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Zhao Y, Lu Z, Zhang H, Wang L, Sun F, Li Q, Cao T, Wang B, Ma H, You M, Zhou Q, Wei X, Li L, Liao Y, Yan Z, Liu D, Gao P, Zhu Z. Sodium-glucose exchanger 2 inhibitor canagliflozin promotes mitochondrial metabolism and alleviates salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy via preserving SIRT3 expression. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00173-5. [PMID: 38744404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excess salt intake is not only an independent risk factor for heart failure, but also one of the most important dietary factors associated with cardiovascular disease worldwide. Metabolic reprogramming in cardiomyocytes is an early event provoking cardiac hypertrophy that leads to subsequent cardiovascular events upon high salt loading. Although SGLT2 inhibitors, such as canagliflozin, displayed impressive cardiovascular health benefits, whether SGLT2 inhibitors protect against cardiac hypertrophy-related metabolic reprogramming upon salt loading remain elusive. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether canagliflozin can improve salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Dahl salt-sensitive rats developed cardiac hypertrophy by feeding them an 8% high-salt diet, and some rats were treated with canagliflozin. Cardiac function and structure as well as mitochondrial function were examined. Cardiac proteomics, targeted metabolomics and SIRT3 cardiac-specific knockout mice were used to uncover the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS In Dahl salt-sensitive rats, canagliflozin showed a potent therapeutic effect on salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy, accompanied by lowered glucose uptake, reduced accumulation of glycolytic end-products and improved cardiac mitochondrial function, which was associated with the recovery of cardiac expression of SIRT3, a key mitochondrial metabolic regulator. Cardiac-specific knockout of SIRT3 not only exacerbated salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy but also abolished the therapeutic effect of canagliflozin. Mechanistically, high salt intake repressed cardiac SIRT3 expression through a calcium-dependent epigenetic modifications, which could be blocked by canagliflozin by inhibiting SGLT1-mediated calcium uptake. SIRT3 improved myocardial metabolic reprogramming by deacetylating MPC1 in cardiomyocytes exposed to pro-hypertrophic stimuli. Similar to canagliflozin, the SIRT3 activator honokiol also exerted therapeutic effects on cardiac hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction caused by SIRT3 repression is a critical promotional determinant of metabolic pattern switching underlying salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Improving SIRT3-mediated mitochondrial function by SGLT2 inhibitors-mediated calcium handling would represent a therapeutic strategy against salt-related cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zongshi Lu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hexuan Zhang
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Tingbing Cao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Mei You
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yingying Liao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhencheng Yan
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Daoyan Liu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China; Lead Contact, China.
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Zhang X, Wang N, Fu P, An Y, Sun F, Wang C, Han X, Zhang Y, Yu X, Liu Y. Dapagliflozin Attenuates Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Remodeling and Dysfunction by Elevating β-Hydroxybutyrate-activated Citrate Synthase. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 82:375-388. [PMID: 37643027 PMCID: PMC10635406 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is highly prevalent, accounting for 50% of all heart failure patients, and is associated with significant mortality. Sodium-glucose cotransporter subtype inhibitor (SGLT2i) is recommended in the AHA and ESC guidelines for the treatment of HFpEF, but the mechanism of SGLT2i to prevent and treat cardiac remodeling and dysfunction is currently unknown, hindering the understanding of the pathophysiology of HFpEF and the development of novel therapeutics. HFpEF model was induced by a high-fat diet (60% calories from lard) + N [w] -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME-0.5 g/L) (2 Hit) in male Sprague Dawley rats to effectively recapture the myriad phenotype of HFpEF. This study's results showed that administration of dapagliflozin (DAPA, SGLT2 inhibitor) significantly limited the 2-Hit-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. It also improved cardiac diastolic and systolic dysfunction in a late-stage progression of HFpEF. Mechanistically, DAPA influences energy metabolism associated with fatty acid intake and mitochondrial dysfunction in HFpEF by increasing β-hydroxybutyric acid (β-OHB) levels, directing the activation of citrate synthase, reducing acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pools, modulating adenosine 5'-triphosphate production, and increasing the expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system complexes I-V. In addition, following clinical DAPA therapy, the blood levels of β-OHB and citrate synthase increased and the levels of acetyl-CoA in the blood of HFpEF patients decreased. SGLT2i plays a beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in HFpEF model by attenuating cardiometabolic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - Yanliang An
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - Fangfang Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China; and
| | - Chengdong Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China; and
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
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Zammit M, Kao CM, Zhang HJ, Tsai HM, Holderman N, Mitchell S, Tanios E, Bhuiyan M, Freifelder R, Kucharski A, Green WN, Mukherjee J, Chen CT. Evaluation of an Image-Derived Input Function for Kinetic Modeling of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Binding PET Ligands in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15510. [PMID: 37958495 PMCID: PMC10650787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands that bind with high-affinity to α4β2-type nicotinic receptors (α4β2Rs) allow for in vivo investigations of the mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and smoking cessation. Here, we investigate the use of an image-derived arterial input function and the cerebellum for kinetic analysis of radioligand binding in mice. Two radioligands were explored: 2-[18F]FA85380 (2-FA), displaying similar pKa and binding affinity to the smoking cessation drug varenicline (Chantix), and [18F]Nifene, displaying similar pKa and binding affinity to nicotine. Time-activity curves of the left ventricle of the heart displayed similar distribution across wild type mice, mice lacking the β2-subunit for ligand binding, and acute nicotine-treated mice, whereas reference tissue binding displayed high variation between groups. Binding potential estimated from a two-tissue compartment model fit of the data with the image-derived input function were higher than estimates from reference tissue-based estimations. Rate constants of radioligand dissociation were very slow for 2-FA and very fast for Nifene. We conclude that using an image-derived input function for kinetic modeling of nicotinic PET ligands provides suitable results compared to reference tissue-based methods and that the chemical properties of 2-FA and Nifene are suitable to study receptor response to nicotine addiction and smoking cessation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zammit
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chien-Min Kao
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hannah J. Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hsiu-Ming Tsai
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Samuel Mitchell
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eve Tanios
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mohammed Bhuiyan
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Anna Kucharski
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
| | - William N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Jogeshwar Mukherjee
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Li J, Minczuk K, Huang Q, Kemp BA, Howell NL, Chordia MD, Roy RJ, Patrie JT, Qureshi Z, Kramer CM, Epstein FH, Carey RM, Kundu BK, Keller SR. Progressive Cardiac Metabolic Defects Accompany Diastolic and Severe Systolic Dysfunction in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Hearts. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e026950. [PMID: 37183873 PMCID: PMC10227297 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Cardiac metabolic abnormalities are present in heart failure. Few studies have followed metabolic changes accompanying diastolic and systolic heart failure in the same model. We examined metabolic changes during the development of diastolic and severe systolic dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods and Results We serially measured myocardial glucose uptake rates with dynamic 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography in vivo in 9-, 12-, and 18-month-old SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging determined systolic function (ejection fraction) and diastolic function (isovolumetric relaxation time) and left ventricular mass in the same rats. Cardiac metabolomics was performed at 12 and 18 months in separate rats. At 12 months, SHR hearts, compared with Wistar Kyoto hearts, demonstrated increased isovolumetric relaxation time and slightly reduced ejection fraction indicating diastolic and mild systolic dysfunction, respectively, and higher (versus 9-month-old SHR decreasing) 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake rates (Ki). At 18 months, only few SHR hearts maintained similar abnormalities as 12-month-old SHR, while most exhibited severe systolic dysfunction, worsening diastolic function, and markedly reduced 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake rates. Left ventricular mass normalized to body weight was elevated in SHR, more pronounced with severe systolic dysfunction. Cardiac metabolite changes differed between SHR hearts at 12 and 18 months, indicating progressive defects in fatty acid, glucose, branched chain amino acid, and ketone body metabolism. Conclusions Diastolic and severe systolic dysfunction in SHR are associated with decreasing cardiac glucose uptake, and progressive abnormalities in metabolite profiles. Whether and which metabolic changes trigger progressive heart failure needs to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Radiology and Medical ImagingUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Krzysztof Minczuk
- Department of Radiology and Medical ImagingUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of Experimental Physiology and PathophysiologyMedical University of BiałystokBialystokPoland
| | - Qiao Huang
- Department of Radiology and Medical ImagingUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Brandon A. Kemp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Nancy L. Howell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Mahendra D. Chordia
- Department of Radiology and Medical ImagingUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - R. Jack Roy
- Department of Radiology and Medical ImagingUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - James T. Patrie
- Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Zoraiz Qureshi
- Department of Radiology and Medical ImagingUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Christopher M. Kramer
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular DivisionUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | | | - Robert M. Carey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Bijoy K. Kundu
- Department of Radiology and Medical ImagingUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Susanna R. Keller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
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5
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Fang Y, Li Y, Liang H, Li W, Zhang H. Preparation and Preliminary Evaluation of a Promising 99mTc-Labeled Isonitrile-Containing 6-Thia-Fatty Acid Derivative for Myocardial Metabolism Imaging. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3953-3967. [PMID: 36950862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
For over 40 years, none of the previous 99mTc-labeled fatty acids for myocardial imaging has potential clinical use. 99mTc-(C10-6-thia-CO2H)(MIBI)5 is the first 99mTc-labeled fatty acid to exhibit good myocardial uptake (2.06 ± 0.06%ID/g) at 60 min post injection, high heart-to-liver ratio (6.43 ± 1.85 and 9.68 ± 0.76), high heart-to-lung ratio (9.48 ± 1.39 and 11.02 ± 0.89), and high heart-to-blood ratio (164.01 ± 43.51 and 197.36 ± 32.29) at 60 and 120 min in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, respectively. It also demonstrated excellent myocardial imaging quality. The above target-to-nontarget ratios exceeded those of [123I]BMIPP and were higher than or close to those of 99mTc-MIBI at 60 and 120 min. Most of 99mTc-(C10-6-thia-CO2H)(MIBI)5 was partially β-oxidized to protein-bound metabolites in myocardium. Administration of trimetazidine dihydrochloride (TMZ, a fatty acid β-oxidation inhibitor) to rats caused 51% reduction in the myocardial uptake of 99mTc-(C10-6-thia-CO2H)(MIBI)5 and 61% reduction in the distribution of 99mTc-radioactivity in a residual tissue pellet at 60 min, indicating its considerable sensitivity to myocardial fatty acid β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No.19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Precise Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Drugs, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, No.436 Xian'ge Avenue, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No.19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaju Liang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No.19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No.19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No.19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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Tirandi A, Carbone F, Montecucco F, Liberale L. The role of metabolic syndrome in sudden cardiac death risk: Recent evidence and future directions. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13693. [PMID: 34714544 PMCID: PMC9286662 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a frequent condition whose deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system are often underestimated. MetS is nowadays considered a real pandemic with an estimated prevalence of 25% in general population. Individuals with MetS are at high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) as this condition accounts for 50% of all cardiac deaths in such a population. Of interest, recent studies demonstrated that individuals with MetS show 70% increased risk of SCD even without previous history of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, little is known about the interplay between the two conditions. MetS is a complex disease determined by genetic predisposition, unhealthy lifestyle and ageing with deleterious effects on different organs. MetS components trigger a systemic chronic low-grade pro-inflammatory state, associated with excess of sympathetic activity, cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmias and atherosclerosis. Thus, MetS has an important burden on the cardiovascular system as demonstrated by both preclinical and clinical evidence. The aim of this review is to summarize recent evidence concerning the association between MetS and SCD, showing possible common aetiological processes, and to indicate prospective for future studies and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Tirandi
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Liberale
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
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Gullberg GT, Shrestha UM, Veress AI, Segars WP, Liu J, Ordovas K, Seo Y. Novel Methodology for Measuring Regional Myocardial Efficiency. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:1711-1725. [PMID: 33690114 PMCID: PMC8325923 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3065219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Our approach differs from the usual global measure of cardiac efficiency by using PET/MRI to measure efficiency of small pieces of cardiac tissue whose limiting size is equal to the spatial resolution of the PET scanner. We initiated a dynamic cardiac PET study immediately prior to the injection of 15.1 mCi of 11C-acetate acquiring data for 25 minutes while simultaneously acquiring MRI cine data. 1) A 3D finite element (FE) biomechanical model of the imaged heart was constructed by utilizing nonrigid deformable image registration to alter the Dassault Systèmes FE Living Heart Model (LHM) to fit the geometry in the cardiac MRI cine data. The patient specific FE cardiac model with estimates of stress, strain, and work was transformed into PET/MRI format. 2) A 1-tissue compartment model was used to calculate wash-in (K1) and the linear portion of the decay in the PET 11C-acetate time activity curve (TAC) was used to calculate the wash-out k2(mono) rate constant. K1 was used to calculate blood flow and k2(mono) was used to calculate myocardial volume oxygen consumption ( MVO2 ). 3) Estimates of stress and strain were used to calculate Myocardial Equivalent Minute Work ( MEMW ) and Cardiac Efficiency = MEMW/MVO2 was then calculated for 17 tissue segments of the left ventricle. The global MBF was 0.96 ± 0.15 ml/min/gm and MVO2 ranged from 8 to 17 ml/100gm/min. Six central slices of the MRI cine data provided a range of MEMW of 0.1 to 0.4 joules/gm/min and a range of Cardiac Efficiency of 6 to 18%.
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8
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Tardelli LP, Duchatsch F, Herrera NA, Vicentini CA, Okoshi K, Amaral SL. Differential effects of dexamethasone on arterial stiffness, myocardial remodeling and blood pressure between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1673-1686. [PMID: 33629383 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX)-induced hypertension is observed in normotensive rats, but little is known about the effects of DEX on spontaneously hypertensive animals (SHR). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of DEX on hemodynamics, cardiac hypertrophy and arterial stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Wistar rats and SHR were treated with DEX (50 μg/kg s.c., 14 d) or saline. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), echocardiographic parameters, blood pressure (BP), autonomic modulation and histological analyses of heart and thoracic aorta were performed. SHR had higher BP compared with Wistar, associated with autonomic unbalance to the heart. Echocardiographic changes in SHR (vs. Wistar) were suggestive of cardiac remodeling: higher relative wall thickness (RWT, +28%) and left ventricle mass index (LVMI, +26%) and lower left ventricle systolic diameter (LVSD, -19%) and LV diastolic diameter (LVDD, -10%), with slightly systolic dysfunction and preserved diastolic dysfunction. Also, SHR had lower myocardial capillary density and similar collagen deposition area. PWV was higher in SHR due to higher aortic collagen deposition. DEX-treated Wistar rats presented higher BP (~23%) and autonomic unbalance. DEX did not change cardiac structure in Wistar, but PWV (+21%) and aortic collagen deposition area (+21%) were higher compared with control. On the other side, DEX did not change BP or autonomic balance to the heart in SHR, but reduced RWT and LV collagen deposition area (-12% vs. SHRCT ). In conclusion, the results suggest a differential effect of dexamethasone on arterial stiffness, myocardial remodeling and blood pressure between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidieli P Tardelli
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Francine Duchatsch
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Naiara A Herrera
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Katashi Okoshi
- Department of Medical Clinic, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Sandra L Amaral
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
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9
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Lu L, Eldeniz C, An H, Li R, Yang Y, Schindler TH, Peterson LR, Woodard PK, Zheng J. Quantification of myocardial oxygen extraction fraction: A proof-of-concept study. Magn Reson Med 2021; 85:3318-3325. [PMID: 33497013 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate a proof of concept for the measurement of myocardial oxygen extraction fraction (mOEF) by a cardiovascular magnetic resonance technique. METHODS The mOEF measurement was performed using an electrocardiogram-triggered double-echo asymmetric spin-echo sequence with EPI readout. Seven healthy volunteers (22-37 years old, 5 females) were recruited and underwent the same imaging scans at rest on 2 different days for reproducibility assessment. Another 5 subjects (23-37 years old, 4 females) underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance studies at rest and during a handgrip isometric exercise with a 25% of maximal voluntary contraction. Both mOEF and myocardial blood volume values were obtained in septal regions from respective maps. RESULTS The reproducibility was excellent for the measurements of mOEF in septal myocardium (coefficient of variation: 3.37%) and moderate for myocardial blood volume (coefficient of variation: 19.7%). The average mOEF and myocardial blood volume of 7 subjects at rest were 0.61 ± 0.05 and 11.0 ± 4.3%, respectively. The mOEF agreed well with literature values that were measured by PET in healthy volunteers. In the exercise study, there was no significant change in mOEF (0.61 ± 0.06 vs 0.62 ± 0.07) or myocardial blood volume (12 ± 6% vs 13 ± 4%) from rest to exercise, as expected. CONCLUSION The implemented cardiovascular magnetic resonance method shows potential for the quantitative assessment of mOEF in vivo. Future technical work is needed to improve image quality and to further validate mOEF measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Lu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cihat Eldeniz
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hongyu An
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas H Schindler
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Linda R Peterson
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pamela K Woodard
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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10
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Gullberg GT, Shrestha UM, Seo Y. PET imaging of glucose and fatty acid metabolism for NAFLD patients. J Nucl Cardiol 2020; 27:1689-1697. [PMID: 30547298 PMCID: PMC8356561 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-01532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant T Gullberg
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Uttam M Shrestha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Geraets IME, Glatz JFC, Luiken JJFP, Nabben M. Pivotal role of membrane substrate transporters on the metabolic alterations in the pressure-overloaded heart. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1000-1012. [PMID: 30938418 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac pressure overload (PO), such as caused by aortic stenosis and systemic hypertension, commonly results in cardiac hypertrophy and may lead to the development of heart failure. PO-induced heart failure is among the leading causes of death worldwide, but its pathological origin remains poorly understood. Metabolic alterations are proposed to be an important contributor to PO-induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure. While the healthy adult heart mainly uses long-chain fatty acids (FAs) and glucose as substrates for energy metabolism and to a lesser extent alternative substrates, i.e. lactate, ketone bodies, and amino acids (AAs), the pressure-overloaded heart is characterized by a shift in energy metabolism towards a greater reliance on glycolysis and alternative substrates. A key-governing kinetic step of both FA and glucose fluxes is at the level of their substrate-specific membrane transporters. The relative presence of these transporters in the sarcolemma determines the cardiac substrate preference. Whether the cardiac utilization of alternative substrates is also governed by membrane transporters is not yet known. In this review, we discuss current insight into the role of membrane substrate transporters in the metabolic alterations occurring in the pressure-overloaded heart. Given the increasing evidence of a role for alternative substrates in these metabolic alterations, there is an urgent need to disclose the key-governing kinetic steps in their utilization as well. Taken together, membrane substrate transporters emerge as novel targets for metabolic interventions to prevent or treat PO-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilvy M E Geraets
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan F C Glatz
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J F P Luiken
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Nabben
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Giannakidis A, Gullberg GT. Transmural Remodeling of Cardiac Microstructure in Aged Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Diffusion Tensor MRI. Front Physiol 2020; 11:265. [PMID: 32296341 PMCID: PMC7136532 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-standing high blood pressure (also known as hypertension) overworks the heart. Microstructural remodeling is a key factor of hypertensive heart disease progression. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) is a powerful tool for the rapid noninvasive nondestructive delineation of the cardiomyocyte organization. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a well-established model of genetic hypertension. The goal of this study was to employ high-resolution DT-MRI and the SHR animal model to assess the transmural layer-specific remodeling of myocardial microstructure associated with hypertension. Ex vivo experiments were performed on excised formalin-fixed hearts of aged SHRs (n = 4) and age-matched controls (n = 4). The DT-MRI-derived fractional anisotropy (FA), longitudinal diffusivity (λL), transversal diffusivity (λT), and mean diffusivity (MD) served as the readout parameters investigated at three transmural zones (i.e., endocardium, mesocardium, and epicardium). The helix angles (HAs) of the aggregated cardiomyocytes and the orientation of laminar sheetlets were also studied. Compared with controls, the SHRs exhibited decreased epicardial FA, while FA changes in the other two transmural regions were insignificant. No substantial differences were observed in the diffusivity parameters and the transmural course of HAs between the two groups. A consistent distribution pattern of laminar sheetlet orientation was not identified for either group. Our findings are in line with the known cellular microstructure from early painstaking histological studies. Biophysical explanations of the study outcomes are provided. In conclusion, our experimental findings indicate that the epicardial microstructure is more vulnerable to high blood pressure leading to more pronounced changes in this region during remodeling. DT-MRI is well-suited for elucidating these alterations. The revealed transmural nonuniformity of myocardial reorganization may shed light on the mechanisms of the microstructure-function relationship in hypertension progression. Our results provide insights into the management of patients with systemic arterial hypertension, thus prevent the progression toward heart failure. The findings of this study should be acknowledged by electromechanical models of the heart that simulate the specific cardiac pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archontis Giannakidis
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grant T Gullberg
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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13
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Li J, Kemp BA, Howell NL, Massey J, Mińczuk K, Huang Q, Chordia MD, Roy RJ, Patrie JT, Davogustto GE, Kramer CM, Epstein FH, Carey RM, Taegtmeyer H, Keller SR, Kundu BK. Metabolic Changes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Hearts Precede Cardiac Dysfunction and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e010926. [PMID: 30764689 PMCID: PMC6405673 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Sustained pressure overload leads to changes in cardiac metabolism, function, and structure. Both time course and causal relationships between these changes are not fully understood. Therefore, we studied spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) during early hypertension development and compared them to control Wistar Kyoto rats. Methods and Results We serially evaluated myocardial glucose uptake rates (Ki) with dynamic 2‐[18F] fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography, and ejection fraction and left ventricular mass to body weight ratios with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in vivo, determined glucose uptake and oxidation rates in isolated perfused hearts, and analyzed metabolites, mammalian target of rapamycin activity and endoplasmic reticulum stress in dissected hearts. When compared with Wistar Kyoto rats, SHR demonstrated increased glucose uptake rates (Ki) in vivo, and reduced ejection fraction as early as 2 months of age when hypertension was established. Isolated perfused SHR hearts showed increased glucose uptake and oxidation rates starting at 1 month. Cardiac metabolite analysis at 2 months of age revealed elevated pyruvate, fatty acyl‐ and branched chain amino acid‐derived carnitines, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Mammalian target of rapamycin activity increased in SHR beginning at 2 months. Left ventricular mass to body weight ratios and endoplasmic reticulum stress were elevated in 5 month‐old SHR. Conclusions Thus, in a genetic hypertension model, chronic cardiac pressure overload promptly leads to increased myocardial glucose uptake and oxidation, and to metabolite abnormalities. These coincide with, or precede, cardiac dysfunction while left ventricular hypertrophy develops only later. Myocardial metabolic changes may thus serve as early diagnostic markers for hypertension‐induced left ventricular hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- 1 Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Brandon A Kemp
- 2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Nancy L Howell
- 2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - James Massey
- 1 Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging University of Virginia Charlottesville VA.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Krzysztof Mińczuk
- 1 Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Qiao Huang
- 1 Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Mahendra D Chordia
- 1 Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - R Jack Roy
- 1 Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - James T Patrie
- 4 Department of Public Health Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Giovanni E Davogustto
- 5 McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston Houston TX
| | - Christopher M Kramer
- 6 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Frederick H Epstein
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Robert M Carey
- 2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- 5 McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston Houston TX
| | - Susanna R Keller
- 2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Bijoy K Kundu
- 1 Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging University of Virginia Charlottesville VA.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville VA.,7 Cardiovascular Research Center University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
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14
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Pitoulis FG, Terracciano CM. Heart Plasticity in Response to Pressure- and Volume-Overload: A Review of Findings in Compensated and Decompensated Phenotypes. Front Physiol 2020; 11:92. [PMID: 32116796 PMCID: PMC7031419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult human heart has an exceptional ability to alter its phenotype to adapt to changes in environmental demand. This response involves metabolic, mechanical, electrical, and structural alterations, and is known as cardiac plasticity. Understanding the drivers of cardiac plasticity is essential for development of therapeutic agents. This is particularly important in contemporary cardiology, which uses treatments with peripheral effects (e.g., on kidneys, adrenal glands). This review focuses on the effects of different hemodynamic loads on myocardial phenotype. We examine mechanical scenarios of pressure- and volume overload, from the initial insult, to compensated, and ultimately decompensated stage. We discuss how different hemodynamic conditions occur and are underlined by distinct phenotypic and molecular changes. We complete the review by exploring how current basic cardiac research should leverage available cardiac models to study mechanical load in its different presentations.
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15
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Gullberg GT, Shrestha UM, Seo Y. Dynamic cardiac PET imaging: Technological improvements advancing future cardiac health. J Nucl Cardiol 2019; 26:1292-1297. [PMID: 29388118 PMCID: PMC6068005 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-1201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant T Gullberg
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., Ste 350, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0946, USA.
| | - Uttam M Shrestha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., Ste 350, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0946, USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., Ste 350, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0946, USA
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16
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Dejea H, Garcia-Canadilla P, Cook AC, Guasch E, Zamora M, Crispi F, Stampanoni M, Bijnens B, Bonnin A. Comprehensive Analysis of Animal Models of Cardiovascular Disease using Multiscale X-Ray Phase Contrast Tomography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6996. [PMID: 31061429 PMCID: PMC6502928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) affect the myocardium and vasculature, inducing remodelling of the heart from cellular to whole organ level. To assess their impact at micro and macroscopic level, multi-resolution imaging techniques that provide high quality images without sample alteration and in 3D are necessary: requirements not fulfilled by most of current methods. In this paper, we take advantage of the non-destructive time-efficient 3D multiscale capabilities of synchrotron Propagation-based X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging (PB-X-PCI) to study a wide range of cardiac tissue characteristics in one healthy and three different diseased rat models. With a dedicated image processing pipeline, PB-X-PCI images are analysed in order to show its capability to assess different cardiac tissue components at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. The presented technique evaluates in detail the overall cardiac morphology, myocyte aggregate orientation, vasculature changes, fibrosis formation and nearly single cell arrangement. Our results agree with conventional histology and literature. This study demonstrates that synchrotron PB-X-PCI, combined with image processing tools, is a powerful technique for multi-resolution structural investigation of the heart ex-vivo. Therefore, the proposed approach can improve the understanding of the multiscale remodelling processes occurring in CVDs, and the comprehensive and fast assessment of future interventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Dejea
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia Garcia-Canadilla
- PhySense, DTIC, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew C Cook
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Zamora
- BCNatal, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Crispi
- BCNatal, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bart Bijnens
- PhySense, DTIC, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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17
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Harasim-Symbor E, Polak A, Pędzińska-Betiuk A, Weresa J, Malinowska B, Lewandowska A, Kasacka I, Chabowski A. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor (URB597) as a regulator of myocardial lipid metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 218:141-148. [PMID: 30578756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pressure overload, which is typical of hypertension, is known to evoke alterations not only in the morphology of the heart but also in the preference of myocardial energetic substrates usage. Nowadays, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) serves as a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular disorders and, simultaneously, affects whole body metabolism homeostasis. Therefore, an open question is whether ECS, apart from decreasing blood pressure, also affects cardiac muscle metabolism in hypertensive conditions. All experiments were conducted on a genetic model of primary hypertension i.e. spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) served as a normotensive control. ECS was chronically activated by 2-weeks intraperitoneal injections of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor - URB597. Lipid analyses in the left ventricle and serum were based on ex vivo heart perfusion in Langendorff perfusion system, thin layer chromatography, and gas liquid chromatography. The total expression of selected proteins was determined using Western blot as well as immunohistochemical techniques. As expected, URB597 markedly reduced systolic as well as mean blood pressures in SHRs. Moreover, prolonged FAAH inhibition resulted in stimulation of 3H-palmitate uptake and incorporation into different lipid fractions in cardiomyocytes in the hypertensive as well as normotensive conditions. An increase in fatty acid oxidation caused by URB597 treatment was observed only in WKY rats, but not SHRs, and was accompanied by an elevation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) expressions. Chronic activation of ECS significantly upregulates palmitate uptake and its esterification but not oxidation in the SHR's myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Harasim-Symbor
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Polak
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; Faculty of Health Sciences, Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, 18-400 Lomza, Poland.
| | - Anna Pędzińska-Betiuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Weresa
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Barbara Malinowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Alicja Lewandowska
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Irena Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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18
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Huber JS, Hernandez AM, Janabi M, O'Neil JP, Brennan KM, Murphy ST, Seo Y, Gullberg GT. Longitudinal Evaluation of Myocardial Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism in Fasted and Nonfasted Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Using MicroPET/CT. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117724558. [PMID: 28877656 PMCID: PMC5593226 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117724558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Using longitudinal micro positron emission tomography (microPET)/computed tomography (CT) studies, we quantified changes in myocardial metabolism and perfusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), a model of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Fatty acid and glucose metabolism were quantified in the hearts of SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats using long-chain fatty acid analog 18F-fluoro-6-thia heptadecanoic acid (18F-FTHA) and glucose analog 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) under normal or fasting conditions. We also used 18F-fluorodihydrorotenol (18F-FDHROL) to investigate perfusion in their hearts without fasting. Rats were imaged at 4 or 5 times over their life cycle. Compartment modeling was used to estimate the rate constants for the radiotracers. Blood samples were obtained and analyzed for glucose and free fatty acid concentrations. SHRs demonstrated no significant difference in 18F-FDHROL wash-in rate constant (P = .1) and distribution volume (P = .1), significantly higher 18F-FDG myocardial influx rate constant (P = 4×10−8), and significantly lower 18F-FTHA myocardial influx rate constant (P = .007) than WKYs during the 2009-2010 study without fasting. SHRs demonstrated a significantly higher 18F-FDHROL wash-in rate constant (P = 5×10−6) and distribution volume (P = 3×10−8), significantly higher 18F-FDG myocardial influx rate constant (P = 3×10−8), and a higher trend of 18F-FTHA myocardial influx rate constant (not significant, P = .1) than WKYs during the 2011–2012 study with fasting. Changes in glucose plasma concentrations were generally negatively correlated with corresponding radiotracer influx rate constant changes. The study indicates a switch from preferred fatty acid metabolism to increased glucose metabolism with hypertrophy. Increased perfusion during the 2011-2012 study may be indicative of increased aerobic metabolism in the SHR model of LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Huber
- 1 Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew M Hernandez
- 2 Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mustafa Janabi
- 1 Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James P O'Neil
- 1 Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Brennan
- 1 Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie T Murphy
- 3 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- 1 Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,3 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,4 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,5 UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley and San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grant T Gullberg
- 1 Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,3 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,5 UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley and San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Wilson AJ, Wang VY, Sands GB, Young AA, Nash MP, LeGrice IJ. Increased cardiac work provides a link between systemic hypertension and heart failure. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/1/e13104. [PMID: 28082430 PMCID: PMC5256162 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is an established model of human hypertensive heart disease transitioning into heart failure. The study of the progression to heart failure in these animals has been limited by the lack of longitudinal data. We used MRI to quantify left ventricular mass, volume, and cardiac work in SHRs at age 3 to 21 month and compared these indices to data from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. SHR had lower ejection fraction compared with WKY at all ages, but there was no difference in cardiac output at any age. At 21 month the SHR had significantly elevated stroke work (51 ± 3 mL.mmHg SHR vs. 24 ± 2 mL.mmHg WKY; n = 8, 4; P < 0.001) and cardiac minute work (14.2 ± 1.2 L.mmHg/min SHR vs. 6.2 ± 0.8 L.mmHg/min WKY; n = 8, 4; P < 0.001) compared to control, in addition to significantly larger left ventricular mass to body mass ratio (3.61 ± 0.15 mg/g SHR vs. 2.11 ± 0.008 mg/g WKY; n = 8, 6; P < 0.001). SHRs showed impaired systolic function, but developed hypertrophy to compensate and successfully maintained cardiac output. However, this was associated with an increase in cardiac work at age 21 month, which has previously demonstrated fibrosis and cell death. The interplay between these factors may be the mechanism for progression to failure in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Wilson
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand .,Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vicky Y Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gregory B Sands
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair A Young
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P Nash
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian J LeGrice
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Ko KY, Wu YW, Liu CW, Cheng MF, Yen RF, Yang WS. Longitudinal evaluation of myocardial glucose metabolism and contractile function in obese type 2 diabetic db/db mice using small-animal dynamic 18F-FDG PET and echocardiography. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87795-87808. [PMID: 29152121 PMCID: PMC5675673 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate sequential changes of myocardial glucose utilization and LV systolic function in db/db mice. Eight db/db and eight wild-type mice underwent plasma substrate analysis and dynamic 18F-FDG PET at week 8 (W8), W10, W12, W14, and W16. 18F-FDG uptake constant Ki and the rate of myocardial glucose uptake (MRGlu) were derived via Patlak graphic analysis. Another 8 db/db and 8 wild-type mice received echocardiography at W8, W12, and W16 and LV structure and function were measured. The db/db mice showed increased weights and glucose levels as they aged. The index of homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance, insulin, and free fatty acid concentrations were higher in db/db mice compared with wild-type. MRGlu of db/db mice across all time points was markedly higher than that of wild-type. An age-dependent elevation of MRGlu was observed in db/db mice. Ki and MRGlu of db/db mice showed negative correlation with triglyceride levels. When two groups were pooled together, Ki and MRGlu were significantly proportional to glucose levels. No significant difference in LV structure and function was noted between db/db and control mice. In conclusion, we demonstrated altered myocardial glucose utilization preceding the onset of LV systolic dysfunction in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yin Ko
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Liu
- Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruoh-Fang Yen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics & Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,R & D Branch Office, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Jin CL, Yin MZ, Paeng JC, Ha S, Lee JH, Jin P, Jin CZ, Zhao ZH, Wang Y, Kang KW, Leem CH, Park JW, Kim SJ, Zhang YH. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase modulation of intracellular Ca 2+ handling overrides fatty acid potentiation of cardiac inotropy in hypertensive rats. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1359-1371. [PMID: 28534086 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is an important molecule that regulates intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and contractility of healthy and diseased hearts. Here, we examined the effects of nNOS on fatty acid (FA) regulation of left ventricular (LV) myocyte contraction in sham and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertensive (HTN) rats. Our results showed that palmitic acid (PA, 100 μM) increased the amplitudes of sarcomere shortening and intracellular ATP in sham but not in HTN despite oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was increased by PA in both groups. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 inhibitor, etomoxir (ETO), reduced OCR and ATP with PA in sham and HTN but prevented PA potentiation of sarcomere shortening only in sham. PA increased nNOS-derived NO only in HTN. Inhibition of nNOS with S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline (SMTC) prevented PA-induced OCR and restored PA potentiation of myocyte contraction in HTN. Mechanistically, PA increased intracellular Ca2+ transient ([Ca2+]i) without changing Ca2+ influx via L-type Ca2+ channel (I-LTCC) and reduced myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in sham. nNOS inhibition increased [Ca2+]i, I-LTCC and reduced myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity prior to PA supplementation; as such, normalized PA increment of [Ca2+]i. In HTN, PA reduced I-LTCC without affecting [Ca2+]i or myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. However, PA increased I-LTCC, [Ca2+]i and reduced myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity following nNOS inhibition. Myocardial FA oxidation (18F-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid, 18F-FTHA) was comparable between groups, but nNOS inhibition increased it only in HTN. Collectively, PA increases myocyte contraction through stimulating [Ca2+]i and mitochondrial activity in healthy hearts. PA-dependent cardiac inotropy was limited by nNOS in HTN, predominantly due to its modulatory effect on [Ca2+]i handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li Jin
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Jongno Gu, 103 Dae Hak Ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.,Yan Bian University Hospital, Yanji, Ji Lin, China
| | - Ming Zhe Yin
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Jongno Gu, 103 Dae Hak Ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Jin Chul Paeng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seunggyun Ha
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Pharmacology & Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chun Zi Jin
- Yan Bian University Hospital, Yanji, Ji Lin, China
| | - Zai Hao Zhao
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Jongno Gu, 103 Dae Hak Ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Jongno Gu, 103 Dae Hak Ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae Hun Leem
- Department of Physiology, Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Pharmacology & Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Jongno Gu, 103 Dae Hak Ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Yin Hua Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Jongno Gu, 103 Dae Hak Ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea. .,Yan Bian University Hospital, Yanji, Ji Lin, China. .,Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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22
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Thackeray JT, Pietzsch S, Stapel B, Ricke-Hoch M, Lee CW, Bankstahl JP, Scherr M, Heineke J, Scharf G, Haghikia A, Bengel FM, Hilfiker-Kleiner D. Insulin supplementation attenuates cancer-induced cardiomyopathy and slows tumor disease progression. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93098. [PMID: 28515362 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced cancer induces fundamental changes in metabolism and promotes cardiac atrophy and heart failure. We discovered systemic insulin deficiency in cachectic cancer patients. Similarly, mice with advanced B16F10 melanoma (B16F10-TM) or colon 26 carcinoma (C26-TM) displayed decreased systemic insulin associated with marked cardiac atrophy, metabolic impairment, and function. B16F10 and C26 tumors decrease systemic insulin via high glucose consumption, lowering pancreatic insulin production and producing insulin-degrading enzyme. As tumor cells consume glucose in an insulin-independent manner, they shift glucose away from cardiomyocytes. Since cardiomyocytes in both tumor models remained insulin responsive, low-dose insulin supplementation by subcutaneous implantation of insulin-releasing pellets improved cardiac glucose uptake, atrophy, and function, with no adverse side effects. In addition, by redirecting glucose to the heart in addition to other organs, the systemic insulin treatment lowered glucose usage by the tumor and thereby decreased tumor growth and volume. Insulin corrected the cancer-induced reduction in cardiac Akt activation and the subsequent overactivation of the proteasome and autophagy. Thus, cancer-induced systemic insulin depletion contributes to cardiac wasting and failure and may promote tumor growth. Low-dose insulin supplementation attenuates these processes and may be supportive in cardio-oncologic treatment concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Pietzsch
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, and
| | - Britta Stapel
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, and
| | - Melanie Ricke-Hoch
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, and
| | - Chun-Wei Lee
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Scherr
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Heineke
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, and
| | - Gesine Scharf
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, and
| | - Arash Haghikia
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, and.,Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Campus Benjamin Franklin), Berlin, Germany
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23
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Cicone F, Viertl D, Quintela Pousa AM, Denoël T, Gnesin S, Scopinaro F, Vozenin MC, Prior JO. Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging in Rodents: A Review of Methods, Results, and Factors at Play. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:35. [PMID: 28424774 PMCID: PMC5372793 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest around small-animal cardiac radionuclide imaging is growing as rodent models can be manipulated to allow the simulation of human diseases. In addition to new radiopharmaceuticals testing, often researchers apply well-established probes to animal models, to follow the evolution of the target disease. This reverse translation of standard radiopharmaceuticals to rodent models is complicated by technical shortcomings and by obvious differences between human and rodent cardiac physiology. In addition, radionuclide studies involving small animals are affected by several extrinsic variables, such as the choice of anesthetic. In this paper, we review the major cardiac features that can be studied with classical single-photon and positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals, namely, cardiac function, perfusion and metabolism, as well as the results and pitfalls of small-animal radionuclide imaging techniques. In addition, we provide a concise guide to the understanding of the most frequently used anesthetics such as ketamine/xylazine, isoflurane, and pentobarbital. We address in particular their mechanisms of action and the potential effects on radionuclide imaging. Indeed, cardiac function, perfusion, and metabolism can all be significantly affected by varying anesthetics and animal handling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cicone
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Nuclear Medicine, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Viertl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana Maria Quintela Pousa
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Service of Radiation-Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thibaut Denoël
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvano Gnesin
- Institute of Radiation Physics, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Scopinaro
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Service of Radiation-Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John O Prior
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Tran N, Giannakidis A, Gullberg GT, Seo Y. Quantitative analysis of hypertrophic myocardium using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2016; 3:046001. [PMID: 27872872 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.3.4.046001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic hypertension is a causative factor in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). This study is motivated by the potential to reverse or manage the dysfunction associated with structural remodeling of the myocardium in this pathology. Using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging, we present an analysis of myocardial fiber and laminar sheet orientation in ex vivo hypertrophic (6 SHR) and normal (5 WKY) rat hearts using the covariance of the diffusion tensor. First, an atlas of normal cardiac microstructure was formed using the WKY b0 images. Then, the SHR and WKY b0 hearts were registered to the atlas. The acquired deformation fields were applied to the SHR and WKY heart tensor fields followed by the preservation of principal direction (PPD) reorientation strategy. A mean tensor field was then formed from the registered WKY tensor images. Calculating the covariance of the registered tensor images about this mean for each heart, the hypertrophic myocardium exhibited significantly increased myocardial fiber derangement ([Formula: see text]) with a mean dispersion of 38.7 deg, and an increased dispersion of the laminar sheet normal ([Formula: see text]) of 54.8 deg compared with 34.8 deg and 51.8 deg, respectively, in the normal hearts. Results demonstrate significantly altered myocardial fiber and laminar sheet structure in rats with hypertensive LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tran
- University of California , Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Physics Research Laboratory, 185 Berry Street, Ste 350, San Francisco, United States
| | - Archontis Giannakidis
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Structural Biology and Imaging Department, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Grant T Gullberg
- University of California, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Physics Research Laboratory, 185 Berry Street, Ste 350, San Francisco, United States; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Structural Biology and Imaging Department, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, United States; University of California, Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, United States
| | - Youngho Seo
- University of California, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Physics Research Laboratory, 185 Berry Street, Ste 350, San Francisco, United States; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Structural Biology and Imaging Department, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, United States; University of California, Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, United States; University of California, Department of Radiation Oncology, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, United States
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25
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Giannakidis A, Gullberg GT, Pennell DJ, Firmin DN. Value of Formalin Fixation for the Prolonged Preservation of Rodent Myocardial Microanatomical Organization: Evidence by MR Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:878-87. [PMID: 27111575 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies on formalin-fixed myocardial tissue assumed that, after some initial changes in the first 48 hr since the start of fixation, DTI parameters remain stable over time. Prolonged preservation of cardiac tissue in formalin prior to imaging has been seen many times in the DTI literature as it is considered orderly. Our objective is to define the effects of the prolonged cardiac tissue exposure to formalin on tissue microanatomical organization, as this is assessed by DTI parameters. DTI experiments were conducted on eight excised rodent hearts that were fixed by immersion in formalin. The samples were randomly divided into two equinumerous groups corresponding to shorter (∼2 weeks) and more prolonged (∼6-8 weeks) durations of tissue exposure to formalin prior to imaging. We found that when the duration of cardiac tissue exposure to formalin before imaging increased, water diffusion became less restricted, helix angle (HA) histograms flattened out and exhibited heavier tails (even though the classic HA transmural variation was preserved), and a significant loss of inter-voxel primary diffusion orientation integrity was introduced. The prolonged preservation of cardiac tissue in formalin profoundly affected its microstructural organization, as this was assessed by DTI parameters. The accurate interpretation of diffusivity profiles necessitates awareness of the pitfalls of prolonged cardiac tissue exposure duration to formalin. The acquired knowledge works to the advantage of a proper experimental design of DTI studies of fixed hearts. Anat Rec, 299:878-887, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archontis Giannakidis
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Life Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Grant T Gullberg
- Life Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dudley J Pennell
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David N Firmin
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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26
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27
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Li Y, Huang T, Zhang X, Zhong M, Walker NN, He J, Berr SS, Keller SR, Kundu BK. Determination of Fatty Acid Metabolism with Dynamic [
11
C]Palmitate Positron Emission Tomography of Mouse Heart In Vivo. Mol Imaging 2015. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yinlin Li
- From the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- From the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- From the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- From the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Natalie N. Walker
- From the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang He
- From the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Stuart S. Berr
- From the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Susanna R. Keller
- From the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bijoy K. Kundu
- From the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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28
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Kundu BK, Zhong M, Sen S, Davogustto G, Keller SR, Taegtmeyer H. Remodeling of glucose metabolism precedes pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy: review of a hypothesis. Cardiology 2015; 130:211-20. [PMID: 25791172 DOI: 10.1159/000369782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
When subjected to pressure overload, the ventricular myocardium shifts from fatty acids to glucose as its main source for energy provision and frequently increases its mass. Here, we review the evidence in support of the concept that metabolic remodeling, measured as an increased myocardial glucose uptake using dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG), precedes the onset of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and heart failure. Consistent with this, early intervention with propranolol, which attenuates glucose uptake, prevents the maladaptive metabolic response and preserves cardiac function in vivo. We also review ex vivo studies suggesting a link between dysregulated myocardial glucose metabolism, intracellular accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) and contractile dysfunction of the heart. G6P levels correlate with activation of mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This sequence of events could be prevented by pretreatment with rapamycin (mTOR inhibition) or metformin (enzyme 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase activation). In conclusion, we propose that metabolic imaging with FDG PET may provide a novel approach to guide the treatment of patients with hypertension-induced LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy K Kundu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., USA
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29
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Li Y, Huang T, Zhang X, Zhong M, Walker NN, He J, Berr SS, Keller SR, Kundu BK. Determination of Fatty Acid Metabolism with Dynamic [11C]Palmitate Positron Emission Tomography of Mouse Heart In Vivo. Mol Imaging 2015; 14:516-525. [PMID: 26462138 PMCID: PMC4625801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to establish a quantitative method for measuring fatty acid (FA) metabolism with partial volume (PV) and spill-over (SP) corrections using dynamic [(11)C]palmitate positron emission tomographic (PET) images of mouse heart in vivo. Twenty-minute dynamic [(11)C]palmitate PET scans of four 18- to 20-week-old male C57BL/6 mice under isoflurane anesthesia were performed using a Focus F-120 PET scanner. A model-corrected blood input function, by which the input function with SP and PV corrections and the metabolic rate constants (k1-k5) are simultaneously estimated from the dynamic [(11)C]palmitate PET images of mouse hearts in a four-compartment tracer kinetic model, was used to determine rates of myocardial fatty acid oxidation (MFAO), myocardial FA esterification, myocardial FA use, and myocardial FA uptake. The MFAO thus measured in C57BL/6 mice was 375.03 ± 43.83 nmol/min/g. This compares well to the MFAO measured in perfused working C57BL/6 mouse hearts ex vivo of about 350 nmol/g/min and 400 nmol/min/g. FA metabolism was measured for the first time in mouse heart in vivo using dynamic [(11)C]palmitate PET in a four-compartment tracer kinetic model. MFAO obtained with this model was validated by results previously obtained with mouse hearts ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlin Li
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Natalie N. Walker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, VA, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stuart S. Berr
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Susanna R. Keller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, VA, USA
| | - Bijoy K. Kundu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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30
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Lee TC, Burghardt AJ, Yao W, Lane NE, Majumdar S, Gullberg GT, Seo Y. Improved trabecular bone structure of 20-month-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 95:282-91. [PMID: 25106873 PMCID: PMC4153466 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A few clinical studies have reported that elderly male participants with hypertensive disease frequently have higher bone mineral density (BMD) than the normotensive participants at several skeletal sites. The detailed mechanism is still unknown; therefore, a study of bone structure and density using the hypertensive animal models could be informative. We used micro-computed tomography to quantitatively evaluate the tibial and 3rd lumbar vertebral bones in the 20-month-old male spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR). The BMD, volume fraction, and the microarchitecture changes of the SHR were compared to those of same-age normotensive controls (Wistar-Kyoto rat, WKY). We found that in the very old (20 month) male rats, the trabecular bone fraction and microstructure were higher than those in the same-age normotensive controls. The observation of the association of hypertension with BMD and bone strength in hypertensive rats warrants further investigations of bone mass and strength in elderly males with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Cheng Lee
- Physics Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Burghardt
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Yao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy E. Lane
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Sharmila Majumdar
- Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Grant T. Gullberg
- Department of Radiotracer Development & Imaging Technology, Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Youngho Seo
- Physics Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Corresponding author: Physics Research Laboratory, China Basin Landing, Lobby 6, Suite 350, 185 Berry St, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Phone: +1 415-353-9464,
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31
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Wehrl HF, Wiehr S, Divine MR, Gatidis S, Gullberg GT, Maier FC, Rolle AM, Schwenck J, Thaiss WM, Pichler BJ. Preclinical and Translational PET/MR Imaging. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:11S-18S. [PMID: 24833493 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.129221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined PET and MR imaging (PET/MR imaging) has progressed tremendously in recent years. The focus of current research has shifted from technologic challenges to the application of this new multimodal imaging technology in the areas of oncology, cardiology, neurology, and infectious diseases. This article reviews studies in preclinical and clinical translation. The common theme of these initial results is the complementary nature of combined PET/MR imaging that often provides additional insights into biologic systems that were not clearly feasible with just one modality alone. However, in vivo findings require ex vivo validation. Combined PET/MR imaging also triggers a multitude of new developments in image analysis that are aimed at merging and using multimodal information that ranges from better tumor characterization to analysis of metabolic brain networks. The combination of connectomics information that maps brain networks derived from multiparametric MR data with metabolic information from PET can even lead to the formation of a new research field that we would call cometomics that would map functional and metabolic brain networks. These new methodologic developments also call for more multidisciplinarity in the field of molecular imaging, in which close interaction and training among clinicians and a variety of scientists is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans F Wehrl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wiehr
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mathew R Divine
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sergios Gatidis
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Grant T Gullberg
- Department of Radiotracer Development and Imaging Technology, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Florian C Maier
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Rolle
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schwenck
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany Department of Nuclear Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Thaiss
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department for Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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