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Rodríguez-Santiago Y, Terrazas-Valdés LI, Nava-Castro KE, Del Río-Araiza VH, Garay-Canales CA, Morales-Montor J. Sexual dimorphism of colorectal cancer in humans and colorectal tumors in a murine model. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1398175. [PMID: 39165688 PMCID: PMC11333323 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1398175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In colorectal cancer, men exhibit a higher incidence than women, and there is a disturbance in the levels of sex steroids in serum in patients with this disease. Consistently, in animals, males have greater tumor growth than females in diverse models. Nevertheless, the role of sex steroids is not well established. For that, we analyzed the effect of the principal gonadal sex steroids in both sexes. We determined sex as a statistically risk factor for colorectal cancer with data obtained from GLOBOCAN database. Methods To induce colorectal tumors, we used the gold standard chemical method of azoxymethane and dextran sulphate of sodium. To evaluate the role of sex steroids, we gonadectomized independent males and female animals, reconstituting and substituting them with 17β estradiol and dihydrotestosterone. Finally, we determined, in vitro, the proliferation of a human cell line exposed to 17β estradiol, testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone. Sex, as a risk factor for colorectal cancer, showed a statistically significant susceptibility of men over 50 years old. Results In vivo, males develop a greater number of tumors and with a larger size than females. In males, orchiectomy prevents tumor growth, whereas in females, ovariectomy promotes the development of neoplasms. DHT acts as a protumoral agent in both sexes. 17β estradiol reduces tumor growth in females but enhances it in males, showing a dimorphic effect. In vitro studies reveal that estradiol decreases the proliferation of the HCT-116 colon cancer cell line, while testosterone boosts proliferation in these cells. Interestingly, dihydrotestosterone does not influence proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Rodríguez-Santiago
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Ignacio Terrazas-Valdés
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Iztacala, Tlanepantla, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Iztacala, Tlanepantla, Mexico
| | - Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Medicina Ambientales, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Del Río-Araiza
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Endocrinoinmunitarias en Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia Angélica Garay-Canales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Falsetti I, Palmini G, Iantomasi T, Brandi ML, Tonelli F. Mechanisms of Action of Phytoestrogens and Their Role in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:640. [PMID: 38794302 PMCID: PMC11125335 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare disease characterized by the development of adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum already in adolescence. If left untreated, patients develop colorectal cancer (CRC) with a 100% probability. To date, the gold standard of FAP management is surgery, which is associated with morbidity and mortality. A chemopreventive agent capable of delaying, preventing and reversing the development of CRC has been sought. Several classes of drugs have been used but to date no chemopreventive drug has been found for the management of this disease. In recent years, the importance of estrogen receptors in FAP and CRC, particularly the β subtype, has emerged. Indeed, the expression of the latter is strongly reduced in adenomatous polyps and CRC and is inversely correlated with the aggressiveness of the disease. Since phytoestrogens have a high affinity for this receptor, they have been suggested for use as chemopreventive agents in FAP and CRC. A combination of phytoestrogens and insoluble fibres has proved particularly effective. In this review, the various mechanisms of action of phytoestrogens were analyzed and the effectiveness of using phytoestrogens as an effective chemopreventive strategy was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Falsetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (T.I.)
| | - Gaia Palmini
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell’Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy; (G.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Teresa Iantomasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (T.I.)
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell’Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy; (G.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Francesco Tonelli
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell’Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy; (G.P.); (M.L.B.)
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Ditonno I, Novielli D, Celiberto F, Rizzi S, Rendina M, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, Losurdo G. Molecular Pathways of Carcinogenesis in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065687. [PMID: 36982759 PMCID: PMC10056005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a genetic syndrome characterized by the presence of multiple polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and a wide range of systemic extra-intestinal manifestations. Patients affected will inevitably undergo abdominal surgery due to the malignant transformation of one or more adenomas. The pathogenesis of the disease is based on a loss of function mutation in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a tumor-suppressor gene, inherited following a Mendelian pattern. This gene is a key component of multiple cell functions that cooperate for homeostasis; when mutated, it contributes to the progression of colorectal adenoma into cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that several additional mechanisms may influence this process, such as alterations in gut microbiota composition and mucosal barrier immunity, interaction with the immune microenvironment and inflammation, the hormone estrogen, and other signaling pathways. These factors represent promising targets of future therapies and chemoprevention, aiming to alter the progressive nature of the disease and improve the quality of life of families affected. Therefore, we performed a narrative review about the current knowledge of the aforementioned pathways involved in colorectal cancer pathogenesis in FAP, exploring the genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to the development of CRC in FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ditonno
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Novielli
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Celiberto
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Course in Organs and Tissues Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Precision Medicine Jonic Area, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rizzi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rendina
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Enzo Ierardi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Losurdo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Quercetin and Its Fermented Extract as a Potential Inhibitor of Bisphenol A-Exposed HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells’ Viability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065604. [PMID: 36982678 PMCID: PMC10052295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) promotes colon cancer by altering the physiological functions of hormones. Quercetin (Q) can regulate signaling pathways through hormone receptors, inhibiting cancer cells. The antiproliferative effects of Q and its fermented extract (FEQ, obtained by Q gastrointestinal digestion and in vitro colonic fermentation) were analyzed in HT-29 cells exposed to BPA. Polyphenols were quantified in FEQ by HPLC and their antioxidant capacity by DPPH and ORAC. Q and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were quantified in FEQ. Q and FEQ exhibited antioxidant capacity. Cell viability with Q+BPA and FEQ+BPA was 60% and 50%, respectively; less than 20% of dead cells were associated with the necrosis process (LDH). Treatments with Q and Q+BPA induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, and FEQ and FEQ+BPA in the S phase. Compared with other treatments, Q positively modulated ESR2 and GPR30 genes. Using a gene microarray of the p53 pathway, Q, Q+BPA, FEQ and FEQ+BPA positively modulated genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest; bisphenol inhibited the expression of pro-apoptotic and cell cycle repressor genes. In silico analyses demonstrated the binding affinity of Q > BPA > DOPAC molecules for ERα and ERβ. Further studies are needed to understand the role of disruptors in colon cancer.
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Medellín-Garibay SE, Alcántara-Quintana LE, Rodríguez-Báez AS, Sagahón-Azúa J, Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Hernández Cueto MDLA, Muñoz Medina JE, Milán-Segovia RDC, Flores-Ramírez R. Urinary phthalate metabolite and BPA concentrations in women with cervical cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21033-21042. [PMID: 36264455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants are involved in the development and progression of numerous cancers, including cervical cancer (CC). One possible explanation for this is the ability of several pollutants to mimic natural hormones. This study aimed to evaluate the urinary concentrations of monoesters of phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) in women with CC. A total of 45 women were included: 15 in the control group, 12 with CC diagnosis classified in early stages IA-IIB, and 18 in late stages III-IV. Urine samples were analyzed for BPA, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), and mono 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass detector. The detection rate of environmental pollutants was 100%, with a median concentration in the control group and early-, and late-stage groups of 10.4, 9.2, 4.3, 38.4, and 12.9 µg L-1; 3.1, 3.1, 151.1, 54.5, and 30.4 µg L-1 and 1.9, 92.8, 3.6, 31.0, and 9.3 µg L-1 for BPA, MEHP, MBzP, MBP, and MiBP, respectively This study reveals high levels of phthalates, particularly MEHP, in urine samples of women with CC associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible role of phthalates in synergy with HPV in progression to CC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luz Eugenia Alcántara-Quintana
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | | | - Julia Sagahón-Azúa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México
| | | | - José Esteban Muñoz Medina
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
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Polimeno L, Viggiani MT, Giorgio F, Polimeno L, Fratantonio D, Di Domenico M, Boccellino M, Ballini A, Topi S, Di Leo A, Santacroce L, Barone M. Possible role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in the progression of human colon precancerous lesions. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:1716-1720. [PMID: 35210176 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased levels of oxidative stress/cell inflammation contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC) onset. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its controlled growth factor erv1-like (Gfer) gene regulate redox-sensitive and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, respectively, which can contribute to promoting cancer development. AIM We evaluated Nrf2 and Gfer RNA expression and Nrf2 protein expression in colon mucosa in order to establish their possible involvement in the early stage of CRC. METHODS Forty subjects were enrolled after a histological evaluation of their colon biopsies. They included 20 subjects with a sporadic colorectal adenoma (SpCA group) and 20 without precancerous lesions (controls). Biopsy samples were processed for gene expression analysis and protein expression, using Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, respectively. RESULTS Nrf2 and Gfer mRNA expression were significantly reduced (p=0.007 and p<0.003, respectively) in SpCA tissues compared to normal mucosa from controls. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis confirmed a relevant reduction of Nrf2 in SpCA tissue compared to normal tissue from controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm the hypothesis that Nrf2 and Gfer expression may be involved in the initial hits contributing to the multistep process of colon carcinogenesis. Further larger studies are needed to confirm if Nrf2 and Gfer are potential risk/prognostic factors for cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Polimeno
- Polypheno Academic Spin Off, University of Bari "A. Moro", Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viggiani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari "A. Moro", Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Floriana Giorgio
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari "A. Moro", Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Polimeno
- Polypheno Academic Spin Off, University of Bari "A. Moro", Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Deborah Fratantonio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Campus Universitario "G. Quagliarello", University of Bari "A. Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Boccellino
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy; School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Skender Topi
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, School of Technical Medical Sciences, University of Elbasan "A. Xhuvani", Rruga Ismail Zyma, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari "A. Moro", Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Polypheno Academic Spin Off, University of Bari "A. Moro", Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; Department of Clinical Disciplines, School of Technical Medical Sciences, University of Elbasan "A. Xhuvani", Rruga Ismail Zyma, 3001 Elbasan, Albania; Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari "A. Moro", Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Estrogen Receptors in Colorectal Cancer: Facts, Novelties and Perspectives. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4256-4263. [PMID: 34898546 PMCID: PMC8544350 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer-related death in both sexes worldwide. As pre-menopausal women are less likely to develop CRC compared to age-matched men, a protective role for estrogens has been hypothesized. Indeed, two isoforms of nuclear estrogen receptors (ER) have been described: ERα and ERβ. While the binding of 17beta-estradiol to ERα activates anti-apoptotic pathways, the interaction with ERβ activates caspase-3, inducing apoptosis. In this regard, several pieces of evidence show that ERβ tends to be under-regulated in advanced adenomas and CRC, with an opposite trend for ERα. Furthermore, ERβ stimulation slows adenomatous polyp growth and modulates relevant CRC pathways. Based on such considerations, dietary modulation of ER is promising, particularly in subjects with genetic predisposition for CRC. Nevertheless, the main limitation is the lack of clinical trials on a large population scale.
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Minamimoto R, Endo H. Cell Proliferation PET Imaging with 4DST PET/CT in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma and Adenoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091658. [PMID: 34573999 PMCID: PMC8466967 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An age of 70-year-old man was incidentally found two focal high 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) uptake in the descending colon and in the sigmoid colon. We observed the feature of these two areas in the preplanned 4′-[methyl-11C]-thiothymidine (4DST) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed Tomography (CT)providing cell proliferation imaging. A mass forming high 4DST uptake in the descending colon and focal moderate 4DST uptake in the sigmoid colon was confirmed, and that were proven pathologically as adenocarcinoma and moderate to severe type tubular adenoma, respectively. This is the first report to present that colorectal adenoma can be visualized by proliferation PET imaging and the degree of uptake may enable discrimination of colorectal adenoma from adenocarcinoma, based on pathological considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryogo Minamimoto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 1628655, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3202-7181; Fax: +81-3-3207-1038
| | - Hisako Endo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Edogawa Hospital, Tokyo 1330052, Japan;
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Polimeno L, Barone M, Mosca A, Viggiani MT, Joukar F, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mavaddati S, Daniele A, Debellis L, Bilancia M, Santacroce L, Di Leo A. Soy Metabolism by Gut Microbiota from Patients with Precancerous Intestinal Lesions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040469. [PMID: 32218321 PMCID: PMC7232402 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) requires the presence of a variety of factors predisposing a tumorigenic milieu. Excluding familial clustering and hereditary CRC syndromes, the development of sporadic CRC from precancerous lesions is influenced by tissue inflammation, modulation of intestinal immunity, hormones, dietary habits and gut microbiota composition. As concerning the last two aspects, the intestinal presence of equol, the most biologically active metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein and the presence of a genetic determinant of gut microbiota able to metabolize daidzein, seem to lower the CRC risk. It has been hypothesized that the anaerobic microorganisms of the Bacteroides genus play a role in equol production. AIM To evaluate the presence of (i) anaerobic gut microbiota and (ii) the urinary levels of soy isoflavones (daidzein, genistein and equol) in patients with and without precancerous lesions, challenged with a daidzein-rich soy extract. METHODS Consecutive subjects undergoing colonoscopy participated to the study. Feces were collected from all patients one week before colonoscopy for gut microbiota studies. After the endoscopy examination and the histological evaluation, 40 subjects, 20 with sporadic colorectal adenomas (SCA/P group) and 20 without proliferative lesions (control group) were enrolled for the study. Urine levels of soy isoflavones daidzein, genistein and their metabolite equol, were determined by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis and gut microbiota analysis was performed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) procedure. RESULTS Seventeen different bacterial species were identified in the fecal samples of the forty subjects participating to the study. Ten bacterial species resulted anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, all belonging to the Bacteroides genus. A significant difference of bacteria species was evidenced in the fecal samples of the two groups of subjects. Particularly important was the evidence of Parabacteroides distasonis, Clostridium clostridioforme and Pediococcus pentasaceus only in control fecal samples, such as the presence of Bacteroides fragilis and Prevotella melaningenica only in SCA/P fecal samples. Concerning the soy isoflavones levels, no statistically significant differences were revealed in the genistein and daidzein urinary levels between the two groups of subjects. On the contrary, urinary equol levels were undetectable in ten SCA/P subjects and in two controls; moreover, when present, the levels of urinary equol were significantly lower in SCA/P subjects compared to controls (0.24 ± 0.27 mg/24 hrs vs. 21.25 ± 4.3 mg/24 hrs, respectively, p = 1.12 × 10-6). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the presence of anaerobic Bacteroides in the colon, and the production of equol from soy, could determine a milieu able to contrast the development of colonic mucosa proliferative lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Polimeno
- Polypheno Academic Spin Off, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.B.); (M.T.V.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Adriana Mosca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Viggiani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.B.); (M.T.V.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, 41448-95655 Rasht, Iran; (F.J.); (F.M.-G.); (S.M.)
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, 41448-95655 Rasht, Iran; (F.J.); (F.M.-G.); (S.M.)
| | - Sara Mavaddati
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, 41448-95655 Rasht, Iran; (F.J.); (F.M.-G.); (S.M.)
| | - Antonella Daniele
- Experimental Oncology, Scientific Institute for Cancer Care and Research IRCCS “G. Paolo II”, Viale Orazio Flacco, 65, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Lucantonio Debellis
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceuticals, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Massimo Bilancia
- Ionian Department (DJSGEM), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 74123 Taranto, Italy;
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Ionian Department (DJSGEM), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 74123 Taranto, Italy;
- Microbiology and Virology Lab., Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08-0547-8486
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.B.); (M.T.V.); (A.D.L.)
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Supplementation with phytoestrogens and insoluble fibers reduces intestinal carcinogenesis and restores ER-β expression in Apc-driven colorectal carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2019; 29:27-35. [PMID: 31651566 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation with phytoestrogens and insoluble fibers has been reported to reduce duodenal polyps in colectomized familial adenomatous polyposis patients, with a mechanism involving, at least in part, upregulation of estrogen receptor-β subtype, whose expression is lowered during intestinal tumorigenesis. These data suggest a protective effect also in the colon, the main target organ for tumorigenesis in familial adenomatous polyposis and a major cancer type in non-familial (sporadic) cancers. Therefore, we tested whether a similar preparation might reduce tumorigenesis in the colon of Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apc) mutated in the Apc gene and thus, like familial adenomatous polyposis patients, spontaneously developing multiple tumors in the colon. We first demonstrate that estrogen receptor-β expression in Pirc rat colon is significantly down-regulated compared to age-matched wt rats. Then, Pirc rats aged 1 month were treated for 3 months with Adipol (Adi), a patented preparation containing phytoestrogens and insoluble fibers. Colon tumorigenesis was significantly reduced by Adi treatment (colon tumors/rat were 5.3 ± 0.8 and 2.9 ± 0.3, Mucin Depleted Foci/rat 127 ± 6.6 and 97.1 ± 8.6 in Controls and Adi-treated rats, respectively, means ± SE, P < 0.01). The treatment also normalized colon proliferation pattern along the crypt and significantly increased apoptosis in colon tumors. Estrogen receptor-β expression was increased by Adi treatment, especially in the tumors. These positive effects suggest that Adipol may be exploited as a chemopreventive agent to reduce cancer risk in familial adenomatous polyposis patients and to postpone prophylactic colectomy. Moreover, given the similarities between familial adenomatous polyposis and sporadic colorectal cancer, it might also be used as chemopreventive agent in colorectal cancer patients at risk.
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11
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Viggiani MT, Polimeno L, Di Leo A, Barone M. Phytoestrogens: Dietary Intake, Bioavailability, and Protective Mechanisms against Colorectal Neoproliferative Lesions. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081709. [PMID: 31344966 PMCID: PMC6722977 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are natural substances that have been extensively studied for their beneficial effect on human health. Herein, we analyzed the data of the literature on the role of phytoestrogens in the prevention of colorectal neoproliferative lesions (CNL). Both in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on CNL mainly depend on their ability to bind estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in the intestinal mucosa and counter ER-alpha (ERα) activity. Epidemiological data demonstrate a correlation between the low prevalence of CNL in Eastern populations and the consumption of soy products (phytoestrogen-enriched diet). However, both observational and interventional studies have produced inconclusive results. In our opinion, these discrepancies depend on an inadequate evaluation of phytoestrogen intake (dietary questionnaires were not aimed at establishing phytoestrogen intake) and absorption (depending mainly on the intestinal microbiota of the analyzed subjects). For this reason, in the present review, we performed an overview of phytoestrogen dietary intake and metabolism to offer the reader the opportunity for a better interpretation of the literature. Future prospective trials focusing on the protective effect of phytoestrogens against CNL should take into account both their dietary intake and absorption, considering the effective role of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Viggiani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Policlinic University Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Polimeno
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Policlinic University Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Policlinic University Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Policlinic University Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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12
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Girardi B, Principi M, Pricci M, Giorgio F, Iannone A, Losurdo G, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, Barone M. Chemoprevention of inflammation-related colorectal cancer by silymarin-, acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid-, curcumin- and maltodextrin-enriched dietetic formulation in animal model. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:1274-1282. [PMID: 30084990 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of preliminary in vitro experience, we assessed whether an enriched nutritional formulation with estrogen receptor (ER)-beta agonist and anti-inflammatory properties may prevent inflammation-associated colorectal cancer (CRC) in an animal model. Study sample enclosed 110 C57BL/6J male mice. Forty underwent dietary supplement safety assessment (20 standard diet and 20 enriched formulation). Seventy were treated with azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium and divided into two groups: 35 received standard diet and 35 enriched formulation (curcumin, boswellic acids, silymarin and maltodextrins). Miniature colonoscopy demonstrated colitis and solid lesion development in five mice/group 100 days after first AOM injection. Mice were killed after 10 days. In each group, four subgroups received intraperitoneal bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injection at 24th/48th/72nd/96th hour before killing. Anti-inflammatory effect and chemoprevention were evaluated by lesion number/size, histological inflammation/dysplasia/neoplasia assessment, pro-inflammatory cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA), ER-beta/ER-alpha/BrdU immunohistochemistry and TUNEL immunofluorescence. Standard formulation assumption was associated with colon shortening compared with enriched one (P = 0.04), which reduced solid lesion number and size (P < 0.001 for both), histological inflammation score (P = 0.04), pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (P < 0.001), number of low-grade dysplasia (LGD; P = 0.03) and high-grade dysplasia (P < 0.001) areas. CRC was observed in 69.6% in standard and 23.5% in enriched formulation assuming animals (P < 0.001). Enriched formulation induced lower ER-alpha expression in CRC (P < 0.001) and higher ER-beta expression in LGD (P < 0.001) being associated to higher epithelial turnover (BrdU; P<0.001) in normal mucosa and increased apoptosis in LGD and CRC (P < 0.001 for both). Our results are promising for a successful anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effect of enriched formulation in CRC arising from inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariabeatrice Principi
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Iannone
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Losurdo
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Enzo Ierardi
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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13
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Nguyen-Vu T, Wang J, Mesmar F, Mukhopadhyay S, Saxena A, McCollum CW, Gustafsson JÅ, Bondesson M, Williams C. Estrogen receptor beta reduces colon cancer metastasis through a novel miR-205 - PROX1 mechanism. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42159-42171. [PMID: 27283988 PMCID: PMC5173124 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is a common cause of cancer death in the Western world. Accumulating evidence supports a protective role of estrogen via estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) but the mechanism of action is not known. Here, we elucidate a molecular mechanism whereby ERβ represses the oncogenic prospero homebox 1 (PROX1) through the upregulation of miR-205. We show that PROX1 is a potential target of miR-205 and that in clinical specimens from The Cancer Genome Atlas data, ERβ and miR-205 are decreased in colorectal cancer tissue compared to non-tumorous colon, while PROX1 levels are increased. Through mechanistic studies in multiple colorectal cancer cell lines, we show that ERβ upregulates miR-205, and that miR-205 targets and represses PROX1 through direct interaction with its 3′UTR. Through the generation of intestine-specific ERβ knockout mice, we establish that this pathway is correspondingly regulated in normal intestinal epithelial cells in vivo. Functionally, we demonstrate that miR-205 decreases cell proliferation and decreases migratory and invasive potential of colon cancer cells, leading to a reduction of micrometastasis in vivo. In conclusion, ERβ in both normal and cancerous colon epithelial cells upregulates miRNA-205, which subsequently reduces PROX1 through direct interaction with its 3′UTR. This results in reduced proliferative and metastatic potential of the cells. Our study proposes a novel pathway that may be exploited using ERβ-selective agonists and/or miR-205-replacement therapy in order to improve preventive and therapeutic approaches against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Nguyen-Vu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fahmi Mesmar
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Srijita Mukhopadhyay
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashish Saxena
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine W McCollum
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cecilia Williams
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH The Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
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14
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Botteri E, Støer NC, Sakshaug S, Graff-Iversen S, Vangen S, Hofvind S, de Lange T, Bagnardi V, Ursin G, Weiderpass E. Menopausal hormone therapy and colorectal cancer: a linkage between nationwide registries in Norway. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017639. [PMID: 29146641 PMCID: PMC5695317 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between menopausal hormone therapy (HT) and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). SETTING Cohort study based on the linkage of Norwegian population-based registries. PARTICIPANTS We selected 466822 Norwegian women, aged 55-79, alive and residing in Norway as of 1 January 2004, and we followed them from 2004 to 2008. Each woman contributed person-years at risk as non-user, current user and/or past HT user. OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome of interest was adenocarcinoma of the colorectal tract, overall, by anatomic site and stage at diagnosis. Incidence rate ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were estimated by Poisson regression and were used to evaluate the association between HT and CRC incidence. RESULTS During the median follow-up of 4.8 years, 138 655 (30%) women received HT and 3799 (0.8%) incident CRCs occurred. Current, but not past, use of HT was associated with a lower risk of CRC (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.98). RRs for localised, regionally advanced and metastatic CRC were 1.13 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.41), 0.81 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.94) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.62 to 1.00), respectively. RRs for current use of oestrogen therapy (ET) were 0.91 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.04) while RR for current use of combined oestrogen-progestin therapy (EPT) was 0.85 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.03), as compared with no use of HT. The same figures for ET and EPT in oral formulations were 0.83 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.03) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In our nationwide cohort study, HT use lowered the risk of CRC, specifically the most advanced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Botteri
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit for Women’s Health, Women’s Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Bowel Cancer Screening, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathalie C Støer
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit for Women’s Health, Women’s Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Sakshaug
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sidsel Graff-Iversen
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Vangen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit for Women’s Health, Women’s Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Hofvind
- Faculty of Health Science, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mammography Screening, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas de Lange
- Department of Bowel Cancer Screening, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincenzo Bagnardi
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giske Ursin
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Jin P, Wang DZ, Lyu CX, Wang YT, He YQ, Sheng JQ, Li X. Mismatch Repair Protein hMLH1, but not hMSH2, Enhances Estrogen-Induced Apoptosis of Colon Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2017; 8:3232-3241. [PMID: 29158795 PMCID: PMC5665039 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest a protective role of estrogen against colon carcinogenesis; this effect appears to be dependent on mismatch repair (MMR) status. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the role of MMR proteins in apoptosis of colon cancer cells in the presence or absence of estrogen. METHODS Two major MMR proteins, human mutL homolog 1 (hMLH1) and mutS homolog 2 (hMSH2), as well as estrogen receptor-β (ERβ), were transiently expressed in either hMLH1-deficient HCT116 cells or hMSH2-deficient LoVo cells. Effects of estradiol on cell viability and apoptosis were assessed. Furthermore, we examined the apoptotic status of epithelial cells in colonic mucosa taken from previous healthy female subjects with menopausal syndrome before and after 6-month hormone replacement therapy (HRT). RESULTS In hMLH1-deficient HCT116 cells, re-expression of hMLH1 led to a significantly decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis, which were further enhanced by estradiol, including marked increase of activated caspase-3 and caspase-9, as well as Bax and P53. The effect of hMLH1 overexpression in LoVo cells resulted in a similar increase in apoptosis that was greatly stimulated by estradiol. The enhanced apoptosis by hMLH1 and estradiol was further validated by FACS analyses of Annexin V expression. Re-expression of hMSH2 or overexpression of ERβ in HCT116 cells also enhanced apoptosis; however, the effects were independent of estradiol. Furthermore, studies on healthy menopausal women before and after 6-month HRT demonstrated a significant HRT-mediated upregulation of the hMLH1 expression, with concomitant elevation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation in the colonic mucosa. CONCLUSION We present the first evidence that hMLH1 and hMSH2 have similar but distinct roles in the apoptosis of colon cancer cells: an increased expression of either one can promote apoptosis, while only the effect of hMLH1 but not hMSH2 is estradiol-dependent. Our data suggest that MMR status should be assessed before hormone replacement therapy or future application of estrogen-based chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - De-Zhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine/GI Division, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Chen-Xi Lyu
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu-Qi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xuhang Li
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine/GI Division, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
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16
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Ichimasa K, Kudo SE, Miyachi H, Kouyama Y, Ishida F, Baba T, Katagiri A, Wakamura K, Hayashi T, Hisayuki T, Kudo T, Misawa M, Mori Y, Matsudaira S, Kimura Y, Kataoka Y. Patient gender as a factor associated with lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 6:517-524. [PMID: 28413659 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of patients with T1 colorectal cancer have lymph node metastases (LNM), requiring node dissection along with surgical resection. Patient gender was recently reported to affect the occurrence of LNM. The aim of the present study was to assess whether patient gender was predictive of LNM in T1 colorectal cancer. Public databases, including PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched, using key terms related to 'T1 colorectal cancer' and 'lymph node'. All relevant studies reporting the adjusted odds ratio or risk ratio of LNM in relation to patient gender were included. The quality of the studies was classified according to the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. A random-effects model was used and the quality of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. The initial database search identified 2,492 publications; of those, 36 studies reported unadjusted results. Of the 36 studies, 4 reported adjusted results and fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis: 3 studies were graded as having a moderate risk of bias, and 1 had a low risk of bias. The present meta-analysis demonstrated that female gender was associated with increased risk of LNM (risk ratio=2.45, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-3.88). The I2 statistic was 0.901, classified as very low (+OOO) and was downgraded by the risk of bias, inconsistency and publication bias. In conclusion, female gender was found to be correlated with LNM in patients with T1 colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuro Ichimasa
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Shin-Ei Kudo
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Miyachi
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Yuta Kouyama
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Fumio Ishida
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Baba
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Atsushi Katagiri
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Wakamura
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Takemasa Hayashi
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Hisayuki
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Toyoki Kudo
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Masashi Misawa
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Yuichi Mori
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsudaira
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Yui Kimura
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Kataoka
- Hospital Care Research Unit, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-8550, Japan
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17
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Notarnicola M, Barone M, Francavilla A, Tutino V, Bianco G, Tafaro A, Minoia M, Polimeno L, Napoli A, Scavo MP, Caruso MG. Lovastatin, but not orlistat, reduces intestinal polyp volume in an ApcMin/+ mouse model. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:893-9. [PMID: 27277576 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoAR) and orlistat, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS), inhibit tumor cell growth by restricting cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, respectively. We previously demonstrated that an omega (ω)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)- or olive oil-enriched diet reduced the polyp number and volume in ApcMin/+ mice. This phenomenon was associated with a significant inhibition of FAS and HMGCoAR, as well as an increase in the estrogen receptor (ER)β/α ratio. Herein, we evaluated the effect of lovastatin and orlistat on polyp development and ER expression in ApcMin/+ mice, in order to confirm previous data obtained with ω‑3-PUFAs and olive oil. As expected, the use of lovastatin and orlistat significantly reduced HMGCoAR and FAS enzymatic activities and gene expression in colonic tissues, but did not affect the number of intestinal polyps, while there was a statistically significant reduction in polyp volume only in the mouse group treated with lovastatin. In the mice receiving orlistat, we observed a significant increase in cell proliferation in the polyp tissue, as well as enhanced expression of ERα. Moreover, the overexpression of ERα was associated with a statistically significant increase in PES1, Shh and Gli1 protein levels, considered ERα-related molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Francavilla
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Tutino
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Giusy Bianco
- Animal Facility, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Tafaro
- Animal Facility, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Minoia
- Animal Facility, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Polimeno
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Napoli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Principia Scavo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Caruso
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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18
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Liu D. Gene signatures of estrogen and progesterone receptor pathways predict the prognosis of colorectal cancer. FEBS J 2016; 283:3115-33. [PMID: 27376509 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The associations of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) pathways with the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) are still controversial. The aim of this study was to readdress these issues by introducing a gene signature-based approach to semiquantitate pathway activity. In this approach, the ER and PR pathway activities in CRC were computed based on the expression profiles of the signature genes of ER and PR pathways, respectively. The results showed that the ER pathway activity was progressively significantly decreased from normal colorectal mucosa, colorectal adenoma to CRC. ER pathway signaling was a favorable factor for the presence of microsatellite stability (MSS) in CRC in seven cohorts tested, while was an unfavorable factor for cancer recurrence in all four CRC cohorts tested (n = 1122; overall HR: 0.311, 95% CI: 0.199-0.488, P < 0.001). Subset stratification in stage II patients showed that ER pathway remained significantly inversely associated with recurrence. PR pathway was also suppressed in colorectal tumors and inversely associated with recurrence of CRC, but to a much lesser extent than ER pathway. Moreover, the inverse association of PR pathway with cancer recurrence was more likely observed in CRC with high ER pathway activity, suggesting the interactions between the two pathways. PR pathway was not associated with MSS in CRC, but it was more significant than ER pathway associated with advance cancer stages and cancer response to adjuvant chemotherapy. These results suggested the potential application of the gene signatures of ER and PR pathways, especially the former, as novel markers for prognosis and management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxie Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Bluewater Biotech LLC, Berkeley Heights, NJ, USA
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19
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Calabrese C, Rizzello F, Gionchetti P, Calafiore A, Pagano N, De Fazio L, Valerii MC, Cavazza E, Strillacci A, Comelli MC, Poggioli G, Campieri M, Spisni E. Can supplementation of phytoestrogens/insoluble fibers help the management of duodenal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis? Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:600-6. [PMID: 27207660 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder, and prophylactic colectomy has been shown to decrease the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). Duodenal cancer and desmoids are now the leading causes of death in FAP. We evaluate whether 3 months of oral supplementation with a patented blend of phytoestrogens and indigestible insoluble fibers (ADI) help the management of FAP patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). In a prospective open label study, we enrolled 15 FAP patients with IPAA and duodenal polyps who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. The primary endpoint was the change in gene expression in polyp mucosa, whereas the secondary endpoint was the reduction in polyp number and size. After 3 months of ADI treatment, all patients showed a reduction in the number and size of duodenal polyps (P = 0.021). Analysis of the expression of CRC promoting/inhibiting genes in duodenal polyps biopsies demonstrated that different CRC-promoting genes (PCNA, MUC1 and COX-2) were significantly downregulated, whereas CRC-inhibiting genes (ER-β and MUC2) were significantly upregulated after ADI treatment. In conclusion, ADI proved to be safe and effective, and its long-term effects on FAP patients need further investigation. Judging from the results we observed on COX-2 and miR-101 expression, the short-term effects of ADI treatment could be comparable with those obtained using COX-2 inhibitors, with the advantage of being much more tolerable in chronic therapies and void of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luigia De Fazio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy and
| | - Maria Chiara Valerii
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy and
| | - Elena Cavazza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy and
| | - Antonio Strillacci
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy and
| | | | | | | | - Enzo Spisni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy and
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20
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Di Leo A, Nesi G, Principi M, Piscitelli D, Girardi B, Pricci M, Losurdo G, Iannone A, Ierardi E, Tonelli F. Epithelial turnover in duodenal familial adenomatous polyposis: A possible role for estrogen receptors? World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:3202-3211. [PMID: 27003997 PMCID: PMC4789995 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i11.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate estrogen receptors expression in duodenal familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and any relationship with epithelial proliferation/apoptosis markers.
METHODS: Twenty-two patients affected by FAP undergoing duodenal resection for malignancies were recruited. Controls were 15 healthy subjects undergoing endoscopy for dyspeptic symptoms. ER-α, ER-α, Ki-67, TUNEL and caspase 3 expression (labeling index: percentage of positive cells) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence and examined by light or confocal microscopy. Samples were assigned to four groups: normal tissue, low (LGD) and high-grade dysplasia (HGD), adenocarcinoma (AC). One-way analysis of variance, corrected by Bonferroni’s test, and Pearson’s correlation test were applied for statistical analysis.
RESULTS: ER-beta showed a progressive decline: normal tissue (23.5 ± 4.9), LGD (21.1 ± 4.8), HGD (9.3 ± 3.5), AC (7.1 ± 3.1). The normal tissue of FAP subjects expressed ER-beta like the controls (23.9 ± 6.2). Conversely, ER-α showed a progressive increase from normal tissue (24.8 ± 5.6) to AC (52.0 ± 8.2); the expression in normal tissue was similar to controls (22.5 ± 5.3). Ki67 demonstrated a statistically significant progressive increase at each disease stage up to AC. TUNEL did not reveal differences between controls and normal tissue of FAP subjects, but progressive decreases were observed in LGD, through HGD to AC. Pearson’s correlation test showed a direct relationship between ER-β and TUNEL LI (r = 0.8088, P < 0.0001). Conversely, ER-α was inversely correlated with TUNEL LI (r = - 0.7257, P < 0.0001). The co-expression of ER-β and caspase 3 declined progressively from normal to neoplastic tissue.
CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that ER-β is strongly decreased in duodenal FAP carcinomas, declining in a multiple step fashion, thereby suggesting a putative anti-carcinogenic effect. ER-α showed the opposite trend. ER-β/caspase 3 co-expression suggests this hormone’s possible involvement in apoptosis. Hormonal influences in FAP duodenal tumorigenesis, and modulation of these as a possible chemoprevention strategy, may be a promising approach.
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Insight On Colorectal Carcinoma Infiltration by Studying Perilesional Extracellular Matrix. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22522. [PMID: 26940881 PMCID: PMC4778019 DOI: 10.1038/srep22522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) from perilesional and colorectal carcinoma (CRC), but not healthy colon, sustains proliferation and invasion of tumor cells. We investigated the biochemical and physical diversity of ECM in pair-wised comparisons of healthy, perilesional and CRC specimens. Progressive linearization and degree of organization of fibrils was observed from healthy to perilesional and CRC ECM, and was associated with a steady increase of stiffness and collagen crosslinking. In the perilesional ECM these modifications coincided with increased vascularization, whereas in the neoplastic ECM they were associated with altered modulation of matrisome proteins, increased content of hydroxylated lysine and lysyl oxidase. This study identifies the increased stiffness and crosslinking of the perilesional ECM predisposing an environment suitable for CRC invasion as a phenomenon associated with vascularization. The increased stiffness of colon areas may represent a new predictive marker of desmoplastic region predisposing to invasion, thus offering new potential application for monitoring adenoma with invasive potential.
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22
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Williams C, DiLeo A, Niv Y, Gustafsson JÅ. Estrogen receptor beta as target for colorectal cancer prevention. Cancer Lett 2016; 372:48-56. [PMID: 26708506 PMCID: PMC4744541 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death in the United States. Despite its slow development and the capacity for early diagnosis, current preventive approaches are not sufficient. However, a role for estrogen has been demonstrated in multiple epidemiologic studies, which may benefit CRC prevention. A large body of evidence from preclinical studies indicates that expression of the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ/ESR2) demonstrates an inverse relationship with the presence of colorectal polyps and stage of tumors, and can mediate a protective response. Natural compounds, including phytoestrogens, or synthetic ERβ selective agonists, can activate or upregulate ERβ in the colon and promote apoptosis in preclinical models and in clinical experience. Importantly, this activity has been associated with a reduction in polyp formation and, in rodent models of CRC, has been shown to lower incidence of colon adenocarcinoma. Collectively, these findings indicate that targeted activation of ERβ may represent a novel clinical approach for management of colorectal adenomatous polyps and prevention of colorectal carcinoma in patients at risk for this condition. In this review, we discuss the potential of new chemopreventive or dietary approaches based on estrogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Williams
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA; SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21 Solna, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alfredo DiLeo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Yaron Niv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Scavo MP, Gentile E, Wolfram J, Gu J, Barone M, Evangelopoulos M, Martinez JO, Liu X, Celia C, Tasciotti E, Vilar E, Shen H. Multistage vector delivery of sulindac and silymarin for prevention of colon cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:694-703. [PMID: 26513752 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited condition secondary to germline mutations in the APC gene, thus resulting in the formation of hundreds of colonic adenomas that eventually progress into colon cancer. Surgical removal of the colon remains the only treatment option to avoid malignancy, as long-term exposure to chemopreventive agents such as sulindac (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and silymarin (phytoestrogen) is not feasible. Here, we have developed a multistage silicon-based drug delivery platform for sulindac and silymarin that preferentially interacts with colon cancer cells as opposed to normal intestinal mucosa. Preferential binding and internalization of these drugs into colon cancer cells was obtained using a targeting strategy against the protein meprin A, which we demonstrate is overexpressed in human colon cancer cells and in the small intestine of Apc(Min/+) mice. We propose that this delivery system could potentially be used to reduce drug-induced side effects in FAP patients, thus enabling long-term prevention of adenoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Principia Scavo
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Emanuela Gentile
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianhua Gu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroentrology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70121, Italy
| | - Michael Evangelopoulos
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan O Martinez
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Pescara 66013, Italy
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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24
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Feitelson MA, Arzumanyan A, Kulathinal RJ, Blain SW, Holcombe RF, Mahajna J, Marino M, Martinez-Chantar ML, Nawroth R, Sanchez-Garcia I, Sharma D, Saxena NK, Singh N, Vlachostergios PJ, Guo S, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Bilsland A, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Boosani CS, Guha G, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bhakta D, Halicka D, Keith WN, Nowsheen S. Sustained proliferation in cancer: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S25-S54. [PMID: 25892662 PMCID: PMC4898971 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation is an important part of cancer development and progression. This is manifest by altered expression and/or activity of cell cycle related proteins. Constitutive activation of many signal transduction pathways also stimulates cell growth. Early steps in tumor development are associated with a fibrogenic response and the development of a hypoxic environment which favors the survival and proliferation of cancer stem cells. Part of the survival strategy of cancer stem cells may manifested by alterations in cell metabolism. Once tumors appear, growth and metastasis may be supported by overproduction of appropriate hormones (in hormonally dependent cancers), by promoting angiogenesis, by undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, by triggering autophagy, and by taking cues from surrounding stromal cells. A number of natural compounds (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, indole-3-carbinol, brassinin, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, genistein, ellagitannins, lycopene and quercetin) have been found to inhibit one or more pathways that contribute to proliferation (e.g., hypoxia inducible factor 1, nuclear factor kappa B, phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, Wnt, cell cycle associated proteins, as well as androgen and estrogen receptor signaling). These data, in combination with bioinformatics analyses, will be very important for identifying signaling pathways and molecular targets that may provide early diagnostic markers and/or critical targets for the development of new drugs or drug combinations that block tumor formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Feitelson
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rob J Kulathinal
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stacy W Blain
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Randall F Holcombe
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- MIGAL-Galilee Technology Center, Cancer Drug Discovery Program, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, V.le G. Marconi, 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria L Martinez-Chantar
- Metabolomic Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Isidro Sanchez-Garcia
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Neeraj K Saxena
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Neetu Singh
- Tissue and Cell Culture Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Shanchun Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7YG, United Kingdom
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmonas Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dorota Halicka
- Brander Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Rochester, MN, United States
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25
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Notarnicola M, Tutino V, Caruso MG, Francavilla A. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reverse the development of polyps in Apc(Min/+) transgenic mice. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:504-10. [PMID: 26531319 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been demonstrated to reduce tumor load in Apc(Min/+) mice, supporting a role for n-3 PUFAs in the inhibition of colon carcinogenesis and progression. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a diet enriched with n-3 PUFAs, known already to have anti-neoplastic efficacy in Apc(Min/+) mice, would reverse the development of intestinal polyps. For this purpose, Apc(Min/+) mice were randomly divided into 3 groups of 5 animal each and fed as follows: control ST1 and ST2 groups, received a purified AIN-93M standard diet for 5 and 10 weeks, respectively; the OM-3R group received a purified AIN-93M standard diet for 5 weeks and a diet supplemented with salmon oil, rich in n-3 PUFAs, for another 5 weeks. After dietary treatment, in intestinal tissue, we evaluated the polyp number and volume, expression levels of cell proliferation- and apoptosis-related proteins, as well as the protein expression of LDL receptor and the levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity. The results showed the ability of a diet enriched with n-3 PUFAs to suppress intestinal polyps in Apc(Min/+) mice, and to significantly reverse polyp development associated with the downregulation of cell proliferation markers and with the induction of estrogen receptor β and LDL receptor, which are negative modulators of cellular proliferation. This noteworthy finding is important for a translational study evaluating the therapeutic role of n-3 PUFAs in the prevention and treatment of subjects with gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte, I-70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Tutino
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte, I-70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Caruso
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte, I-70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Francavilla
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte, I-70013 Bari, Italy
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Pterostilbine, an active component of blueberries, sensitizes colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15239. [PMID: 26472352 PMCID: PMC4608003 DOI: 10.1038/srep15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first line of therapy for this debilitating disease, treatment effectiveness is often hampered by the development of drug resistance and toxicity at high doses. ER-β can play an important role in CRC development and possibly in its response to therapy. Pterostilbene (PT) possesses antioxidant and anticancer effects that are mediated by ER-β. In the current study, we test the hypothesis that PT sensitizes colon cancer cells to 5-FU and we examine the underlying mechanism(s) by which PT exerts its cytotoxic effects in CRC cells. Our data indicate that PT exhibited a more potent cytotoxic effect in Caco-2 compared to HCT-116 cells. PT/5-FU co-treatment was more effective in Caco-2 cells. Our data indicate that ER-β is expressed at higher levels in Caco-2 cells and its levels are further boosted with PT treatment. PT significantly suppressed Akt and ERK phosphorylations, and enhanced FOXO-1 and p27kip1 levels in Caco-2 cells. PT also induced a significant increase in Caco-2 cells at pre-G phase coupled with increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and PARP cleavage. These results provide a rationale for novel combination treatment strategies, especially for patients with 5-FU-resistant tumors expressing ER-β protein.
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27
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Principi M, Scavo MP, Piscitelli D, Villanacci V, Lovero R, Losurdo G, Girardi B, Ierardi E, Di Leo A. The sharp decline of beta estrogen receptors expression in long-lasting ulcerative-associated carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:1002-10. [PMID: 25862314 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.978817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal carcinoma is an important cause of death in inflammatory bowel diseases, thus requiring surveillance for dysplasia in long-standing ulcerative colitis (UC). Females show a lower incidence probably related to hormonal factors; therefore, a role of estrogen receptors (ERs) has been supposed in carcinoma-associated colitis (CAC) development. Our aim was to identify ER beta/alpha expression in long-lasting pancolitis through each grade of dysplasia to carcinoma and, furthermore, to investigate the simultaneous epithelial apoptosis/proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight patients affected by long-lasting pancolitis were retrospectively investigated. Samples were divided into four groups: UC, low-grade dysplasia/high-grade dysplasia (UC-HGD), and CAC. Normal colon samples were used as controls. ER-beta, ER-alpha, Ki-67, and TUNEL expression (labeling/H index) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ER-beta expression revealed an impressive reduction in CAC (10.4 ± 5.1; p < 0.001) compared to controls and UC (34.3 ± 3.1 and 26.8 ± 7.8, respectively), meanwhile ER-beta level in LGD (29.4 ± 3.7) was comparable to UC. As far ER-beta/ER-alpha mean value ratio revealed a progressive reduction. Ki67 demonstrated a progressive significant increase from UC until CAC (37.9 ± 6.4 < 45.7 ± 6.2 < 60.6 ± 5.2 < 71.1 ± 5.1; p < 0.001). Apoptotic index (TUNEL) revealed a strong fall in UC-HGD and CAC. CONCLUSIONS ER-beta fall could be considered as a biomarker of UC-dysplasia progression. It occurs in HGD and overt neoplasia, while in LGD shows a normal expression. At the moment, we are unable to use this tool in the clinical practice to predict tumor progression, but it would be appropriate to encourage ER expression investigations in large samples for the interesting perspectives of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariabeatrice Principi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Gastroenterology Section, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- M Principi
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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29
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Principi M, Barone M, Pricci M, De Tullio N, Losurdo G, Ierardi E, Di Leo A. Ulcerative colitis: From inflammation to cancer. Do estrogen receptors have a role? World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11496-11504. [PMID: 25206257 PMCID: PMC4155343 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a condition at increased risk for colorectal carcinoma (CRC) development. Nowadays, screening and follow-up programs are routinely performed worldwide to promote the early detection of CRCs in subjects with well known risk factors (extent, duration and severity of the disorder). The diffusion of these procedures is presumably the main reason for the marked reduction of cancer incidence and mortality in the course of UC. In addition, chemoprevention has been widely investigated and developed in many medical fields, and aspirin has shown a preventive effect against CRC, while mesalazine has been strongly invoked as a potential chemopreventive agent in UC. However, available studies show some limitations due to the obvious ethical implications of drug withdrawal in UC in order to design a control group. The estrogen receptors (ER) alpha/beta balance seems to have a relevant influence on colorectal carcinogenesis and ER beta appears to parallel apoptosis, and hence an anti-carcinogenic effect. Phytoestrogens are compounds acting as ER beta agonists and have shown a promising chemopreventive effect on sporadic as well as genetically inherited CRC. There is evidence suggesting a role for ERs in UC-related carcinogenesis. In this perspective, since these substances can be considered as dietary supplements and are completely free from side effects, phytoestrogens could be an interesting option for CRC prevention, even when the disease is a consequence of long-term chronic inflammation, as in the course of UC. Further studies of their effects are warranted in both the basic research and clinical fields.
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30
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Barone M, Notarnicola M, Caruso MG, Scavo MP, Viggiani MT, Tutino V, Polimeno L, Pesetti B, Di Leo A, Francavilla A. Olive oil and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress intestinal polyp growth by modulating the apoptotic process in ApcMin/+ mice. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1613-9. [PMID: 24632492 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The promotion and progression of carcinogenesis are susceptible to nutritional interventions aimed at counteracting cancer development. Lipid metabolism is essential in the onset and progression of tumors and for cancer cell survival. In this study, we tested the effects of diets enriched with natural compounds, such as olive oil and salmon oil, in mice that spontaneously develop intestinal polyps (Apc(Min/+) mice). For this purpose, we evaluated polyp number and volume, intestinal mucosa proliferation/apoptosis, estrogen receptors (ERs) expression, fatty acid synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase gene expression and enzymatic activity. Compared with the standard diet, the salmon oil-enriched diet, containing a high percentage of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and, to a lesser extent, olive oil-enriched diet reduced polyp number and volume through a reduction of proliferation and a marked proapoptotic effect. These biological effects were mediated by an inhibition of fatty acid synthase and HMGCoA reductase gene expression and activity and an increase of ERβ/ERα ratio. Our findings suggest that a proper dietary lifestyle could contribute to primary cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy, Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Maria G Caruso
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Maria P Scavo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria T Viggiani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Valeria Tutino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Lorenzo Polimeno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Barbara Pesetti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Antonio Francavilla
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
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Different effects of ERβ and TROP2 expression in Chinese patients with early-stage colon cancer. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:2227-35. [PMID: 23055188 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and TROP2 expressed in colon carcinoma and might play an important role there. We explored the relationship of ERβ and TROP2 expression with the prognosis of early-stage colon cancer. ERβ and TROP2 levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry in normal mucosa and tumoral tissues from 220 Chinese patients with T(3)N(0)M(0) (stage IIa) and T(4)N(0)M(0) (stage IIb) colon cancer in the Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, who underwent curative surgical resection between 1995 and 2003. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied to analyze the overall survival (OS) data, and the ROC curve, Kaplan-Meier estimate, log rank test, and Jackknife method were used to show the effect of ERβ and TROP2 expression at different stages of cancer. The 5-year survival rates were not significantly different between the patients with stage IIa and stage IIb colon cancer (83 vs. 80 %, respectively). The high expression of ERβ was related to decreasing OS in stage IIa and stage IIb colon cancer, while the high expression of TROP2 was related to decreasing OS in stage IIb colon cancer. The expression of ERβ and TROP2 has tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting effect in stage IIa and stage IIb colon cancer, respectively.
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Burns KA, Korach KS. Estrogen receptors and human disease: an update. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1491-504. [PMID: 22648069 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of physiological processes in mammals are influenced by estrogens and the estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ. As we reviewed previously, given the widespread role for estrogen in normal human physiology, it is not surprising that estrogen is implicated in the development or progression of a number of diseases. In this review, we are giving a 5-year update of the literature regarding the influence of estrogens on a number of human cancers (breast, ovarian, colorectal, prostate, and endometrial), endometriosis, fibroids, and cardiovascular disease. A large number of sophisticated experimental studies have provided insights into human disease, but for this review, the literature citations were limited to articles published after our previous review (Deroo and Korach in J Clin Invest 116(3):561-570, 2006) and will focus in most cases on human data and clinical trials. We will describe the influence in which estrogen's action, through one of or both of the ERs, mediates the aforementioned human disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Burns
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Barone M, Lofano K, De Tullio N, Licinio R, Albano F, Di Leo A. Dietary, endocrine, and metabolic factors in the development of colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer 2012; 43:13-9. [PMID: 22045273 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-011-9332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer is the third cause of death in industrialized countries. Genetic susceptibility and diet are determinant of cancer risk and tumor behavior. Variation in cancer incidence among and within populations with similar dietary patterns suggests that an individual response may reflect interactions with genetic factors, which may modify gene, protein, and metabolite expression patterns. Nutrigenomics, defined as the interaction between nutrition and an individual genome, will likely provide important clues about responders and non-responders to nutritional intervention. DISCUSSION Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest a protective role of some normal components of daily diet (fish oil, milk, and vegetables), estrogens, and phytoestrogens in colorectal cancer. The effect of estrogen seems to be mediated by their binding to estrogen receptor beta (ER-β), one of the two estrogen receptors with high affinity for these hormones. Very recently, the demonstration of an involvement of ER-β in the development of adenomatous polyps of the colon has also been documented, suggesting the use of selective ER-β agonists in primary colorectal cancer prevention. Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds that structurally and functionally act as estrogen agonists in mammals. They are characterized by a higher binding affinity to ER-β as compared to estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α), the other estrogen receptor subtype. These biological characteristics explain why the administration of phytoestrogens does not produce the classical side effects associated to estrogen administration (cerebro- and cardiovascular accidents, higher incidence of endometrial and breast cancer) and makes these substances potential candidates for colorectal cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barone
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Gastroenterology, Bari, Italy
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Hsu HH, Hu WS, Lin YM, Kuo WW, Chen LM, Chen WK, Hwang JM, Tsai FJ, Liu CJ, Huang CY. JNK suppression is essential for 17β-Estradiol inhibits prostaglandin E2-Induced uPA and MMP-9 expressions and cell migration in human LoVo colon cancer cells. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:61. [PMID: 21859479 PMCID: PMC3179949 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies demonstrate that the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer in women are lower than in men. However, it is unknown if 17β-estradiol treatment is sufficient to inhibit prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced cellular motility in human colon cancer cells. Methods We analyzed the protein expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the cellular motility in PGE2-stimulated human LoVo cells. 17β-Estradiol and the inhibitors including LY294002 (Akt activation inhibitor), U0126 (ERK1/2 inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), SP600125 (JNK1/2 inhibitor), QNZ (NFκB inhibitor) and ICI 182 780 were further used to explore the inhibitory effects of 17β-estradiol on PGE2-induced LoVo cell motility. Student's t-test was used to analyze the difference between the two groups. Results Upregulation of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs) is reported to associate with the development of cancer cell mobility, metastasis, and subsequent malignant tumor. After administration of inhibitors including LY294002, U0126, SB203580, SP600125 or QNZ, we found that PGE2 treatment up-regulated uPA and MMP-9 expression via JNK1/2 signaling pathway, thus promoting cellular motility in human LoVo cancer cells. However, PGE2 treatment showed no effects on regulating expression of tPA, MMP-2, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, -2, -3 and -4 (TIMP-1, -2, -3 and -4). We further observed that 17β-estradiol treatment inhibited PGE2-induced uPA, MMP-9 and cellular motility by suppressing activation of JNK1/2 in human LoVo cancer cells. Conclusions Collectively, these results suggest that 17β-estradiol treatment significantly inhibits PGE2-induced motility of human LoVo colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Hsien Hsu
- 1Division of Colorectal Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Acconcia F, Marino M. The Effects of 17β-estradiol in Cancer are Mediated by Estrogen Receptor Signaling at the Plasma Membrane. Front Physiol 2011; 2:30. [PMID: 21747767 PMCID: PMC3129035 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different isoforms of the estrogen receptors (i.e., ERα and ERβ) mediate pleiotropic 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced cellular effects. The ERs are principally localized in the nucleus where they act by globally modifying the expression of the E2-target genes. The premise that E2 effects are exclusively mediated through the nuclear localized ERs has been rendered obsolete by research over the last 15 years demonstrating that ERα and ERβ proteins are also localized at the plasma membranes and in other extra-nuclear organelles. The E2 modulation of cancer cell proliferation represents a good example of the impact of membrane-initiated signals on E2 effects. In fact, E2 via ERα elicits rapid signals driving cancer cells to proliferation (e.g., in breast cancer cells), while E2-induced ERβ rapid signaling inhibits proliferation (e.g., in colon cancer cells). In this review we provide with an overview of the complex system of E2-induced signal transduction pathways, their impact on E2-induced cancer cell proliferation, and the participation of E2-induced membrane-initiated signals in tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Acconcia
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University Roma Tre Rome, Italy
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