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Sideroglou T, Chrysostomou A, Politi L, Georgalis L, Mellou K. Gastroenteritis Outbreaks after Contamination of Water Supply Systems: Public Health Response Gaps and Challenges, Greece, 2004-2023. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:701. [PMID: 38928947 PMCID: PMC11203888 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND waterborne disease outbreaks (WGDOs) following the contamination of drinking water remain a public health concern. METHODS The current study aims to assess the occurrence and identify gaps in the notification and investigation of WGDOs in Greece. Data for 2004-2023 were retrieved and summarized. RESULTS Thirty-five outbreaks with 6128 recorded cases were identified. The median time from the date of onset in the first cases to reporting was 7 days (range: 1-26 days). Authorities were informed by health care services in thirty (85.7%) outbreaks and by the media in five (14.3%). The investigation methods used varied. An analytical study was conducted in nine (25.7%) outbreaks and the testing of clinical samples in twenty-seven (77.1%). In three (11.1%) outbreaks, clinical samples were simultaneously tested for multiple bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Water samples were collected in nineteen (54.3%) outbreaks (in three after chlorination) with a mean time lag of 5 days (range: 1-20 days) from the first cases. A pathogen in clinical samples was identified in 20 (57.1%) outbreaks and, in 1 (6.25%), the same microorganism was isolated in both clinical and water samples. CONCLUSIONS delays in reporting and the heterogeneity of investigations depict that the surveillance of WGDOs and response practices should be strengthened, and operational procedures should be standardised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theologia Sideroglou
- Department of Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases, Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece; (T.S.); (A.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Anthi Chrysostomou
- Department of Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases, Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece; (T.S.); (A.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Lida Politi
- Department of Microbial Resistance and Infections in Health Care Settings, Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece;
| | - Leonidas Georgalis
- Department of Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases, Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece; (T.S.); (A.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Kassiani Mellou
- Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece
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Adedire O, Love NK, Hughes HE, Buchan I, Vivancos R, Elliot AJ. Early Detection and Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Infections Using Syndromic Surveillance: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:489. [PMID: 38673400 PMCID: PMC11050429 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The underreporting of laboratory-reported cases of community-based gastrointestinal (GI) infections poses a challenge for epidemiologists understanding the burden and seasonal patterns of GI pathogens. Syndromic surveillance has the potential to overcome the limitations of laboratory reporting through real-time data and more representative population coverage. This systematic review summarizes the utility of syndromic surveillance for early detection and surveillance of GI infections. Relevant articles were identified using the following keyword combinations: 'early warning', 'detection', 'gastrointestinal activity', 'gastrointestinal infections', 'syndrome monitoring', 'real-time monitoring', 'syndromic surveillance'. In total, 1820 studies were identified, 126 duplicates were removed, and 1694 studies were reviewed. Data extraction focused on studies reporting the routine use and effectiveness of syndromic surveillance for GI infections using relevant GI symptoms. Eligible studies (n = 29) were included in the narrative synthesis. Syndromic surveillance for GI infections has been implemented and validated for routine use in ten countries, with emergency department attendances being the most common source. Evidence suggests that syndromic surveillance can be effective in the early detection and routine monitoring of GI infections; however, 24% of the included studies did not provide conclusive findings. Further investigation is necessary to comprehensively understand the strengths and limitations associated with each type of syndromic surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubusola Adedire
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK;
- Real-Time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Services, Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham B2 4BH, UK; (H.E.H.); (A.J.E.)
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (N.K.L.); (R.V.)
| | - Nicola K. Love
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (N.K.L.); (R.V.)
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Helen E. Hughes
- Real-Time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Services, Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham B2 4BH, UK; (H.E.H.); (A.J.E.)
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (N.K.L.); (R.V.)
| | - Iain Buchan
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK;
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (N.K.L.); (R.V.)
| | - Roberto Vivancos
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (N.K.L.); (R.V.)
- Field Services North-West, Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, Liverpool L3 1DS, UK
| | - Alex J. Elliot
- Real-Time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Services, Health Protection Operations, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham B2 4BH, UK; (H.E.H.); (A.J.E.)
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (N.K.L.); (R.V.)
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Chibwe M, Odume ON, Nnadozie CF. Spatiotemporal variations in the occurrence of Campylobacter species in the Bloukrans and Swartkops rivers, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28774. [PMID: 38601622 PMCID: PMC11004744 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An increase in the incidence of Campylobacter species in rivers raises concerns on the safety of river water for humans who get exposed to river water. This study examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of Campylobacter species in the Bloukrans and Swartkops rivers, analysing patterns of its occurrence in relation to meteorological conditions, physicochemical parameters, seasons, and sampling sites. Physico-chemical parameters and meteorological conditions were measured during water sampling from various sites along the rivers over a year, while Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was utilised to detect Campylobacter genus-specific genes and selected antibiotic-resistant genes. Campylobacter was detected in 66.67% (Bloukrans River) and 58.33% (Swartkops River). In the Bloukrans River, multi-drug resistance genes cmeA (20%), cmeB (65%), cmeC (10%), were detected while and tetO was detected at 70%. In the Swartkops River, the corresponding prevalence were 28%, 66.67%, 28.56%, and 76%. The study indicates that sampling season did not significantly impact Campylobacter prevalence. However, variation in Campylobacter occurrence exists among different sites along the rivers, reflecting the influence of site proximity to potential contamination sources. The study suggests that Campylobacter infection may be endemic in South Africa, with rivers serving as potential sources of exposure to humans, thereby contributing to the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Chibwe
- Institute for Water Research (IWR), Rhodes University, Old Geology Building (off Artillery Road), P.O Box 94 Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Oghenekaro Nelson Odume
- Institute for Water Research (IWR), Rhodes University, Old Geology Building (off Artillery Road), P.O Box 94 Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Chika Felicitas Nnadozie
- Institute for Water Research (IWR), Rhodes University, Old Geology Building (off Artillery Road), P.O Box 94 Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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Dorn-In S, Daldrup E, Mang S, Esteban-Cuesta I, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Viable Campylobacter jejuni on Eggshells and Its Potential to Cross-contaminate Egg White and Yolk When Using a Manual Separation Technique, Determined by Culture and Propidium Monoazide (PMA) qPCR. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100246. [PMID: 38369191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Manual separation of egg yolk from egg white using the eggshell is common practice in private households. For this, the egg is cracked and both components are separated by passing the egg yolk back and forth between the two halves of the eggshell, allowing the egg white to drip down while the egg yolk remains in the shell. During this process, the egg content naturally gets in contact with the outside of the eggshell, which might lead to a cross-contamination with its microorganisms, thus was correspondingly assessed in this study. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that can be found on eggshells. Therefore, this bacterium was used to artificially contaminate the eggshells (n = 22) with concentrations of 3.1 ± 0.6 log10 cfu/g. After separating the egg yolk from the egg white, cross-contamination was determined using culture and qPCR. Altogether, cross-contaminations with C. jejuni were found in 15 egg white (68%) and in three egg yolk (14%) samples. Afterward, 90 eggs from 30 egg packs from different producers in and around Munich (Germany) were obtained for field study purposes. To address the problem of culturing due to a possible viable but nonculturable (VBNC) status of C. jejuni, a method to differentiate viable and dead C. jejuni on eggshell using 10 µM propidium monoazide (PMA) and qPCR was developed. As a result, seven egg packs (23%) were positive for C. jejuni. Of these, only one (3%) was contaminated with viable cells, but still in a concentration of 3.3 log10 cells/g shell. According to these results and considering that eggshells might also be naturally contaminated with other pathogens, the authors recommend avoiding the manual separation technique of egg white and yolk by the eggshell. Especially if raw egg white or yolk is used for preparation of not sufficiently heated foods, where contaminating pathogens are not inactivated during processing, this technique might be a safety hazard for the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samart Dorn-In
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Eva Daldrup
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sirkka Mang
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Irene Esteban-Cuesta
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Madani Hosseini M, Zargoush M, Ghazalbash S. Climate crisis risks to elderly health: strategies for effective promotion and response. Health Promot Int 2024; 39:daae031. [PMID: 38568732 PMCID: PMC10989664 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The climate crisis significantly impacts the health and well-being of older adults, both directly and indirectly. This issue is of growing concern in Canada due to the country's rapidly accelerating warming trend and expanding elderly population. This article serves a threefold purpose: (i) outlining the impacts of the climate crisis on older adults, (ii) providing a descriptive review of existing policies with a specific focus on the Canadian context, and (iii) promoting actionable recommendations. Our review reveals the application of current strategies, including early warning systems, enhanced infrastructure, sustainable urban planning, healthcare access, social support systems, and community engagement, in enhancing resilience and reducing health consequences among older adults. Within the Canadian context, we then emphasize the importance of establishing robust risk metrics and evaluation methods to prepare for and manage the impacts of the climate crisis efficiently. We underscore the value of vulnerability mapping, utilizing geographic information to identify regions where older adults are most at risk. This allows for targeted interventions and resource allocation. We recommend employing a root cause analysis approach to tailor risk response strategies, along with a focus on promoting awareness, readiness, physician training, and fostering collaboration and benchmarking. These suggestions aim to enhance disaster risk management for the well-being and resilience of older adults in the face of the climate crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Madani Hosseini
- Ted Rogers School of Management, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Manaf Zargoush
- Health Policy & Management, DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M4, Canada
| | - Somayeh Ghazalbash
- Management Analytics, Smith School of Business, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Iversen A, Rortveit G, Wensaas KA, Gulla CO. The impact on primary care of a large waterborne campylobacter outbreak in Norway: a controlled observational study. Scand J Prim Health Care 2024; 42:187-194. [PMID: 38189827 PMCID: PMC10851797 DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2023.2299116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Document the impact of an outbreak of gastroenteritis on local primary health care services, compared to a control period. DESIGN Controlled observational study with data from the outbreak and a control period. Data obtained from electronic medical records (EMR) of general practitioners (GPs) and the out-of-hours (OOH) service. Telephone data from the OOH service's telephone records. SETTING Campylobacteriosis outbreak in Askøy municipality, Norway in 2019. Over 2000 individuals were infected. SUBJECTS Patients in contact with GPs and the OOH service during the outbreak and a control period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient contacts with GPs and the OOH service during the outbreak and a control period. RESULTS There was a 36% increase in contacts during the outbreak compared to the control period (4798 vs. 3528), with the OOH service handling 78% of outbreak-related contacts. Telephone advice was the dominant method for managing the increase in contacts to primary care, both in OOH services and daytime general practice (OR 3.73 CI: [3.24-4.28]). Children aged 0-4 years had increased use of primary care during the outbreak (OR 1.51 CI: [1.28-1.78]). GPs referred 25% and OOH services referred 75% of 70 hospitalized cases. CONCLUSION The OOH service handled most of the patients during the outbreak, with support from daytime general practice. The outbreak caused a shift towards telephone advice as a means of providing care. Young children significantly increased their use of primary care during the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Iversen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Chief Medical Officer’s Staff, Askøy, Norway
| | - G. Rortveit
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - K. A. Wensaas
- Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - C. O. Gulla
- National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
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Marconi F, Sartoni M, Girardi C, Rossi A, Carrini M, Nuvoloni R, Pedonese F, Munaò G. Analysis of two cross-contamination cases of Campylobacter jejuni foodborne disease in fragile subjects in the territory of a Local Health Authority in Tuscany, Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2024; 13:12053. [PMID: 38577580 PMCID: PMC10993647 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the most reported foodborne disease in the European Union, with more than 100,000 confirmed cases annually. Human infection can be caused by a low infectious dose, and in fragile populations, the food disease can manifest itself in acute and severe forms. This study aims to analyze two cases of campylobacteriosis in fragile people caused by Campylobacter jejuni in 2023 in Tuscany and the actions of the Local Health Competent Authority. From the results of the related investigations, it was possible to attribute both cases of foodborne diseases to unsafe food management during preparation/administration. Given the peculiar characteristics of the etiological agent, it is necessary to focus the attention of the population, especially those who deal with fragile subjects, on the good hygiene practices to be followed both at home and in collective catering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clara Girardi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa
| | - Aurelio Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa
| | | | - Roberta Nuvoloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa
| | - Francesca Pedonese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa
| | - Giovanni Munaò
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Functional Unit, Local Health Competent Authority Toscana Centro, Firenze 2, Calenzano, Italy
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Strakova N, Michova H, Shagieva E, Ovesna P, Karpiskova R, Demnerova K. Genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and prediction tools of its antimicrobial resistance. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:207-219. [PMID: 37816942 PMCID: PMC10876727 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Although Campylobacter jejuni is the pathogen responsible for the most common foodborne illness, tracing of the infection source remains challenging due to its highly variable genome. Therefore, one of the aim of the study was to compare three genotyping methods (MLST, PFGE, and mP-BIT) to determine the most effective genotyping tool. C. jejuni strains were divided into 4 clusters based on strain similarity in the cgMLST dendrogram. Subsequently, the dendrograms of the 3 tested methods were compared to determine the accuracy of each method compared to the reference cgMLST method. Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis has showed that MLST had the highest inverse discrimination index (97%) and required less workflow, time, fewer consumables, and low bacterial sample quantity. PFGE was shown to be obsolete both because of its low discriminatory power and the complexity of the procedure. Similarly, mP‑BIT showed low separation results, which was compensated by its high availability. Therefore, our data showed that MLST is the optimal tool for genotyping C. jejuni. Another aim was to compare the antimicrobial resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline in C. jejuni strains isolated from human, water, air, food, and animal samples by two gene sequence-based prediction methods and to compare them with the actual susceptibility of C. jejuni strains using the disc diffusion method. Both tools, ResFinder and RGI, synchronously predict the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. jejuni and either can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicol Strakova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Michova
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ekaterina Shagieva
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Ovesna
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Karpiskova
- Department of Public Health, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Politi L, Mellou K, Chrysostomou A, Mandilara G, Spiliopoulou I, Theofilou A, Polemis M, Tryfinopoulou K, Sideroglou T. A Community Waterborne Salmonella Bovismorbificans Outbreak in Greece. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:167. [PMID: 38397659 PMCID: PMC10887688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In August 2022, the Hellenic National Public Health Organisation was notified about a gastroenteritis outbreak in town A in Southern Greece. Investigations aimed to identify the source and implement control measures. METHODS Case definition categories were used in a 1:3 case-control study. Cases and controls were interviewed about various exposures. Cases' stool samples were cultured on agar plates and characterised by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Environmental investigations included tap water sampling for microbiological and chemical analysis in town A and inspection of the water supply system. RESULTS We identified 33 cases (median age: 17 years). Tap water consumption was the only significant risk factor for gastroenteritis (OR = 5.46, 95% CI = 1.02-53.95). Salmonella (S.) Bovismorbificans isolated from eight stool and one tap water samples had identical PFGE profiles. No resistant isolates were identified. Residual chlorine levels were lower than the acceptable limits before and during the outbreak. We advised consumption of bottled water and adherence to strict hand hygiene rules until tap water was declared suitable for drinking. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological and molecular data revealed a waterborne S. Bovismorbificans outbreak in town A. We recommend local water safety authorities to ensure that residual chlorine levels comply with the legislation towards water safety planning, to mitigate risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Politi
- Department of Microbial Resistance and Infections in Health Care Settings, Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kassiani Mellou
- Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | - Anthi Chrysostomou
- Department of Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases, Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Georgia Mandilara
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioanna Spiliopoulou
- Central Public Health Laboratory, National Public Health Organization, 16672 Vari, Greece; (I.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Antonia Theofilou
- Water Microbiology Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, National Public Health Organization, 16672 Vari, Greece;
| | - Michalis Polemis
- National Electronic Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network, Central Public Health Laboratory, National Public Health Organization, 16672 Vari, Greece;
| | - Kyriaki Tryfinopoulou
- Central Public Health Laboratory, National Public Health Organization, 16672 Vari, Greece; (I.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Theologia Sideroglou
- Department of Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases, Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (T.S.)
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Je HJ, Singh S, Kim DW, Hur HS, Kim AL, Seo EJ, Koo OK. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Campylobacter Species Contamination in Poultry, Meat, and Processing Environments in South Korea. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2722. [PMID: 38004735 PMCID: PMC10673067 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. constitute a significant global threat as a leading cause of foodborne illnesses, with poultry meat as a prominent reservoir for these pathogens. South Korea is known for its diverse poultry consumption habits, and continuous outbreaks make it a matter of concern to perform a meta-analysis to identify the primary source of contamination. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess and compare the prevalence of Campylobacter in various poultry and meat types while also considering the importance of environmental factors in South Korea. The meta-analysis revealed that duck meat exhibited the highest prevalence of Campylobacter, with a pooled estimate of 70.46% (95% CI: 42.80% to 88.38%), followed by chicken meat at a pooled prevalence of 36.17% (95% CI: 26.44% to 47.91%). Additionally, our analysis highlighted the predominance of C. jejuni and C. coli in South Korea. These findings underscore the importance of implementing rigorous food safety measures and establishing robust surveillance programs in the poultry industry to mitigate the risk of Campylobacter-related foodborne illnesses associated with meat consumption in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ji Je
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Saloni Singh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Dong Woo Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Hyun Seok Hur
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Ah Leum Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Eun Jin Seo
- Agro-Bioproduct Analysis Team, Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion Agency, Iksan 54667, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ok Kyung Koo
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea (D.W.K.); (H.S.H.); (A.L.K.)
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Kim M, Bae J, Oh B, Rhim H, Yang MS, Yang S, Kim B, Han JI. Surveillance of wild animals carrying infectious agents based on high-throughput screening platform in the Republic of Korea. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:158. [PMID: 37710323 PMCID: PMC10500733 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases transmitted by wild animals are major threats to public health. This study aimed to investigate the potential of rescued wild animals that died of unknown causes as reservoirs of infectious agents. From 2018 to 2019, 121 dead wild animals (55 birds and 66 mammals) were included in this study. All wild animals died during treatment after anthropogenic events. After deaths of animals, necropsies were performed and trachea, lungs, large intestine (including stool), and spleen were collected to determine causes of deaths. A high-throughput screening (HTS) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) designed to detect 19 pathogens simultaneously against 48 samples in duplicate was performed using nucleic acids extracted from pooled tissues and peripheral blood samples. If positive, singleplex real-time PCR was performed for individual organs or blood samples. RESULTS The HTS qPCR showed positive results for Campylobacter jejuni (10/121, 8.3%), Campylobacter coli (1/121, 0.8%), Mycoplasma spp. (78/121, 64.5%), and Plasmodium spp. (7/121, 5.7%). Singleplex real-time PCR confirmed that C. jejuni was detected in the large intestine but not in the blood. C. coli was only detected in the large intestine. Mycoplasma spp. were detected in all organs, having the highest proportion in the large intestine and lowest in the blood. Plasmodium spp. was also detected in all organs, with proportions being were similar among organs. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that wild animals can become carriers of infectious agents without showing any clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsu Kim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Bae
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungkwan Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Haerin Rhim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Somyeong Yang
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ik Han
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Saima S, Ferdous J, Sultana R, Rashid RB, Almeida S, Begum A, Jensen PKM. Detecting Enteric Pathogens in Low-Risk Drinking Water in Dhaka, Bangladesh: An Assessment of the WHO Water Safety Categories. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:321. [PMID: 37368739 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiological quality of water is usually assessed by fecal coliform bacteria, and the presence of E. coli as an indicator of fecal contamination is widely recommended by international guidelines. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of diarrheagenic pathogens, in both public and personal domain water sources and examine the reliance on the WHO drinking water risk assessment guidelines. This study was conducted in a low-income urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh between September 2014 and October 2015. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the marker and virulence genes of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella species, and Campylobacter species, and the culture method was employed for the quantitative assessment of E. coli. According to the WHO guidelines, 48% of the public domain source water and 21% of the personal domain point-of-drinking water were classified in the low-risk group, i.e., 0 CFU of E. coli/100 mL. However, when using PCR, we detected pathogens in 39% (14/36) of the point-of-drinking water samples and 65% (74/114) of the public domain water source samples classified in the low-risk group. Our study showed that relying solely on E. coli detection as a measure of water quality may overlook the presence of other pathogens in the drinking water. In addition to the culture-based method, the detection of virulence genes by PCR should also be considered to add more scrutiny to the detection of diverse types of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabera Saima
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Independent University, 1229 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rebeca Sultana
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
- icddr,b, 1212 Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ridwan Bin Rashid
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sara Almeida
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anowara Begum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Peter Kjær Mackie Jensen
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Soto-Beltrá N M, Lee BG, Amézquita-López BA, Quiñones B. Overview of methodologies for the culturing, recovery and detection of Campylobacter. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:307-323. [PMID: 35168460 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2029366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter species are responsible for human gastroenteritis with diverse clinical spectra, ranging from acute watery or bloody diarrhea to life-threatening autoimmune disorders. Given the importance of Campylobacter in causing human illness, this article has reviewed the transmission and attribution sources as well as methodologies for the detection and virulence characterization of campylobacteria. The recovery and detection of Campylobacter from clinical, food and environmental samples has been achieved by the combinatorial use of selective enrichment and culturing methods. Biochemical, immunological, and nucleic acid-based methodologies have enabled the detection and differentiation of closely related Campylobacter isolates in foodborne outbreak investigations and have assessed the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of these bacterial pathogens. Analyses of motility, adherence, and invasiveness in host cells have assessed the pathogenic potential of campylobacteria. Further examination of determinants conferring antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter have supported the growing need to closely monitor antimicrobials use in clinical and agricultural sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Soto-Beltrá N
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México
| | - Bertram G Lee
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service,Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
| | | | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service,Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
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Kong N, Luo Y, Liu J, Yao G, Hu Y, Shu S, Li C, Bi S. Subtyping of Campylobacter coli isolated from raw poultry meat in retail markets using amplified intergenic locus polymorphism - A novel rapid subtyping method. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 204:106662. [PMID: 36572193 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to provide more phylogenetic information of Campylobacter coli in large-scale epidemiological investigation, this work was undertaken to develop a novel genotyping method based on amplified intergenic locus polymorphism (AILP), by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE; using SmaI enzymes) as control. Eleven pairs of primers were selected to type C. coli strains for this purpose. A total of 68 C. coli isolates recovered from 51 retail raw chicken and 37 retail raw duck were subtyped. The Simpson's index of diversity (SID) of AILP and PFGE, as well as the adjusted Rand index (AR) and the adjusted Wallace coefficient (AW) between AILP and PFGE, were calculated. The new AILP method differentiated 68 C. coli isolates into 55 different subtypes (SID = 0.993), compared with 46 different profiles obtained from PFGE (SID = 0.980). The SID value of the AILP method was improved with the increasing number of primers, and a combination of 7 loci was selected as the optimal combination. The congruent analysis of the AILP method and PFGE showed moderate congruence between the two methods (AR = 0.462). The AW indicated that if AILP data is the available one can confidently predict the PFGE cluster. The results of this study showed that the AILP method had higher discrimination than PFGE and also allowed for significant reduction in time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianqing Kong
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, Guangdong, China; College of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510220, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhong Liu
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, Guangdong, China; College of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510220, Guangdong, China
| | - Gefeng Yao
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, Guangdong, China; College of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510220, Guangdong, China
| | - Yilin Hu
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, Guangdong, China; College of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510220, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenghuang Shu
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, Guangdong, China; College of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510220, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuyi Li
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuilian Bi
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, Guangdong, China.
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Mbindyo SN, Kitaa JMA, Abuom TO, Aboge GO, Muasya DW, Muchira BW, Gitahi N, Mulei CM. Molecular Prevalence and Risk Factors of Campylobacter Infection in Puppies in the Nairobi Metropolitan Region, Kenya. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:8813405. [PMID: 37089528 PMCID: PMC10118876 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8813405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species are widely distributed pathogens; however, data on its epidemiology in puppies remain scanty, especially in Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Nairobi Metropolitan Region to determine molecular prevalence and associated risk factors of Campylobacter species infection in puppies. A total of 260 rectal swabs were collected from puppies from breeding kennels, shelters, and the University of Nairobi Veterinary Teaching and Referral Hospital. The samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for identification of Campylobacter species. Data on potential risk factors associated with puppy exposure were collected using a semistructured questionnaire. Multivariable mixed effects logistic regression analyses were performed with kennels as random effects. Campylobacter species were detected in 64 of the 260 sampled puppies yielding an overall prevalence of 24.6%. Multivariable results showed that puppies from shelters, puppies from kennels that are washed daily, puppies with a recent history of vomiting, and those treated with antibiotics in the past month were significantly associated with the presence of Campylobacter species. Being a kenneled puppy and having had concurrent bacterial infections were identified as protective factors. This study provides molecular evidence of puppy exposure to Campylobacter species which could have impact on puppy health and highlights the need to develop awareness and management strategies to potentially reduce the risk of transmitting this pathogen among puppies, to humans, and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon N. Mbindyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Jafred M. A. Kitaa
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Tequiero O. Abuom
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel O. Aboge
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Daniel W. Muasya
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Beatrice W. Muchira
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Nduhiu Gitahi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Charles M. Mulei
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
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Liu F, Lee SA, Xue J, Riordan SM, Zhang L. Global epidemiology of campylobacteriosis and the impact of COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:979055. [PMID: 36519137 PMCID: PMC9742372 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.979055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is a gastroenteritis caused by pathogenic Campylobacter species and an important topic in public health. Here we review the global epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in the last eight years between 2014-2021, providing comprehensive and updated information on the reported incidence and outbreaks of Campylobacter infections. The government public health website of each of the 195 countries and publications from 2014 to September 2022 in public databases were searched. The reported incidence of campylobacteriosis in pre-COVID-19 years was compared to that during the COVID-19 pandemic in countries where data were available. Czech Republic had the highest reported incidence of campylobacteriosis worldwide (215 per 100,000 in 2019), followed by Australia (146.8 per 100,000 in 2016) and New Zealand (126.1 per 100,000 in 2019). Campylobacter was one of the most common human enteric pathogens in both developed and developing countries. About 90% of cases of campylobacteriosis were caused by Campylobacter jejuni, whereas less than 10% of cases were caused by Campylobacter coli. Other Campylobacter species were also isolated. The reported incidence and case numbers of campylobacteriosis in developed nations have remained steadily high prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, whilst some countries reported an increasing trend such as France and Japan. While outbreaks were more frequently reported in some countries, Campylobacter infections were mainly sporadic cases in most of the developed countries. Campylobacter infection was more common in summer in some but not all countries. Campylobacter infection was more common in males than females. The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the reported incidence of campylobacteriosis in most countries where 2020 epidemiology data were available. In conclusion, Campylobacter infection remains a global health concern. Increased research and improved strategies are needed for prevention and reduction of Campylobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seul A. Lee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Xue
- Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Li Zhang,
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Andrzejewska M, Grudlewska-Buda K, Śpica D, Skowron K, Ćwiklińska-Jurkowska M, Szady-Grad M, Indykiewicz P, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Klawe JJ. Genetic relatedness, virulence, and drug susceptibility of Campylobacter isolated from water and wild birds. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1005085. [PMID: 36506026 PMCID: PMC9732551 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1005085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to identify the characteristics of Campylobacter isolated from wild birds (Black-headed gulls Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Great tits Parus major) and collect surface water samples (from rivers, ponds, ornamental lakes, freshwater beaches). Research material included 33 Campylobacter isolates. All the strains were isolated by different monitoring and surveillance plans. Methods The prevalence of selected genes (flaA, cadF, iam, cdtB, wlaN, sodB, tet0) encoding virulence factors and resistance among Campylobacter spp. was assessed by the PCR method. The genetic similarities of isolates were determined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). The susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates to clinically important antimicrobials: erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, previously assessed by E-test, was presented in the form of drug susceptibility profiles depending on the origin of the isolates. Results The cadF, flaA, cdtB, and sodB genes exhibited the highest detection rate. Statistically significant differences between the presence of wlaN virulence genes were noted among different species of the isolates. No genetically identical isolates were found. The most numerous antibiotic susceptibility profile included strains susceptible to all antibiotics studied (profile A-33.3%). The second most common were the tetracycline - and ciprofloxacin-resistant (profile B-27.2%), and tetracycline-resistant profile (C-24.2%) respectively. Discussion The study revealed the virulent properties of Campylobacter isolated from water samples, and wild birds, and high resistance rates to tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones. The lack of genetic relatedness among strains isolated from water, and birds may indicate other sources of surface water contamination with Campylobacter bacteria than birds. The presence of Campylobacter spp. in wild birds could also have other environmental origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Andrzejewska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland,*Correspondence: Małgorzata Andrzejewska,
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota Śpica
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ćwiklińska-Jurkowska
- Department of Biostatistics and Theory of Biomedical Systems, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szady-Grad
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Indykiewicz
- Department of Biology and Animal Environment, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek J. Klawe
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Li C, Chen X, Wen R, Ma P, Gu K, Li C, Zhou C, Lei C, Tang Y, Wang H. Immunocapture Magnetic Beads Enhanced the LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a Method for the Sensitive, Specific, and Visual Detection of Campylobacter jejuni. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12030154. [PMID: 35323424 PMCID: PMC8946501 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important causes of food-borne infectious disease, and poses challenges to food safety and public health. Establishing a rapid, accurate, sensitive, and simple detection method for C. jejuni enables early diagnosis, early intervention, and prevention of pathogen transmission. In this study, an immunocapture magnetic bead (ICB)-enhanced loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) CRISPR/Cas12a method (ICB-LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a) was developed for the rapid and visual detection of C. jejuni. Using the ICB-LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a method, C. jejuni was first captured by ICB, and the bacterial genomic DNA was then released by heating and used in the LAMP reaction. After the LAMP reaction, LAMP products were mixed and detected by the CRISPR/Cas12a cleavage mixture. This ICB-LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a method could detect a minimum of 8 CFU/mL of C. jejuni within 70 min. Additionally, the method was performed in a closed tube in addition to ICB capture, which eliminates the need to separate preamplification and transfer of amplified products to avoid aerosol pollution. The ICB-LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a method was further validated by testing 31 C. jejuni-positive fecal samples from different layer farms. This method is an all-in-one, simple, rapid, ultrasensitive, ultraspecific, visual detection method for instrument-free diagnosis of C. jejuni, and has wide application potential in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.L.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (P.M.); (K.G.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.L.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (P.M.); (K.G.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Renqiao Wen
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.L.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (P.M.); (K.G.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Peng Ma
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.L.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (P.M.); (K.G.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Kui Gu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.L.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (P.M.); (K.G.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cui Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.L.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (P.M.); (K.G.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.L.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (P.M.); (K.G.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.L.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (P.M.); (K.G.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yizhi Tang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.L.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (P.M.); (K.G.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (H.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-028-8547-1599 (Y.T. & H.W.)
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.L.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (P.M.); (K.G.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (C.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (H.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-028-8547-1599 (Y.T. & H.W.)
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Shagieva E, Demnerova K, Michova H. Waterborne Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni Are Able to Develop Aerotolerance, Survive Exposure to Low Temperature, and Interact With Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730858. [PMID: 34777280 PMCID: PMC8578730 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is regarded as the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis around the world. Even though it is generally considered to be a sensitive microaerobic pathogen, it is able to survive in the environment outside of the intestinal tract of the host. This study aimed to assess the impact of selected environmental parameters on the survival of 14 C. jejuni isolates of different origins, including 12 water isolates. The isolates were tested for their antibiotic resistance, their ability to survive at low temperature (7°C), develop aerotolerance, and to interact with the potential protozoan host Acanthamoeba polyphaga. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by standard disk diffusion according to EUCAST. Out of the 14 isolates, 8 were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and 5 to tetracycline (TET), while only one isolate was resistant to erythromycin (ERY). Five isolates were resistant to two different antibiotic classes. Tetracycline resistance was only observed in isolates isolated from wastewater and a clinical sample. Further, the isolates were tested for their survival at 7°C under both aerobic and microaerobic conditions using standard culture methods. The results showed that under microaerobic conditions, all isolates maintained their cultivability for 4 weeks without a significant decrease in the numbers of bacteria and variation between the isolates. However, significant differences were observed under aerobic conditions (AC). The incubation led to a decrease in the number of cultivable cells, with complete loss of cultivability after 2 weeks (one water isolate), 3 weeks (7 isolates), or 4 weeks of incubation (6 isolates). Further, all isolates were studied for their ability to develop aerotolerance by repetitive subcultivation under microaerobic and subsequently AC. Surprisingly, all isolates were able to adapt and grow under AC. As the last step, 5 isolates were selected to evaluate a potential protective effect provided by A. polyphaga. The cocultivation of isolates with the amoeba resulted in the survival of about 40% of cells treated with an otherwise lethal dose of gentamicin. In summary, C. jejuni is able to adapt and survive in a potentially detrimental environment for a prolonged period of time, which emphasizes the role of the environmental transmission route in the spread of campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shagieva
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Michova
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
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20
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Bell RL, Kase JA, Harrison LM, Balan KV, Babu U, Chen Y, Macarisin D, Kwon HJ, Zheng J, Stevens EL, Meng J, Brown EW. The Persistence of Bacterial Pathogens in Surface Water and Its Impact on Global Food Safety. Pathogens 2021; 10:1391. [PMID: 34832547 PMCID: PMC8617848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is vital to agriculture. It is essential that the water used for the production of fresh produce commodities be safe. Microbial pathogens are able to survive for extended periods of time in water. It is critical to understand their biology and ecology in this ecosystem in order to develop better mitigation strategies for farmers who grow these food crops. In this review the prevalence, persistence and ecology of four major foodborne pathogens, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, Campylobacter and closely related Arcobacter, and Listeria monocytogenes, in water are discussed. These pathogens have been linked to fresh produce outbreaks, some with devastating consequences, where, in a few cases, the contamination event has been traced to water used for crop production or post-harvest activities. In addition, antimicrobial resistance, methods improvements, including the role of genomics in aiding in the understanding of these pathogens, are discussed. Finally, global initiatives to improve our knowledge base of these pathogens around the world are touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Bell
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Julie A. Kase
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Lisa M. Harrison
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Kannan V. Balan
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Uma Babu
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (L.M.H.); (K.V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Dumitru Macarisin
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Hee Jin Kwon
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Jie Zheng
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
| | - Eric L. Stevens
- Office of the Center Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Eric W. Brown
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (J.A.K.); (Y.C.); (D.M.); (H.J.K.); (J.Z.); (E.W.B.)
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21
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Hyllestad S, Amato E, Nygård K, Vold L, Aavitsland P. The effectiveness of syndromic surveillance for the early detection of waterborne outbreaks: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:696. [PMID: 34284731 PMCID: PMC8290622 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Waterborne outbreaks are still a risk in high-income countries, and their early detection is crucial to limit their societal consequences. Although syndromic surveillance is widely used for the purpose of detecting outbreaks days earlier than traditional surveillance systems, evidence of the effectiveness of such systems is lacking. Thus, our objective was to conduct a systematic review of the effectiveness of syndromic surveillance to detect waterborne outbreaks. Method We searched the Cochrane Library, Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant published articles using a combination of the keywords ‘drinking water’, ‘surveillance’, and ‘waterborne disease’ for the period of 1990 to 2018. The references lists of the identified articles for full-text record assessment were screened, and searches in Google Scholar using the same key words were conducted. We assessed the risk of bias in the included articles using the ROBINS-I tool and PRECEPT for the cumulative body of evidence. Results From the 1959 articles identified, we reviewed 52 articles, of which 18 met the eligibility criteria. Twelve were descriptive/analytical studies, whereas six were simulation studies. There is no clear evidence for syndromic surveillance in terms of the ability to detect waterborne outbreaks (low sensitivity and high specificity). However, one simulation study implied that multiple sources of signals combined with spatial information may increase the timeliness in detecting a waterborne outbreak and reduce false alarms. Conclusion This review demonstrates that there is no conclusive evidence on the effectiveness of syndromic surveillance for the detection of waterborne outbreaks, thus suggesting the need to focus on primary prevention measures to reduce the risk of waterborne outbreaks. Future studies should investigate methods for combining health and environmental data with an assessment of needed financial and human resources for implementing such surveillance systems. In addition, a more critical thematic narrative synthesis on the most promising sources of data, and an assessment of the basis for arguments that joint analysis of different data or dimensions of data (e.g. spatial and temporal) might perform better, should be carried out. Trial registration PROSPERO: International prospective register of systematic reviews. 2019. CRD42019122332. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06387-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hyllestad
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Institute of Health and Society, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ettore Amato
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karin Nygård
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Vold
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Preben Aavitsland
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Emberland KE, Wensaas KA, Litleskare S, Iversen A, Hanevik K, Langeland N, Rortveit G. Clinical features of gastroenteritis during a large waterborne Campylobacter outbreak in Askøy, Norway. Infection 2021; 50:343-354. [PMID: 34215942 PMCID: PMC8942940 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Outbreaks of Campylobacter infection are common, but studies exploring the clinical features of acute illness in the outbreak setting are scarce in existing literature. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the clinical features of self-reported acute illness in gastroenteritis cases during a large waterborne Campylobacter outbreak in Askøy municipality, Norway, in 2019. Methods A web-based self-administered questionnaire, and invitation to participate was sent by the municipality of Askøy as text message to mobile phones using the municipality’s warning system to the inhabitants during the ongoing outbreak. Results Out of 3624 participants, 749 (20.7%) were defined as cases, of which 177 (23.6%) reported severe gastroenteritis. The most common symptoms were loose stools (90.7%), abdominal pain (89.3%) and diarrhea (88.9%), whereas 63.8% reported fever, 50.2% joint pain and 14.2% bloody stools. Tiredness, a symptom non-specific to gastroenteritis, was the overall most common symptom (91.2%). Conclusion About one in four of the cases reported symptoms consistent with severe gastroenteritis. We found more joint pain and less bloody stools than reported in published studies of laboratory confirmed campylobacteriosis cases. Tiredness was common in the current study, although rarely described in previous literature of acute illness in the outbreak setting. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s15010-021-01652-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Erik Emberland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway.
| | - K-A Wensaas
- Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Litleskare
- Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Iversen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, Askøy municipality, Norway
| | - K Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - N Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - G Rortveit
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
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23
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Strakova N, Shagieva E, Ovesna P, Korena K, Michova H, Demnerova K, Kolackova I, Karpiskova R. The effect of environmental conditions on the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in wastewater and surface waters. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:725-735. [PMID: 34192401 PMCID: PMC9290866 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aims The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in the aquatic environment based on the water origin, seasonality and physico‐chemical properties. Methods and Results The occurrence of C. jejuni and C. coli was determined in waste (29) or surface (56) waters in four different seasons. The air and water temperatures were measured during sampling and chemical analyses of water samples for ammonium, chloride, chlorine, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and iron were performed. The thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. were more frequently detected in wastewater (59%; 17 positive samples) compared to surface water (38%; 21 positive samples), with the highest rate in autumn (67% of samples positive) and with a higher C. coli occurrence than C. jejuni (31% vs. 26%). Ammonium (above 0.2 mg/L) and chloride ion concentrations (above 60 mg/L) favour C. jejuni. Similarly, C. coli occurrence in water was supported by ammonium (above 0.2 mg/L), chloride (above 60 mg/L) and in addition by phosphate ion concentrations (below 0.7 mg/L). Conclusions Campylobacter presence in water is influenced by physico‐chemical parameters such as concentrations of ammonium and chloride ions. Significance and Impact of the Study Water environment is an alternative source of Campylobacter. The concentration of ammonium and chloride ions can be used as a basis for successful prediction of the potential occurrence of C. jejuni and C. coli in wastewater and surface water in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina Shagieva
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Ovesna
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hana Michova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Mortensen N, Jonasson SA, Lavesson IV, Emberland KE, Litleskare S, Wensaas KA, Rortveit G, Langeland N, Hanevik K. Characteristics of hospitalized patients during a large waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni in Norway. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248464. [PMID: 33755697 PMCID: PMC7987138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Very few reports describe all hospitalized patients with campylobacteriosis in the setting of a single waterborne outbreak. This study describes the demographics, comorbidities, clinical features, microbiology, treatment and complications of 67 hospitalized children and adults during a large waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni in Askoy, Norway in 2019, where more than 2000 people in a community became ill. We investigated factors that contributed to hospitalization and treatment choices. Data were collected from electronic patient records during and after the outbreak. Fifty adults and seventeen children were included with a biphasic age distribution peaking in toddlers and middle-aged adults. Most children, 14 out of 17, were below 4 years of age. Diarrhea was the most commonly reported symptom (99%), whereas few patients (9%) reported bloody stools. Comorbidities were frequent in adults (63%) and included cardiovascular disease, pre-existing gastrointestinal disease or chronic renal failure. Comorbidities in children (47%) were dominated by pulmonary and gastrointestinal diseases. Adult patients appeared more severely ill than children with longer duration of stay, higher levels of serum creatinine and CRP and rehydration therapy. Ninety-two percent of adult patients were treated with intravenous fluid as compared with 12% of children. Almost half of the admitted children received antibiotics. Two patients died, including a toddler. Both had significant complicating factors. The demographic and clinical findings presented may be useful for health care planning and patient management in Campylobacter outbreaks both in primary health care and in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolay Mortensen
- Children and Youth Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Knut Erik Emberland
- Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sverre Litleskare
- Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut-Arne Wensaas
- Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Guri Rortveit
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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25
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Robertson LJ, Jore S, Lund V, Grahek-Ogden D. Risk assessment of parasites in Norwegian drinking water: opportunities and challenges. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2021; 22:e00112. [PMID: 33681490 PMCID: PMC7930114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the relative prosperity of Scandinavian countries, contamination of the drinking water supply with parasites has occurred on various occasions in the last few decades. These events have resulted in outbreaks of disease involving several thousand cases and/or the necessity for implementation of boil-water advisories. Against this background, in 2008, and again in 2019, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority requested a risk assessment from an independent scientific body regarding parasites in Norwegian drinking water. On each occasion, it was requested that specific questions were addressed. For the first assessment, data, both of general relevance and specific for Norway, were collected from appropriate sources, as available. Based on some of this information, a quantitative probability model was established and run to estimate the number of cases of waterborne cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis that may be expected in Norway, both in the general public and the immunocompromised, and under conditions where water treatment should be optimal, and also when water treatment efficacy may be compromised by weather conditions. For the second assessment, approximately a decade after the first, an update on the previous assessment was requested. Differences in information availability and other changes between the two assessments were described; although more data were available at the second assessment, considerable gaps still remained. For both assessments, data on the occurrence of these parasites in the Norwegian population, particularly those infected in Norway, were considered a challenge. However, due to changes in reporting requirements in 2020, the situation was improved for the second assessment. In addition, data were lacking for both assessments on whether animals or humans are most likely to contaminate water sources, and the species and genotypes of these parasites in Norwegian animals. It was also noted that some of the newer data on parasite numbers detected in water samples should be treated with caution. Due to this, further modelling was not conducted. The relevance of risk-based sampling rather than ad hoc sampling of water sources was also addressed. Despite the data gaps, this article provides an overview of the opportunities provided by conducting such assessments. In addition, some of the challenges encountered in attempting to estimate the risk posed from parasite contamination of water sources in Norway, particularly under predicted conditions of climate change, are described. Norwegian drinking water has been contaminated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Risk was assessed in both 2008–2009 and 2019–2020 by an independent body. A model approach was used in the first assessment and data gaps identified. In the second assessment, more data were available, but data gaps remained. Main challenges were lack of reliable data on infection and contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen Campus, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Jore
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vidar Lund
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Nennig M, Llarena AK, Herold M, Mossong J, Penny C, Losch S, Tresse O, Ragimbeau C. Investigating Major Recurring Campylobacter jejuni Lineages in Luxembourg Using Four Core or Whole Genome Sequencing Typing Schemes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:608020. [PMID: 33489938 PMCID: PMC7819963 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.608020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, which has motivated the monitoring of genetic profiles circulating in Luxembourg since 13 years. From our integrated surveillance using a genotyping strategy based on an extended MLST scheme including gyrA and porA markers, an unexpected endemic pattern was discovered in the temporal distribution of genotypes. We aimed to test the hypothesis of stable lineages occurrence by implementing whole genome sequencing (WGS) associated with comprehensive and internationally validated schemes. This pilot study assessed four WGS-based typing schemes to classify a panel of 108 strains previously identified as recurrent or sporadic profiles using this in-house typing system. The strain collection included four common lineages in human infection (N = 67) initially identified from recurrent combination of ST-gyrA-porA alleles also detected in non-human samples: veterinary (N = 19), food (N = 20), and environmental (N = 2) sources. An additional set of 19 strains belonging to sporadic profiles completed the tested panel. All the strains were processed by WGS by using Illumina technologies and by applying stringent criteria for filtering sequencing data; we ensure robustness in our genomic comparison. Four typing schemes were applied to classify the strains: (i) the cgMLST SeqSphere+ scheme of 637 loci, (ii) the cgMLST Oxford scheme of 1,343 loci, (iii) the cgMLST INNUENDO scheme of 678 loci, and (iv) the wgMLST INNUENDO scheme of 2,795 loci. A high concordance between the typing schemes was determined by comparing the calculated adjusted Wallace coefficients. After quality control and analyses with these four typing schemes, 60 strains were confirmed as members of the four recurrent lineages regardless of the method used (N = 32, 12, 7, and 9, respectively). Our results indicate that, regardless of the typing scheme used, epidemic or endemic signals were detected as reflected by lineage B (ST2254-gyrA9-porA1) in 2014 or lineage A (ST19-gyrA8-porA7), respectively. These findings support the clonal expansion of stable genomes in Campylobacter population exhibiting a multi-host profile and accounting for the majority of clinical strains isolated over a decade. Such recurring genotypes suggest persistence in reservoirs, sources or environment, emphasizing the need to investigate their survival strategy in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Nennig
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, Nantes, France
| | - Ann-Katrin Llarena
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malte Herold
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Joël Mossong
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Christian Penny
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Losch
- Laboratoire de Médecine Vétérinaire de l'Etat, Veterinary Services Administration, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Catherine Ragimbeau
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
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27
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Davies E, Ebbesen M, Johansson C, Kaden R, Rautelin H. Genomic and Phenotypic Characterisation of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates From a Waterborne Outbreak. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:594856. [PMID: 33194843 PMCID: PMC7658296 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.594856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter infections are the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. In Europe, over 246,000 cases are confirmed annually. Infections are often transmitted via contaminated food, such as poultry products, but water may be the source of infection as well. The aim of this study was to characterise a selection of Campylobacter jejuni human isolates, together with a water isolate, from a waterborne outbreak in Norway in 2019, including human isolates from early, mid-, and late epidemic. The isolates were characterised with whole-genome sequencing, analysing the expression of putative virulence genes and demonstrating the pathogenic potential in an in vitro adhesion model using HT-29 cells. All isolates belonged to the multilocus sequence type 1701 and ST45 clonal complex. In the genomic analysis, the water isolate clustered somewhat separately from the human isolates. There was some variation between the human isolates, but the water isolate seemed to display the greatest pathogenic potential, demonstrated by the highest levels of virulence gene expression, adhesion to epithelial cells and IL-8 induction. These results suggest that the water isolate of the study has potential to cause human infections, and that some bacterial changes due to host or environmental adaptation, may occur during a waterborne Campylobacter epidemic. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study on C. jejuni isolates from a waterborne outbreak, including both human isolates and a water isolate, characterised with genomic and phenotypic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Davies
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marit Ebbesen
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - René Kaden
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hilpi Rautelin
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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