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Yuen NKY, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Coyle MP, Henning J. Exposure dynamics of Ross River virus in horses - Horses as potential sentinels (a One Health approach). Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e67. [PMID: 38606586 PMCID: PMC11062785 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV), the most medically and economically important arbovirus in Australia, has been the most prevalent arbovirus infections in humans for many years. Infected humans and horses often suffer similar clinical symptoms. We conducted a prospective longitudinal study over a 3.5-year period to investigate the exposure dynamics of RRV in three foal cohorts (n = 32) born in a subtropical region of South East Queensland, Australia, between 2020 and 2022. RRV-specific seroconversion was detected in 56% (n = 18) of foals with a median time to seroconversion, after waning of maternal antibodies, of 429 days (95% CI: 294-582). The median age at seroconversion was 69 weeks (95% CI: 53-57). Seroconversion events were only detected between December and March (Southern Hemisphere summer) over the entire study period. Cox proportion hazards regression analyses revealed that seroconversions were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with air temperature in the month of seroconversion. Time-lags in meteorological variables were not significantly (p > 0.05) associated with seroconversion, except for relative humidity (p = 0.036 at 2-month time-lag). This is in contrast to research results of RRV infection in humans, which peaked between March and May (Autumn) and with a 0-3 month time-lag for various meteorological risk factors. Therefore, horses may be suitable sentinels for monitoring active arbovirus circulation and could be used for early arbovirus outbreak detection in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K. Y. Yuen
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitchell P. Coyle
- Equine Unit, Office of the Director Gatton Campus, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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Yuen KY, Henning J, Eng MD, Wang ASW, Lenz MF, Caldwell KM, Coyle MP, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Epidemiological Study of Multiple Zoonotic Mosquito-Borne Alphaviruses in Horses in Queensland, Australia (2018-2020). Viruses 2022; 14:v14091846. [PMID: 36146651 PMCID: PMC9504300 DOI: 10.3390/v14091846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased frequency of extreme weather events due to climate change has complicated the epidemiological pattern of mosquito-borne diseases, as the host and vector dynamics shift to adapt. However, little is known about the seroprevalence of common mosquito-borne virus infections in horses in Australia. In this study, serological surveys for multiple alphaviruses were performed on samples taken from 622 horses across two horse populations (racehorses and horses residing on The University of Queensland (UQ) campus) in Queensland using the gold standard virus neutralization test. As is the case in humans across Australia, Ross River virus (RRV) is the most common arbovirus infection in horses, followed by Barmah Forest virus, with an overall apparent seroprevalence of 48.6% (302/622) and 4.3% (26/607), respectively. Horses aged over 6 years old (OR 1.86, p = 0.01) and residing at UQ (OR 5.8, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with seroconversion to RRV. A significant medium correlation (r = 0.626, p < 0.001) between RRV and Getah virus (GETV) neutralizing antibody titers was identified. Collectively, these results advance the current epidemiological knowledge of arbovirus exposure in a susceptible host in Australia. The potential use of horses as sentinels for arbovirus monitoring should be considered. Furthermore, since GETV is currently exotic to Australia, antibodies cross-reactivity between RRV and GETV should be further investigated for cross-protection, which may also help to inform vaccine developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Y. Yuen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Melodie D. Eng
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Althea S. W. Wang
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Martin F. Lenz
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Brisbane, QLD 4010, Australia
| | - Karen M. Caldwell
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Brisbane, QLD 4010, Australia
| | - Mitchell P. Coyle
- Equine Unit, Office of the Director Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Pyke AT, Shivas MA, Darbro JM, Onn MB, Johnson PH, Crunkhorn A, Montgomery I, Burtonclay P, Jansen CC, van den Hurk AF. Uncovering the genetic diversity within the Aedes notoscriptus virome and isolation of new viruses from this highly urbanised and invasive mosquito. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab082. [PMID: 34712491 PMCID: PMC8546932 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Australian backyard mosquito, Aedes notoscriptus, is a highly urbanised pest species that has invaded New Zealand and the USA. Importantly, Ae. notoscriptus has been implicated as a vector of Ross River virus, a common and arthritogenic arbovirus in Australia, and is a laboratory vector of numerous other pathogenic viruses, including West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. To further explore live viruses harboured by field populations of Ae. notoscriptus and, more specifically, assess the genetic diversity of its virome, we processed 495 pools, comprising a total of 6,674 female Ae. notoscriptus collected across fifteen suburbs in Brisbane, Australia, between January 2018 and May 2019. Nine virus isolates were recovered and characterised by metagenomic sequencing and phylogenetics. The principal viral family represented was Flaviviridae. Known viruses belonging to the genera Flavivirus, Orbivirus, Mesonivirus, and Nelorpivirus were identified together with two novel virus species, including a divergent Thogoto-like orthomyxovirus and an insect-specific flavivirus. Among these, we recovered three Stratford virus (STRV) isolates and an isolate of Wongorr virus (WGRV), which for these viral species is unprecedented for the geographical area of Brisbane. Thus, the documented geographical distribution of STRV and WGRV, both known for their respective medical and veterinary importance, has now been expanded to include this major urban centre. Phylogenies of the remaining five viruses, namely, Casuarina, Ngewotan, the novel Thogoto-like virus, and two new flavivirus species, suggested they are insect-specific viruses. None of these viruses have been previously associated with Ae. notoscriptus or been reported in Brisbane. These findings exemplify the rich genetic diversity and viral abundance within the Ae. notoscriptus virome and further highlight this species as a vector of concern with the potential to transmit viruses impacting human or animal health. Considering it is a common pest and vector in residential areas and is expanding its global distribution, ongoing surveillance, and ecological study of Ae. notoscriptus, together with mapping of its virome and phenotypic characterisation of isolated viruses, is clearly warranted. Immanently, these initiatives are essential for future understanding of both the mosquito virome and the evolution of individual viral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa T Pyke
- Department of Health, Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Martin A Shivas
- Brisbane City Council, 20 Tradecoast Drive, Eagle Farm, Brisbane, QLD 4009, Australia
| | | | - Michael B Onn
- Brisbane City Council, 20 Tradecoast Drive, Eagle Farm, Brisbane, QLD 4009, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Crunkhorn
- Metro North Public Health Unit, Queensland Health, Bryden Street, Windsor, QLD 4030, Australia
| | - Ivan Montgomery
- Brisbane City Council, 20 Tradecoast Drive, Eagle Farm, Brisbane, QLD 4009, Australia
| | | | - Cassie C Jansen
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, 15 Butterfield Street, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Department of Health, Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
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Abstract
When a mosquito feeds on a host, it ingests not only its blood meal but also an assortment of microorganisms that are present in the blood, thus acting as an environmental sampler. By using specific tests, it is possible to detect arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) like dengue and West Nile viruses in mosquito excreta. Here, we explored the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for unbiased detection of RNA viruses present in excreta from experimentally infected and field-collected mosquitoes. We have demonstrated that mosquito excreta provide a suitable template for NGS and that it is possible to recover and assemble near-full-length genomes of both arboviruses and insect-borne viruses, including potentially novel ones. These results importantly show the direct practicality of the use of mosquito excreta for NGS, which in the future could be used for virus discovery, environmental virome sampling, and arbovirus surveillance. Traditional screening for arboviruses in mosquitoes requires a priori knowledge and the utilization of appropriate assays for their detection. Mosquitoes can also provide other valuable information, including unexpected or novel arboviruses, nonarboviral pathogens ingested from hosts they feed on, and their own genetic material. Metagenomic analysis using next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a rapidly advancing technology that allows us to potentially obtain all this information from a mosquito sample without any prior knowledge of virus, host, or vector. Moreover, it has been recently demonstrated that pathogens, including arboviruses and parasites, can be detected in mosquito excreta by molecular methods. In this study, we investigated whether RNA viruses could be detected in mosquito excreta by NGS. Excreta samples were collected from Aedes vigilax and Culex annulirostris experimentally exposed to either Ross River or West Nile viruses and from field mosquitoes collected across Queensland, Australia. Total RNA was extracted from the excreta samples, reverse transcribed to cDNA, and sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. Bioinformatic analyses from the generated reads demonstrate that mosquito excreta provide sufficient RNA for NGS, allowing the assembly of near-full-length viral genomes. We detected Australian Anopheles totivirus, Wuhan insect virus 33, and Hubei odonate virus 5 and identified seven potentially novel viruses closely related to members of the order Picornavirales (2/7) and to previously described, but unclassified, RNA viruses (5/7). Our results suggest that metagenomic analysis of mosquito excreta has great potential for virus discovery and for unbiased arbovirus surveillance in the near future. IMPORTANCE When a mosquito feeds on a host, it ingests not only its blood meal but also an assortment of microorganisms that are present in the blood, thus acting as an environmental sampler. By using specific tests, it is possible to detect arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) like dengue and West Nile viruses in mosquito excreta. Here, we explored the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for unbiased detection of RNA viruses present in excreta from experimentally infected and field-collected mosquitoes. We have demonstrated that mosquito excreta provide a suitable template for NGS and that it is possible to recover and assemble near-full-length genomes of both arboviruses and insect-borne viruses, including potentially novel ones. These results importantly show the direct practicality of the use of mosquito excreta for NGS, which in the future could be used for virus discovery, environmental virome sampling, and arbovirus surveillance.
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Larval Indices of Vector Mosquitoes as Predictors of Dengue Epidemics: An Approach to Manage Dengue Outbreaks Based on Entomological Parameters in the Districts of Colombo and Kandy, Sri Lanka. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6386952. [PMID: 32685511 PMCID: PMC7317327 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6386952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Early detection of dengue epidemics is a vital aspect in control programmes. Predictions based on larval indices of disease vectors are widely used in dengue control, with defined threshold values. However, there is no set threshold in Sri Lanka at the national or regional levels for Aedes larval indices. Therefore, the current study aimed at developing threshold values for vector indices in two dengue high-risk districts in Sri Lanka. Methods Monthly vector indices (House Index [HI], Container Index [CI], Breteau Index for Aedes aegypti [BIagp], and Ae. albopictus [BIalb]), of ten selected dengue high-risk Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas located in Colombo and Kandy districts, were collected from January 2010 to June 2019, along with monthly reported dengue cases. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in SPSS (version 23) was used to assess the discriminative power of the larval indices in identifying dengue epidemics and to develop thresholds for the dengue epidemic management. Results Only HI and BIagp denoted significant associations with dengue epidemics at lag periods of one and two months. Based on Ae. aegypti, average threshold values were defined for Colombo as Low Risk (2.4 ≤ BIagp < 3.8), Moderate Risk (3.8 ≤ BIagp < 5), High Risk (BIagp ≥ 5), along with BIagp 2.9 ≤ BIagp < 4.2 (Low Risk), 4.2 ≤ BIagp < 5.3 (Moderate Risk), and BIagp ≥ 5.3 (High Risk) for Kandy. Further, 5.5 ≤ HI < 8.9, 8.9 ≤ HI < 11.9, and HI ≥ 11.9 were defined as Low Risk, Moderate Risk, and High Risk average thresholds for HI in Colombo, while 6.9 ≤ HI < 9.1 (Low Risk), 8.9 ≥ HI < 11.8 (Moderate Risk), and HI ≥ 11.8 (High Risk) were defined for Kandy. Conclusions The defined threshold values for Ae. aegypti and HI could be recommended as indicators for early detection of dengue epidemics and to drive vector management activities, with the objective of managing dengue epidemics with optimal usage of financial, technical, and human resources in Sri Lanka.
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Colmant AMG, O'Brien CA, Newton ND, Watterson D, Hardy J, Coulibaly F, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Warrilow D, Huang B, Paramitha D, Harrison JJ, Hall RA, Hobson-Peters J. Novel monoclonal antibodies against Australian strains of negeviruses and insights into virus structure, replication and host -restriction. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:440-452. [PMID: 32003709 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the isolation of Australian strains of Bustos virus and Ngewotan virus, two insect-specific viruses in the newly identified taxon Negevirus, originally isolated from Southeast Asian mosquitoes. Consistent with the expected insect-specific tropism of negeviruses, these isolates of Ngewotan and Bustos viruses, alongside the Australian negevirus Castlerea virus, replicated exclusively in mosquito cells but not in vertebrate cells, even when their temperature was reduced to 34 °C. Our data confirmed the existence of two structural proteins, putatively one membrane protein forming the majority of the virus particle, and one glycoprotein forming a projection on the apex of the virions. We generated and characterized 71 monoclonal antibodies to both structural proteins of the two viruses, most of which were neutralizing. Overall, these data increase our knowledge of negevirus mechanisms of infection and replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe M G Colmant
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caitlin A O'Brien
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalee D Newton
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua Hardy
- Infection and Immunity, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Fasséli Coulibaly
- Infection and Immunity, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Warrilow
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Bixing Huang
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Devina Paramitha
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica J Harrison
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Sotomayor-Bonilla J, Tolsá-García MJ, García-Peña GE, Santiago-Alarcon D, Mendoza H, Alvarez-Mendizabal P, Rico-Chávez O, Sarmiento-Silva RE, Suzán G. Insights into the Host Specificity of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses Infecting Wild Mammals. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:726-733. [PMID: 31664588 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFVs) are of public and animal health concern because they cause millions of human deaths annually and impact domestic animals and wildlife globally. MBFVs are phylogenetically divided into two clades, one is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes (Ae-MBFVs) associated with mammals and the other by Culex mosquitoes (Cx-MBFVs) associated with birds. However, this assumption has not been evaluated. Here, we synthesized 79 published reports of MBFVs from wild mammals, estimating their host. Then, we tested whether the host specificity was biased to sampling and investigation efforts or to phylogenetic relationships using a viral phylogenetic tree drawn from analyzing whole flavivirus genomes obtained in GenBank. We found in total 18 flaviviruses, nine related to Aedes spp. and nine to Culex spp. infecting 129 mammal species. Thus, this supports that vectors are transmitting MBFV across available host clades and that ornithophilic mosquitoes are readily infecting mammals. Although most of the mosquito species are generalists in their host-feeding preferences, we also found a certain degree of MBFV's specificity, as most of them infect closely related mammal species. The present study integrates knowledge regarding MBFVs, and it may help to understand their transmission dynamics between viruses, vectors, and mammal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Sotomayor-Bonilla
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04520, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Asociación Mexicana de Medicina de la Conservación Kalaan Kab AC, Ciclistas 63 Col. Country Club, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - María José Tolsá-García
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04520, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Asociación Mexicana de Medicina de la Conservación Kalaan Kab AC, Ciclistas 63 Col. Country Club, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Gabriel E García-Peña
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04520, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Asociación Mexicana de Medicina de la Conservación Kalaan Kab AC, Ciclistas 63 Col. Country Club, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Diego Santiago-Alarcon
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Hugo Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04520, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Asociación Mexicana de Medicina de la Conservación Kalaan Kab AC, Ciclistas 63 Col. Country Club, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Paulina Alvarez-Mendizabal
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04520, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Asociación Mexicana de Medicina de la Conservación Kalaan Kab AC, Ciclistas 63 Col. Country Club, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Oscar Rico-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04520, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Asociación Mexicana de Medicina de la Conservación Kalaan Kab AC, Ciclistas 63 Col. Country Club, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rosa Elena Sarmiento-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04520, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Asociación Mexicana de Medicina de la Conservación Kalaan Kab AC, Ciclistas 63 Col. Country Club, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Sadeghi M, Altan E, Deng X, Barker CM, Fang Y, Coffey LL, Delwart E. Virome of > 12 thousand Culex mosquitoes from throughout California. Virology 2018; 523:74-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ramírez AL, Hall-Mendelin S, Doggett SL, Hewitson GR, McMahon JL, Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF. Mosquito excreta: A sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of Ross River virus and West Nile virus ecology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006771. [PMID: 30169512 PMCID: PMC6136815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause human and animal disease globally. Field and laboratory investigation of mosquito-borne arboviruses requires analysis of mosquito samples, either individually, in pools, or a body component, or secretion such as saliva. We assessed the applicability of mosquito excreta as a sample type that could be utilized during studies of Ross River and West Nile viruses, which could be applied to the study of other arboviruses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mosquitoes were fed separate blood meals spiked with Ross River virus and West Nile virus. Excreta was collected daily by swabbing the bottom of containers containing batches and individual mosquitoes at different time points. The samples were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR or cell culture enzyme immunoassay. Viral RNA in excreta from batches of mosquitoes was detected continuously from day 2 to day 15 post feeding. Viral RNA was detected in excreta from at least one individual mosquito at all timepoints, with 64% and 27% of samples positive for RRV and WNV, respectively. Excretion of viral RNA was correlated with viral dissemination in the mosquito. The proportion of positive excreta samples was higher than the proportion of positive saliva samples, suggesting that excreta offers an attractive sample for analysis and could be used as an indicator of potential transmission. Importantly, only low levels of infectious virus were detected by cell culture, suggesting a relatively low risk to personnel handling mosquito excreta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Mosquito excreta is easily collected and provides a simple and efficient method for assessing viral dissemination, with applications ranging from vector competence experiments to complementing sugar-based arbovirus surveillance in the field, or potentially as a sample system for virus discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Ramírez
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glen R. Hewitson
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie L. McMahon
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott A. Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew F. van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland, Australia
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Prow NA, Mah MG, Deerain JM, Warrilow D, Colmant AMG, O'Brien CA, Harrison JJ, McLean BJ, Hewlett EK, Piyasena TBH, Hall-Mendelin S, van den Hurk AF, Watterson D, Huang B, Schulz BL, Webb CE, Johansen CA, Chow WK, Hobson-Peters J, Cazier C, Coffey LL, Faddy HM, Suhrbier A, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Hall RA. New genotypes of Liao ning virus (LNV) in Australia exhibit an insect-specific phenotype. J Gen Virol 2018. [PMID: 29533743 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liao ning virus (LNV) was first isolated in 1996 from mosquitoes in China, and has been shown to replicate in selected mammalian cell lines and to cause lethal haemorrhagic disease in experimentally infected mice. The first detection of LNV in Australia was by deep sequencing of mosquito homogenates. We subsequently isolated LNV from mosquitoes of four genera (Culex, Anopheles, Mansonia and Aedes) in New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia; the earliest of these Australian isolates were obtained from mosquitoes collected in 1988, predating the first Chinese isolates. Genetic analysis revealed that the Australian LNV isolates formed two new genotypes: one including isolates from eastern and northern Australia, and the second comprising isolates from the south-western corner of the continent. In contrast to findings reported for the Chinese LNV isolates, the Australian LNV isolates did not replicate in vertebrate cells in vitro or in vivo, or produce signs of disease in wild-type or immunodeficient mice. A panel of human and animal sera collected from regions where the virus was found in high prevalence also showed no evidence of LNV-specific antibodies. Furthermore, high rates of virus detection in progeny reared from infected adult female mosquitoes, coupled with visualization of the virus within the ovarian follicles by immunohistochemistry, suggest that LNV is transmitted transovarially. Thus, despite relatively minor genomic differences between Chinese and Australian LNV strains, the latter display a characteristic insect-specific phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Prow
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcus G Mah
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Present address: Duke-NUS Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8 College Rd, 169857, Singapore
| | - Joshua M Deerain
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Warrilow
- Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services (QHFSS), Queensland, Australia
| | - Agathe M G Colmant
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caitlin A O'Brien
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica J Harrison
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Breeanna J McLean
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Present address: Monash University, Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, 12 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Elise K Hewlett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thisun B H Piyasena
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services (QHFSS), Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services (QHFSS), Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bixing Huang
- Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services (QHFSS), Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cameron E Webb
- Medical Entomology Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl A Johansen
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Weng K Chow
- Australian Defence Force Malaria Infectious and Disease Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Cazier
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lark L Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Helen M Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Faddy HM, Tran TV, Hoad VC, Seed CR, Viennet E, Chan HT, Harley R, Hewlett E, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Flower RLP, Prow NA. Ross River virus in Australian blood donors: possible implications for blood transfusion safety. Transfusion 2018; 58:485-492. [PMID: 29350414 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging transfusion-transmissible pathogens, including arboviruses such as West Nile, Zika, dengue, and Ross River viruses, are potential threats to transfusion safety. The most prevalent arbovirus in humans in Australia is Ross River virus (RRV); however, prevalence varies substantially around the country. Modeling estimated a yearly risk of 8 to 11 potentially RRV-viremic fresh blood components nationwide. This study aimed to measure the occurrence of RRV viremia among donors who donated at Australian collection centers located in areas with significant RRV transmission during one peak season. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma samples were collected from donors (n = 7500) who donated at the selected collection centers during one peak season. Viral RNA was extracted from individual samples, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed. RESULTS Regions with the highest rates of RRV transmission were not areas where donor centers were located. We did not detect RRV RNA among 7500 donations collected at the selected centers, resulting in a zero risk estimate with a one-sided 95% confidence interval of 0 to 1 in 2019 donations. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the yearly risk of collecting a RRV-infected blood donation in Australia is low and is at the lower range of previous risk modeling. The majority of Australian donor centers were not in areas known to be at the highest risk for RRV transmission, which was not taken into account in previous models based on notification data. Therefore, we believe that the risk of RRV transfusion transmission in Australia is acceptably low and appropriately managed through existing risk management, including donation restrictions and recall policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thu V Tran
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Veronica C Hoad
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clive R Seed
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elvina Viennet
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hiu-Tat Chan
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Harley
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elise Hewlett
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert L P Flower
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Trewin BJ, Darbro JM, Jansen CC, Schellhorn NA, Zalucki MP, Hurst TP, Devine GJ. The elimination of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, from Brisbane, Australia: The role of surveillance, larval habitat removal and policy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005848. [PMID: 28846682 PMCID: PMC5591012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a highly invasive mosquito whose global distribution has fluctuated dramatically over the last 100 years. In Australia the distribution of Ae. aegypti once spanned the eastern seaboard, for 3,000 km north to south. However, during the 1900s this distribution markedly reduced and the mosquito disappeared from its southern range. Numerous hypotheses have been proffered for this retraction, however quantitative evidence of the mechanisms driving the disappearance are lacking. We examine historical records during the period when Ae. aegypti disappeared from Brisbane, the largest population centre in Queensland, Australia. In particular, we focus on the targeted management of Ae. aegypti by government authorities, that led to local elimination, something rarely observed in large cities. Numerous factors are likely to be responsible including the removal of larval habitat, especially domestic rainwater tanks, in combination with increased mosquito surveillance and regulatory enforcement. This account of historical events as they pertain to the elimination of Ae. aegypti from Brisbane, will inform assessments of the risks posed by recent human responses to climate change and the reintroduction of 300,000 rainwater tanks into the State over the past decade. We examined the historical role that water storage practices and the enforcement of anti-mosquito regulations played in the elimination of Aedes aegypti from Brisbane, a major urban centre in Australia. We examined changes in regulations pertaining to mosquitoes, collected government records documenting surveillance, and the response by the community to the actions of local authorities. Our findings indicate that anti-mosquito regulations, underpinned by effective implementation, were successful in gaining community support and removing the risk of mosquito presence at non-compliant properties. In particular, we argue that the removal of rainwater tanks which provided a permanent larval habitat in otherwise suboptimal environments, played a major role in the elimination of the species from Brisbane. Public Health regulations were supported by a large surveillance effort by local government health officers that were empowered to enforce legislation where necessary. Our findings are of importance to health authorities managing the ongoing expansion of Aedes populations, particularly in regions of sub-optimal climate and where water storage has become a major concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J. Trewin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mosquito Control Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane City, Australia
- CSIRO, Agriculture, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Australia
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan M. Darbro
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mosquito Control Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane City, Australia
| | - Cassie C. Jansen
- Queensland Health, Metro North Public Health Unit, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Myron P. Zalucki
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tim P. Hurst
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mosquito Control Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane City, Australia
- Eliminate Dengue, Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregor J. Devine
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mosquito Control Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane City, Australia
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13
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Discovery of new orbiviruses and totivirus from Anopheles mosquitoes in Eastern Australia. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3529-3534. [PMID: 28785815 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three new viruses classifiable within the Totivirus and Orbivirus genera were detected from Anopheles mosquito species collected in Eastern Australia. The viruses could not be isolated in C6/36 mosquito cell cultures but were shown to replicate in their mosquito hosts by small RNA analysis. The viruses grouped phylogenetically with other viruses recently detected in insects. These discoveries contribute to a better understanding of commensal viruses in Australian mosquitoes and the evolution of these viruses.
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14
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A New Clade of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses from Australian Anopheles Mosquitoes Displays Species-Specific Host Restriction. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00262-17. [PMID: 28713857 PMCID: PMC5506557 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00262-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses like dengue, Zika, or West Nile virus infect millions of people each year and are transmitted to humans via infected-mosquito bites. A subset of flaviviruses can only replicate in the mosquito host, and recent studies have shown that some can interfere with pathogenic flaviviruses in mosquitoes and limit the replication and transmission of the latter. The insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) reported here form a new Anopheles mosquito-associated clade separate from the Aedes- and Culex-associated ISF clades. The identification of distinct clades for each mosquito genus provides new insights into the evolution and ecology of flaviviruses. One of these viruses was shown to replicate in the midgut of the mosquito host and exhibit the most specialized host restriction reported to date for ISFs. Understanding this unprecedented host restriction in ISFs could help identify the mechanisms involved in the evolution of flaviviruses and their emergence as mosquito-borne pathogens. Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses found worldwide and are responsible for significant human and veterinary diseases, including dengue, Zika, and West Nile fever. Some flaviviruses are insect specific and replicate only in mosquitoes. We report a genetically divergent group of insect-specific flaviviruses from Anopheles mosquitoes that do not replicate in arthropod cell lines or heterologous Anopheles species, exhibiting unprecedented specialization for their host species. Determination of the complete sequences of the RNA genomes of three of these viruses, Karumba virus (KRBV), Haslams Creek virus, and Mac Peak virus (McPV), that are found in high prevalence in some Anopheles mosquito populations and detection of virus-specific proteins, replicative double-stranded RNA, and small interfering RNA responses in the host mosquito species provided strong evidence of a functional replicating virus in the mosquito midgut. Analysis of nucleotide composition in the KRBV and McPV sequences also revealed a pattern consistent with the virus evolving to replicate only in insects. These findings represent a significant advance in our knowledge of mosquito-borne flavivirus ecology, host restriction, and evolution. IMPORTANCE Flaviviruses like dengue, Zika, or West Nile virus infect millions of people each year and are transmitted to humans via infected-mosquito bites. A subset of flaviviruses can only replicate in the mosquito host, and recent studies have shown that some can interfere with pathogenic flaviviruses in mosquitoes and limit the replication and transmission of the latter. The insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) reported here form a new Anopheles mosquito-associated clade separate from the Aedes- and Culex-associated ISF clades. The identification of distinct clades for each mosquito genus provides new insights into the evolution and ecology of flaviviruses. One of these viruses was shown to replicate in the midgut of the mosquito host and exhibit the most specialized host restriction reported to date for ISFs. Understanding this unprecedented host restriction in ISFs could help identify the mechanisms involved in the evolution of flaviviruses and their emergence as mosquito-borne pathogens.
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15
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Neglected Australian arboviruses: quam gravis? Microbes Infect 2017; 19:388-401. [PMID: 28552411 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
At least 75 arboviruses have been identified from Australia. Most have a zoonotic transmission cycle, maintained in the environment by cycling between arthropod vectors and susceptible mammalian or avian hosts. The primary arboviruses that cause human disease in Australia are Ross River, Barmah Forest, Murray Valley encephalitis, Kunjin and dengue. Several other arboviruses are associated with human disease but little is known about their clinical course and diagnostic testing is not routinely available. Given the significant prevalence of undifferentiated febrile illness in Australia, investigation of the potential threat to public health presented by these viruses is required.
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16
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Toi CS, Webb CE, Haniotis J, Clancy J, Doggett SL. Seasonal activity, vector relationships and genetic analysis of mosquito-borne Stratford virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173105. [PMID: 28253306 PMCID: PMC5333861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many gaps to be filled in our understanding of mosquito-borne viruses, their relationships with vectors and reservoir hosts, and the environmental drivers of seasonal activity. Stratford virus (STRV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus and has been isolated from mosquitoes and infected humans in Australia but little is known of its vector and reservoir host associations. A total of 43 isolates of STRV from mosquitoes collected in New South Wales between 1995 and 2013 was examined to determine the genetic diversity between virus isolates and their relationship with mosquito species. The virus was isolated from six mosquito species; Aedes aculeatus, Aedes alternans, Aedes notoscriptus, Aedes procax, Aedes vigilax, and Anopheles annulipes. While there were distinct differences in temporal and spatial activity of STRV, with peaks of activity in 2006, 2010 and 2013, a sequence homology of 95.9%-98.4% was found between isolates and the 1961 STRV prototype with 96.2%-100% identified among isolates. Temporal differences but no apparent nucleotide divergence by mosquito species or geographic location was evident. The result suggests the virus is geographically widespread in NSW (albeit only from coastal regions) and increased local STRV activity is likely to be driven by reservoir host factors and local environmental conditions influencing vector abundance. While STRV may not currently be associated with major outbreaks of human disease, with the potential for urbanisation and climate change to increase mosquito-borne disease risks, and the possibility of genomic changes which could produce pathogenic strains, understanding the drivers of STRV activity may assist the development of strategic response to public health risks posed by zoonotic flaviviruses in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S. Toi
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cameron E. Webb
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Haniotis
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Clancy
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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O'Brien CA, McLean BJ, Colmant AMG, Harrison JJ, Hall-Mendelin S, van den Hurk AF, Johansen CA, Watterson D, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Newton ND, Schulz BL, Hall RA, Hobson-Peters J. Discovery and Characterisation of Castlerea Virus, a New Species of Negevirus Isolated in Australia. Evol Bioinform Online 2017; 13:1176934317691269. [PMID: 28469377 PMCID: PMC5395271 DOI: 10.1177/1176934317691269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With advances in sequencing technologies, there has been an increase in the discovery of viruses that do not group with any currently described virus families. The newly described taxon Negevirus encompasses a group of viruses displaying an insect-specific phenotype which have been isolated from multiple host species on numerous continents. Using a broad-spectrum virus screening assay based on the detection of double-stranded RNA and next-generation sequencing, we have detected a novel species of negevirus, from Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes mosquitoes collected in 4 geographically separate regions of Australia. Bioinformatic analysis of the virus, tentatively named Castlerea virus, revealed that it is genetically distinct from previously described negeviruses but clusters in the newly proposed Nelorpivirus clade within this taxon. Analysis of virions confirmed the presence of 2 proteins of 24 and 40 kDa which support previous bioinformatic predictions of negevirus structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A O'Brien
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Breeanna J McLean
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Agathe M G Colmant
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica J Harrison
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Cheryl A Johansen
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Health - Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Natalee D Newton
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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18
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Steiger DBM, Ritchie SA, Laurance SGW. Land Use Influences Mosquito Communities and Disease Risk on Remote Tropical Islands: A Case Study Using a Novel Sampling Technique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:314-21. [PMID: 26711512 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Land use changes, such as deforestation and urbanization, can influence interactions between vectors, hosts, and pathogens. The consequences may result in the appearance and rise of mosquito-borne diseases, especially in remote tropical regions. Tropical regions can be the hotspots for the emergence of diseases due to high biological diversity and complex species interactions. Furthermore, frontier areas are often haphazardly surveyed as a result of inadequate or expensive sampling techniques, which limit early detection and medical intervention. We trialed a novel sampling technique of nonpowered traps and a carbon dioxide attractant derived from yeast and sugar to explore how land use influences mosquito communities on four remote, tropical islands in the Australian Torres Strait. Using this technique, we collected > 11,000 mosquitoes from urban and sylvan habitats. We found that human land use significantly affected mosquito communities. Mosquito abundances and diversity were higher in sylvan habitats compared with urban areas, resulting in significantly different community compositions between the two habitats. An important outcome of our study was determining that there were greater numbers of disease-vectoring species associated with human habitations. On the basis of these findings, we believe that our novel sampling technique is a realistic tool for assessing mosquito communities in remote regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar B Meyer Steiger
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Studies, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitative Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott Alex Ritchie
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Studies, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitative Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Studies, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitative Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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19
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McLean BJ, Hobson-Peters J, Webb CE, Watterson D, Prow NA, Nguyen HD, Hall-Mendelin S, Warrilow D, Johansen CA, Jansen CC, van den Hurk AF, Beebe NW, Schnettler E, Barnard RT, Hall RA. A novel insect-specific flavivirus replicates only in Aedes-derived cells and persists at high prevalence in wild Aedes vigilax populations in Sydney, Australia. Virology 2015; 486:272-83. [PMID: 26519596 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To date, insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) have only been isolated from mosquitoes and increasing evidence suggests that ISFs may affect the transmission of pathogenic flaviviruses. To investigate the diversity and prevalence of ISFs in Australian mosquitoes, samples from various regions were screened for flaviviruses by ELISA and RT-PCR. Thirty-eight pools of Aedes vigilax from Sydney in 2007 yielded isolates of a novel flavivirus, named Parramatta River virus (PaRV). Sequencing of the viral RNA genome revealed it was closely related to Hanko virus with 62.3% nucleotide identity over the open reading frame. PaRV failed to grow in vertebrate cells, with only Aedes-derived mosquito cell lines permissive to replication, suggesting a narrow host range. 2014 collections revealed that PaRV had persisted in A. vigilax populations in Sydney, with 88% of pools positive. Further investigations into its mode of transmission and potential to influence vector competence of A. vigilax for pathogenic viruses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breeanna J McLean
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Cameron E Webb
- Medical Entomology, Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Prow
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Hong Duyen Nguyen
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Virology, Public and Environmental Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Queensland, Australia.
| | - David Warrilow
- Virology, Public and Environmental Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Cheryl A Johansen
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Cassie C Jansen
- Virology, Public and Environmental Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Virology, Public and Environmental Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nigel W Beebe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Esther Schnettler
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Ross T Barnard
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
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20
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Faddy H, Dunford M, Seed C, Olds A, Harley D, Dean M, Racloz V, McCarthy S, Smith D, Flower R. Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Ross River and Barmah Forest Viruses: Possible Implications for Blood Transfusion Safety After Extreme Weather Events. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:347-353. [PMID: 25537629 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-1005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the transmission of many vector-borne pathogens, representing an increasing threat to a safe blood supply. In early 2011, Australia experienced catastrophic rainfall and flooding, coupled with increased arbovirus transmission. We used Ross River (RRV) and Barmah Forest (BFV) viruses as test cases to investigate the potential risk posed to Australia's blood supply after this period of increased rainfall . We estimated the risk of collecting an infected donation as one in 2,500-58,000 for RRV and one in 2,000-28,000 for BFV. Climate change may incrementally increase the arbovirus threat to blood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Melanie Dunford
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Clive Seed
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Olds
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | - David Harley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Melinda Dean
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vanessa Racloz
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Suzi McCarthy
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - David Smith
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Robert Flower
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Faddy HM, Prow NA, Fryk JJ, Hall RA, Keil SD, Goodrich RP, Marks DC. The effect of riboflavin and ultraviolet light on the infectivity of arboviruses. Transfusion 2014; 55:824-31. [PMID: 25370822 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arboviruses are an emerging threat to transfusion safety and rates of infection are likely to increase with the increased rainfall associated with climate change. Arboviral infections are common in Australia, where Ross River virus (RRV), Barmah Forest virus (BFV), and Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), among others, have the potential to cause disease in humans. The use of pathogen reduction technology (PRT) may be an alternative approach for blood services to manage the risk of arboviral transfusion transmission. In this study, the effectiveness of the Mirasol PRT (Terumo BCT) system at inactivating RRV, BFV, and MVEV in buffy coat (BC)-derived platelets (PLTs) was investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS BC-derived PLT concentrates in additive solution (SSP+) were spiked with RRV, BFV, or MVEV and then treated with the Mirasol PRT system. The level of infectious virus was determined before and after treatment, and the reduction in viral infectivity was calculated. RESULTS Treatment with PRT (Mirasol) reduced the amount of infectious virus of all three arboviruses. The greatest level of inactivation was observed for RRV (2.33 log; 99.25%), followed by BFV (1.97 log; 98.68%) and then MVEV (1.83 log; 98.42%). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that treatment of PLT concentrates with PRT (Mirasol) reduces the infectious levels of RRV, BFV, and MVEV. The relevance of the level of reduction required to prevent disease transmission by transfusion has not been fully defined and requires further investigation. In the face of a changing climate, with its associated threat to blood safety, PRT represents a proactive approach for maintaining blood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jesse J Fryk
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Denese C Marks
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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First isolation and characterization of a mosquito-borne orbivirus belonging to the species Umatilla virus in East Asia. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2675-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Muzari OM, Adamczyk R, Davis J, Ritchie S, Devine G. Residual effectiveness of lambda-cyhalothrin harbourage sprays against foliage-resting mosquitoes in north Queensland. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:444-449. [PMID: 24724295 DOI: 10.1603/me13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The residual efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin sprayed on foliage was evaluated against various mosquito species in sections of forest in Cairns, Queensland, Australia Weekly sweep-net collections in treated and untreated areas before and after spraying showed 87-100% reductions in mosquito numbers for the first 9 wk postspray. After that period, reductions fluctuated but remained >71% up to 14 wk posttreatment. Mosquito mortality ranged from 96 to 100% in contact bioassays of treated leaves during the 14 wk study. Our results demonstrate that spraying harborage vegetation with lambda-cyhalothrin is an extremely effective strategy for the control of sylvan and peridomestic mosquito species in tropical north Queensland.
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Coffey LL, Page BL, Greninger AL, Herring BL, Russell RC, Doggett SL, Haniotis J, Wang C, Deng X, Delwart EL. Enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: Identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in Australian mosquitoes. Virology 2013; 448:146-58. [PMID: 24314645 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. A metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in Australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. Sequence comparisons revealed strains of Liao Ning virus (Reovirus, Seadornavirus), previously detected only in China, livestock-infecting Stretch Lagoon virus (Reovirus, Orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdoviruses, named Beaumont and North Creek viruses, and two novel orthobunyaviruses, named Murrumbidgee and Salt Ash viruses. The novel virus proteomes diverged by ≥ 50% relative to their closest previously genetically characterized viral relatives. Deep sequencing also generated genomes of Warrego and Wallal viruses, orbiviruses linked to kangaroo blindness, whose genomes had not been fully characterized. This study highlights viral metagenomics in concert with traditional arbovirus surveillance to characterize known and new arboviruses in field-collected mosquitoes. Follow-up epidemiological studies are required to determine whether the novel viruses infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lark L Coffey
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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25
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The role of Australian mosquito species in the transmission of endemic and exotic West Nile virus strains. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:3735-52. [PMID: 23965926 PMCID: PMC3774466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10083735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemic activity and its introduction into the Western Hemisphere have drawn attention to West Nile virus (WNV) as an international public health problem. Of particular concern has been the ability for the virus to cause outbreaks of disease in highly populated urban centers. Incrimination of Australian mosquito species is an essential component in determining the receptivity of Australia to the introduction and/or establishment of an exotic strain of WNV and can guide potential management strategies. Based on vector competence experiments and ecological studies, we suggest candidate Australian mosquito species that would most likely be involved in urban transmission of WNV, along with consideration of the endemic WNV subtype, Kunjin. We then examine the interaction of entomological factors with virological and vertebrate host factors, as well as likely mode of introduction, which may influence the potential for exotic WNV to become established and be maintained in urban transmission cycles in Australia.
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26
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Belaganahalli MN, Maan S, Maan NS, Tesh R, Attoui H, Mertens PPC. Umatilla virus genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis: identification of stretch lagoon orbivirus as a new member of the Umatilla virus species. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23605. [PMID: 21897849 PMCID: PMC3163642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae, includes 22 species of viruses with genomes composed of ten segments of linear dsRNA that are transmitted between their vertebrate hosts by insects or ticks, or with no identified vectors. Full-genome sequence data are available for representative isolates of the insect borne mammalian orbiviruses (including bluetongue virus), as well as a tick borne avian orbivirus (Great Island virus). However, no sequence data are as yet available for the mosquito borne avian orbiviruses.We report full-length, whole-genome sequence data for Umatilla virus (UMAV), a mosquito borne avian orbivirus from the USA, which belongs to the species Umatilla virus. Comparisons of conserved genome segments 1, 2 and 8 (Seg-1, Seg-2 and Seg-8) - encoding the polymerase-VP1, sub-core 'T2' protein and core-surface 'T13' protein, respectively, show that UMAV groups with the mosquito transmitted mammalian orbiviruses. The highest levels of sequence identity were detected between UMAV and Stretch Lagoon orbivirus (SLOV) from Australia, showing that they belong to the same virus species (with nt/aa identity of 76.04%/88.07% and 77.96%/95.36% in the polymerase and T2 genes and protein, respectively). The data presented here has assisted in identifying the SLOV as a member of the Umatilla serogroup. This sequence data reported here will also facilitate identification of new isolates, and epidemiological studies of viruses belonging to the species Umatilla virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushila Maan
- Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Kassim NFA, Webb CE, Russell RC. Culex molestus Forskal (Diptera: Culicidae) in Australia: colonisation, stenogamy, autogeny, oviposition and larval development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.2011.00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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