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Peng H, Shahidi F. Metabolic, toxicological, chemical, and commercial perspectives on esterification of dietary polyphenols: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:7465-7504. [PMID: 36908213 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2185589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular modifications have been practiced for more than a century and nowadays they are widely applied in food, pharmaceutical, or other industries to manipulate the physicochemical, bioactivity, metabolic/catabolic, and pharmacokinetic properties. Among various structural modifications, the esterification/O-acylation has been well-established in altering lipophilicity and bioactivity of parent bioactive compounds, especially natural polyphenolics, while maintaining their high biocompatibility. Meanwhile, various classic chemical and enzymatic protocols and other recently emerged cell factory technology are being employed as viable esterification strategies. In this contribution, the main motivations of phenolic esterification, including the tendency to replace synthetic alkyl phenolics with safer alternatives in the food industry to improve the bioavailability of phenolics as dietary supplements/pharmaceuticals, are discussed. In addition, the toxicity, metabolism, and commercial application of synthetic and natural phenolics are briefly introduced. Under these contexts, the mechanisms and reaction features of several most prevalent chemical and enzymatic esterification pathways are demonstrated. In addition, insights into the studies of esterification modification of natural phenolic compounds and specific pros/cons of various reaction systems with regard to their practical application are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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2
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Li W, Chen Y, Li X, Zhong Y, Xu P, Teng Y. Ultrasensitive SERS quantitative detection of antioxidants via diazo derivatization reaction and deep learning for signal fluctuation mitigation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 313:124086. [PMID: 38442618 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants serve as essential protectors against oxidation and deterioration of edible oils, however, prudent evaluation is necessary regarding potential health risks associated with excessive intake. The direct adsorption of antioxidants onto conventional surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates is challenging due to the presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups in their molecular structures, resulting in weak Raman scattering signals and rendering direct SERS detection difficult. In this study, a diazo derivatization reaction was employed to enhance SERS signals by converting antioxidant molecules into azo derivatives, enabling the amplification of the weak Raman scattering signals through the strong vibrational modes induced by the N = N double bond. The resulting diazo derivatives were characterized using UV-visible absorption and infrared spectroscopy, confirming the occurrence of diazo derivatization of the antioxidants. The proposed method successfully achieved the rapid detection of three commonly used synthetic antioxidants, namely butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG) on interfacial self-assembled gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, rapid predictions of BHA, PG, and TBHQ within the concentration range of 1 × 10-6 to 2 × 10-3 mol/L were achieved by integrating a convolutional neural network model. The predictive range of this model surpassed the traditional quantitative method of manually selecting characteristic peaks, with linear coefficients (R2) of 0.9992, 0.9997, and 0.9997, respectively. The recovery of antioxidants in real soybean oil samples ranged from 73.0 % to 126.4 %. Based on diazo derivatization, the proposed SERS method eliminates the need for complex substrates and enables the analysis and determination of synthetic antioxidants in edible oils within 20 min, providing a convenient analytical approach for quality control in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yingxin Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Pei Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanjie Teng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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3
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Wang X, Chen Y, McClements DJ, Meng C, Zhang M, Chen H, Deng Q. Recent advances in understanding the interfacial activity of antioxidants in association colloids in bulk oil. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 325:103117. [PMID: 38394718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The chemical stability of edible oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is a major challenge within the food and supplement industries, as lipid oxidation reduces oil quality and safety. Despite appearing homogeneous to the human eye, bulk oils are actually multiphase heterogeneous systems at the nanoscale level. Association colloids, such as reverse micelles, are spontaneously formed within bulk oils due to the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules that are present, like phospholipids, free fatty acids, and/or surfactants. In bulk oil, lipid oxidation often occurs at the oil-water interface of these association colloids because this is where different reactants accumulate, such as PUFAs, hydroperoxides, transition metals, and antioxidants. Consequently, the efficiency of antioxidants in bulk oils is governed by their chemical reactivity, but also by their ability to be located close to the site of oxidation. This review describes the impact of minor constituents in bulk oils on the nature of the association colloids formed. And then the formation of mixed reverse micelles (LOOH, (co)surfactants, or antioxidations) during the peroxidation of bulk oils, as well as changes in their composition and structure over time are also discussed. The critical importance of selecting appropriate antioxidants and surfactants for the changes of interface and colloid, as well as the inhibition of lipid oxidation is emphasized. The knowledge presented in this review article may facilitate the design of bulk oil products with improved resistance to oxidation, thereby reducing food waste and improving food quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Yashu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Chen Meng
- College of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingkai Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjian Chen
- College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China.
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Liu Y, Chen J, Li H, Wang Y. Nanocomplexes film composed of gallic acid loaded ovalbumin/chitosan nanoparticles and pectin with excellent antibacterial activity: Preparation, characterization and application in coating preservation of salmon fillets. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:128934. [PMID: 38143052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Active packaging has been recognized as an effective approach to extend the shelf life of food, but the rapid release of active substances limits the preservation effect. In this study, gallic acid (GA)-loaded ovalbumin (OVA)/chitosan (CS) nanoparticles with slow-release properties were prepared and embedded into the pectin matrix to refine the rapid release of GA in the pectin and elongate the shelf life of salmon fillets. Our results showed that GA could be released continuously from the OVA/CS nanoparticles. The pectin film incorporated with GA-loaded OVA/CS nanoparticles exhibited good light barrier and mechanical properties. The opacity value of the film reached 1.65 ± 0.06 UA/mm, and the tensile strength and elongation at break were 15.97 ± 1.55 MPa and 7.29 ± 0.42 %, respectively. In addition, the pectin film combined with GA-loaded OVA/CS nanoparticles showed improved antibacterial activity against two common biogenic amine-producing bacteria (Morganella morganii and Escherichia coli). Moreover, the nanocomposite film delayed salmon fillets' biogenic amine generation, and the shelf life was extended by 3 days compared with the control group. These promising properties supported using the GA-loaded OVA/CS nanoparticle-pectin films as preservation materials for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huan Li
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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5
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Homroy S, Chopra R, Singh PK, Dhiman A, Chand M, Talwar B. Role of encapsulation on the bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13272. [PMID: 38284597 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) have been widely recognized for their therapeutic advantages, including anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. They have shown promise in enhancing regulatory function, promotingdevelopment and mitigating the progression of diabetes and cancer. The scientific communities, along with industries, are actively endorsing initiatives aimed at increasing the daily intake of lipids rich in omega-3 FAs. Nevertheless, incorporating polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) into food products poses several challenges due to their susceptibility to oxidation when exposed to oxygen, high temperatures, and moisture. This oxidative deterioration results in undesirable flavours and a loss of nutritional value. Various methods, including physical blending, interesterification, and encapsulation, have been utilized as ways to enhance the stability of edible oils rich in PUFA against oxidation. Encapsulation has emerged as a proven strategy for enhancing the oxidative stability and functional properties of omega-3 FA-rich oils. Multiple encapsulation methods have been developed to stabilize and improve the delivery of omega-3 FAs in food products. The selection of an appropriate encapsulation method depends on the desired application of the encapsulated oil. In addition, encapsulation enhances the bioavailability of omega-3 FAs by promoting increased absorption of the encapsulated form in the intestinal epithelium. This review discusses the techniques and principles of omega-3 FA-rich oil encapsulation and its role in improving stability and bioavailability. Furthermore, it also investigates the potential health benefits of these encapsulated oils. This review explores the variations in bioavailability based on encapsulation techniques and processing, offering vital insights for nutrition and product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Homroy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Rajni Chopra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Singh
- Department of Food and Nutrition & Food Technology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Aishwarya Dhiman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Monika Chand
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Binanshu Talwar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
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Wang X, Sun Z, Pei Y, Liu QS, Zhou Q, Jiang G. 3- tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole Perturbs Differentiation of C3H10T1/2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Brown Adipocytes through Regulating Smad Signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37481753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA), one of the most commonly used antioxidants in foodstuffs, has been identified as an environmental endocrine disruptor (EED) with obesogenic activity. Given the increasing concern on EED-caused dysfunction in lipid metabolism, whether 3-BHA could influence the development of brown adipocytes is worthy of being explored. In this study, the effect of 3-BHA on the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into brown adipocytes was investigated. Exposure to 3-BHA promoted lipogenesis of the differentiated cells, as evidenced by the increased intracellular lipid accumulation and elevated expressions of adipogenic biomarkers, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), Perilipin, Adiponectin, and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). Surprisingly, the thermogenic capacity of the differentiated cells was compromised as a result of 3-BHA exposure, because neither intracellular mitochondrial contents nor expressions of thermogenic biomarkers, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), cell-death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor α subunit-like effector A (CIDEA), and PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), were increased by this chemical. The underlying molecular mechanism exploration revealed that, in contrast to p38 MAPK, 3-BHA stimulation induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 in an exposure time-dependent manner, suggesting that this chemical-triggered Smad signaling was responsible for the shift of C3H10T1/2 MSC differentiation from a brown to white-like phenotype. The finding herein, for the first time, revealed the perturbation of 3-BHA in the development of brown adipocytes, uncovering new knowledge about the obesogenic potential of this emerging chemical of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, People's Republic of China
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7
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Wang X, Sun Z, Gao Y, Liu QS, Yang X, Liang J, Ren J, Ren Z, Zhou Q, Jiang G. 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole perturbs renal lipid metabolism in vitro by targeting androgen receptor-regulated de novo lipogenesis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 258:114979. [PMID: 37150107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The widespread usage of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA) as an anthropogenic antioxidant has caused considerable environmental contamination and frequent detection in diverse human-derived samples. 3-BHA can promote adipogenesis and impair hepatic lipid metabolism, while its effects on renal lipid homeostasis remain to be uncertain. Herein, using the human kidney 2 (HK-2) cell experiments, 3-BHA was found to cause a significant reduction in lipid accumulation of the HK-2 cells in both exposure concentration- and duration-dependent manners. Exposure to 3-BHA lowered the transcriptional expressions of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), as well as ACC activity, indicating the inhibition in the process of de novo lipogenesis in HK-2 cells. On this basis, the mechanism study suggested that the reduced glucose absorption and accelerated glycolysis were concomitantly involved. The antagonism of 3-BHA on the transactivation of androgen receptor (AR) contributed to the lowered de novo lipogenesis and the consequent intracellular lipid reduction. The metabolomics data further confirmed the imbalance of lipid homeostasis and dysregulation of de novo lipogenesis. The new findings on the impaired renal lipid metabolism induced by 3-BHA warranted proper care about the usage of this chemical as a food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhendong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yurou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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8
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Ordodi VL, Hădărugă NG, Hădărugă DI, Lukinich-Gruia AT, Mărgineanu M, Tatu CA, Păunescu V. Urine Metabolomic Signature of People Diagnosed with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy and Other Types of Chronic Kidney Disease Compared with Healthy Subjects in Romania. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050609. [PMID: 37233650 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis methods were employed to determine biomarkers for various chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Modern analytical methods were developed and applied successfully to find a specific metabolomic profile in urine samples from CKD and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) patients. The aim was to explore a specific metabolomic profile defined by feasible/easy-to-identify molecular markers. Urine samples were collected from patients with CKDs and BEN, and from healthy subjects from endemic and nonendemic areas in Romania. Metabolomic analysis of urine samples, extracted by the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method, was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The statistical exploration of the results was performed through a principal component analysis (PCA) evaluation. Urine samples were statistically analyzed using a classification based on six types of metabolites. Most urinary metabolites are distributed in the center of a loading plot, meaning that these compounds do not represent significant markers for BEN. One of the most frequent and higher-concentration urinary metabolites in BEN patients was p-Cresol, a phenolic compound that implies a severe injury of the renal filtration function. The presence of p-Cresol was associated with protein-bound uremic toxins, which have specific functional groups such as indole and phenyl. In prospective studies for future investigation, prevention, and disease treatment, we suggest a larger sample size, sample extraction using other methods, and analysis using other chromatography techniques coupled with mass spectrometry, which can generate a more significant data set for statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin L Ordodi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicoleta G Hădărugă
- Department of Food Science, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniel I Hădărugă
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra T Lukinich-Gruia
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer-OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Mărgineanu
- Dialysis Center Fresenius NephroCare, 220012 Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania
| | - Călin A Tatu
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer-OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Păunescu
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer-OncoGen, Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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9
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Wang B, Xu XL, Zhang MY, Bu XM, Wang HL, Shi XZ, Xu X, Chen D. A fully green sample preparation method for synthetic antioxidants determination in edible oils based on natural feather fiber-supported liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1698:464004. [PMID: 37094539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The current study proposed a novel feather fiber-supported liquid extraction (FF-SLE) method for extracting analytes from oil samples. The natural feather fibers were used as the oil support material and directly loaded in the plastic tube of a disposable syringe to construct the low-cost extraction device (∼0.5 CNY). The edible oil without any pretreatment including dilution was added directly to the extraction device, followed by the addition of the green extraction solvent of ethanol. As an example, the proposed method was applied to extract nine synthetic antioxidants from edible oils. The optimized extraction conditions for processing 0.5 g of oil were obtained when the syringe dimension was 5 mL, the extraction solvent was 0.5 mL of ethanol, the amount of feather fibers was 200 mg of duck feather fibers and the static extraction time was 10 min. The applications to seven kinds of feathers and seven kinds of edible oils all indicated the excellent oil removal efficiencies (>98.0%). Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet, a quantification method was validated with satisfied linearity (R2≥0.994), accuracy (95.8-114.6%) and precision (≤8.3%) with the limits of detection ranging from 50 to 100 ng/g. The proposed FF-SLE method was simple, effective, convenient, low-cost, green and environmental-friendly for the extraction of analytes from oil samples prior to instrument analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Xin-Li Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Man-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Xin-Miao Bu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Hong-Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Xue-Zhong Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xia Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 45001, China.
| | - Di Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 45001, China.
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10
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Thakur M, Modi VK. Biocolorants in food: Sources, extraction, applications and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4674-4713. [PMID: 36503345 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2144997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Color of a food is one of the major factors influencing its acceptance by consumers. At presently synthetic dyes are the most commonly used food colorant in food industry by providing more esthetically appearance and as a means to quality control. However, the growing concern about health and environmental due to associated toxicity with synthetic food colorants has accelerated the global efforts to replace them with safer and healthy food colorants obtained from natural resources (plants, microorganisms, and animals). Further, many of these biocolorants not only provide myriad of colors to the food but also exert biological properties, thus they can be used as nutraceuticals in foods and beverages. In order to understand the importance of nature-derived pigments as food colorants, this review provides a thorough discussion on the natural origin of food colorants. Following this, different extraction methods for isolating biocolorants from plants and microbes were also discussed. Many of these biocolorants not only provide color, but also have many health promoting properties, for this reason their physicochemical and biological properties were also reviewed. Finally, current trends on the use of biocolorants in foods, and the challenges faced by the biocolorants in their effective utilization by food industry and possible solutions to these challenges were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Thakur
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V K Modi
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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11
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Plant Antioxidants in Dry Fermented Meat Products with a Healthier Lipid Profile. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223558. [PMID: 36429150 PMCID: PMC9689944 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumers' perception of meat products has changed in recent years, which has led to an increased interest in healthier meat products. In response to this demand, academia and industry have made efforts to reformulate meat products, especially dry fermented meat products, which are known for their high fat contents, mainly saturated fat. The use of plant or marine oils stabilized in emulsion gels (EGs) or oil-bulking agents (OBAs) as animal fat replacers has been one of the most advantageous strategies to reformulate dry fermented meat products with a healthier lipid content (quality and quantity), but an increase in their polyunsaturated fatty acid content can trigger a significant increase in lipid oxidation, negatively affecting sensory and nutritional quality. The use of antioxidants is the main strategy to delay this deteriorative reaction, but the controversy around the safety and toxicity of synthetic antioxidants has driven consumers and industry toward the use of plant antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and some vitamins and minerals. This review provides information about the use of plant antioxidants to control lipid oxidation of dry fermented meat products with healthier lipids.
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Detection of Synthetic Antioxidants: What Factors Affect the Efficiency in the Chromatographic Analysis and in the Electrochemical Analysis? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27207137. [PMID: 36296730 PMCID: PMC9611030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants are food additives largely employed to inhibit oxidative reactions in foodstuffs rich in oils and fat lipids, extending the shelf life of foodstuffs and inhibiting alterations in color, flavor, smell, and loss of nutritional value. However, various research has demonstrated that the inadequate use of synthetic antioxidants results in environmental and health problems due to the fact that some of these compounds present toxicity, and their presence in the human body, in high concentrations, is related to the development of some cancer types and other diseases. Therefore, the development of analytical methods for identifying and quantifying synthetic antioxidants in foodstuffs is fundamental to quality control and in ensuring consumer food safety. This review describes the recent chromatographic and electrochemical techniques used in the detection of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in foodstuffs, highlighting the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of these methods, and specific typical features, which include extraction methods for sample preparation and materials used in the working electrode construction, considering chromatographic and voltammetric methods, since these specific features influence the efficiency in the analysis.
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13
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-914-594-3105; Fax: +1-914-594-4163
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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14
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Witkowski M, Grajeta H, Gomułka K. Hypersensitivity Reactions to Food Additives-Preservatives, Antioxidants, Flavor Enhancers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11493. [PMID: 36141765 PMCID: PMC9517530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There have been reports of food hypersensitivity reactions to food additives (HFA) for many years. The mechanisms of HFA and their frequency are difficult to precisely define, as most of the data come from outdated studies with poor methodology. In 2020, the European Food Safety Authority completed a review of additives, examining their influence on the occurrence of HFA, but did not include all of them. The aim of this review is to systematise knowledge about selected groups of food additives (FAs) and the HFA induced by them. We also briefly discuss the issues of diagnosis and therapy in this disease. FAs are commonly used in prosscessed foods, but HFA appears to be a rare phenomenon. Identification of the FA responsible for hypersensitivity and its treatment is difficult. Diagnosis is a challenge for the clinician and for the patient. A food diary is a helpful diagnostic tool. It allows diet therapy to be monitored based on the partial or complete elimination of products containing a harmful additive. An elimination diet must not be deficient, and symptomatic pharmacotherapy may be necessary if its application is ineffective. Taking all this into account, we conclude that it is necessary to conduct randomised multicentre studies based on the double-blind placebo control protocol in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Witkowski
- Department of Dietetics and Food Science, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Halina Grajeta
- Department of Dietetics and Food Science, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gomułka
- Department of Internal Disease, Pneumology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland
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15
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Boukoufi C, Boudier A, Maincent P, Vigneron J, Clarot I. Food-inspired innovations to improve the stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121881. [PMID: 35680111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Food-processing and pharmaceutical industries share a lot of stability issues against the same physical, chemical, and microbiological phenomena. They also share some solutions to improve the stability as the use of preservatives and packaging. Ecological concerns lead to the development of tremendous innovations in food. Some of these innovations could also be beneficial in the pharmaceutical domain. The objective of this review is to evaluate the potential application of these findings in the pharmaceutical field and the main limits in terms of toxicity, environmental, economic and regulatory issues. The principal factors influencing the shelf-life were highlighted through the description of the stability studies usually performed in the pharmaceutical industry (according to European guidelines). To counter those factors, different solutions are currently available as preservatives and specific packaging. They were described and debated with an overview of recent food innovations in each field. The limits of the current solutions in the pharmaceutical field and the innovation in the food field have inspired a critical pharmaceutical outlook. The active and intelligent packaging for active pharmaceutical ingredients of the future is imagined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Boukoufi
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France; Pharmacy Department, University Hospital, 54511 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Jean Vigneron
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospital, 54511 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Igor Clarot
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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16
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Novais C, Molina AK, Abreu RMV, Santo-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR, Pereira C, Barros L. Natural Food Colorants and Preservatives: A Review, a Demand, and a Challenge. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2789-2805. [PMID: 35201759 PMCID: PMC9776543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The looming urgency of feeding the growing world population along with the increasing consumers' awareness and expectations have driven the evolution of food production systems and the processes and products applied in the food industry. Although substantial progress has been made on food additives, the controversy in which some of them are still shrouded has encouraged research on safer and healthier next generations. These additives can come from natural sources and confer numerous benefits for health, beyond serving the purpose of coloring or preserving, among others. As limiting factors, these additives are often related to stability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness issues, which justify the need for innovative solutions. In this context, and with the advances witnessed in computers and computational methodologies for in silico experimental aid, the development of new safer and more efficient natural additives with dual functionality (colorant and preservative), for instance by the copigmentation phenomena, may be achieved more efficiently, circumventing the current difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Novais
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Adriana K. Molina
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Rui M. V. Abreu
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Celestino Santo-Buelga
- Grupo
de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Facultad de Farmacia,
Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Universidad
de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Carla Pereira
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus
de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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17
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Sun Z, Tang Z, Yang X, Liu QS, Zhang J, Zhou Q, Jiang G. 3- tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole Impairs Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Male Mice Fed with a High-Fat Diet. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3204-3213. [PMID: 35133139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA), one of the widely used food antioxidants, has been found to act as a potential obesogen by promoting adipogenesis in vitro and inducing white adipose tissue development in vivo. Whether 3-BHA-induced visceral obesity was accompanied by a disruption of hepatic lipid homeostasis in mammals remained unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of 3-BHA on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in male C57BL/6J mice. After 18 weeks of oral administration of 10 mg/kg 3-BHA, the mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) had higher hepatic triglyceride concentrations (0.32 mg/mg protein) and severer steatosis (1.57 for the NAFLD score) than the control ones. The in vivo hepatic lipid deposition disturbed by 3-BHA was transcriptionally regulated by the genes involved in lipid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipid export. The in vitro studies further confirmed that 24 h of exposure to 50 μM 3-BHA could induce intracellular oleic acid (OA) uptake and triglyceride accumulation (1.5-fold of the OA control) in HepG2 cells. Lipidomic analysis indicated the perturbation of 3-BHA in the levels of 30 lipid species related to sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and glycerolipids under HFD conditions. The findings herein first revealed the disruption effect of 3-BHA on hepatic lipid homeostasis, thus exacerbating the development of HFD-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhi Tang
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Environmental Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Department of POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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18
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Karimkhani MM, Jamshidi A, Zeinali T, Fathi B. Effect of extraction solvents on total phenolic compound, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of leaves of Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry). JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Wang W, Xiong P, Zhang H, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Analysis, occurrence, toxicity and environmental health risks of synthetic phenolic antioxidants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111531. [PMID: 34146526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The continuous improvement of living standards is related to higher requirements for the freshness and taste of food. For example, synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are added to fats and fried foods as food additives to minimize the oxidative rancidity of oils and fats. Hence, the global use of SPAs is increasing year by year. Dibutyl hydroxytoluene is one of the widely used SPAs, often in combination with butyl hydroxyanisole or gallate SPAs. The extensive use of these compounds makes them and their transformation products to be widespread in various environmental matrices, including indoor dust, wastewater, river water, sewage sludge, and sediment, as well as human samples, such as nails and urine, at concentrations varying from nanogram per gram (ng/g) to microgram per gram (μg/g). Animal experiments have shown that high-dose SPA exposure is toxic, which may lead to DNA damage and mismatches and the development of cancerous tumors. Since the biosphere shares the same set of genetic codes, humans and animals have many identical or similar feedback mechanisms and information pathways. Therefore, the damage of SPAs to animals may also threaten human health. This review discusses the properties, occurrence, analysis, and environmental health risks of typical SPAs, including butyl hydroxyanisole, dibutyl hydroxytoluene, tert-butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, and lauryl gallate, used as food additives. In addition, AO2246, which is used in food packaging bags, is also considered. Future research directions on SPAs and their transformation products (TPs) are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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20
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Park S, Lim J, Lee KT, Oh MS, Jang DS. Single and Repeated Oral Dose Toxicity and Genotoxicity of the Leaves of Butterbur. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081963. [PMID: 34441739 PMCID: PMC8394925 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterbur (Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim) leaves are available to consumers in the marketplace, but there is no guarantee that they are safe for human consumption. Previously, we demonstrated that hot water extracts of P. japonicus leaves (KP-1) had anti-inflammatory properties and attenuated memory impairment. However, data regarding KP-1 toxicity are lacking. This study assessed the safety of KP-1 by examining oral and genotoxic effects using in vivo and in vitro tests, respectively. In a single oral dose toxicity and two-week repeated oral dose toxicity study, we observed no toxicologically significant clinical signs or changes in hematology, blood chemistry, and organ weights at any dose during the experiment. Following a thirteen-week repeated oral dose, toxicity, hyperkeratosis, and squamous cell hyperplasia of the limiting ridge in the stomach were observed. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) was found to be 1250 mg/kg/day in male and female rats. However, hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia were not considered to be of toxicological significance when extrapolating the NOAEL to humans because the limiting ridge in the stomach is species-specific to rats. Therefore, in our study, the NOAEL was considered to be 5000 mg/kg/day when the changes in the stomach’s limiting ridge were discounted. Moreover, in vitro bacterial reverse mutations and chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells and the in vivo micronucleus in Institute of cancer research (ICR) mice assays showed that KP-1 possessed no mutagenicity. Although additional research is required, these toxicological evaluations suggest that KP-1 could be safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsu Park
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Jeongin Lim
- NATUREBIO Co., Ltd., Seoul Biohub Industry-Academic Cooperation Center, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Kyung Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-0719
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21
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Gropp J, Anguita M, Galobart J, Tarrès‐Call J, Pizzo F. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) for use in cats (FEDIAF). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06714. [PMID: 34295440 PMCID: PMC8290245 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) when used as a technological additive (antioxidant) in feed for cats. BHA is a waxy solid consisting for > 98.5% of the active substance, a mixture of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and is currently authorised for use in all animal species except in cats. In support of the safety of the additive for the target species, the applicant has submitted a tolerance study which demonstrated that BHA is tolerated by cats at a concentration up to 150 mg/kg complete feed. The additive should be considered a skin, eye irritant and a potential skin sensitiser. Exposure of the user via inhalation was considered unlikely; therefore, a risk is not expected. BHA is authorised as an antioxidant for food use at comparable use levels; therefore, no studies were required to demonstrate the efficacy of BHA as an antioxidant in complete feed for cats.
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22
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Felter SP, Zhang X, Thompson C. Butylated hydroxyanisole: Carcinogenic food additive to be avoided or harmless antioxidant important to protect food supply? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 121:104887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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23
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Xu X, Liu A, Hu S, Ares I, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Martínez M, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Synthetic phenolic antioxidants: Metabolism, hazards and mechanism of action. Food Chem 2021; 353:129488. [PMID: 33714793 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants can interact with peroxides produced by food. This paper reviews correlation between BHA, BHT and TBHQ metabolism and harms they cause and provides a theoretical basis for rational use of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in food, and also put some attention on the transformation and metabolic products of PG. We introduce BHA, BHT, TBHQ, PG and their possible metabolic pathways, and discuss possible harms and their specific mechanisms responsible. Excessive addition or incorrect use of synthetic phenolic antioxidants results in carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress induction and endocrine disrupting effects, which warrant attention. BHA carcinogenicity is related to production of metabolites TBHQ and TQ, and cytotoxic effect of BHA is the main cause of apoptosis induction. BHT carcinogenicity depends on DNA damage degree, and tumour promotion is mainly related to production of quinone methylation metabolites. TBHQ carcinogenicity is related to induction of metabolite TQ and enzyme CYP1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Aimei Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Siyi Hu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Balachandran S, Binitha RN. An in silico approach to study the interaction of BHA with selected steroid hormone receptors and investigating it's agonistic and antagonistic properties. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:16. [PMID: 33520595 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-020-00070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant food additives were routinely used for increasing the keeping quality of packaged food items. Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) is one of the most widely used synthetic phenolic antioxidants of such kind. Although quantity of antioxidants in packaged eatables and admissible daily intake (ADI) per person per day are limited by laws, the urbanisation and changes in lifestyle has cross these limits. Although studies on BHA has been carried out, there exists a great deal of uncertainty about the exact molecular mechanism of interaction of BHA with various receptors in the body. Since earlier reports suggested BHA plausibly interferes with reproductive system development, we opted docking of critical receptors of endogenous hormones controlling growth and development of reproductive system with BHA. Nuclear receptors of estrogen (ER), androgen (AR) and progesterone (PR) were selected for this purpose. This manuscript describes the comparison of binding pattern of BHA towards AR, ER and PR along with their agonists and antagonist. Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm of AutoDock 4.0 was used for analysing the mode of binding of ligands with the receptors. It is evident form the docking studies that, BHA exhibited similar binding pattern` with antagonists of AR and agonists of ER. But the interaction of BHA with PR was not compatible with either agonists or antagonists. The docking patterns produced could reliably demonstrate the interactions of BHA with selected receptors and also predict its possible agonistic and antagonistic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Balachandran
- Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Kochi-13, Kerala India
| | - R N Binitha
- Department of Zoology, Mar Athanasius College, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam, Kerala 686666 India
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Viana da Silva M, Santos MRC, Alves Silva IR, Macedo Viana EB, Dos Anjos DA, Santos IA, Barbosa de Lima NG, Wobeto C, Jorge N, Lannes SCDS. Synthetic and Natural Antioxidants Used in the Oxidative Stability of Edible Oils: An Overview. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1869775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcondes Viana da Silva
- Department of Exact and Natural Sciences (DCEN), State University of Southwest Bahia, Bairro Primavera, Itapetinga, Brasil
| | - Mariana Romana Correia Santos
- Department of Exact and Natural Sciences (DCEN), State University of Southwest Bahia, Bairro Primavera, Itapetinga, Brasil
| | - Izis Rafaela Alves Silva
- Department of Exact and Natural Sciences (DCEN), State University of Southwest Bahia, Bairro Primavera, Itapetinga, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Bruno Macedo Viana
- Department of Exact and Natural Sciences (DCEN), State University of Southwest Bahia, Bairro Primavera, Itapetinga, Brasil
| | - Dioneire Amparo Dos Anjos
- Department of Exact and Natural Sciences (DCEN), State University of Southwest Bahia, Bairro Primavera, Itapetinga, Brasil
| | - Ingrid Alves Santos
- Department of Exact and Natural Sciences (DCEN), State University of Southwest Bahia, Bairro Primavera, Itapetinga, Brasil
| | | | - Carmen Wobeto
- Universidade Federal De Mato Grosso - Campus De Sinop, Universidade Federal De Mato Grosso, Sinop, BR
| | - Neuza Jorge
- Paulista State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Institute of Biosciences Letters and Exact Sciences, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suzana Caetano Da Silva Lannes
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical-Biochemical Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BR
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Baran A, Yildirim S, Ghosigharehaghaji A, Bolat İ, Sulukan E, Ceyhun SB. An approach to evaluating the potential teratogenic and neurotoxic mechanism of BHA based on apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in zebrafish embryo ( Danio rerio). Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:425-438. [PMID: 32909836 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120952140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) has been widely used in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries due to its antioxidant activity. Despite the antioxidant effects, reported adverse effects of BHA at the cellular level have made its use controversial. In this regard, this study was performed to elucidate the potential toxicity mechanism caused by BHA at the molecular level in zebrafish embryos. For this purpose, zebrafish embryos were exposed to BHA at levels of 0.5, 1, 5, 7.5 and 10 ppm and monitored at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Survival rate, hatching rate and malformations were evaluated. We examined the potential for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis signalling accumulation in the whole body. Moreover, we evaluated histopathological and immunohistochemical (8-OHDG) characterization of the brain in zebrafish embryos at the 96th hour. We also examined apoptosis, histopathological and immunohistochemical (8-OHDG) characteristics in 96 hpf zebrafish larvae exposed to tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), one of the major metabolites of BHA, at doses of 0.5, 2.5, 3.75 and 5 ppm. Consequently, it has been considered that increased embryonic and larval malformations in this study may have been caused by ROS-induced apoptosis. After 96 h of exposure, positive 8-OHdG immunofluorescence, degenerative changes, and necrosis were observed in the brain of BHA and TBHQ-treated zebrafish larvae in a dose-dependent manner. BHA and TBHQ exposure could lead to an increase in 8-OHdG activities by resulting oxidative DNA damage. In particular, the obtained data indicate that the induction of ROS formation, occurring during exposure to BHA and/or multiple hydroxyl groups, could be responsible for apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baran
- Department of Food Quality Control and Analysis, Erzurum Vocational School, 37503Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - S Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, 37503Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A Ghosigharehaghaji
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, 37503Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İ Bolat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, 37503Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - E Sulukan
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, 37503Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - S B Ceyhun
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, 37503Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.,Aquaculture Department, Fisheries Faculty, 37503Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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An Overview of Natural Extracts with Antioxidant Activity for the Improvement of the Oxidative Stability and Shelf Life of Edible Oils. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8080956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant materials, such as fruits and vegetables as well as herbs and spices, represent valuable sources of antioxidants. In recent years, wastes from agriculture and food industrial processes have been shown to be interesting sources for bioactive compound recovery, strongly contributing to the circular economy. Nowadays, because of their possible adverse effects on human health, there is a tendency to replace synthetic antioxidants with natural compounds. This review attempts to critically summarize the current evidence on plant bioactives, extracted from food or waste, added to unsaturated vegetable oils, in order to obtain high added-value products and to ameliorate their oxidative stability and shelf life. The goal of this review is to demonstrate the current status of the research on edible oils added with natural plant bioactives, highlighting new approaches in the field of health-promoting foods.
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Gullón P, Astray G, Gullón B, Tomasevic I, Lorenzo JM. Pomegranate Peel as Suitable Source of High-Added Value Bioactives: Tailored Functionalized Meat Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E2859. [PMID: 32575814 PMCID: PMC7355679 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the consumer's concern with the relationship between health and diet has led to the search of foods with functional properties beyond the nutritional. In this framework, the consumption of pomegranate has increased due to their sensorial attributes and remarkable amounts of bioactive compounds, which generate, at the same time, huge amounts of by-products. A search in the Scopus database for the last 10 years has revealed the rising interest in pomegranate peel (PP), the main residue from this fruit. The meat industry is a food sector that has had to search for new alternatives to substitute the use of synthetic preservatives by new natural additives, to extend the self-life and keep the quality attributes of their processed products. This review sets out the main bioactivities of PP extracts, and their incorporation in meat products is elaborated. PP is a good source of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids and hydrolyzable tannins, which have beneficial health effects. It can be concluded that the reformulation of meat products with PP extracts is a suitable strategy for enhancing their technological characteristics, in addition to conferring functional properties that make them healthier and potentially more acceptable for the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gullón
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Gonzalo Astray
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
- CITACA, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gullón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Igor Tomasevic
- Department of Animal Source Food Technology, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia No 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Rutkowska J, Antoniewska A, Martinez-Pineda M, Nawirska-Olszańska A, Zbikowska A, Baranowski D. Black Chokeberry Fruit Polyphenols: A Valuable Addition to Reduce Lipid Oxidation of Muffins Containing Xylitol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E394. [PMID: 32392895 PMCID: PMC7278663 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed at assessing effects of black chokeberry polyphenol extract (ChPE) added (0.025-0.075%) to xylitol-containing muffins to reduce lipid oxidation, especially in preventing degradation of hydroperoxides throughout the storage period. Among polyphenolic compounds (3092 mg/100 g in total) in ChPE, polymeric procyanidins were the most abundant (1564 mg/100 g). ChPE addition resulted in a significantly increased capacity of scavenging free radicals and markedly inhibited hydroperoxides decomposition, as reflected by low anisidine values (AnV: 3.25-7.52) throughout the storage. On the other hand, sucrose-containing muffins had increased amounts of primary lipid oxidation products and differed significantly from other samples in conjugated diene hydroperoxides (CD values), which was in accordance with the decrease of C18:2 9c12c in those muffins after storage. In addition, sucrose-containing muffins were found to be those with the highest level of contamination with toxic carbonyl lipid oxidation products. Throughout the storage, no yeast or moulds contamination were found in higher enriched muffins. The incorporation of polyphenols to xylitol-containing muffins resulted in preventing decomposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and in reducing the content of some toxic aldehydes. ChPE could be regarded as a possible solution to xylitol-containing muffins to extend their shelf life. The results support the use of xylitol in muffin manufacture as being favourable in terms of suitability for diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslawa Rutkowska
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska st.159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Agata Antoniewska
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska st.159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Montserrat Martinez-Pineda
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, University of Zaragoza, Plaza Universidad no. 3, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Agnieszka Nawirska-Olszańska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Anna Zbikowska
- Institute of Food Sciences, Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Division of Fat and Oils and Food Concentrates Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska st.159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Damian Baranowski
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska st.159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.A.); (D.B.)
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30
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Sun Z, Tang Z, Yang X, Liu QS, Liang Y, Fiedler H, Zhang J, Zhou Q, Jiang G. Perturbation of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole in adipogenesis of male mice with normal and high fat diets. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:135608. [PMID: 31767314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As one of the widely used anthropogenic food additives, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA) has been found to perturb adipogenesis in vitro and induce lipid accumulation in some strains of oleaginous microalgae. The impact of this chemical on adipocyte development and lipid metabolism in mammals remains to be elucidated. In this study, we performed 18-week oral administration of 3-BHA to male C57BL/6J mice with normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) and investigated its impacts on adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in vivo. The results indicated that long-term exposure to 3-BHA impacted the mouse body weight gain, white adipose tissue accumulation, and plasma lipids through transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and adipocyte endocrine function, while glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity remained unaffected. HFD-fed mice responded to 3-BHA stimulation differently from ND-fed animals, suggesting potential risks for the human burden of 3-BHA in lean and obese subjects. The findings herein validate 3-BHA as an environmental obesogen, and more caution is recommended for its authorized use as a food antioxidant against lipid rancidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Tang
- Department of POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Heidelore Fiedler
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; UN Environment (UNEP), Chemicals Branch, CH-1219 Châtelaine (GE), Switzerland
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Department of POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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31
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The potential of nanofibers to increase solubility and dissolution rate of the poorly soluble and chemically unstable drug lovastatin. Int J Pharm 2020; 573:118809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Kouba M, Kos Durjava M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Aquilina G, Bories G, Gropp J, Nebbia C, Innocenti ML. Safety of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) for all animal species. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05913. [PMID: 32626203 PMCID: PMC7008797 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) for all animal species. In 2018, the Panel delivered an Opinion on the safety and efficacy of BHA. The Panel concluded that 'a weight of evidence of the limited data supports that 150 mg BHA/kg complete feed would be a safe dose for all animal species. However, a possible exception could be cat, with its known lower capacity for glucuronidation of phenolic compounds and for which no specific data were available'. The Applicant submitted a review of the metabolism of phenolic compounds in cats and an in vivo study with cats. No specific information on metabolic fate of BHA has been made available for the feline species. The lack of knowledge is of particular relevance considering the additional load of phenolic compounds by dietary BHA for the full lifetime expectancy of cats. Owing the shortcomings in the design and reporting, the in vivo study could not be used to conclude on the safety of BHA for cats. Consequently, the Panel reiterates that no safe concentration of BHA in complete feed for cats could be established.
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33
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Verni M, Verardo V, Rizzello CG. How Fermentation Affects the Antioxidant Properties of Cereals and Legumes. Foods 2019; 8:E362. [PMID: 31450581 PMCID: PMC6770679 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The major role of antioxidant compounds in preserving food shelf life, as well as providing health promoting benefits, combined with the increasing concern towards synthetic antioxidants, has led the scientific community to focus on natural antioxidants present in food matrices or resulting from microbial metabolism during fermentation. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the effect of fermentation on the antioxidant compounds of vegetables, with emphasis on cereals- and legumes- derived foods. Polyphenols are the main natural antioxidants in food. However, they are often bound to cell wall, glycosylated, or in polymeric forms, which affect their bioaccessibility, yet several metabolic activities are involved in their release or conversion in more active forms. In some cases, the antioxidant properties in vitro, were also confirmed during in vivo studies. Similarly, bioactive peptides resulted from bacterial and fungal proteolysis, were also found to have ex vivo protective effect against oxidation. Fermentation also influenced the bioaccessibility of other compounds, such as vitamins and exopolysaccharides, enabling a further improvement of antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. The ability of fermentation to improve food antioxidant properties strictly relies on the metabolic activities of the starter used, and to further demonstrate its potential, more in vivo studies should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Verni
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Vito Verardo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology 'José Mataix', Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Li C, Cui X, Chen Y, Liao C, Ma LQ. Synthetic phenolic antioxidants and their major metabolites in human fingernail. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:308-314. [PMID: 30500685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) have been widely used in foods, polymers, and cosmetics, but very limited information is available about their occurrence in human tissues. In this study, five SPAs, namely 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl-, octyl-, and dodecyl-gallate (PG, OG, and DG), and four major metabolites of BHT, including 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4 -hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxymethyl) phenol (BHT-OH), 3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q), were determined in human fingernail samples collected from Nanjing, China. Total concentrations of the nine target analytes (∑9SPAs) were 523-14,000 ng/g. BHT was the predominant SPA compound and detected in all samples at a range of 309-11,400 ng/g. The ∑9SPAs was negatively correlated with age of fingernail donors (p < 0.05). In addition, indoor dust samples from the living places of the fingernail providers were collected with aim to better understand the SPA exposure pathways. A positive correlation (p < 0.05) was found only for DG concentrations between paired fingernail and dust samples, while not for other SPAs, suggesting that SPAs accumulated in fingernails may not be mainly from indoor dust. SPAs were measured for the first time in human fingernail, and the elevated concentrations in fingernail suggest that the health risk of SPAs should be paid more attention due to their bioaccumulation potential in human body. Further studies are warranted about exposure pathway, distribution and metabolism of SPAs in human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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35
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Wang X, Hou X, Zhou Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Their Metabolites in Sediments from the Coastal Area of Northern China: Spatial and Vertical Distributions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13690-13697. [PMID: 30394738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in foodstuffs, cosmetics, plastics, and rubber products. Little is known about their spatiotemporal distribution in the marine environment. In this study, a total of 144 surface sediments and three sediment cores were collected from the coastal areas of northern China to determine the spatial and vertical distributions of SPAs. For surface sediments, the total concentrations of five SPAs and their four metabolites (∑9SPAs) ranged from 133 to 4800 (mean: 588) ng/g dry weight (dw). The ∑9SPAs in surface sediments showed a decrease trend with the distance from the coast to the open sea. For sediment core samples, the ∑9SPAs in the inner-shelf mud (core-1 and core-3) showed a slight increase trend from the bottom to upper layers, whereas that in the central-shelf mud (core-2) did not. The principal component analysis suggests that the composition profiles of SPAs in both surface sediment and sediment core samples were similar, while the sediments close to the coast were obviously affected by the human activities. This is the first study to report the spatial and vertical distributions of SPAs and their metabolites in sediments from the coastal marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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36
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Wang X, Hou X, Hu Y, Zhou Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Their Metabolites in Mollusks from the Chinese Bohai Sea: Occurrence, Temporal Trend, and Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10124-10133. [PMID: 30088754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are a group of chemicals widely used in various daily necessities and industrial supplies. Little is known about the occurrence and bioaccumulation potential of SPAs in marine biota. In this study, five commonly used SPAs and their four metabolites were detected in mollusk samples ( n = 274) collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea during 2006-2016 and the spatiotemporal distribution and bioaccumulation of SPAs in mollusks were examined. The concentrations of 2,6-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) ranged from 383 to 501000 ng/g (geometric mean: 3450 ng/g), accounting for 79.4% of the total concentrations of SPAs and their metabolites (∑9SPAs). The mollusk species, Rapana venosa (RAP), contained higher levels of BHT than other species, suggesting that Rap could be used as a potential bioindicator for monitoring of the BHT pollution in the investigated region. The ∑9SPAs concentrations in mollusks gradually increased with years and a significant positive correlation ( r = 0.900, p < 0.05) was found between ∑9SPAs concentration and trophic level of the mollusks. The trophic magnification factor value of ∑9SPAs was calculated as 16.1, suggesting a high biomagnification potential of SPAs in mollusks in the Chinese Bohai Sea. The estimated daily intake of ∑9SPAs through dietary ingestion of mollusks was up to 602 and 789 ng/kg bw/day for adults and children and teenagers, respectively. The principal component analysis result suggests that there exists a common source for three gallates (OG, DG, and PG), and BHT metabolites in mollusks were mainly derived from degradation of BHT. This is the first study to report the occurrence and bioaccumulation potentials of SPAs and their metabolites in invertebrate species from coastal marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Cunha LC, Monteiro MLG, Lorenzo JM, Munekata PE, Muchenje V, de Carvalho FAL, Conte-Junior CA. Natural antioxidants in processing and storage stability of sheep and goat meat products. Food Res Int 2018; 111:379-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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38
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Main characteristics of peanut skin and its role for the preservation of meat products. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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39
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Proctor DM, Suh M, Chappell G, Borghoff SJ, Thompson CM, Wiench K, Finch L, Ellis-Hutchings R. An Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) for forestomach tumors induced by non-genotoxic initiating events. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 96:30-40. [PMID: 29684431 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The utility of rodent forestomach tumor data for hazard and risk assessment has been examined for decades because humans do not have a forestomach, and these tumors occur by varying modes of action (MOAs). We have used the MOA for ethyl acrylate (EA) to develop an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) for forestomach tumors caused by non-genotoxic initiating events. These tumors occur secondary to site of contact induced epithelial cytotoxicity and regenerative repair-driven proliferation. For EA, the critical initiating event (IE) is epithelial cytotoxicity, and supporting key events (KEs) at the cellular and tissue level are increased cell proliferation (KE1) resulting in sustained hyperplasia (KE2), with the adverse outcome of forestomach papillomas and carcinomas. For EA, a pre-molecular initiating event (pre-MIE) of sustained glutathione depletion is probable. Supporting data from butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are also reviewed. Although there may be some variability in the pre-MIEs and IEs for BHA and EA, they share the same KEs, and evidence for BHA confers support for the AOP. Evolved Bradford Hill considerations of biological plausibility, essentiality, and empirical support were evaluated per OECD guidance. Although an MIE is not specifically described, overall confidence in the AOP is high due to well-developed and accepted evidence streams, and the AOP can be used for regulatory applications including hazard identification and risk assessment for chemicals that act by this AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mina Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA
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Rychen G, Aquilina G, Azimonti G, Bampidis V, Bastos MDL, Bories G, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Flachowsky G, Kolar B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, Puente SL, Mantovani A, Mayo B, Ramos F, Saarela M, Villa RE, Wallace RJ, Wester P, Lundebye AK, Nebbia C, Renshaw D, Innocenti ML, Gropp J. Safety and efficacy of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as a feed additive for all animal species. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05215. [PMID: 32625845 PMCID: PMC7009650 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a waxy solid consisting for > 98.5% of the active substance, a mixture of 3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole and 2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole. It is intended to be used as an antioxidant in feedingstuffs for all animal species and categories. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) considered BHA up to 150 mg/kg complete feed as safe for all animal species except for cats, for which a safe dose could not be established from the tolerance data. BHA is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; it is metabolised rapidly and excreted as such and as metabolites in the urine and faeces. The proportions of the different metabolites vary depending on species and dose. No accumulation of BHA or metabolites was observed in tissues. The Panel concluded that no concern for consumer safety would arise from the use of BHA as a feed additive at the maximum concentration of 150 mg/kg feed. The additive should be considered a skin, eye irritant and a potential skin sensitiser. Exposure of the user via inhalation was considered unlikely; therefore, a risk is not expected. The use of BHA at the maximum concentration proposed is unlikely to pose a risk to the environment. BHA is authorised as an antioxidant for food use at comparable use levels, therefore, no studies were required to demonstrate the efficacy of BHA as an antioxidant in feedingstuffs for all animal species.
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Yang X, Song W, Liu N, Sun Z, Liu R, Liu QS, Zhou Q, Jiang G. Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants Cause Perturbation in Steroidogenesis in Vitro and in Vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:850-858. [PMID: 29236469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are closely correlated with human life due to their extensive usages, and increasing concerns have been raised on their biosafety. The previous controversial findings caused continuous debates on their potential endocrine disrupting effects. In the present study, four commonly used SPAs, including butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) and 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) (AO2246), were investigated for their estrogenic effects, and the results from in vitro screening assays showed SPAs themselves had negligible estrogen receptor binding affinities. Nevertheless, significant increase in E2 secretion was observed in H295R cells treated with SPAs, especially for BHA. The transcriptional levels of steroidogenic enzymes, including StAR, 3βHSD, CYP11B1, and CYP11B2 were up-regulated via the mediation of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. In vivo experiment confirmed that waterborne exposure to BHA disturbed E2 and testosterone (T) levels in zebrafish gonad, thus causing potential estrogenic effects through the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver axis (HPGL-axis). Accordingly, this study has provided new insights for SPA-induced endocrine disrupting effects. Considering the allowable maximum level of individual BHA or in combination with TBHQ and BHT in foodstuffs (200 mg kg-1), the perturbation in steroidogenesis observed for relatively low concentrations of SPAs would need more public attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- Medical College, Henan Polytechnic University , Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhendong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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42
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Carocho M, Morales P, Ferreira IC. Antioxidants: Reviewing the chemistry, food applications, legislation and role as preservatives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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43
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Rosenberg S, Watt E, Judson R, Simmons S, Paul Friedman K, Dybdahl M, Nikolov N, Wedebye E. QSAR models for thyroperoxidase inhibition and screening of U.S. and EU chemical inventories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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44
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Davoli E, Bastone A, Bianchi G, Salmona M, Diomede L. A simple headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of the release of the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene from chewing gum. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:859-864. [PMID: 28297743 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are widely used to prevent oxidation and rancidity in foodstuffs, pharmaceutical preparations and cosmetic formulations. Although their safety has been thoroughly investigated, possible endocrine side-effects have been suggested. A useful method for the determination of BHA and BHT in foods is needed to estimate their daily intake through the diet. METHODS We selected commercial chewing gums as a model of a complex food matrix and developed a new method based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. This allows the determination of 130 pg/gum of BHA and 9 pg/gum of BHT. RESULTS Analysis of different chewing gums from the European market indicated that the two antioxidants were never used together and that the content of BHA was in the range of 220-348 μg/gum and BHT ranged from 278 up to 479 μg/gum. These amounts correspond to 86-157 mg/kg gum for BHA and 170-185 mg/kg gum for BHT, and are both within the maximum levels established by the European Food Safety Authority. Chewing a piece of gum for 15 min resulted in the release of up to 28% of BHA, but no release of BHT was detectable. CONCLUSIONS A new, simple and rapid method for the determination of BHA and BHT in chewing gums was described. This analytical method, based on headspace sampling, did not require the extraction of antioxidants from chewing gum samples, assuring the absence of any gum material contaminants that might affect the instrumentation. It is also automatable, employing a sequential automatic sampler. This method could be of interest to academic researchers and to food industrialists looking for a new methodological approach for BHA and BHT determination in foodstuffs with complex matrices. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Davoli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Bastone
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Bianchi
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via G. La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
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45
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Rajeev PS, Johannah NM, Gopakumar G, Maliakel B, Krishnakumar IM. Optimization of antioxidant efficacy of a deflavored and decolorized rosemary extract: effect of carnosol content on the oxidative stability of paprika colored beef patties. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:1665-1677. [PMID: 28559626 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Considering the significance of natural antioxidants to preserve meat, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a deflavored and decolorised extract of rosemary (StabilRose™) for the production and preservation of naturally colored fresh meat. Oxidative rancidity of meat and color degradation of paprika oleoresin were exploited as model systems and compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The results showed similar efficacy for 3% carnosic acid extract and BHA, with further enhancement in efficacy with respect to the carnosic acid content. A synergetic antioxidant effect of carnosol on carnosic acid content was also noticed to an extent of 1:1 (w/w) ratio, and further increase in carnosol content showed no improvement in the antioxidant efficacy. Finally, stabilized paprika and optimized rosemary extract containing carnosic acid and carnosol in 1:1 (w/w) ratio was successfully applied to produce naturally colored meat suitable for storage at 4 ± 1 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Rajeev
- R&D Centre, Akay Flavours & Aromatics Pvt. Ltd., Malayidamthuruthu P.O., Cochin, 683561 India
| | - N M Johannah
- R&D Centre, Akay Flavours & Aromatics Pvt. Ltd., Malayidamthuruthu P.O., Cochin, 683561 India
| | - G Gopakumar
- R&D Centre, Akay Flavours & Aromatics Pvt. Ltd., Malayidamthuruthu P.O., Cochin, 683561 India
| | - Balu Maliakel
- R&D Centre, Akay Flavours & Aromatics Pvt. Ltd., Malayidamthuruthu P.O., Cochin, 683561 India
| | - I M Krishnakumar
- R&D Centre, Akay Flavours & Aromatics Pvt. Ltd., Malayidamthuruthu P.O., Cochin, 683561 India
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46
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Classification and Technological Purposes of Food Additives: The European Point of View. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57042-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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47
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Antonio AL, Pereira E, Pinela J, Heleno S, Pereira C, Ferreira IC. Determination of Antioxidant Compounds in Foodstuff. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119160588.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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48
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Caleja C, Barros L, Antonio AL, Oliveira MBPP, Ferreira ICFR. A comparative study between natural and synthetic antioxidants: Evaluation of their performance after incorporation into biscuits. Food Chem 2016; 216:342-6. [PMID: 27596429 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the food industry is focused in replacing the use of synthetic by natural antioxidants. The present study focused on the use of fennel and chamomile extracts, rich in phenolic compounds, as natural antioxidants in biscuits and compared their performance with a synthetic antioxidant widely used, the butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA). The complete nutritional profile, free sugars, fatty acids and antioxidant activity were determined immediately after baking and also after 15, 30, 45 and 60days of storage. The results showed that the incorporation of natural and synthetic additives did not cause significant changes in colour or in nutritional value of biscuits when compared with control samples. Both natural and synthetic additives conferred similar antioxidant activity to the biscuits. Therefore, natural additives are a more convenient solution for consumers who prefer foods "free" from synthetic additives. Additionally, natural additives were obtained by aqueous extraction, an environment friendly and safe process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Caleja
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, IPB, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, IPB, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Amilcar L Antonio
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - M Beatriz P P Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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49
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Li H, Zhou X, Wu M, Deng M, Wang C, Hou J, Mou P. The cytotoxicity and protective effects of Astragalus membranaceus extracts and butylated hydroxyanisole on hydroxyl radical-induced apoptosis in fish erythrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:376-382. [PMID: 29767041 PMCID: PMC5941053 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes play an essential role in transporting O2 and CO2 for respiration in fish. However, erythrocytes continuously suffer from reactive oxygen species (ROS) -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Thus, it is essential to expand our knowledge of how to protect erythrocytes against ROS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in fish. In this study, we explored the cytotoxicity and the effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ethyl ether extracts, ethyl acetate extracts, acetone extracts (AE), ethanol extracts, and aqueous extracts of Astragalus membranaceus (EAm) on hydroxyl radical (•OH)-induced apoptosis in carp erythrocytes. The rat hepatocytes and carp erythrocytes were incubated with different concentrations of BHA or EAm(0.125 to 1 mg/mL). The toxicity in rat hepatocytes and carp erythrocytes was then measured using a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and a haemolysis assay, respectively. The carp erythrocytes were treated with BHA or EAm in the presence of 40 μmol/L FeSO4 and 20 μmol/L H2O2 at 37 °C, except for the control group. Oxidative stress and apoptosis parameters in the carp erythrocytes were then evaluated using the commercial kit. The results indicated that at high concentrations, BHA and EAm could induce toxicity in rat hepatocytes and fish erythrocytes. However, BHA was more toxic than EAm at the same concentrations. Moreover, the toxicity order of BHA and EAm in the fish erythrocytes approximately agreed with that for the rat hepatocytes. Butylated hydroxyanisole and EAm suppressed the •OH-induced phosphatidylserine exposure and DNA fragmentation (the biomarkers of apoptosis) by decreasing the generation of ROS, inhibiting the oxidation of cellular components, and restoring the activities of antioxidants in carp erythrocytes. Of all of the examined EAm, the AE showed the strongest effects. The effects of AE on superoxide anion, H2O2, met-haemoglobin and reduced glutathione levels, as well as glutathione reductase activity and apoptosis were equivalent to or stronger than those of BHA. These results revealed that the AE of Astragalus membranaceus could be used as a potential natural antioxidant or apoptosis inhibitor in fish erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huatao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min Wu
- Archives, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Mengling Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Jingjing Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Pengju Mou
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China.,Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
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50
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Relevance of bioaccumulating substances in the TTC concept. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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