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Liu M, Wang D, Qi C, Zou M, Song J, Li L, Xie H, Ren H, Hao H, Yang G, Li Z, Zhang Q, Zhou J, Ai D, Liu Q. Brain ischemia causes systemic Notch1 activity in endothelial cells to drive atherosclerosis. Immunity 2024; 57:2157-2172.e7. [PMID: 39079536 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Stroke leads to persistently high risk for recurrent vascular events caused by systemic atheroprogression that is driven by endothelial cell (EC) activation. However, whether and how stroke induces sustained pro-inflammatory and proatherogenic endothelial alterations in systemic vessels remain poorly understood. We showed that brain ischemia induces persistent activation, the upregulation of adhesion molecule VCAM1, and increased senescence in peripheral ECs until 4 weeks after stroke onset. This aberrant EC activity resulted from sustained Notch1 signaling, which was triggered by increased circulating Notch1 ligands DLL1 and Jagged1 after stroke in mice and humans. Consequently, this led to increased myeloid cell adhesion and atheroprogression by generating a senescent, pro-inflammatory endothelium. Notch1- or VCAM1-blocking antibodies and the genetic ablation of endothelial Notch1 reduced atheroprogression after stroke. Our findings revealed a systemic machinery that induces the persistent activation of peripheral ECs after stroke, which paves the way for therapeutic interventions or the prevention of recurrent vascular events following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Danni Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Caiyun Qi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ming Zou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jiawei Song
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hengchang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hongying Hao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guili Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zixiao Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Ding Ai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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Zhang J, Xie D, Jiao D, Zhou S, Liu S, Ju Z, Hu L, Qi L, Yao C, Zhao C. From inflammatory signaling to neuronal damage: Exploring NLR inflammasomes in ageing neurological disorders. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32688. [PMID: 38975145 PMCID: PMC11226848 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistence of neuronal degeneration and damage is a major obstacle in ageing medicine. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors detect environmental stressors and trigger the maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can cause neuronal damage and accelerate cell death. NLR (NOD-like receptors) inflammasomes are protein complexes that contain NOD-like receptors. Studying the role of NLR inflammasomes in ageing-related neurological disorders can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of neurodegeneration. This includes investigating their activation of inflammasomes, transcription, and capacity to promote or inhibit inflammatory signaling, as well as exploring strategies to regulate NLR inflammasomes levels. This review summarizes the use of NLR inflammasomes in guiding neuronal degeneration and injury during the ageing process, covering several neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and peripheral neuropathies. To improve the quality of life and slow the progression of neurological damage, NLR-based treatment strategies, including inhibitor-related therapies and physical therapy, are presented. Additionally, important connections between age-related neurological disorders and NLR inflammasomes are highlighted to guide future research and facilitate the development of new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Danli Jiao
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shimin Liu
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ziyong Ju
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Hu
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Qi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chongjie Yao
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Aceves-Serrano L, Neva JL, Munro J, Vavasour IM, Parent M, Boyd LA, Doudet DJ. Evaluation of microglia activation related markers following a clinical course of TBS: A non-human primate study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301118. [PMID: 38753646 PMCID: PMC11098425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
While the applicability and popularity of theta burst stimulation (TBS) paradigms remain, current knowledge of their neurobiological effects is still limited, especially with respect to their impact on glial cells and neuroinflammatory processes. We used a multimodal imaging approach to assess the effects of a clinical course of TBS on markers for microglia activation and tissue injury as an indirect assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Healthy non-human primates received continuous TBS (cTBS), intermittent TBS (iTBS), or sham stimulation over the motor cortex at 90% of resting motor threshold. Stimulation was delivered to the awake subjects 5 times a week for 3-4 weeks. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression was evaluated using Positron Emission Tomography and [11C]PBR28, and myo-inositol (mI) and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) concentrations were assessed with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Animals were then euthanized, and immunofluorescence staining was performed using antibodies against TSPO. Paired t-tests showed no significant changes in [11C]PBR28 measurements after stimulation. Similarly, no significant changes in mI and NAA concentrations were found. Post-mortem TSPO evaluation showed comparable mean immunofluorescence intensity after active TBS and sham delivery. The current study suggests that in healthy brains a clinical course of TBS, as evaluated with in-vivo imaging techniques (PET and MRS), did not measurably modulate the expression of glia related markers and metabolite associated with neural viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Aceves-Serrano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason L. Neva
- Faculté de Médecine, École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Munro
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irene M. Vavasour
- Faculty of Medicine, UBC MRI Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lara A. Boyd
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Doris J. Doudet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Zatcepin A, Kopczak A, Holzgreve A, Hein S, Schindler A, Duering M, Kaiser L, Lindner S, Schidlowski M, Bartenstein P, Albert N, Brendel M, Ziegler SI. Machine learning-based approach reveals essential features for simplified TSPO PET quantification in ischemic stroke patients. Z Med Phys 2024; 34:218-230. [PMID: 36682921 PMCID: PMC11156782 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroinflammation evaluation after acute ischemic stroke is a promising option for selecting an appropriate post-stroke treatment strategy. To assess neuroinflammation in vivo, translocator protein PET (TSPO PET) can be used. However, the gold standard TSPO PET quantification method includes a 90 min scan and continuous arterial blood sampling, which is challenging to perform on a routine basis. In this work, we determine what information is required for a simplified quantification approach using a machine learning algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed data from 18 patients with ischemic stroke who received 0-90 min [18F]GE-180 PET as well as T1-weigted (T1w), FLAIR, and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI scans. During PET scans, five manual venous blood samples at 5, 15, 30, 60, and 85 min post injection (p.i.) were drawn, and plasma activity concentration was measured. Total distribution volume (VT) was calculated using Logan plot with the full dynamic PET and an image-derived input function (IDIF) from the carotid arteries. IDIF was scaled by a calibration factor derived from all the measured plasma activity concentrations. The calculated VT values were used for training a random forest regressor. As input features for the model, we used three late PET frames (60-70, 70-80, and 80-90 min p.i.), the ASL image reflecting perfusion, the voxel coordinates, the lesion mask, and the five plasma activity concentrations. The algorithm was validated with the leave-one-out approach. To estimate the impact of the individual features on the algorithm's performance, we used Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP). Having determined that the three late PET frames and the plasma activity concentrations were the most important features, we tested a simplified quantification approach consisting of dividing a late PET frame by a plasma activity concentration. All the combinations of frames/samples were compared by means of concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS When using all the input features, the algorithm predicted VT values with high accuracy (87.8 ± 8.3%) for both lesion and non-lesion voxels. The SHAP values demonstrated high impact of the late PET frames (60-70, 70-80, and 80-90 min p.i.) and plasma activity concentrations on the VT prediction, while the influence of the ASL-derived perfusion, voxel coordinates, and the lesion mask was low. Among all the combinations of the late PET frames and plasma activity concentrations, the 70-80 min p.i. frame divided by the 30 min p.i. plasma sample produced the closest VT estimate in the ischemic lesion. CONCLUSION Reliable TSPO PET quantification is achievable by using a single late PET frame divided by a late blood sample activity concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Zatcepin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
| | - Anna Kopczak
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrien Holzgreve
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Hein
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Schindler
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) & Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lena Kaiser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Schidlowski
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle I Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Koukalova L, Chmelova M, Amlerova Z, Vargova L. Out of the core: the impact of focal ischemia in regions beyond the penumbra. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1336886. [PMID: 38504666 PMCID: PMC10948541 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1336886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The changes in the necrotic core and the penumbra following induction of focal ischemia have been the focus of attention for some time. However, evidence shows, that ischemic injury is not confined to the primarily affected structures and may influence the remote areas as well. Yet many studies fail to probe into the structures beyond the penumbra, and possibly do not even find any significant results due to their short-term design, as secondary damage occurs later. This slower reaction can be perceived as a therapeutic opportunity, in contrast to the ischemic core defined as irreversibly damaged tissue, where the window for salvation is comparatively short. The pathologies in remote structures occur relatively frequently and are clearly linked to the post-stroke neurological outcome. In order to develop efficient therapies, a deeper understanding of what exactly happens in the exo-focal regions is necessary. The mechanisms of glia contribution to the ischemic damage in core/penumbra are relatively well described and include impaired ion homeostasis, excessive cell swelling, glutamate excitotoxic mechanism, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis or damage propagation via astrocytic syncytia. However, little is known about glia involvement in post-ischemic processes in remote areas. In this literature review, we discuss the definitions of the terms "ischemic core", "penumbra" and "remote areas." Furthermore, we present evidence showing the array of structural and functional changes in the more remote regions from the primary site of focal ischemia, with a special focus on glia and the extracellular matrix. The collected information is compared with the processes commonly occurring in the ischemic core or in the penumbra. Moreover, the possible causes of this phenomenon and the approaches for investigation are described, and finally, we evaluate the efficacy of therapies, which have been studied for their anti-ischemic effect in remote areas in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Koukalova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Chmelova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Amlerova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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García-Culebras A, Cuartero MI, Peña-Martínez C, Moraga A, Vázquez-Reyes S, de Castro-Millán FJ, Cortes-Canteli M, Lizasoain I, Moro MÁ. Myeloid cells in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Possible therapeutic targets? Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:777-798. [PMID: 37282844 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the suggestion that the peripheral immune system plays a role in different pathologies associated with cognitive impairment, such as vascular dementia (VD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this review is to summarize, within the peripheral immune system, the implications of different types of myeloid cells in AD and VD, with a special focus on post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia (PSCID). We will review the contributions of the myeloid lineage, from peripheral cells (neutrophils, platelets, monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages) to central nervous system (CNS)-associated cells (perivascular macrophages and microglia). Finally, we will evaluate different potential strategies for pharmacological modulation of pathological processes mediated by myeloid cell subsets, with an emphasis on neutrophils, their interaction with platelets and the process of immunothrombosis that triggers neutrophil-dependent capillary stall and hypoperfusion, as possible effector mechanisms that may pave the way to novel therapeutic avenues to stop dementia, the epidemic of our time. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia García-Culebras
- Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Cuartero
- Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Peña-Martínez
- Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Moraga
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, UCM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Vázquez-Reyes
- Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier de Castro-Millán
- Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cortes-Canteli
- Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, UCM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, UCM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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Abou-El-Hassan H, Bernstock JD, Chalif JI, Yahya T, Rezende RM, Weiner HL, Izzy S. Elucidating the neuroimmunology of traumatic brain injury: methodological approaches to unravel intercellular communication and function. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1322325. [PMID: 38162004 PMCID: PMC10756680 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1322325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuroimmunology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has recently gained recognition as a crucial element in the secondary pathophysiological consequences that occur following neurotrauma. Both immune cells residing within the central nervous system (CNS) and those migrating from the periphery play significant roles in the development of secondary brain injury. However, the precise mechanisms governing communication between innate and adaptive immune cells remain incompletely understood, partly due to a limited utilization of relevant experimental models and techniques. Therefore, in this discussion, we outline current methodologies that can aid in the exploration of TBI neuroimmunology, with a particular emphasis on the interactions between resident neuroglial cells and recruited lymphocytes. These techniques encompass adoptive cell transfer, intra-CNS injection(s), selective cellular depletion, genetic manipulation, molecular neuroimaging, as well as in vitro co-culture systems and the utilization of organoid models. By incorporating key elements of both innate and adaptive immunity, these methods facilitate the examination of clinically relevant interactions. In addition to these preclinical approaches, we also detail an emerging avenue of research that seeks to leverage human biofluids. This approach enables the investigation of how resident and infiltrating immune cells modulate neuroglial responses after TBI. Considering the growing significance of neuroinflammation in TBI, the introduction and application of advanced methodologies will be pivotal in advancing translational research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Joshua I. Chalif
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Taha Yahya
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rafael M. Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Howard L. Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Saef Izzy
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Seki E, Komori T, Arai N. Expanded ischemic lesion due to herniation leads to axonal injury in a site remote to the primary lesion on autopsy brain with acute focal cerebral ischemia. Neuropathology 2023; 43:373-384. [PMID: 36855231 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia may lead to axonal injury not only at the site of the primary lesion but also in a region remote to the site of insult. In this study, we investigated the effect of herniation on the development of axonal injury at a site remote to the primary lesion during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia. We obtained postmortem brains of 13 cases with acute phase of unilateral cerebral infarction in the territory of the internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery and seven controls. We classified the brain tissues into herniation and non-herniation groups. Then we examined whether axonal and ischemic changes existed in the corpus callosum contralateral to the ischemic hemisphere and the upper pons. In the herniation group, we detected white-matter lesions by Klüver-Barrera staining, microglial loss by immunohistochemistry for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, and axonal injury by immunohistochemistry for amyloid precursor protein. However, none of the aforementioned findings were observed in the non-herniation group. These findings suggest the existence of regional overlap in axonal and ischemic pathologies in remote regions in the presence of herniation. We concluded that herniation may play a significant role in the development of axonal and ischemic changes in the remote region. Our results suggest that axonal injury in a remote region may result from expanded ischemic lesions due to herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Seki
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Takashi Komori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Neuropathology), Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Hospital Organization, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Arai
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Neuropathology), Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Hospital Organization, Fuchu, Japan
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9
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Clark IA, Vissel B. Autocrine positive feedback of tumor necrosis factor from activated microglia proposed to be of widespread relevance in chronic neurological disease. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01136. [PMID: 37750203 PMCID: PMC10520644 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a decade's experience of post-stroke rehabilitation by administering the specific anti-TNF biological, etanercept, by the novel perispinal route, is consistent with a wide range of chronically diminished neurological function having been caused by persistent excessive cerebral levels of TNF. We propose that this TNF persistence, and cerebral disease chronicity, largely arises from a positive autocrine feedback loop of this cytokine, allowing the persistence of microglial activation caused by the excess TNF that these cells produce. It appears that many of these observations have never been exploited to construct a broad understanding and treatment of certain chronic, yet reversible, neurological illnesses. We propose that this treatment allows these chronically activated microglia to revert to their normal quiescent state, rather than simply neutralizing the direct harmful effects of this cytokine after its release from microglia. Logically, this also applies to the chronic cerebral aspects of various other neurological conditions characterized by activated microglia. These include long COVID, Lyme disease, post-stroke syndromes, traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, post-chemotherapy, post-irradiation cerebral dysfunction, cerebral palsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, the antinociceptive state of morphine tolerance, and neurogenic pain. In addition, certain psychiatric states, in isolation or as sequelae of infectious diseases such as Lyme disease and long COVID, are candidates for being understood through this approach and treated accordingly. Perispinal etanercept provides the prospect of being able to treat various chronic central nervous system illnesses, whether they are of infectious or non-infectious origin, through reversing excess TNF generation by microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St Vincent's Hospital Centre for Applied Medical ResearchSt Vincent's HospitalDarlinghurstAustralia
- UNSW Medicine & Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and HealthSchool of Clinical Medicine, UNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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10
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Bedi SS, Scott MC, Skibber MA, Kumar A, Caplan HW, Xue H, Sequeira D, Speer AL, Cardenas F, Gudenkauf F, Uray K, Srivastava AK, Prossin AR, Cox CS. PET imaging of microglia using PBR28suv determines therapeutic efficacy of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells therapy in traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16142. [PMID: 37752232 PMCID: PMC10522669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in activated microglia. Activated microglia can be measured in vivo by using positron emission topography (PET) ligand peripheral benzodiazepine receptor standardized uptake values (PBR28suv). Cell based therapies have utilized autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) to attenuate activated microglia after TBI. This study aims to utilize in vivo PBR28suv to assess the efficacy of BMMNCs therapy after TBI. Seventy-two hours after CCI injury, BMMNCs were harvested from the tibia and injected via tail-vein at 74 h after injury at a concentration of 2 million cells per kilogram of body weight. There were three groups of rats: Sham, CCI-alone and CCI-BMMNCs (AUTO). One hundred twenty days after injury, rodents were imaged with PBR28 and their cognitive behavior assessed utilizing the Morris Water Maze. Subsequent ex vivo analysis included brain volume and immunohistochemistry. BMMNCs therapy attenuated PBR28suv in comparison to CCI alone and it improved spatial learning as measured by the Morris Water Maze. Ex vivo analysis demonstrated preservation of brain volume, a decrease in amoeboid-shaped microglia in the dentate gyrus and an increase in the ratio of ramified to amoeboid microglia in the thalamus. PBR28suv is a viable option to measure efficacy of BMMNCs therapy after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supinder S Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Michael C Scott
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Max A Skibber
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Akshita Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Henry W Caplan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hasen Xue
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David Sequeira
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alison L Speer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fanni Cardenas
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Franciska Gudenkauf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alan R Prossin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.230, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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11
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Mihailova V, Stoyanova II, Tonchev AB. Glial Populations in the Human Brain Following Ischemic Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2332. [PMID: 37760773 PMCID: PMC10525766 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in glial cells in the central nervous system due to their important role in maintaining brain homeostasis under physiological conditions and after injury. A significant amount of evidence has been accumulated regarding their capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects under different pathological conditions. In combination with their proliferative potential, they contribute not only to the limitation of brain damage and tissue remodeling but also to neuronal repair and synaptic recovery. Moreover, reactive glial cells can modulate the processes of neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and migration of neurons in the existing neural circuits in the adult brain. By discovering precise signals within specific niches, the regulation of sequential processes in adult neurogenesis holds the potential to unlock strategies that can stimulate the generation of functional neurons, whether in response to injury or as a means of addressing degenerative neurological conditions. Cerebral ischemic stroke, a condition falling within the realm of acute vascular disorders affecting the circulation in the brain, stands as a prominent global cause of disability and mortality. Extensive investigations into glial plasticity and their intricate interactions with other cells in the central nervous system have predominantly relied on studies conducted on experimental animals, including rodents and primates. However, valuable insights have also been gleaned from in vivo studies involving poststroke patients, utilizing highly specialized imaging techniques. Following the attempts to map brain cells, the role of various transcription factors in modulating gene expression in response to cerebral ischemia is gaining increasing popularity. Although the results obtained thus far remain incomplete and occasionally ambiguous, they serve as a solid foundation for the development of strategies aimed at influencing the recovery process after ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mihailova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (I.I.S.); (A.B.T.)
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12
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Kolabas ZI, Kuemmerle LB, Perneczky R, Förstera B, Ulukaya S, Ali M, Kapoor S, Bartos LM, Büttner M, Caliskan OS, Rong Z, Mai H, Höher L, Jeridi D, Molbay M, Khalin I, Deligiannis IK, Negwer M, Roberts K, Simats A, Carofiglio O, Todorov MI, Horvath I, Ozturk F, Hummel S, Biechele G, Zatcepin A, Unterrainer M, Gnörich J, Roodselaar J, Shrouder J, Khosravani P, Tast B, Richter L, Díaz-Marugán L, Kaltenecker D, Lux L, Chen Y, Zhao S, Rauchmann BS, Sterr M, Kunze I, Stanic K, Kan VWY, Besson-Girard S, Katzdobler S, Palleis C, Schädler J, Paetzold JC, Liebscher S, Hauser AE, Gokce O, Lickert H, Steinke H, Benakis C, Braun C, Martinez-Jimenez CP, Buerger K, Albert NL, Höglinger G, Levin J, Haass C, Kopczak A, Dichgans M, Havla J, Kümpfel T, Kerschensteiner M, Schifferer M, Simons M, Liesz A, Krahmer N, Bayraktar OA, Franzmeier N, Plesnila N, Erener S, Puelles VG, Delbridge C, Bhatia HS, Hellal F, Elsner M, Bechmann I, Ondruschka B, Brendel M, Theis FJ, Erturk A. Distinct molecular profiles of skull bone marrow in health and neurological disorders. Cell 2023; 186:3706-3725.e29. [PMID: 37562402 PMCID: PMC10443631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow in the skull is important for shaping immune responses in the brain and meninges, but its molecular makeup among bones and relevance in human diseases remain unclear. Here, we show that the mouse skull has the most distinct transcriptomic profile compared with other bones in states of health and injury, characterized by a late-stage neutrophil phenotype. In humans, proteome analysis reveals that the skull marrow is the most distinct, with differentially expressed neutrophil-related pathways and a unique synaptic protein signature. 3D imaging demonstrates the structural and cellular details of human skull-meninges connections (SMCs) compared with veins. Last, using translocator protein positron emission tomography (TSPO-PET) imaging, we show that the skull bone marrow reflects inflammatory brain responses with a disease-specific spatial distribution in patients with various neurological disorders. The unique molecular profile and anatomical and functional connections of the skull show its potential as a site for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ilgin Kolabas
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
| | - Louis B Kuemmerle
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Division of Mental Health in Older Adults and Alzheimer Therapy and Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Benjamin Förstera
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selin Ulukaya
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Mayar Ali
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Saketh Kapoor
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura M Bartos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Büttner
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ozum Sehnaz Caliskan
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zhouyi Rong
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Medical Research School (MMRS), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hongcheng Mai
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Medical Research School (MMRS), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Luciano Höher
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Denise Jeridi
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Muge Molbay
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Igor Khalin
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Moritz Negwer
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alba Simats
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Carofiglio
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mihail I Todorov
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Izabela Horvath
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; School of Computation, Information and Technology (CIT), TUM, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Furkan Ozturk
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Selina Hummel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gloria Biechele
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Artem Zatcepin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Gnörich
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jay Roodselaar
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua Shrouder
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pardis Khosravani
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Tast
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Richter
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Díaz-Marugán
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laurin Lux
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shan Zhao
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris-Stephan Rauchmann
- Division of Mental Health in Older Adults and Alzheimer Therapy and Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ines Kunze
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karen Stanic
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa W Y Kan
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Besson-Girard
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Katzdobler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carla Palleis
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Schädler
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes C Paetzold
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sabine Liebscher
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno Steinke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinne Benakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Braun
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Celia P Martinez-Jimenez
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Buerger
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Kopczak
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Krahmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Suheda Erener
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Victor G Puelles
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claire Delbridge
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, Technical University Munich, TUM School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Harsharan Singh Bhatia
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Farida Hellal
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Elsner
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Ali Erturk
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Center, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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13
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D'Anna L, Searle G, Harvey K, Matthews PM, Veltkamp R. Time course of neuroinflammation after human stroke - a pilot study using co-registered PET and MRI. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:193. [PMID: 37193998 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial activation contributes to both inflammatory damage and repair in experimental ischemic stroke. However, because of the logistical challenges, there have been few clinical imaging studies directly describing inflammatory activation and its resolution after stroke. The purpose of our pilot study was to describe the spatio-temporal profile of brain inflammation after stroke using 18kD translocator protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) with magnetic resonance (MR) co-registration in the subacute and chronic stage after stroke. METHODS Three patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and PET scans with TSPO ligand [11C]PBR28 15 ± 3 and 90 ± 7 days after an ischaemic stroke. Regions of interest (ROI) were defined on MRI images and applied to the dynamic PET data to derive regional time-activity curves. Regional uptake was quantified as standardised uptake values (SUV) over 60 to 90 min post-injection. ROI analysis was applied to identify binding in the infarct, and in frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes and cerebellum excluding the infarcted area. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 56 ± 20.4 years and mean infarct volume was 17.9 ± 18.1 ml. [11C]PBR28 showed increased tracer signal in the infarcted area compared to non-infarcted areas of the brain in the subacute phase of stroke (Patient 1 SUV 1.81; Patient 2 SUV 1.15; Patient 3 SUV 1.64). [11C]PBR28 uptake returned to the level of non-infarcted areas at 90 days Patient 1 SUV 0.99; Patient 3 SUV 0.80). No additional upregulation was detected elsewhere at either time point. CONCLUSIONS The neuroinflammatory reaction after ischaemic stroke is limited in time and circumscribed in space suggesting that post-ischaemic inflammation is tightly controlled but regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio D'Anna
- Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Neurology, Alfried-Krupp Krankenhaus Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Wang Z, Song Y, Bai S, Xiang W, Zhou X, Han L, Zhu D, Guan Y. Imaging of microglia in post-stroke inflammation. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 118-119:108336. [PMID: 37028196 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Microglia constantly survey the central nervous system microenvironment and maintain brain homeostasis. Microglia activation, polarization and inflammatory response are of great importance in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. For exploring biochemical processes in vivo, positron emission tomography (PET) is a superior imaging tool. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), is a validated neuroinflammatory biomarker which is widely used to evaluate various central nervous system (CNS) pathologies in both preclinical and clinical studies. TSPO level can be elevated due to peripheral inflammatory cells infiltration and glial cells activation. Therefore, a clear understanding of the dynamic changes between microglia and TSPO is critical for interpreting PET studies and understanding the pathophysiology after ischemic stroke. Our review discusses alternative biological targets that have attracted considerable interest for the imaging of microglia activation in recent years, and the potential value of imaging of microglia in the assessment of stroke therapies.
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15
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Effects of HF-rTMS on microglial polarization and white matter integrity in rats with poststroke cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2023; 439:114242. [PMID: 36455674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) occurs frequently after stroke, but effective treatments are lacking. Previous studies have revealed that high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) has a beneficial effect on PSCI, but the mechanism is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 10 and 20 Hz HF-rTMS on PSCI and the possible mechanisms. An ischemic stroke rat model was established by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The modified neurological deficit score (mNSS) and Morris water maze tests were conducted to assess neurological function and cognitive function. Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining was performed to evaluate white matter damage. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Immunofluorescence was used to assess microglial activation and polarization. Western blotting was performed to measure JAK2-STAT3 pathway-related protein expression. We found that HF-rTMS decreased the neurological deficit score. Compared with 10 Hz HF-rTMS, 20 Hz HF-rTMS more markedly improved the cognitive function of tMCAO rats at day 28 after operation. Furthermore, 20 Hz HF-rTMS attenuates white matter lesion, decreased proinflammatory cytokine levels, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. It also decreased the number of CD68- and CD16/32-positive microglia and increased the number of CD206-positive microglia. In addition, p-JAK2, JAK2, p-STAT3 and STAT3 expression was increased. These findings suggest that HF-rTMS improves cognitive function and attenuates white matter lesion in tMCAO rats by shifting microglia toward the M2 phenotype. Mechanisms may be related to regulation JAK2-STAT3 pathways.
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16
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Roseborough AD, Myers SJ, Khazaee R, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Iorio E, Elahi FM, Pasternak SH, Whitehead SN. Plasma derived extracellular vesicle biomarkers of microglia activation in an experimental stroke model. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:20. [PMID: 36721258 PMCID: PMC9890769 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic microglia activation post-stroke is associated with worse neurological and cognitive outcomes. However, measurement of microglia activation in vivo is currently limited. Plasma derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-specific indicators that may allow for non-invasive measurement of microglia phenotype. The aim of this study was to identify activation-state specific microglia EVs (MEVs) in vitro followed by validation in an experimental stroke model. Following pro-inflammatory activation, MEVs contain the microglia protein TMEM119 alongside increased expression of the Toll-like receptor 4 co-receptor CD14. Immunoprecipitation followed by fluorescent nanoparticle tracking analysis (ONI Nanoimager) was used to confirm the isolation of TMEM119+/CD14+ EVs from rat plasma. Electron microscopy confirmed that TMEM119 and CD14 localize to the MEV membrane. To model ischemia, plasma was collected from 3-month wildtype Fischer344 rats prior to, 7 and 28 days after endothelin-1 or saline injection into the dorsal right striatum. Fluorescently labelled MEVs were directly measured in the plasma using nanoflow cytometry (Apogee A60 Microplus). We report a significant increase in circulating TMEM119+/CD14+ EVs 28-days post-stroke in comparison to baseline levels and saline-injected rats, which correlated weakly with stroke volume. TMEM119+/MHC-II+ EVs were also increased post-stroke in comparison to baseline and saline-injected animals. This study is the first to describe an EV biomarker of activated microglia detected directly in plasma following stroke and represents a future tool for the measurement of microglia activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Roseborough
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 458 Medical Sciences Building, ON N6A 3K London, Canada
| | - S. J. Myers
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 458 Medical Sciences Building, ON N6A 3K London, Canada
| | - R. Khazaee
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Biotron Integrated Microscopy Facility, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Deparment of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Y. Zhu
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 458 Medical Sciences Building, ON N6A 3K London, Canada
| | - L. Zhao
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 458 Medical Sciences Building, ON N6A 3K London, Canada
| | - E. Iorio
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - F. M. Elahi
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, ON London, Canada
| | - S. H. Pasternak
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, ON London, Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, ON London, Canada
| | - S. N. Whitehead
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 458 Medical Sciences Building, ON N6A 3K London, Canada
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17
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Matsuda K, Nagasaka K, Kato J, Takashima I, Higo N. Structural plasticity of motor cortices assessed by voxel-based morphometry and immunohistochemical analysis following internal capsular infarcts in macaque monkeys. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac046. [PMID: 36457456 PMCID: PMC9706438 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Compensatory plastic changes in the remaining intact brain regions are supposedly involved in functional recovery following stroke. Previously, a compensatory increase in cortical activation occurred in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv), which contributed to the recovery of dexterous hand movement in a macaque model of unilateral internal capsular infarcts. Herein, we investigated the structural plastic changes underlying functional changes together with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis of magnetic resonance imaging data and immunohistochemical analysis using SMI-32 antibody in a macaque model. Unilateral internal capsular infarcts were pharmacologically induced in 5 macaques, and another 5 macaques were used as intact controls for immunohistochemical analysis. Three months post infarcts, we observed significant increases in the gray matter volume (GMV) and the dendritic arborization of layer V pyramidal neurons in the contralesional rostral PMv (F5) as well as the primary motor cortex (M1). The histological analysis revealed shrinkage of neuronal soma and dendrites in the ipsilesional M1 and several premotor cortices, despite not always detecting GMV reduction by VBM analysis. In conclusion, compensatory structural changes occur in the contralesional F5 and M1 during motor recovery following internal capsular infarcts, and the dendritic growth of pyramidal neurons is partially correlated with GMV increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Matsuda
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nagasaka
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 9503198, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 9503198, Japan
| | - Junpei Kato
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takashima
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Higo
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan
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18
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Oestreich LKL, Wright P, O’Sullivan MJ. Hyperconnectivity and altered interactions of a nucleus accumbens network in post-stroke depression. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac281. [PMCID: PMC9677459 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Post-stroke depression is a common complication of stroke. To date, no consistent locus of injury is associated with this complication. Here, we probed network dynamics and structural alterations in post-stroke depression in four functional circuits linked to major depressive disorder and a visual network, which served as a control network. Forty-four participants with recent stroke (mean age = 69.03, standard deviation age = 8.59, age range = 51–86 and gender: female = 10) and 16 healthy volunteers (mean age = 71.53, standard deviation age = 10.62, age range = 51–84 and gender: female = 11) were imaged with 3-Tesla structural, diffusion and resting-state functional MRI. The Geriatric Depression Scale was administered to measure depression severity. Associations between depression severity and functional connectivity were investigated within networks seeded from nucleus accumbens, amygdala, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and primary visual cortex. In addition, the default mode network was identified by connectivity with medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. Circuits that exhibited altered activity associated with depression severity were further investigated by extracting within-network volumetric and microstructural measures from structural images. In the stroke group, functional connectivity within the nucleus accumbens-seeded network (left hemisphere: P = 0.001; and right hemisphere: P = 0.004) and default mode network (cluster one: P < 0.001; and cluster two: P < 0.001) correlated positively with depressive symptoms. Normal anticorrelations between these two networks were absent in patients with post-stroke depression. Grey matter volume of the right posterior cingulate cortex (Pearson correlation coefficient = −0.286, P = 0.03), as well as microstructural measures in the posterior cingulate cortex (right: Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.4, P = 0.024; and left: Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.3, P = 0.048), right medial prefrontal cortex (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.312, P = 0.039) and the medial forebrain bundle (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.450, P = 0.003), a major projection pathway interconnecting the nucleus accumbens-seeded network and linking to medial prefrontal cortex, were associated with depression severity. Depression after stroke is marked by reduced mutual inhibition between functional circuits involving nucleus accumbens and default mode network as well as volumetric and microstructural changes within these networks. Aberrant network dynamics present in patients with post-stroke depression are therefore likely to be influenced by secondary, pervasive alterations in grey and white matter, remote from the site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena K L Oestreich
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane 4072 , Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland , Brisbane 4072 , Australia
| | - Paul Wright
- Biomedical Engineering Department, King’s College London , London , UK
| | - Michael J O’Sullivan
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane 4072 , Australia
- Biomedical Engineering Department, King’s College London , London , UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital , Brisbane 4072 , Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane 4072 , Australia
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19
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Meng J, Zhang J, Fang J, Li M, Ding H, Zhang W, Chen C. Dynamic inflammatory changes of the neurovascular units after ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:140-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Ni R, Müller Herde A, Haider A, Keller C, Louloudis G, Vaas M, Schibli R, Ametamey SM, Klohs J, Mu L. In vivo Imaging of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptors: Functional and Structural Alterations in Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia by PET and MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:700-709. [PMID: 34642898 PMCID: PMC9581861 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stroke is one of the most prevalent vascular diseases. Non-invasive molecular imaging methods have the potential to provide critical insights into the temporal dynamics and follow alterations of receptor expression and metabolism in ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to assess the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) levels in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse models at subacute stage using positron emission tomography (PET) with our novel tracer [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 and structural imaging by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PROCEDURES Our recently developed CB2R PET tracer [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 was used for imaging neuroinflammation at 24 h after reperfusion in tMCAO mice. The RNA expression levels of CB2R and other inflammatory markers were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using brain tissues from tMCAO (1 h occlusion) and sham-operated mice. [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was included for evaluation of the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc). In addition, diffusion-weighted imaging and T2-weighted imaging were performed for anatomical reference and delineating the lesion in tMCAO mice. RESULTS mRNA expressions of inflammatory markers TNF-α, Iba1, MMP9 and GFAP, CNR2 were increased to 1.3-2.5 fold at 24 h after reperfusion in the ipsilateral compared to contralateral hemisphere of tMCAO mice, while mRNA expression of the neuronal marker MAP-2 was markedly reduced to ca. 50 %. Reduced [18F]FDG uptake was observed in the ischemic striatum of tMCAO mouse brain at 24 h after reperfusion. Although higher activity of [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 in ex vivo biodistribution studies and higher standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) were detected in the ischemic ipsilateral compared to contralateral striatum in tMCAO mice, the in vivo specificity of [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 was confirmed only in the CB2R-rich spleen. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed an increased [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 measure of CB2R and a reduced [18F]FDG measure of CMRglc in the ischemic striatum of tMCAO mice at subacute stage. [18F]RoSMA-18-d6 might be a promising PET tracer for detecting CB2R alterations in animal models of neuroinflammation without neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Louloudis
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Vaas
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, HCI H427 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Kern KC, Wright CB, Leigh R. Global changes in diffusion tensor imaging during acute ischemic stroke and post-stroke cognitive performance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1854-1866. [PMID: 35579236 PMCID: PMC9536124 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment is related to the effects of the acute stroke and pre-stroke brain health. We tested whether diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can detect acute, global effects of stroke and predict post-stroke cognitive performance. Patients with stroke or TIA enrolled in a prospective cohort study were included if they had 1) at least one DTI acquisition at acute presentation, 24 hours, 5 days, or 30 days, and 2) follow-up testing with the telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) at 30 and/or 90 days. A whole brain, white-matter skeleton excluding the infarct was used to derive mean global DTI measures for mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), free water (FW), FW-corrected MD (MDtissue), and FW-corrected FA (FAtissue). In 74 patients with ischemic stroke or TIA, there was a transient 4.2% increase in mean global FW between acute presentation and 24 hours (p = 0.024) that returned to initial values by 30 days (p = 0.03). Each acute global DTI measure was associated with 30-day T-MoCA score (n = 61, p = 0.0011-0.0076). Acute global FW, MD, FA and FAtissue were also associated with 90-day T-MoCA (n = 56, p = 0.0034-0.049). Transient global FW elevation likely reflects stroke-related interstitial edema, whereas other global DTI measures are more representative of pre-stroke brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Kern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clinton B Wright
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Leigh
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Higo N. Motor Cortex Plasticity During Functional Recovery Following Brain Damage. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2022.p0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although brain damage causes functional impairment, it is often followed by partial or total recovery of function. Recovery is believed to occur primarily because of brain plasticity. Both human and animal studies have significantly contributed to uncovering the neuronal basis of plasticity. Recent advances in brain imaging technology have enabled the investigation of plastic changes in living human brains. In addition, animal experiments have revealed detailed changes at the neural and genetic levels. In this review, plasticity in motor-related areas of the cerebral cortex, which is one of the most well-studied areas of the neocortex in terms of plasticity, is reviewed. In addition, the potential of technological interventions to enhance plasticity and promote functional recovery following brain damage is discussed. Novel neurorehabilitation technologies are expected to be established based on the emerging research on plasticity from the last several decades.
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Di Stadio A, Severini C, Colizza A, De Vincentiis M, La Mantia I. Investigational drugs for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:945-955. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2113054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Colizza
- Department of Surgical Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ignazio La Mantia
- G.F. Department, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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24
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Oestreich LKL, O'Sullivan MJ. Transdiagnostic In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging Markers of Neuroinflammation. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:638-658. [PMID: 35051668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is not limited to archetypal inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, but instead represents an intrinsic feature of many psychiatric and neurological disorders not typically classified as neuroinflammatory. A growing body of research suggests that neuroinflammation can be observed in early and prodromal stages of these disorders and, under certain circumstances, may lead to tissue damage. Traditional methods to assess neuroinflammation include serum or cerebrospinal fluid markers and positron emission tomography. These methods require invasive procedures or radiation exposure and lack the exquisite spatial resolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There is, therefore, an increasing interest in noninvasive neuroimaging tools to evaluate neuroinflammation reliably and with high specificity. While MRI does not provide information at a cellular level, it facilitates the characterization of several biophysical tissue properties that are closely linked to neuroinflammatory processes. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the potential of MRI as a noninvasive, accessible, and cost-effective technology to image neuroinflammation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. We provide an overview of current and developing MRI methods used to study different aspects of neuroinflammation and weigh their strengths and shortcomings. Novel MRI contrast agents are increasingly able to target inflammatory processes directly, therefore offering a high degree of specificity, particularly if used in conjunction with multitissue, biophysical diffusion MRI compartment models. The capability of these methods to characterize several aspects of the neuroinflammatory milieu will likely push MRI to the forefront of neuroimaging modalities used to characterize neuroinflammation transdiagnostically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena K L Oestreich
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Michael J O'Sullivan
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Candelario-Jalil E, Dijkhuizen RM, Magnus T. Neuroinflammation, Stroke, Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction, and Imaging Modalities. Stroke 2022; 53:1473-1486. [PMID: 35387495 PMCID: PMC9038693 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.036946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is crucial for the homeostasis of the central nervous system. Structurally comprising the BBB, brain endothelial cells interact with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and perivascular macrophages in the neurovascular unit. Brain ischemia unleashes a profound neuroinflammatory response to remove the damaged tissue and prepare the brain for repair. However, the intense neuroinflammation occurring during the acute phase of stroke is associated with BBB breakdown, neuronal injury, and worse neurological outcomes. Here, we critically discuss the role of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke pathology, focusing on the BBB and the interactions between central nervous system and peripheral immune responses. We highlight inflammation-driven injury mechanisms in stroke, including oxidative stress, increased MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) production, microglial activation, and infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the ischemic tissue. We provide an updated overview of imaging techniques for in vivo detection of BBB permeability, leukocyte infiltration, microglial activation, and upregulation of cell adhesion molecules following ischemic brain injury. We discuss the possibility of clinical implementation of imaging modalities to assess stroke-associated neuroinflammation with the potential to provide image-guided diagnosis and treatment. We summarize the results from several clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions in stroke. Although convincing preclinical evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a promising target for ischemic stroke, thus far, translating these results into the clinical setting has proved difficult. Due to the dual role of inflammation in the progression of ischemic damage, more research is needed to mechanistically understand when the neuroinflammatory response begins the transition from injury to repair. This could have important implications for ischemic stroke treatment by informing time- and context-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville (E.C-J)
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands (R.M.D.)
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.M.)
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Chen S, Bennet L, McGregor AL. Delayed citalopram administration reduces brain inflammation and enhances skilled motor function after ischaemic stroke in 'MacGreen' mice. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1344-1355. [PMID: 35060208 PMCID: PMC9305149 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that treatment with antidepressants may promote functional recovery. However, the timeframe in which these pharmacological agents can influence stroke recovery is not well understood. This research investigated whether delayed administration of citalopram, used clinically in the management of post-stroke depression, could improve long-term functional recovery following experimental stroke. MacGreen mice carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene in monocyte and macrophage populations were subjected to 45 min occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Animals were administered citalopram (10 mg/kg/day, n = 20) or saline (n = 20) starting 3 days after stroke for 28 days. Neurological deficits and skilled motor performance in the staircase task were recorded for 9 weeks post stroke. Grey and white matter structural lesions were quantified at Week 9, and enhanced green fluorescent protein immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the effect of citalopram on inflammation. Twenty-five animals were included in the final analysis. Citalopram-treated animals (n = 13) showed a significant increase in impaired forepaw use in the staircase task compared with saline-treated animals (n = 12) 2, 3 and 7 weeks post stroke but no difference in neurological score at any time point examined. Citalopram treatment was associated with decreased monocyte/macrophage cell density and increased white matter tract integrity within the ipsilateral cortex. In conclusion, delayed administration of citalopram decreased brain inflammation and produced functional gains in our mouse model of stroke. Beneficial effects on skilled motor functions were long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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MacKenzie JL, Ivanova N, Nell HJ, Giordano CR, Terlecky SR, Agca C, Agca Y, Walton PA, Whitehead SN, Cechetto DF. Microglial inflammation and cognitive dysfunction in comorbid rat models of striatal ischemic stroke and alzheimer’s disease: effects of antioxidant catalase-SKL on behavioral and cellular pathology. Neuroscience 2022; 487:47-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Stuckey SM, Ong LK, Collins-Praino LE, Turner RJ. Neuroinflammation as a Key Driver of Secondary Neurodegeneration Following Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313101. [PMID: 34884906 PMCID: PMC8658328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke involves the rapid onset of focal neurological dysfunction, most commonly due to an arterial blockage in a specific region of the brain. Stroke is a leading cause of death and common cause of disability, with over 17 million people worldwide suffering from a stroke each year. It is now well-documented that neuroinflammation and immune mediators play a key role in acute and long-term neuronal tissue damage and healing, not only in the infarct core but also in distal regions. Importantly, in these distal regions, termed sites of secondary neurodegeneration (SND), spikes in neuroinflammation may be seen sometime after the initial stroke onset, but prior to the presence of the neuronal tissue damage within these regions. However, it is key to acknowledge that, despite the mounting information describing neuroinflammation following ischaemic stroke, the exact mechanisms whereby inflammatory cells and their mediators drive stroke-induced neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. As a result, current anti-inflammatory treatments have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. In this review we discuss the complexities of post-stroke neuroinflammation, specifically how it affects neuronal tissue and post-stroke outcome acutely, chronically, and in sites of SND. We then discuss current and previously assessed anti-inflammatory therapies, with a particular focus on how failed anti-inflammatories may be repurposed to target SND-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3114
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Chauveau F, Becker G, Boutin H. Have (R)-[ 11C]PK11195 challengers fulfilled the promise? A scoping review of clinical TSPO PET studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:201-220. [PMID: 34387719 PMCID: PMC8712292 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prototypical TSPO radiotracer (R)-[11C]PK11195 has been used in humans for more than thirty years to visualize neuroinflammation in several pathologies. Alternative radiotracers have been developed to improve signal-to-noise ratio and started to be tested clinically in 2008. Here we examined the scientific value of these "(R)-[11C]PK11195 challengers" in clinical research to determine if they could supersede (R)-[11C]PK11195. METHODS A systematic MEDLINE (PubMed) search was performed (up to end of year 2020) to extract publications reporting TSPO PET in patients with identified pathologies, excluding studies in healthy subjects and methodological studies. RESULTS Of the 288 publications selected, 152 used 13 challengers, and 142 used (R)-[11C]PK11195. Over the last 20 years, the number of (R)-[11C]PK11195 studies remained stable (6 ± 3 per year), but was surpassed by the total number of challenger studies for the last 6 years. In total, 3914 patients underwent a TSPO PET scan, and 47% (1851 patients) received (R)-[11C]PK11195. The 2 main challengers were [11C]PBR28 (24%-938 patients) and [18F]FEPPA (11%-429 patients). Only one-in-ten patients (11%-447) underwent 2 TSPO scans, among whom 40 (1%) were scanned with 2 different TSPO radiotracers. CONCLUSIONS Generally, challengers confirmed disease-specific initial (R)-[11C]PK11195 findings. However, while their better signal-to-noise ratio seems particularly useful in diseases with moderate and widespread neuroinflammation, most challengers present an allelic-dependent (Ala147Thr polymorphism) TSPO binding and genetic stratification is hindering their clinical implementation. As new challengers, insensitive to TSPO human polymorphism, are about to enter clinical evaluation, we propose this systematic review to be regularly updated (living review).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Chauveau
- University of Lyon, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University Liege, Liege, Belgium
- University of Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, University Lyon 1, Hospices Civils Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Boutin
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Higo N. Non-human Primate Models to Explore the Adaptive Mechanisms After Stroke. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:760311. [PMID: 34819842 PMCID: PMC8606408 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.760311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain has the ability to reconstruct neural structures and functions to compensate for the brain lesions caused by stroke, although it is highly limited in primates including humans. Animal studies in which experimental lesions were induced in the brain have contributed to the current understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying functional recovery. Here, I have highlighted recent advances in non-human primate models using primate species such as macaques and marmosets, most of which have been developed to study the mechanisms underlying the recovery of motor functions after stroke. Cortical lesion models have been used to investigate motor recovery after lesions to the cortical areas involved in movements of specific body parts. Models of a focal stroke at the posterior internal capsule have also been developed to bridge the gap between the knowledge obtained by cortical lesion models and the development of intervention strategies because the severity and outcome of motor deficits depend on the degree of lesions to the region. This review will also introduce other stroke models designed to study the plastic changes associated with development and recovery from cognitive and sensory impairments. Although further validation and careful interpretation are required, considering the differences between non-human primate brains and human brains, studies using brain-lesioned non-human primates offer promise for improving translational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Higo
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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A pilot [ 11C]PBR28 PET/MRI study of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in chronic stroke patients. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 17:100336. [PMID: 34589819 PMCID: PMC8474408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs in response to acute ischemic stroke, and has been speculated to underlie secondary poststroke pathologies, such as depression, that often develop over time poststroke. However, no study has examined whether neuroinflammation is present in chronic stroke patients (e.g., ≥ 1 year poststroke). This study tested whether neuroinflammation is present in chronic stroke patients, and is associated with neurodegeneration, using [11C]PBR28 PET and diffusion MRI. Eight patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic stroke incurred 1–3 years prior and 16 healthy controls underwent [11C]PBR28 PET to measure glial activation and diffusion MRI to measure microstructural integrity by mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) using an integrated PET/MRI scanner. Group differences in [11C]PBR28 binding, MD and FA were analyzed voxelwise across the whole brain excluding the infarct zone defined as voxels containing the infarct in any patient. Compared to controls, patients showed elevations in [11C]PBR28 binding in several brain regions outside the infarct zone, including regions with presumed direct neuroanatomical connections to the infarct (e.g., ipsilesional internal capsule and thalamus) and those without known direct connections (e.g., contralesional thalamus and cingulate gyrus). Patients also showed widespread elevations in MD, with a subset of these regions having reduced FA. In patients, MD was more elevated in regions with co-localized elevations in [11C]PBR28 binding than in contralateral regions without elevations in [11C]PBR28 binding. This pilot study supports the presence of extensive glial activation along with widespread loss in microstructural integrity in non-infarcted tissue in a cohort of patients with chronic MCA stroke. The loss in microstructural integrity was greater in regions with co-localized glial activation. It is possible that stroke risk factors (e.g., hypertension) contributed to these tissue changes in patients. Chronic neuroinflammation speculated to underlie secondary poststroke pathologies such as depression. Measured neuroinflammation in chronic stroke patients using [11C]PBR28 PET. First study showing extensive neuroinflammation in non-infarcted tissue in chronic stroke patients.
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Yu F, Huang T, Ran Y, Li D, Ye L, Tian G, Xi J, Liu Z. New Insights Into the Roles of Microglial Regulation in Brain Plasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:727899. [PMID: 34421544 PMCID: PMC8374071 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.727899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the leading cause of long-term disability worldwide with significant long-term sequelae. However, there is no highly effective treatment to enhance post-stroke recovery despite extensive efforts in exploring rehabilitative therapies. Neurorehabilitation is recognized as the cornerstone of functional restoration therapy in stroke, where treatments are focused on neuroplastic regulation to reverse neural structural disruption and improve neurofunctional networks. Post-stroke neuroplasticity changes begin within hours of symptom onset and reaches a plateau by 3 to 4 weeks within the global brain in animal studies. It plays a determining role in spontaneous stroke recovery. Microglia are immediately activated following cerebral ischemia, which has been found both proximal to the primary ischemic injury and at the remote brain regions which have functional connections to the primary injury area. Microglia exhibit different activation profiles based on the microenvironment and adaptively switch their phenotypes in a spatiotemporal manner in response to brain injuries. Microglial activation coincides with neuroplasticity after stroke, which provides the fundamental base for the microglia-mediated inflammatory responses involved in the entire neural network rewiring and brain repair. Microglial activation exerts important effects on spontaneous recovery after stroke, including structural and functional reestablishment of neurovascular networks, neurogenesis, axonal remodeling, and blood vessel regeneration. In this review, we focus on the crosstalk between microglial activation and endogenous neuroplasticity, with a special focus on the plastic alterations in the whole brain network and their implications for structural and functional restoration after stroke. We then summarize recent advances in the impacts of microglial phenotype polarization on brain plasticity, trying to discuss the potential efficacy of microglia-based extrinsic restorative interventions in promoting post-stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ran
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqin Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Xi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Haque ME, Hasan KM, George S, Sitton C, Boren S, Arevalo OD, Vahidy F, Zhang X, Cox CS, Alderman S, Aronowski J, Grotta JC, Savitz SI. Longitudinal neuroimaging evaluation of the corticospinal tract in patients with stroke treated with autologous bone marrow cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:943-955. [PMID: 33689219 PMCID: PMC8235123 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs) attenuate secondary degeneration and enhance recovery in stroke animal models. In a nonrandomized clinical trial, we imaged 37 patients with stroke: 17 patients treated with MNCs (treated) and 20 patients who received standard of care (nontreated) at 1, 3, and 12 months onset of stroke on 3.0T MRI system. Three-dimensional anatomical and diffusion tensor images were obtained. The integrity of the corticospinal tract was assessed by measuring absolute and relative fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in the rostral pons (RP), posterior limb of the internal capsule, and corona radiata by drawing regions of interest. Infarct volume and stroke severity, which was assessed via the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), were higher in the MNC group compared with the nontreated patients, which is a major limitation. Overall, the relative FA (rFA) of the nontreated patients exhibited continued reduction and an increase in relative MD (rMD) from 1 to 12 months, whereas despite larger infarcts and higher severity, treated patients displayed an increase in rFA from 3 to 12 months and no change in rMD. Contrary to the nontreated group, the treated patients' rFA was also significantly correlated (P < .05) with NIHSS score in the RP at all time points, whereas rMD at the last two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad E. Haque
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular DiseasesMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Khader M. Hasan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional ImagingMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Sarah George
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular DiseasesMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Clark Sitton
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional ImagingMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Seth Boren
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular DiseasesMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Octavio D. Arevalo
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional ImagingMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Farhaan Vahidy
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular DiseasesMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design Component of the Center for Clinical and Translational SciencesMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Susan Alderman
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular DiseasesMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular DiseasesMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Sean I. Savitz
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular DiseasesMcGovern Medical School and University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
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Song YS, Lee SH, Jung JH, Song IH, Park HS, Moon BS, Kim SE, Lee BC. TSPO Expression Modulatory Effect of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor in the Ischemic Stroke Rat Model. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061350. [PMID: 34072449 PMCID: PMC8227181 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed in vivo PET imaging with 3-[18F]F-CP118,954 (1) for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and [18F]fluoromethyl-PBR28-d2 (2) for translocator protein 18-kDa (TSPO) to investigate the inflammatory brain response after stroke. Imaging studies were performed in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) Sprague-Dawley rat model for a period of three weeks. The percentage injected dose per tissue weight (%ID/g) of striatum of 1, and cortex of 2 were obtained, respectively. To trace the sequential inflammatory responses, AChE imaging of 1 was done on post-MCAO day 2, after giving cold PK-11195 for 1 day, and TSPO imaging of 2 was carried out on post-MCAO day 11, after giving donepezil for 10 days. AChE activity in the MCAO-lesioned side were significantly higher than that of the contralateral side on day one, and TSPO activity was highest on day 11. TSPO inhibitor, PK-11195 did not affect AChE activity on day two, while AChE inhibitor, donepezil significantly lowered TSPO binding on day 12. Our study demonstrates that AChE level is elevated in the early course of brain ischemia as a trigger for the inflammatory response, and TSPO level is elevated persistently throughout the post-ischemic injury in the brain. Also, the AChE inhibitor may be able to inhibit or delay neurotoxic inflammatory responses and serve as a beneficial treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Sung Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
| | - In Ho Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
| | - Hyun Soo Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
| | - Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea;
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.E.K.); (B.C.L.); Tel.: +82-31-787-7671 (S.E.K.); +82-31-787-2956 (B.C.L.)
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (Y.S.S.); (S.H.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.H.S.); (H.S.P.)
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.E.K.); (B.C.L.); Tel.: +82-31-787-7671 (S.E.K.); +82-31-787-2956 (B.C.L.)
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Adam R, Schaeffer DJ, Johnston K, Menon RS, Everling S. Structural alterations in cortical and thalamocortical white matter tracts after recovery from prefrontal cortex lesions in macaques. Neuroimage 2021; 232:117919. [PMID: 33652141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Unilateral damage to the frontoparietal network typically impairs saccade target selection within the contralesional visual hemifield. Severity of deficits and the degree of recovery have been associated with widespread network dysfunction, yet it is not clear how these behavioural and functional brain changes relate with the underlying structural white matter tracts. Here, we investigated whether recovery after unilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) lesions was associated with changes in white matter microstructure across large-scale frontoparietal cortical and thalamocortical networks. Diffusion-weighted imaging was acquired in four male rhesus macaques at pre-lesion, week 1, and week 8-16 post-lesion when target selection deficits largely recovered. Probabilistic tractography was used to reconstruct cortical frontoparietal fiber tracts, including the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and transcallosal fibers connecting the PFC or posterior parietal cortex (PPC), as well as thalamocortical fiber tracts connecting the PFC and PPC to thalamic nuclei. We found that the two animals with small PFC lesions showed increased fractional anisotropy in both cortical and thalamocortical fiber tracts when behaviour had recovered. However, we found that fractional anisotropy decreased in cortical frontoparietal tracts after larger PFC lesions yet increased in some thalamocortical tracts at the time of behavioural recovery. These findings indicate that behavioural recovery after small PFC lesions may be supported by both cortical and subcortical areas, whereas larger PFC lesions may have induced widespread structural damage and hindered compensatory remodeling in the cortical frontoparietal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramina Adam
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kevin Johnston
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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Filling the gaps on stroke research: Focus on inflammation and immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:649-667. [PMID: 33017613 PMCID: PMC7531595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For the last two decades, researchers have placed hopes in a new era in which a combination of reperfusion and neuroprotection would revolutionize the treatment of stroke. Nevertheless, despite the thousands of papers available in the literature showing positive results in preclinical stroke models, randomized clinical trials have failed to show efficacy. It seems clear now that the existing data obtained in preclinical research have depicted an incomplete picture of stroke pathophysiology. In order to ameliorate bench-to-bed translation, in this review we first describe the main actors on stroke inflammatory and immune responses based on the available preclinical data, highlighting the fact that the link between leukocyte infiltration, lesion volume and neurological outcome remains unclear. We then describe what is known on neuroinflammation and immune responses in stroke patients, and summarize the results of the clinical trials on immunomodulatory drugs. In order to understand the gap between clinical trials and preclinical results on stroke, we discuss in detail the experimental results that served as the basis for the summarized clinical trials on immunomodulatory drugs, focusing on (i) experimental stroke models, (ii) the timing and selection of outcome measuring, (iii) alternative entry routes for leukocytes into the ischemic region, and (iv) factors affecting stroke outcome such as gender differences, ageing, comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes, obesity, tobacco, alcohol consumption and previous infections like Covid-19. We can do better for stroke treatment, especially when targeting inflammation following stroke. We need to re-think the design of stroke experimental setups, notably by (i) using clinically relevant models of stroke, (ii) including both radiological and neurological outcomes, (iii) performing long-term follow-up studies, (iv) conducting large-scale preclinical stroke trials, and (v) including stroke comorbidities in preclinical research.
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Jiang L, Mu H, Xu F, Xie D, Su W, Xu J, Sun Z, Liu S, Luo J, Shi Y, Leak RK, Wechsler LR, Chen J, Hu X. Transcriptomic and functional studies reveal undermined chemotactic and angiostimulatory properties of aged microglia during stroke recovery. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:S81-S97. [PMID: 32065074 PMCID: PMC7687033 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20902542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-dependent alterations in microglia behavior have been implicated in neurodegeneration and CNS injuries. Here, we compared the transcriptional profiles of young versus aged microglia during stroke recovery. CD45intermediateCD11b+ microglia were FACS-isolated from the brains of young (10-week-old) and aged (18-month-old) male mice with sham operation or 14 days after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion and subjected to RNA-sequencing analysis. Functional groups enriched in young microglia are indicative of upregulation in cell movement, cell interactions, inflammatory responses and angiogenesis, while aged microglia exhibited a reduction or no change in these features. We confirmed reduced chemoattractive capacities of aged microglia toward ischemic brain tissue in organotypic slide co-cultures, and delayed accumulation of aged microglia around dead neurons injected into the striatum in vivo. In addition, aging is associated with an overall failure to increase the expression of microglial genes involved in cell-cell interactions, such as CXCL10. Finally, impaired upregulation of pro-angiogenic genes in aged microglia was associated with a decline in neovascularization in aged mice compared to young mice after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. This study provides a new resource to understand the mechanisms underlying microglial alterations in the aged brain milieu and sheds light on new strategies to improve microglial functions in aged stroke victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hongfeng Mu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Di Xie
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zeyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence R Wechsler
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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38
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Kreisl WC, Kim MJ, Coughlin JM, Henter ID, Owen DR, Innis RB. PET imaging of neuroinflammation in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:940-950. [PMID: 33098803 PMCID: PMC7912433 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A growing need exists for reliable in-vivo measurement of neuroinflammation to better characterise the inflammatory processes underlying various diseases and to inform the development of novel therapeutics that target deleterious glial activity. PET is well suited to quantify neuroinflammation and has the potential to discriminate components of the neuroimmune response. However, there are several obstacles to the reliable quantification of neuroinflammation by PET imaging. Despite these challenges, PET studies have consistently identified associations between neuroimmune responses and pathophysiology in brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Tissue studies have also begun to clarify the meaning of changes in PET signal in some diseases. Furthermore, although PET imaging of neuroinflammation does not have an established clinical application, novel targets are under investigation and a small but growing number of studies have suggested that this imaging modality could have a role in drug development. Future studies are needed to further improve our knowledge of the cellular mechanisms that underlie changes in PET signal, how immune response contributes to neurological disease, and how it might be therapeutically modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Kreisl
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer M Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Owen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Huang KL, Hsiao IT, Ho MY, Hsu JL, Chang YJ, Chang TY, Liu CH, Chang CH, Wu YM, Wu KY, Wey SP, Yen TC, Okamura N, Lee TH, Lin KJ. Investigation of reactive astrogliosis effect on post-stroke cognitive impairment. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:308. [PMID: 33069238 PMCID: PMC7568828 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate the associations between post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) severity and reactive astrogliosis (RA) extent on normalized 18F-THK-5351 positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging in amyloid-negative patients with first-ever stroke. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 63 amyloid-negative patients with first-ever stroke. Neurocognitive evaluation, MRI, 18F-THK-5351, and 18F-florbetapir PET were performed around 3 months after stroke. The 18F-THK-5351 uptake intensity was normalized using a signal distribution template to obtain the Z-SUM scores as the RA extent in the whole brain and cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to stroke lesion. We evaluated stroke volume, leukoaraiosis, and brain atrophy on MRI. We used a comprehensive neurocognitive battery to obtain composite cognitive scores, and defined PSCI as a general cognitive function score < - 1. We analyzed the influence of Z-SUM scores on PSCI severity after adjusting for demographic, vascular, and neurodegenerative variables. RESULTS Twenty-five of 63 stroke patients had PSCI. Patients with PSCI had older age, lower education, and more severe cortical atrophy and total Z-SUM scores. Total Z-SUM scores were significantly associated with general cognitive and executive functions at multiple regression models. Path analyses showed that stroke can exert cognitive influence directly by stroke itself as well as indirectly through RA, including total and ipsilateral Z-SUM scores, in patients with either right or left hemisphere stroke. CONCLUSION The patterns and intensity of 18F-THK-5351 uptake in amyloid-negative patients with first-ever stroke were associated with PSCI manifestations, which suggests that RA presents a modulating effect in PSCI development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Lun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Tsung Hsiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center and Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yang Ho
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Lung Hsu
- Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine and Research Center for Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-Jhy Chang
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chang
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Liu
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chang
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Wu
- Department of Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yi Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiaw-Pyng Wey
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center and Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Yen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center and Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Neuro-imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsong-Hai Lee
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Healthy Aging Research Center and Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Al-Khishman NU, Qi Q, Roseborough AD, Levit A, Allman BL, Anazodo UC, Fox MS, Whitehead SN, Thiessen JD. TSPO PET detects acute neuroinflammation but not diffuse chronically activated MHCII microglia in the rat. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:113. [PMID: 32990808 PMCID: PMC7524910 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00699-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate and sensitive imaging biomarkers are required to study the progression of white matter (WM) inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Radioligands targeting the translocator protein (TSPO) are considered sensitive indicators of neuroinflammation, but it is not clear how well the expression of TSPO coincides with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules in WM. This study aimed to test the ability of TSPO to detect activated WM microglia that are immunohistochemically positive for MHCII in rat models of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease and acute subcortical stroke. Methods Fischer 344 wild-type (n = 12) and TgAPP21 (n = 11) rats were imaged with [18F]FEPPA PET and MRI to investigate TSPO tracer uptake in the corpus callosum, a WM region known to have high levels of MHCII activated microglia in TgAPP21 rats. Wild-type rats subsequently received an endothelin-1 (ET1) subcortical stroke and were imaged at days 7 and 28 post-stroke before immunohistochemistry of TSPO, GFAP, iNOS, and the MHCII rat antigen, OX6. Results [18F]FEPPA PET was not significantly affected by genotype in WM and only detected increases near the ET1 infarct (P = 0.033, infarct/cerebellum uptake ratio: baseline = 0.94 ± 0.16; day 7 = 2.10 ± 0.78; day 28 = 1.77 ± 0.35). Immunohistochemistry confirmed that only the infarct (TSPO cells/mm2: day 7 = 555 ± 181; day 28 = 307 ± 153) and WM that is proximal to the infarct had TSPO expression (TSPO cells/mm2: day 7 = 113 ± 93; day 28 = 5 ± 7). TSPO and iNOS were not able to detect the chronic WM microglial activation that was detected with MHCII in the contralateral corpus callosum (day 28 OX6% area: saline = 0.62 ± 0.38; stroke = 4.30 ± 2.83; P = .029). Conclusion TSPO was only expressed in the stroke-induced insult and proximal tissue and therefore was unable to detect remote and non-insult-related chronically activated microglia overexpressing MHCII in WM. This suggests that research in neuroinflammation, particularly in the WM, would benefit from MHCII-sensitive radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassir U Al-Khishman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, B5-003a, 268 Grosvenor St, Stn. B, P.O. Box 5777, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, B5-003a, 268 Grosvenor St, Stn. B, P.O. Box 5777, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Austyn D Roseborough
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Levit
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brian L Allman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Udunna C Anazodo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew S Fox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, B5-003a, 268 Grosvenor St, Stn. B, P.O. Box 5777, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Shawn N Whitehead
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Thiessen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada. .,Lawson Health Research Institute, B5-003a, 268 Grosvenor St, Stn. B, P.O. Box 5777, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.
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41
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Zhao S, Xiao P, Cui H, Gong P, Lin C, Chen F, Tang Z. Hypothermia-Induced Ubiquitination of Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 3 Protects BV2 Microglia Cells From Cytotoxicity Following Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Recovery. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:100. [PMID: 32581711 PMCID: PMC7289978 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypothermia attenuates microglial activation and exerts a potential neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this in vitro study, a model of oxygen-glucose deprivation, followed by recovery (OGD/R), was used to investigate whether hypothermia exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties via enhanced ubiquitination and down-regulation of voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3) expression. Methods: BV2 microglia were cultured under OGD for 4 h following reperfusion with or without hypothermia for 2, 4, or 8 h. M1 and M2 microglia markers [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase (Arg)1] were detected using immunofluorescence. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL)-1β], and anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was assayed by JC-1 staining using a flow cytometer. Expression of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and VDAC3 were assessed using western blot analysis. The cellular locations and interactions of ubiquitin and VDAC3 were identified using double immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation (IP) assay. Also, the level of the VDAC3 mRNA was determined using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: Hypothermia inhibited the OGD/R-induced microglia activation and differentiation into the M1 type with pro-inflammatory effect, whereas it promoted differentiation to the M2 type with anti-inflammatory effect. Hypothermia attenuated OGD/R-induced loss of Δψm, as well as the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. Compared to normothermia, hypothermia increased the level of ubiquitinated VDAC3 in the BV2 microglia at both 2 and 8 h of reperfusion. Furthermore, hypothermia did not attenuate VDAC3 mRNA expression in OGD/R-induced microglia. Conclusions: Hypothermia treatment during reperfusion, attenuated OGD/R-induced inflammation, and apoptosis in BV2 microglia. This might be due to the promotion of VDAC3 ubiquitination, identifying VDAC3 as a new target of hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhao
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Emergency Research, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Emergency Research, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, China
| | - Caijing Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Emergency Research, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Emergency Research, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ziren Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Min LJ, Iwanami J, Shudou M, Bai HY, Shan BS, Higaki A, Mogi M, Horiuchi M. Deterioration of cognitive function after transient cerebral ischemia with amyloid-β infusion-possible amelioration of cognitive function by AT 2 receptor activation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:106. [PMID: 32264971 PMCID: PMC7140348 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To promote understanding of the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment or dementia, we explored the potential interaction between transient cerebral ischemia and amyloid-β (Aβ) infusion in mediating cognitive decline and examined the possible ameliorative effect of angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) on this cognitive deficit. Methods Adult male wild-type mice (WT) and mice with VSMC-specific AT2 receptor overexpression (smAT2) were subjected to intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ1-40. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by 15 min of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) 24 h after Aβ injection. Results Aβ injection in WT induced a cognitive decline, whereas BCCAO did not cause a significant cognitive deficit. In contrast, WT with BCCAO following Aβ injection exhibited more marked cognitive decline compared to Aβ injection alone, in concert with increases in superoxide anion production, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, and expression of p22phox, p40phox, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β in the hippocampus, and upregulation of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end product), an Aβ transporter. BCCAO following Aβ injection further enhanced neuronal pyknosis in the hippocampus, compared with BCCAO or Aβ injection alone. In contrast, smAT2 did not show a cognitive decline, increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, and RAGE level or neuronal pyknosis, which were induced by BCCAO with/without Aβ injection in WT. Conclusions Transient cerebral ischemia might worsen Aβ infusion-mediated cognitive decline and vice versa, with possible involvement of amplified oxidative stress and inflammation and impairment of the RAGE-mediated Aβ clearance system, contributing to exaggerated neuronal degeneration. AT2 receptor activation in VSMC could play an inhibitory role in this cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Min
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Jun Iwanami
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masachika Shudou
- Division of Analytical Bio-Medicine, Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hui-Yu Bai
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Bao-Shuai Shan
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Akinori Higaki
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
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Cirillo C, Brihmat N, Castel-Lacanal E, Le Friec A, Barbieux-Guillot M, Raposo N, Pariente J, Viguier A, Simonetta-Moreau M, Albucher JF, Olivot JM, Desmoulin F, Marque P, Chollet F, Loubinoux I. Post-stroke remodeling processes in animal models and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:3-22. [PMID: 31645178 PMCID: PMC6928555 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19882788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
After cerebral ischemia, events like neural plasticity and tissue reorganization intervene in lesioned and non-lesioned areas of the brain. These processes are tightly related to functional improvement and successful rehabilitation in patients. Plastic remodeling in the brain is associated with limited spontaneous functional recovery in patients. Improvement depends on the initial deficit, size, nature and localization of the infarction, together with the sex and age of the patient, all of them affecting the favorable outcome of reorganization and repair of damaged areas. A better understanding of cerebral plasticity is pivotal to design effective therapeutic strategies. Experimental models and clinical studies have fueled the current understanding of the cellular and molecular processes responsible for plastic remodeling. In this review, we describe the known mechanisms, in patients and animal models, underlying cerebral reorganization and contributing to functional recovery after ischemic stroke. We also discuss the manipulations and therapies that can stimulate neural plasticity. We finally explore a new topic in the field of ischemic stroke pathophysiology, namely the brain-gut axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cirillo
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nabila Brihmat
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Evelyne Castel-Lacanal
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Le Friec
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nicolas Raposo
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Viguier
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Simonetta-Moreau
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Albucher
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Olivot
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Desmoulin
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Marque
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - François Chollet
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Song YS. Perspectives in TSPO PET Imaging for Neurologic Diseases. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 53:382-385. [PMID: 31867073 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-019-00620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is a mitochondrial transmembrane protein, which has brought attention as a neuroinflammatory biomarker. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies have been done for several decades, since neuroinflammation has been implicated as an important pathophysiology of several common neurologic disorders. However, despite numerous previous studies with positive findings, its clinical significance is not yet clear. Various attempts to overcome the limitations are ongoing, in order to bring acceptance for use in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Sung Song
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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Shi K, Tian DC, Li ZG, Ducruet AF, Lawton MT, Shi FD. Global brain inflammation in stroke. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:1058-1066. [PMID: 31296369 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Stroke, including acute ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage, results in neuronal cell death and the release of factors such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that elicit localised inflammation in the injured brain region. Such focal brain inflammation aggravates secondary brain injury by exacerbating blood-brain barrier damage, microvascular failure, brain oedema, oxidative stress, and by directly inducing neuronal cell death. In addition to inflammation localised to the injured brain region, a growing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory responses after a stroke occur and persist throughout the entire brain. Global brain inflammation might continuously shape the evolving pathology after a stroke and affect the patients' long-term neurological outcome. Future efforts towards understanding the mechanisms governing the emergence of so-called global brain inflammation would facilitate modulation of this inflammation as a potential therapeutic strategy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaibin Shi
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - De-Cai Tian
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Li
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Andrew F Ducruet
- Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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46
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Cox CS, Juranek J, Bedi S. Clinical trials in traumatic brain injury: cellular therapy and outcome measures. Transfusion 2019; 59:858-868. [PMID: 30737818 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials for traumatic brain injury (TBI) have not successfully produced a new therapeutic for neuroprotection or neurorestoration, despite multiple attempts. Stem cell-based therapies and/or cellular therapies have been developed over the past 20 years such that clinical trials are now in Phase II and III stages for neurologic diseases such as TBI and stroke. Many of the vexing issues from past clinical failures still exist today, namely, preclinical data that may not translate to clinical trial because of design and injury heterogeneity that poorly stratifies enrolled patients. Recognition of these problems has led us to advocate for outcome measures that are clinically meaningful, but do not represent a global functional "score." Specifically, we seek to measure those early physiologically relevant outcomes (intracranial pressure, edema, and therapeutic intensity) and later structural outcomes in regions of interest that are linked to putative mechanisms of action of cell based therapies. Early approval of therapeutics that are successful by these metrics would then allow further access to treatments that could be further tested via patient registries and other surveillance for ultimate adoption. Continuing to do the same thing with each iterative trial will assure the same results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer Juranek
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Supinder Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas
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47
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Ghadery C, Best LA, Pavese N, Tai YF, Strafella AP. PET Evaluation of Microglial Activation in Non-neurodegenerative Brain Diseases. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019; 19:38. [PMID: 31139952 PMCID: PMC6538572 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-019-0951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Microglial cell activation is an important component of neuroinflammation, and it is generally well accepted that chronic microglial activation is indicative of accumulating tissue damage in neurodegenerative conditions, particularly in the earlier stages of disease. Until recently, there has been less focus on the role of neuroinflammation in other forms of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Through this review, we hope to demonstrate the important role TSPO PET imaging has played in illuminating the pivotal role of neuroinflammation and microglial activation underpinning these conditions. RECENT FINDINGS TSPO is an 18 kDa protein found on the outer membrane of mitochondria and can act as a marker of microglial activation using nuclear imaging. Through the development of radiopharmaceuticals targeting TSPO, researchers have been able to better characterise the spatial-temporal evolution of chronic neurological conditions, ranging from the focal autoimmune reactions seen in multiple sclerosis to the Wallerian degeneration at remote parts of the brain months following acute cerebral infarction. Development of novel techniques to investigate neuroinflammation within the central nervous system, for the purposes of diagnosis and therapeutics, has flourished over the past few decades. TSPO has proven itself a robust and sensitive biomarker of microglial activation and neuroimaging affords a minimally invasive technique to characterise neuroinflammatory processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ghadery
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorder Unit, Toronto Western Hospital & Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network; Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura A Best
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Nicola Pavese
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- PET centre, University of Aarhus Denmark, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yen Foung Tai
- Imperial College London South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorder Unit, Toronto Western Hospital & Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network; Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Changes in brain white matter structure are associated with urine proteins in urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS): A MAPP Network study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206807. [PMID: 30517112 PMCID: PMC6281196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network has yielded neuroimaging and urinary biomarker findings that highlight unique alterations in brain structure and in urinary proteins related to tissue remodeling and vascular structure in patients with Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (UCPPS). We hypothesized that localized changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements might be associated with corresponding changes in urinary protein levels in UCPPS. To test this hypothesis, we created statistical parameter maps depicting the linear correlation between DTI measurements (fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)) and urinary protein quantification (MMP2, MMP9, NGAL, MMP9/NGAL complex, and VEGF) in 30 UCPPS patients from the MAPP Research Network, after accounting for clinical covariates. Results identified a brainstem region that showed a strong correlation between both ADC (R2 = 0.49, P<0.0001) and FA (R2 = 0.39, P = 0.0002) with urinary MMP9 levels as well as a correlation between both ADC (R2 = 0.42, P = 0.0001) and FA (R2 = 0.29, P = 0.0020) and urinary MMP9/NGAL complex. Results also identified significant correlations between FA and urinary MMP9 in white matter adjacent to sensorimotor regions (R2 = 0.30, P = 0.002; R2 = 0.36, P = 0.0005, respectively), as well as a correlation in similar sensorimotor regions when examining ADC and urinary MMP2 levels (R2 = 0.42, P<0.0001) as well as FA and urinary MMP9/NGAL complex (R2 = 0.33, P = 0.0008). A large, diffuse cluster of white matter was identified as having a strong correlation between both ADC (R2 = 0.35, P = 0.0006) and FA (R2 = 0.43, P<0.0001) with urinary NGAL levels. In contrast, no significant association between DTI measurements and VEGF was observed. Results suggest that elevated MMP9 or MMP9/NGAL in UCPPS may be related to degenerative neuronal changes in brainstem nuclei through excitotoxicity, while also facilitating synaptic plasticity in sensorimotor regions.
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Abstract
Since the inception of the British Neuroscience Association, there have been major advances in our knowledge of the mechanistic basis for stroke-induced brain damage. Identification of the ischaemic cascade led to the development of hundreds of new drugs, many showing efficacy in preclinical (animal-based) studies. None of these drugs has yet translated to a successful stroke treatment, current therapy being limited to thrombolysis/thrombectomy. However, this translational failure has led to significant improvements in the quality of animal-based stroke research, with the refinement of rodent models, introduction of new technologies (e.g. transgenics, in vivo brain imaging) and improvements in study design (e.g. STAIR, ARRIVE and IMPROVE guidelines). This has run in parallel with advances in clinical diagnostic imaging for detection of ischaemic versus haemorrhagic stroke, differentiating penumbra from ischaemic core, and improved clinical trial design. These preclinical and clinical advances represent the foundation for successful translation from the bench to the bedside in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Mhairi Macrae
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stuart M. Allan
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Stuart M. Allan, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Visualization of ischemic stroke-related changes on 18F-THK-5351 positron emission tomography. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:62. [PMID: 30014313 PMCID: PMC6047954 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 18F-THK-5351 radiotracer has been used to detect the in vivo tau protein distribution in patients with tauopathy, such as Alzheimer’s disease and corticobasal syndrome. In addition, 18F-THK-5351 can also monitor neuroinflammatory process due to high affinity to astrogliosis. We aimed to explore 18F-THK-5351 distribution patterns and characteristics in patients with recent ischemic stroke. Results Fifteen patients received 18F-THK-5351 positron emission tomography (PET) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) approximately 3 months after ischemic stroke. A region of interest (ROI) was placed in the peri-ischemic area and was mirrored on the contralateral side as the control, and a proportional value was derived from the ratio of the peri-ischemic ROI value over the mirrored ROI value. Increased 18F-THK-5351 retention was observed in the areas around and remote from the stroke location. The proportional 18F-THK-5351 values were negatively correlated with the proportional fractional anisotropy values (r = − 0.39, P = 0.04). Conclusion 18F-THK-5351 PET imaging provides a potential tool for in vivo visualization of the widespread ischemia-related changes associated with a microstructural disruption in recent ischemic stroke patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13550-018-0417-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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