1
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Booth L, Miller M, Pettigrew S. The potential adverse effects of minors' exposure to alcohol-related stimuli via licenced venues: A narrative review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:141-155. [PMID: 37934620 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
ISSUES Young people are particularly impressionable when it comes to forming expectations and attitudes around alcohol consumption. Any stimuli that normalise and foster positive expectations around alcohol use may increase the risk of underage alcohol consumption. Alcohol venues that market themselves as being appropriate 'family friendly' establishments for children risk exposing minors to environments that are saturated with alcohol-related stimuli. However, research examining how exposure to licenced venues affects underage people is very limited. The aim of this narrative review was to identify and synthesise relevant evidence to better understand how attending these venues might affect minors. APPROACH A narrative review of research published between January 2016 and November 2022 was conducted to investigate the potential effects on underage people of exposure to licenced venues and stimuli encountered in/around these venues. Examined stimuli included alcohol advertising, people consuming alcohol and alcohol outlets. KEY FINDINGS The reviewed literature indicates that the risk of alcohol-related harm among minors is likely to increase with greater exposure to alcohol venues due to the associated exposure to alcohol advertising, exposure to others consuming alcohol and higher outlet density. In combination, these factors are likely to normalise alcohol consumption for minors and create positive alcohol expectancies. IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION Venues serving alcohol should be discouraged from targeting families and parents should be warned about the risks associated with taking minors to venues where alcohol is sold and consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Booth
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mia Miller
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Stafford J, Chikritzhs T, Pierce H, Pettigrew S. An evaluation of the evidence submitted to Australian alcohol advertising policy consultations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261280. [PMID: 34890422 PMCID: PMC8664180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Industry self-regulation is the dominant approach to managing alcohol advertising in Australia and many other countries. There is a need to explore the barriers to government adoption of more effective regulatory approaches. This study examined relevance and quality features of evidence cited by industry and non-industry actors in their submissions to Australian alcohol advertising policy consultations. METHODS Submissions to two public consultations with a primary focus on alcohol advertising policy were analysed. Submissions (n = 71) were classified into their actor type (industry or non-industry) and according to their expressed support for, or opposition to, increased regulation of alcohol advertising. Details of cited evidence were extracted and coded against a framework adapted from previous research (primary codes: subject matter relevance, type of publication, time since publication, and independence from industry). Evidence was also classified as featuring indicators of higher quality if it was either published in a peer-reviewed journal or academic source, published within 10 years of the consultation, and/or had no apparent industry connection. RESULTS Almost two-thirds of submissions were from industry actors (n = 45 submissions from alcohol, advertising, or sporting industries). With few exceptions, industry actor submissions opposed increased regulation of alcohol advertising and non-industry actor submissions supported increased regulation. Industry actors cited substantially less evidence than non-industry actors, both per submission and in total. Only 27% of evidence cited by industry actors was highly relevant and featured at least two indicators of higher quality compared to 58% of evidence cited by non-industry actors. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of the value of the evidentiary contribution of industry actors to consultations on alcohol advertising policy appears to be limited. Modifications to consultation processes, such as exclusion of industry actors, quality requirements for submitted evidence, minimum standards for referencing evidence, and requirements to declare potential conflicts, may improve the public health outcomes of policy consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stafford
- National Drug Research Institute, Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tanya Chikritzhs
- National Drug Research Institute, Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hannah Pierce
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- National Drug Research Institute, Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Gabrielli J, Corcoran E, Genis S, McClure AC, Tanski SE. Exposure to Television Alcohol Brand Appearances as Predictor of Adolescent Brand Affiliation and Drinking Behaviors. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 51:100-113. [PMID: 33515372 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence and the transition to adulthood is an important developmental stage in the emergence of health risk behaviors, specifically underage alcohol use. Adolescents consume a tremendous amount of screened media (primarily streamed television), and media depictions of behaviors is prospectively linked to youth initiation of behaviors. With the arrival of streamed media technology, alcohol advertising can be nested within television content. This study describes alcohol brand depictions in television and evaluates impact of exposure to such depictions on adolescent drinking outcomes. A national sample of 2012 adolescents (Mage = 17.07; SD = 1.60 years, range 15-20; 50.70% female) reported on television viewership, alcohol brand affiliation, and drinking behavior, with follow-up one year later. Ten series (that remain relevant to youth today) across television ratings from a single television season were content coded for presence/salience of alcohol brand appearances. Adjusting for covariates (e.g., peer/parent drinking, youth sensation seeking, movie alcohol brand exposure), higher exposure to brand appearances in the television shows was associated with youth drinking. Aspirational and usual brand to drink corresponded to television alcohol brand prominence, and television brand exposure was independently associated with drinking initiation and hazardous drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Erin Corcoran
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sam Genis
- C. Everett Koop Institute, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Auden C McClure
- C. Everett Koop Institute, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Susanne E Tanski
- C. Everett Koop Institute, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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4
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Barry AE, Primm K, Russell H, Russell AM. Characteristics and Effectiveness of Alcohol Website Age Gates Preventing Underage User Access. Alcohol Alcohol 2020; 56:82-88. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Examine and evaluate the overall effectiveness of age gates preventing access of underage users to alcohol websites.
Methods
Assess the characteristics of digital age gates among the top 25 alcohol brands among American adolescents, including type of age gate employed and resulting actions of repeated access requests indicating the user was under the legal drinking age.
Results
All official alcohol brand websites examined included an age gate, requiring either entering one’s date of birth (DOB, 91%) or clicking a yes/no box indicating they were of legal drinking age (9%). Only one out of every five alcohol websites blocked futures attempts to gain access after entering a response indicating the user was under the legal drinking age. Users were allowed indefinite attempts to enter a DOB that was of legal drinking age, with the majority of websites subsequently granting access even after multiple underage entries.
Conclusions
Alcohol website visitors with minimal arithmetic abilities, such as very young youth, are able to employ ‘trial and error’ to eventually enter an acceptable legal drinking DOB and gain access. Alcohol brand age gates are weak, at best, and likely an inconsequential barrier that someone with limited math abilities can easily overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Barry
- Texas A&M University, College of Education & Human Development, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Kristin Primm
- Texas A&M University, College of Education & Human Development, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Hannah Russell
- Texas A&M University, College of Education & Human Development, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Alex M Russell
- University of Arkansas, College of Education & Health Professions, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
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5
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Weitzman M, Lee L. Similarities Between Alcohol and Tobacco Advertising Exposure and Adolescent Use of Each of These Substances. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020:97-105. [PMID: 32079565 PMCID: PMC7063999 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Underage alcohol use is a major public health problem and substantial corporate money supports alcohol advertising across multiple venues. A diverse research literature demonstrates that adolescent exposure to such advertising is associated with drinking attitudes and behavior, but no scientific body has determined these associations to be causal. The objective of this study was to assess the association between alcohol advertising and teen drinking in the context of the "Analogy" criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria and consider a determination that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol use is causal. METHOD This study was a narrative review on the association between adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising and subsequent alcohol use in the context of domains utilized in the Surgeon General's 2012 Report, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults, which concluded, "Advertising and promotional activities by tobacco companies have been shown to cause the onset and continuation of smoking among adolescents and young adults." RESULTS In every aspect compared (i.e., adolescent knowledge; attitudes toward; initiation of use; continuation of use; mediums of advertisement; the use of mascots, celebrities, and themes; and frequency and density of advertisements and retailers), the findings for both tobacco and alcohol and their association with exposure to advertising are analogous. CONCLUSIONS Application of the Analogy criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria comparing alcohol and tobacco supports a judgment that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and increased adolescent knowledge, attitudes toward, initiation, and continuation of alcohol use are causal in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weitzman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Lily Lee
- Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York
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6
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Finan LJ, Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW, Balassone A, Kaner E. Alcohol Marketing and Adolescent and Young Adult Alcohol Use Behaviors: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020:42-56. [PMID: 32079561 PMCID: PMC7063997 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article provides a systematic review of cross-sectional research examining associations between exposure to alcohol marketing and alcohol use behaviors among adolescents and young adults. METHOD Literature searches of eight electronic databases were carried out in February 2017. Searches were not limited by date, language, country, or peer-review status. After abstract and full-text screening for eligibility and study quality, 38 studies that examined the relationship between alcohol marketing and alcohol use behaviors were selected for inclusion. RESULTS Across alcohol use outcomes, various types of marketing exposure, and different media sources, our findings suggest that cross-sectional evidence indicating a positive relationship between alcohol marketing exposure and alcohol use behaviors among adolescents and young adults was greater than negative or null evidence. In other words, cross-sectional evidence supported that alcohol marketing exposure was associated with young peoples' alcohol use behaviors. In general, relationships for alcohol promotion (e.g., alcohol-sponsored events) and owning alcohol-related merchandise exposures were more consistently positive than for other advertising exposures. These positive associations were observed across the past four decades, in countries across continents, and with small and large samples. CONCLUSIONS Despite issues of measurement and construct clarity within this body of literature, this review suggests that exposure to alcohol industry marketing may be important for understanding and reducing young peoples' alcohol use behavior. Future policies aimed at regulating alcohol marketing to a greater extent may have important short- and long-term public health implications for reducing underage or problematic alcohol use among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Finan
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois
| | - Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
| | - Joel W. Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
| | - Anna Balassone
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
| | - Emily Kaner
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
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7
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Basch CH, Berger K, Basch CE. Incidental Alcohol Appearances in Advertisements on City Buses in Manhattan, New York City: A Descriptive Study. J Community Health 2019; 45:550-553. [PMID: 31679073 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-019-00774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes incidental exposure to alcohol in advertisements on buses in Manhattan, New York City. From April to July 2019, researchers observed advertisements on all bus lines in Manhattan and coded the content of these advertisements, including the kinds of products and services advertised and whether alcoholic beverages or images were present. Despite a ban on direct alcohol beverage advertising within the Metropolitan Transit Authority in 2017 (and expanded in 2019), almost one in five of the 136 advertisements observed (n = 25) included incidental exposure to images of alcohol portrayed in a favorable way and/or associated with well-known movie stars and television personalities. Advertisements on city buses are unlike any other, as they traverse the city streets and create considerable exposure to residents, including youth. This study demonstrates that banning advertisements for alcohol will not necessarily restrict favorable images containing alcohol and that youth continue to be exposed to these images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey H Basch
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, University Hall 366, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA.
| | | | - Charles E Basch
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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8
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Lee YH, DeJong W. Depictions of Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Contemporary Japanese Shōnen Manga: A Content Analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 24:848-855. [PMID: 31621514 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2019.1678704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Japanese manga, which present dramatic and imaginative stories in comic book form, have a growing readership in Asia, Europe, and North America. We investigated depictions of tobacco and alcohol use in a sample of contemporary shōnen manga, which have a primary readership of males ages 8-18, but also appeal to young females and adults. Large number of characters were shown smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol, especially males, adults, and those categorized as "good" characters. Compared to the shōnens' early chapters (initiated in 1990-2003, depending on the series), more recently published chapters (2011-2016) portrayed fewer characters overall using a tobacco product and fewer minors using an alcohol product. The later chapters also presented significantly fewer depictions of tobacco-related behavior, consumption of both beer and other/unknown alcoholic beverages, and alcohol-related paraphernalia. Antitobacco and antialcohol behaviors or dialogue were rare. These findings raise legitimate concerns about the influence of these depictions on young readers' beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral choices. Future research should explore whether those concerns are warranted, but in the interim, government agencies and watchdog groups in Japan should consider applying increased public pressure on manga artists and producers to curtail these depictions and to offer positive role models in their place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Han Lee
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - William DeJong
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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McClure AC, Gabrielli J, Sargent JD, Tanski SE. Aspirational Brand Choice and Underage Alcohol Use. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 79:408-416. [PMID: 29885148 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Marketing aims to foster brand allegiance, and alcohol is a heavily marketed commodity. We hypothesize that exposed youth who are able to identify an aspirational alcohol brand will be at higher risk for underage drinking. METHOD U.S. youth ages 15-20 (N = 2,012; 51% female) were surveyed twice in 2011-2013. Aspirational brand was assessed by asking, "If you could drink any brand you want, what is the name of the brand of alcohol you would choose?" Multivariable logistic regression tested associations between having an aspirational brand at baseline and onset of ever, binge (≥6 drinks/occasion), and hazardous drinking (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption ≥ 4). RESULTS Baseline ever, binge, and hazardous drinking prevalence was 55%, 26%, and 19%, respectively; 47% reported having an aspirational brand, of whom 20% were nondrinkers. Top five reported brands were Budweiser, Smirnoff, Corona, Jack Daniels, and Bacardi, all heavily advertised brands. Older age, male gender, sensation seeking, and peer/parent drinking were associated with having an aspirational brand. After we controlled for these confounders, having an aspirational brand was independently associated cross-sectionally with greater risk of ever, binge, and hazardous drinking (adjusted odds ratio = 4.47, 95% CI [3.33, 6.00], 4.84 [3.41, 6.86], and 5.46 [3.63, 8.23], respectively) and longitudinally with initiation of binge and hazardous drinking (1.80 [1.19, 2.73] and 2.02 [1.33, 3.06], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Having an aspirational alcohol brand is both common and independently associated with subsequent underage alcohol use and misuse. Further studies examining how youth interact with and are affected by branded advertising are critical to guide development of effective education and policy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auden C McClure
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Cancer Control, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,C. Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Cancer Control, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,C. Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - James D Sargent
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Cancer Control, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,C. Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Susanne E Tanski
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Cancer Control, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,C. Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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10
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Emond JA, Longacre MR, Drake KM, Titus LJ, Hendricks K, MacKenzie T, Harris JL, Carroll JE, Cleveland LP, Gaynor K, Dalton MA. Influence of child-targeted fast food TV advertising exposure on fast food intake: A longitudinal study of preschool-age children. Appetite 2019; 140:134-141. [PMID: 31078700 PMCID: PMC6691970 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fast food (FF) advertising is a potential risk factor for FF consumption among children, yet the impact of such advertising on children's FF intake has not been assessed in a longitudinal, naturalistic study. Whether parents' FF consumption mitigates advertising effects is also unknown. METHODS One-year, longitudinal study among 624 preschool-age children, 3-5 years old, and one parent each recruited from New Hampshire, 2014-2015. Parents completed six online surveys every eight weeks and, at each, reported the number of times their children consumed FF in the past week. Each child's advertisement exposure was determined by counting the brand-specific FF advertisements aired within the programs they viewed on children's TV networks during the study. At baseline, parents reported the frequency of their own FF consumption. Data were analyzed in 2017-2018. RESULTS Three FF brands targeted TV advertising to children during the study: McDonald's, Wendy's and Subway. Few children were exposed to child-targeted advertising for Wendy's or Subway. Results from adjusted Poisson regression models focused on McDonald's showed a differential effect of advertisement exposure on children's McDonald's intake in the past week (any or mean intake) by parental FF consumption (P < 0.01). Specifically, McDonald's intake was consistently high among children whose parents consumed FF more frequently (≥monthly), regardless of children's advertisement exposure. However, advertisement exposure increased the risk of McDonald's intake among children nearly two-fold when parents consumed FF less frequently ( CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that child-targeted FF advertising may mitigate the protective effect of infrequent parental FF intake on children's FF intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Meghan R Longacre
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Keith M Drake
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Linda J Titus
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kristy Hendricks
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Todd MacKenzie
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer L Harris
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer E Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Lauren P Cleveland
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Gaynor
- VA Boston Healthcare System, MAVERIC, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madeline A Dalton
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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11
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Kaewpramkusol R, Senior K, Chenhall R, Nanthamongkolchai S. Young Thai People's Exposure to Alcohol Portrayals in Society and the Media: A Qualitative Study for Policy Implications. Int J Behav Med 2019; 26:266-277. [PMID: 30993602 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-019-09785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous quantitative studies have documented the association between exposure to alcohol portrayals and drinking attitudes in Western countries, few qualitative studies have explored this matter in Thailand. A better understanding of the association in young Thais is required for a more efficient alcohol policy development. This study aims to explore the information young Thais have learnt from exposure to alcohol portrayals in society and the media, examine how this exposure shapes their drinking attitudes, and investigate the alignment of policy-makers' views on drinking with those of young people. METHODS Two qualitative research methods were employed. Seventy-two university students (38 men, 34 women) aged 20-24 participated in focus groups conducted on campus. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with academia, civil society and representatives from government who were involved in alcohol policy. Recorded data were transcribed verbatim, systematically coded and analysed using content analysis. RESULTS Young Thais were regularly exposed to alcohol portrayals, particularly on social media and in their social environment. Being increasingly exposed to alcohol portrayals, particularly on social media, and the role of the alcohol industry emerged as concerning matters to the academia and civil society sectors. In response to the concerns, the government social media monitoring and alcohol censorship had become more challenging. CONCLUSIONS This study reflects the growing concerns from academia and civil society sectors of the impacts of increased alcohol exposure and the role that the industry may have on young people's drinking attitudes. It highlights the need for response to significant policy challenges to reduce these impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchakorn Kaewpramkusol
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Global Health Division, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand.
| | - Kate Senior
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Richard Chenhall
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sutham Nanthamongkolchai
- Department of Family Health, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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12
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Kaewpramkusol R, Senior K, Nanthamongkolchai S, Chenhall R. Brand advertising and brand sharing of alcoholic and non‐alcoholic products, and the effects on young Thai people's attitudes towards alcohol use: A qualitative focus group study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:284-293. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ratchakorn Kaewpramkusol
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of Wollongong Wollongong Australia
- Global Health Division, Office of the Permanent SecretaryMinistry of Public Health Nonthaburi Thailand
| | - Kate Senior
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of Wollongong Wollongong Australia
| | | | - Richard Chenhall
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesThe University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
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13
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Lillard DR, Molloy E, Zan H. Television and Magazine Alcohol Advertising: Exposure and Trends by Sex and Age. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:881-892. [PMID: 30573019 PMCID: PMC6308172 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to document exposure to alcohol advertising by sex, age, and the level and type of alcohol people consume. METHOD We use unique marketing survey data that link the media individuals consume and advertising appearing in those media. Our sample of 306,451 men and women represents the population age 18 and older living in the 48 contiguous United States between 1996 and 2009. We measure advertising exposure not with the standard expenditure data but with counts of actual advertisements people likely saw. We relate advertising exposure across groups defined by age, gender, and the amount of beer, wine, and spirits consumed. RESULTS We found that drinkers, particularly young male drinkers, see much more alcohol advertising. Men, especially younger men, see more advertisements for alcohol of all types than do women. Their higher exposure is largely explained by sex differences in the propensity to read sports and adult magazines and to watch sports and gambling television programs. CONCLUSIONS The evidence highlights the need to recognize, and when possible, control for the fact that a selected group of individuals is more likely to see alcohol advertising. Firms successfully place advertising on programs and in magazines viewed by youth and drinkers. To estimate whether seeing advertising causes people to drink (more), researchers need to develop clever identification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean R. Lillard
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NBER, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Hua Zan
- University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Lillard DR, Molloy E, Zan H. Television and Magazine Alcohol Advertising: Exposure and Trends by Sex and Age. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:881-892. [PMID: 30573019 PMCID: PMC6308172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to document exposure to alcohol advertising by sex, age, and the level and type of alcohol people consume. METHOD We use unique marketing survey data that link the media individuals consume and advertising appearing in those media. Our sample of 306,451 men and women represents the population age 18 and older living in the 48 contiguous United States between 1996 and 2009. We measure advertising exposure not with the standard expenditure data but with counts of actual advertisements people likely saw. We relate advertising exposure across groups defined by age, gender, and the amount of beer, wine, and spirits consumed. RESULTS We found that drinkers, particularly young male drinkers, see much more alcohol advertising. Men, especially younger men, see more advertisements for alcohol of all types than do women. Their higher exposure is largely explained by sex differences in the propensity to read sports and adult magazines and to watch sports and gambling television programs. CONCLUSIONS The evidence highlights the need to recognize, and when possible, control for the fact that a selected group of individuals is more likely to see alcohol advertising. Firms successfully place advertising on programs and in magazines viewed by youth and drinkers. To estimate whether seeing advertising causes people to drink (more), researchers need to develop clever identification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean R Lillard
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NBER, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Hua Zan
- University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Barry AE, Valdez D, Padon AA, Russell AM. Alcohol Advertising on Twitter—A Topic Model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2018.1473180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Gabrielli J. Media/Marketing Influences on Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Abuse. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018; 5:146-157. [PMID: 30393590 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0199-6.media/marketing] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the state of research on substance use portrayals in marketing and media, considering exposure to tobacco, alcohol, e-cigarette, and marijuana content. Putative mechanisms are offered, and recommendations made for effective prevention strategies for mitigating the influence of these portrayals. RECENT FINDINGS There is consistent evidence that adolescents and young adults are highly exposed to substance use portrayals and that these portrayals are associated with subsequent substance use. Exposure via new media (social networking sites, brand websites) has risen rapidly. Social norms and cognitions appear to at least partially account for the effects of portrayals on youth substance use. SUMMARY Digital media has surpassed traditional marketing, which is concerning because youth have on-demand access to content and are active consumers of digital media. Developmentally appropriate media literacy interventions that include a parenting component and target multiple substances and media domains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Gabrielli J. Media/Marketing Influences on Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Abuse. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018; 5:146-157. [PMID: 30393590 PMCID: PMC6208350 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the state of research on substance use portrayals in marketing and media, considering exposure to tobacco, alcohol, e-cigarette, and marijuana content. Putative mechanisms are offered, and recommendations made for effective prevention strategies for mitigating the influence of these portrayals. RECENT FINDINGS There is consistent evidence that adolescents and young adults are highly exposed to substance use portrayals and that these portrayals are associated with subsequent substance use. Exposure via new media (social networking sites, brand websites) has risen rapidly. Social norms and cognitions appear to at least partially account for the effects of portrayals on youth substance use. SUMMARY Digital media has surpassed traditional marketing, which is concerning because youth have on-demand access to content and are active consumers of digital media. Developmentally appropriate media literacy interventions that include a parenting component and target multiple substances and media domains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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Parental Restriction of Movie Viewing Prospectively Predicts Adolescent Alcohol and Marijuana Initiation: Implications for Media Literacy Programs. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2018; 19:914-926. [PMID: 29717391 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Youth are heavy consumers of media, and exposure to mature media content is associated with initiation and progression of substance use. Parental restriction of such content has been shown to be an effective mechanism to reduce negative consequences attributed to exposure to mature media content. This study assessed the influence of parental restriction of movie watching across Motion Picture Association of America rating categories on subsequent alcohol and marijuana initiation at 1- and 2-year follow-up. Using data from a longitudinal study of adolescent substance use (N = 1023), we used logistic regression analyses to determine the odds of alcohol and marijuana initiation across movie rating categories, within R-rated restriction categories in particular, and based on changes in parental restriction of movies over time. All analyses controlled for important parental, personality, and behavioral correlates of adolescent substance use. Results suggest that restriction of R-rated movies is protective of both alcohol and marijuana initiation. Important differences among parental restriction of R-rated movie categories emerged such that being allowed to watch them with adult supervision was protective of substance use, while those who reported watching R-rated films despite parental restrictions were at heightened risk for alcohol initiation. Changes in parental movie restrictions were not predictive of substance use initiation over the subsequent year. Implications of these findings for media literacy program prevention strategies are discussed.
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Goodstein MH, Lagon E, Bell T, Joyner BL, Moon RY. Stock Photographs Do Not Comply With Infant Safe Sleep Guidelines. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2018; 57:403-409. [PMID: 28868896 DOI: 10.1177/0009922817728698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated images in popular stock photography websites for adherence with American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for safe infant sleep practices. Three top stock photo websites were used to collect photographs generated from key phrases. All images depicting an infant sleep environment were analyzed for consistency with AAP guidelines. Descriptive statistics, chi-square and z test of proportions, were conducted. A total of 1233 of 1947 stock photographs showed sleeping infants on a flat surface. In all, 627 (50.8%) photographs showed the infant in the supine position and 79 (5%) of all infant sleep environments were adherent with AAP recommendations. Bedding inconsistent with safe sleep recommendations was identified in 1133 images (71.3%), with blankets noted in 49.5%. Images depicting sleeping infants on stock photography sites do not routinely adhere to AAP recommendations. Media messages inconsistent with health care messages create confusion and misinformation about infant sleep safety and may lead inadvertently to unsafe practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Lagon
- 2 University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Brandi L Joyner
- 3 Goldberg Center for Community Pediatric Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rachel Y Moon
- 2 University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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A Description of Advertisements for Alcohol on LinkNYC Kiosks in Manhattan, New York City: A Pilot Study. J Community Health 2018; 43:787-791. [PMID: 29484514 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-018-0485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Free will in addictive behaviors: A matter of definition. Addict Behav Rep 2018; 5:94-103. [PMID: 29450231 PMCID: PMC5800588 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain people are at risk for using alcohol or other drugs excessively and for developing problems with their use. Their susceptibility might arise from a variety of factors, including their genetic make-up, brain chemistry, family background, personality and other psychological variables, and environmental and sociocultural variables. Moreover, after substance use has become established, there are additional cognitive-motivational variables (e.g., substance-related attentional bias) that contribute to enacting behaviors consistent with the person's motivation to acquire and use the substance. People who are at such risk are likely to choose to use addictive substances even though doing so entails negative consequences. In the sense of complete freedom from being determined by causal factors, we believe that there is no such thing as free will, but defined as ability to make choices from among multiple options, even though the choices are ultimately governed by natural processes, addicted individuals are free to choose. Although they might appear unable to exercise this kind of free will in decisions about their substance use, addictive behaviors are ultimately always goal-directed and voluntary. Such goal pursuits manifest considerable flexibility. Even some severely addicted individuals can cease their use when the value of continuing the use abruptly declines or when the subjective cost of continuing the use is too great with respect to the incentives in other areas of their lives. Formal treatment strategies (e.g., contingency management, Systematic Motivational Counseling, cognitive training) can also be used to facilitate this reversal.
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Collins RL, Martino SC, Kovalchik SA, Becker KM, Shadel WG, D'Amico EJ. Alcohol Advertising Exposure Among Middle School-Age Youth: An Assessment Across All Media and Venues. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 77:384-92. [PMID: 27172570 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to quantify middle school youth's exposure to alcohol advertisements across media and venues, determine venues of greatest exposure, and identify characteristics of youth who are most exposed. METHOD Over a 10-month period in 2013, 589 Los Angeles-area youth ages 11-14 from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds completed a short paper-and-pencil survey assessing background characteristics and then participated in a 14-day ecological momentary assessment, logging all exposures to alcohol advertisements on handheld computers as they occurred. RESULTS African American and Hispanic youth were exposed to an average of 4.1 and 3.4 advertisements per day, respectively, nearly two times as many as non-Hispanic White youth, who were exposed to 2.0 advertisements per day. Girls were exposed to 30% more advertisements than boys. Most exposures were to outdoor advertisements, with television advertisements a close second. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to alcohol advertising is frequent among middle school-age youth and may put them at risk for earlier or more frequent underage drinking. Greater restrictions on alcohol advertising outdoors and on television should be considered by regulators and by the alcohol industry and should focus particularly on reducing exposure among minority youth.
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Collins RL, Martino SC, Kovalchik SA, D'Amico EJ, Shadel WG, Becker KM, Tolpadi A. Exposure to alcohol advertising and adolescents' drinking beliefs: Role of message interpretation. Health Psychol 2017. [PMID: 28639822 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent research revealed momentary associations between exposure to alcohol advertising and positive beliefs about alcohol among adolescents (Martino et al., 2016). We reanalyzed those data to determine whether associations depend on adolescents' appraisal of ads. METHOD Over a 10-month period in 2013, 589 youth, ages 11-14, in the Los Angeles, CA, area, participated in a 14-day ecological momentary assessment, logging all exposures to alcohol advertisements as they occurred and completing brief assessments of their skepticism toward, liking of, and identification with any people in each ad, as well as their alcohol-related beliefs at the moment. Participants also completed measures of their alcohol- related beliefs at random moments of nonexposure throughout each day. Mixed-effects regression models compared beliefs about alcohol at moments of exposure to alcohol advertising that was appraised in a particular way (e.g., with liking, without liking) to beliefs at random moments. RESULTS When youth encountered ads they appraised positively, their beliefs about alcohol were significantly more positive than when they were queried at random moments. Beliefs in the presence of ads that were not positively appraised were generally similar to beliefs at random moments. CONCLUSION Youth are active participants in the advertising process. How they respond to and process alcohol advertising strongly moderates the association between exposure and alcohol-related beliefs. More effort is needed to identify attributes of alcohol advertisements, and of youth, that determine how youth process alcohol ads. This information can be used to either limit exposure to problematic ads or make youth more resilient to such exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Abstract
Purpose of Review This review investigates effects of alcohol advertising on adolescent drinking. Prior reviews focused on behavioral outcomes and long-term effects. In contrast, the present review focuses on subgroups with greater exposure to alcohol advertising, research methods to study alcohol advertising, potential mechanisms underlying relationships between adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising and increased drinking and points to prevention/intervention strategies that may reduce effects of alcohol advertising. Recent Findings Alcohol advertising influences current and future drinking. Further, evidence suggests adolescents may be targeted specifically. Alcohol advertisements may influence behavior by shifting alcohol expectancies, norms regarding alcohol use, and positive attitudes. Media literacy programs may be an effective intervention strategy. Summary Adolescents are exposed to large quantities of alcohol advertisements, which violates guidelines set by the alcohol industry. However, media literacy programs may be a promising strategy for adolescents to increase critical thinking and create more realistic expectations regarding alcohol.
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Jernigan D, Noel J, Landon J, Thornton N, Lobstein T. Alcohol marketing and youth alcohol consumption: a systematic review of longitudinal studies published since 2008. Addiction 2017; 112 Suppl 1:7-20. [PMID: 27565582 DOI: 10.1111/add.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Youth alcohol consumption is a major global public health concern. Previous reviews have concluded that exposure to alcohol marketing was associated with earlier drinking initiation and higher alcohol consumption among youth. This review examined longitudinal studies published since those earlier reviews. METHODS Peer-reviewed papers were identified in medical, scientific and social science databases, supplemented by examination of reference lists. Non-peer-reviewed papers were included if they were published by organizations deemed to be authoritative, were fully referenced and contained primary data not available elsewhere. Papers were restricted to those that included measures of marketing exposure and alcohol consumption for at least 500 underage people. Multiple authors reviewed studies for inclusion and assessed their quality using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Quality Assessment Tool for Observation Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. RESULTS Twelve studies (ranging in duration from 9 months to 8 years), following nine unique cohorts not reported on previously involving 35 219 participants from Europe, Asia and North America, met inclusion criteria. All 12 found evidence of a positive association between level of marketing exposure and level of youth alcohol consumption. Some found significant associations between youth exposure to alcohol marketing and initiation of alcohol use (odds ratios ranging from 1.00 to 1.69), and there were clear associations between exposure and subsequent binge or hazardous drinking (odds ratios ranging from 1.38 to 2.15). Mediators included marketing receptivity, brand recognition and alcohol expectancies. Levels of marketing exposure among younger adolescents were similar to those found among older adolescents and young adults. CONCLUSIONS Young people who have greater exposure to alcohol marketing appear to be more likely subsequently to initiate alcohol use and engage in binge and hazardous drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jernigan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Noel
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Nicole Thornton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tim Lobstein
- Public Health Advocacy Institute of Western Australia, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Pitt MB, Berger JN, Sheehan KM. Compliance of Parenting Magazines Advertisements with American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 3:E23. [PMID: 27809284 PMCID: PMC5184798 DOI: 10.3390/children3040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined 3218 advertisements from the two parenting magazines with highest circulation in the United States. The authors compared each advertisement for a product for use by children, against all the published recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) on topics such as toy safety, helmet use, age-defined choking hazards, infant sleep safety, and others. Any advertisement with images or products which went against a published AAP recommendation was deemed as non-adherence and was categorized according to the statement it contradicted. Nearly one in six (15.7%) of the advertisements contained example(s) of non-adherence to AAP recommendations, with twelve categories of offense represented. Categories ranked by overall share from most to least include: non-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medical treatments, age-defined choking hazards, vitamins, cold medicine, formula, oral care, screen time, toy/playground safety, infant sleep, nutrition, water safety, and fall risk. Given that repeated exposure to messages in advertisements has been associated with changes in health decision-making, and parents often turn to parenting magazines for advice and ideas regarding their children, the publishers might consider screening the content in order to prevent confusing and potentially dangerous messages from being disseminated in the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Pitt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, M653 2450 Riverside Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
| | - Jennifer N Berger
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago; 225 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Karen M Sheehan
- Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Petticrew M, Shemilt I, Lorenc T, Marteau TM, Melendez-Torres GJ, O'Mara-Eves A, Stautz K, Thomas J. Alcohol advertising and public health: systems perspectives versus narrow perspectives. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 71:308-312. [PMID: 27789756 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-207644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is influenced by a complex causal system of interconnected psychological, behavioural, social, economic, legal and environmental factors. These factors are shaped by governments (eg, licensing laws and taxation), by consumers (eg, patterns of alcohol consumption drive demand) and by alcohol industry practices, such as advertising. The marketing and advertising of alcoholic products contributes to an 'alcogenic environment' and is a modifiable influence on alcohol consumption and harm. The public health perspective is that there is sufficient evidence that alcohol advertising influences consumption. The alcohol industry disputes this, asserting that advertising only aims to help consumers choose between brands. METHODS We review the evidence from recent systematic reviews, including their theoretical and methodological assumptions, to help understand what conclusions can be drawn about the relationships between alcohol advertising, advertising restrictions and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS A wide evidence base needs to be drawn on to provide a system-level overview of the relationship between alcohol advertising, advertising restrictions and consumption. Advertising aims to influence not just consumption, but also to influence awareness, attitudes and social norms; this is because advertising is a system-level intervention with multiple objectives. Given this, assessments of the effects of advertising restrictions which focus only on sales or consumption are insufficient and may be misleading. For this reason, previous systematic reviews, such as the 2014 Cochrane review on advertising restrictions (Siegfried et al) contribute important, but incomplete representations of 'the evidence' needed to inform the public health case for policy decisions on alcohol advertising. We conclude that an unintended consequence of narrow, linear framings of complex system-level issues is that they can produce misleading answers. Systems problems require systems perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Petticrew
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - I Shemilt
- EPPI-Centre, SSRU, Department of Social Science, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - T Lorenc
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - T M Marteau
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - G J Melendez-Torres
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - A O'Mara-Eves
- EPPI-Centre, SSRU, Department of Social Science, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - K Stautz
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Thomas
- EPPI-Centre, SSRU, Department of Social Science, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
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The Viability of Media Literacy in Reducing the Influence of Misleading Media Messages on Young People’s Decision-Making Concerning Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Substances. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-016-0100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Barry AE. Alcohol advertising influences underage brand-specific drinking: evidence of a linear dose-response relationship. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2015; 42:1-3. [PMID: 26684611 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2015.1104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Barry
- a Department of Health & Kinesiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
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