitis (UV; n=7), uveitis secondary to infectious keratitis (IK; n=5), and normal eyes (N; n=4). Cytokine levels in AH and serum were quantified using a multiplex bead immunoassay. Leptospiral antibody titers in serum and AH and PCR for Leptospiral DNA in AH were performed. RESULTS In the AH of horses with ERU, increased levels of IL-1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, FGF-2, G-CSF, and RANTES were measured compared to UV, IK and N eyes, but the differences were not significant. However, IL-10 was significantly higher in ERU eyes compared to IK and N (P=0.029; 0.013), and IP-10 in ERU eyes was significantly higher than in UV and N (P=0.004). Furthermore, MCP-1 was significantly higher in ERU than N (P=0.04). In the serum, increased levels of IL-1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, fractalkine, and G-CSF were measured in horses with ERU, but the levels were not significantly higher than those observed in UV, IK, or N horses. However, serum IP-10 levels in horses with ERU were significantly higher than in UV and N horses (P=0.005) and MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in ERU than N (P=0.03). Horses with marked ocular inflammation had significantly higher serum levels of G-CSF, IL-1a, fractalkine, IL-13, IL-4, IL-17a, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, and MCP-1. Elevated IL-10 in AH was significantly associated with disease chronicity, both overall and in ERU eyes (P=0.049), and in horses with positive ocular leptospiral titers or leptospiral PCR, significant elevations of IL-10 (P=0.0018; 0.0032) and IP-10 (P=0.0342; 0.043) were detected in the AH compared to leptospiral negative eyes. CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IP-10 appear to play an important role in ERU. Further studies are needed to further clarify and characterize cytokine profiles of specific ocular inflammatory diseases, but multiplex bead immunoassay technology shows promise as a diagnostically valuable tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Curto
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kristen M Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jacklyn H Salmon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Brian C Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Kydd JH, Case R, Winton C, MacRae S, Sharp E, Ricketts SL, Rash N, Newton JR. Polarisation of equine pregnancy outcome associated with a maternal MHC class I allele: Preliminary evidence. Vet Microbiol 2016; 188:34-40. [PMID: 27139027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Identification of risk factors which are associated with severe clinical signs can assist in the management of disease outbreaks and indicate future research areas. Pregnancy loss during late gestation in the mare compromises welfare, reduces fecundity and has financial implications for horse owners. This retrospective study focussed on the identification of risk factors associated with pregnancy loss among 46 Thoroughbred mares on a single British stud farm, with some but not all losses involving equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection. In a sub-group of 30 mares, association between pregnancy loss and the presence of five common Thoroughbred horse haplotypes of the equine Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) was assessed. This involved development of sequence specific, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions and in several mares, measurement of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Of the 46 mares, 10 suffered late gestation pregnancy loss or neonatal foal death, five of which were EHV-1 positive. Maternal factors including age, parity, number of EHV-1 specific vaccinations and the number of days between final vaccination and foaling or abortion were not significantly associated with pregnancy loss. In contrast, a statistically significant association between the presence of the MHC class I B2 allele and pregnancy loss was identified, regardless of the fetus/foal's EHV-1 status (p=0.002). In conclusion, this study demonstrated a significantly positive association between pregnancy loss in Thoroughbred mares and a specific MHC class I allele in the mother. This association requires independent validation and further investigation of the mechanism by which the mare's genetic background contributes to pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kydd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - R Case
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - C Winton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - S MacRae
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - E Sharp
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - S L Ricketts
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - N Rash
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - J R Newton
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
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22
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Witkowski L, Cywinska A, Paschalis-Trela K, Crisman M, Kita J. Multiple etiologies of equine recurrent uveitis--A natural model for human autoimmune uveitis: A brief review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 44:14-20. [PMID: 26851589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) has various etiologies, with Leptospira infection and genetic predisposition being the leading risk factors. Regardless of etiology, expression of ocular proteins associated with maintenance of the blood-ocular barrier is impaired in ERU. The recurring-remitting cycle of ERU repeatedly disrupts the blood-ocular barrier, allowing the previously immune-privileged ocular environment to become the site of a progressive local autoimmune pathology that ultimately results in tissue destruction and vision loss. The immune-mediated process involves humoral and cellular mechanisms. Intraocular antibodies either produced in the eye or that leak through the blood-ocular barrier, are often present at higher levels than in serum and react with antigens in ocular tissue of horses with ERU. Ocular infiltration of auto-aggressive lymphocytes occurs with each uveitis episode and is the most crucial contributor to inflammation and eye damage. Recurring uveitis episodes may be initiated when epitopes of an ocular antigen become visible to the immune system (intramolecular spreading) or another autoantigen (intermolecular spreading), resulting in a new inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucjan Witkowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Cywinska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Paschalis-Trela
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mark Crisman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jerzy Kita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Hughes KJ. Equine recurrent uveitis: Lessons from and for autoimmune anterior uveitis in humans. Vet J 2015; 206:245-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Bauer BS. Ocular Pathology. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015. [PMID: 26210955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although not comprehensive of all ocular conditions in the equine species, this article concentrates on various ophthalmic conditions observed in the horse where laboratory diagnostics are recommended. The importance of laboratory diagnostic testing cannot be underestimated with equine ophthalmic disease. In many cases, laboratory diagnostics can aid in obtaining an early diagnosis and determining appropriate therapy, which in turn, can provide a better prognosis. In unfortunate cases where ocular disease results in a blind, painful eye necessitating enucleation, light microscopic evaluation is imperative to determine or confirm the cause of the blindness and provide a prognosis for the contralateral eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Bauer
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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25
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Malalana F, Stylianides A, McGowan C. Equine recurrent uveitis: Human and equine perspectives. Vet J 2015; 206:22-9. [PMID: 26188862 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous disease characterised by repeated episodes of intraocular inflammation. The epidemiology of ERU has not been fully elucidated, but the condition appears to be much more common in horses than is recurrent uveitis in humans, especially in certain breeds and geographical regions. Both humans and horses show a similarly altered immune response and a marked autoimmune response as the primary disease pathophysiology. However, an inciting cause is not always clear. Potential inciting factors in horses include microbial agents such as Leptospira spp. Microbial factors and genetic predisposition to the disease may provide clues as to why the horse appears so susceptible to this disease. The aim of this review is to discuss the immunology and genetics of ERU, compare the disease in horses with autoimmune anterior uveitis in humans, and discuss potential reasons for the increased prevalence in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Amira Stylianides
- St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Catherine McGowan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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26
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Polle F, Storey E, Eades S, Alt D, Hornsby R, Zuerner R, Carter R. Role of Intraocular Leptospira Infections in the Pathogenesis of Equine Recurrent Uveitis in the Southern United States. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Fritz KL, Kaese HJ, Valberg SJ, Hendrickson JA, Rendahl AK, Bellone RR, Dynes KM, Wagner ML, Lucio MA, Cuomo FM, Brinkmeyer-Langford CL, Skow LC, Mickelson JR, Rutherford MS, McCue ME. Genetic risk factors for insidious equine recurrent uveitis in Appaloosa horses. Anim Genet 2014; 45:392-9. [PMID: 24467435 DOI: 10.1111/age.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Appaloosa horses are predisposed to equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an immune-mediated disease characterized by recurring inflammation of the uveal tract in the eye, which is the leading cause of blindness in horses. Nine genetic markers from the ECA1 region responsible for the spotted coat color of Appaloosa horses, and 13 microsatellites spanning the equine major histocompatibility complex (ELA) on ECA20, were evaluated for association with ERU in a group of 53 Appaloosa ERU cases and 43 healthy Appaloosa controls. Three markers were significantly associated (corrected P-value <0.05): a SNP within intron 11 of the TRPM1 gene on ECA1, an ELA class I microsatellite located near the boundary of the ELA class III and class II regions and an ELA class II microsatellite located in intron 1 of the DRA gene. Association between these three genetic markers and the ERU phenotype was confirmed in a second population of 24 insidious ERU Appaloosa cases and 16 Appaloosa controls. The relative odds of being an ERU case for each allele of these three markers were estimated by fitting a logistic mixed model with each of the associated markers independently and with all three markers simultaneously. The risk model using these markers classified ~80% of ERU cases and 75% of controls in the second population as moderate or high risk, and low risk respectively. Future studies to refine the associations at ECA1 and ELA loci and identify functional variants could uncover alleles conferring susceptibility to ERU in Appaloosa horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Fritz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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28
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Leptospirosis in horses. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Kulbrock M, Distl O, Ohnesorge B. A Review of Candidate Genes for Development of Equine Recurrent Uveitis. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Verma A, Stevenson B. Leptospiral uveitis - there is more to it than meets the eye! Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 59 Suppl 2:132-41. [PMID: 22958257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic species of genus Leptospira, is a highly prevalent zoonotic disease throughout many parts of the world, and an important emerging disease within the United States. Uveitis is a common complication of systemic infection in humans. A similar condition in horses is characterized by recurrent bouts of inflammation. In this article, we review advances in our understanding of leptospiral uveitis and its pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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31
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Kulbrock M, Lehner S, Metzger J, Ohnesorge B, Distl O. A genome-wide association study identifies risk loci to equine recurrent uveitis in German warmblood horses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71619. [PMID: 23977091 PMCID: PMC3743750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a common eye disease affecting up to 3-15% of the horse population. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the Illumina equine SNP50 bead chip was performed to identify loci conferring risk to ERU. The sample included a total of 144 German warmblood horses. A GWAS showed a significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on horse chromosome (ECA) 20 at 49.3 Mb, with IL-17A and IL-17F being the closest genes. This locus explained a fraction of 23% of the phenotypic variance for ERU. A GWAS taking into account the severity of ERU, revealed a SNP on ECA18 nearby to the crystalline gene cluster CRYGA-CRYGF. For both genomic regions on ECA18 and 20, significantly associated haplotypes containing the genome-wide significant SNPs could be demonstrated. In conclusion, our results are indicative for a genetic component regulating the possible critical role of IL-17A and IL-17F in the pathogenesis of ERU. The associated SNP on ECA18 may be indicative for cataract formation in the course of ERU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Kulbrock
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lehner
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Metzger
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Abstract
Uveitis in the equine population of the UK does not appear to be as prevalent or disastrous as seen across regions of Europe and the USA. Some cases perceived to be recurrent uveitis may be poorly resolved single episodes of uveitis and care should be taken not to make the diagnosis of recurrence without ensuring effective control of the initial episode. Leptospira spp. appear to play only a minor role ERU in the UK which is probably the main reason for the prevalence of the disease being much lower compared to the USA and mainland Europe. Actual data are relatively few on the ground as far as disease surveillance in concerned. This has 2 implications. Firstly unless we are able to effectively monitor the levels of uveitic disease, it will be difficult to pick up early changes in the trend which may allow quicker intervention. Secondly, it is difficult to secure funding for further research if the prevalence of the problem is poorly defined. This may leave the UK equine population at risk should the disease profile suddenly alter for the worse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Lowe
- Optivet Referrals, Southleigh Farm, Southleigh Road, Havant, Hampshire P09 2NX, UK
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33
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Verma A, Kumar P, Babb K, Timoney JF, Stevenson B. Cross-reactivity of antibodies against leptospiral recurrent uveitis-associated proteins A and B (LruA and LruB) with eye proteins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e778. [PMID: 20689825 PMCID: PMC2914785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Leptospira interrogans has been causally associated with human and equine uveitis. Studies in our laboratories have demonstrated that leptospiral lipoprotein LruA and LruB are expressed in the eyes of uveitic horses, and that antibodies directed against LruA and LruB react with equine lenticular and retinal extracts, respectively. These reactivities were investigated further by performing immunofluorescent assays on lenticular and retinal tissue sections. Incubation of lens tissue sections with LruA-antiserum and retinal sections with LruB-antiserum resulted in positive fluorescence. By employing two-dimensional gel analyses followed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry, lens proteins cross-reacting with LruA antiserum were identified to be alpha-crystallin B and vimentin. Similarly, mass spectrometric analyses identified beta-crystallin B2 as the retinal protein cross-reacting with LruB-antiserum. Purified recombinant human alpha-crystallin B and vimentin were recognized by LruA-directed antiserum, but not by control pre-immune serum. Recombinant beta-crystallin B2 was likewise recognized by LruB-directed antiserum, but not by pre-immune serum. Moreover, uveitic eye fluids contained significantly higher levels of antiibodies that recognized alpha-crystallin B, beta-crystallin B2 and vimentin than did normal eye fluids. Our results indicate that LruA and LruB share immuno-relevant epitopes with eye proteins, suggesting that cross-reactive antibody interactions with eye antigens may contribute to immunopathogenesis of Leptospira-associated recurrent uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Divers TJ, Irby NL, Mohammed HO, Schwark WS. Ocular penetration of intravenously administered enrofloxacin in the horse. Equine Vet J 2008; 40:167-70. [PMID: 18089468 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x255972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY Information on antibiotic concentrations in the equine eye following systemic therapy is limited. Reports that Leptospira spp. are frequently present in the eyes of horses with recurrent uveitis, emphasises a need for studies on ocular concentrations of specific antibiotics. HYPOTHESES 1) Enrofloxacin, administered i.v. at 7.5 mg/kg bwt q. 24 h, results in aqueous humour concentrations greater than the reported minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Leptospira pomona. 2) Aqueous humour paracentesis sufficiently disrupts the blood-aqueous humour barrier (BAB) to cause an increase in aqueous humour protein and enrofloxacin concentrations. METHODS Aqueous humour enrofloxacin and total protein concentrations were determined in 6 healthy, mature horses after i.v. administration of enrofloxacin. Paracentesis was performed on the left eye on Days 3 and 4, 1 h following enrofloxacin administration, to determine enrofloxacin concentrations in healthy eyes and in eyes with mechanical disruption of the BAB. Paracentesis was also performed on the right eye 23 h after enrofloxacin administration. Blood samples were collected from the horses at identical times to determine enrofloxacin aqueous humour:plasma ratios. RESULTS Mean +/- s.d. enrofloxacin concentration in the aqueous humour 1 h post administration on Day 3 was 0.32 +/- 0.10 mg/l (range 0.18-0.47); and aqueous humour enrofloxacin, total protein and aqueous humour:plasma enrofloxacin ratios were higher on Day 4 than Day 3. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Following disruption of the BAB, enrofloxacin concentrations were above the reported MIC for Leptospira pomona.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Gerard MP, Wotman KL, Komáromy AM. Infections of the Head and Ocular Structures in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006; 22:591-631, x-xi. [PMID: 16882488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious conditions of the equine head are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Pathogenic bacterial, viral, and fungal organisms may localize in the extensive nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, and guttural pouches, creating a range of clinical signs and conditions that can be severe enough to lead to unexpected fatality. Renewed interest in equine dentistry has led to a greater recognition of dental disease that is associated with infection. This article focuses on bacterial and fungal infections of the main anatomic regions of the equine head, where advances in diagnosis and management have been made or consolidated in recent years. It also addresses recent advances made in the area of infectious equine corneal disease, including bacterial, viral, and fungal etiologies. Recent developments in equine recurrent uveitis as it relates to infectious diseases and ocular manifestations of systemic disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew P Gerard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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