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Zhang J, Guo Y, Mak M, Tao Z. Translational medicine for acute lung injury. J Transl Med 2024; 22:25. [PMID: 38183140 PMCID: PMC10768317 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a complex disease with numerous causes. This review begins with a discussion of disease development from direct or indirect pulmonary insults, as well as varied pathogenesis. The heterogeneous nature of ALI is then elaborated upon, including its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, potential biomarkers, and genetic contributions. Although no medication is currently approved for this devastating illness, supportive care and pharmacological intervention for ALI treatment are summarized, followed by an assessment of the pathophysiological gap between human ALI and animal models. Lastly, current research progress on advanced nanomedicines for ALI therapeutics in preclinical and clinical settings is reviewed, demonstrating new opportunities towards developing an effective treatment for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yumeng Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Michael Mak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, 06520, USA
| | - Zhimin Tao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, 06520, USA.
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Chimenti L, Morales-Quinteros L, Puig F, Camprubi-Rimblas M, Guillamat-Prats R, Gómez MN, Tijero J, Blanch L, Matute-Bello G, Artigas A. Comparison of direct and indirect models of early induced acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:62. [PMID: 33336290 PMCID: PMC7746791 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The animal experimental counterpart of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is acute lung injury (ALI). Most models of ALI involve reproducing the clinical risk factors associated with human ARDS, such as sepsis or acid aspiration; however, none of these models fully replicates human ARDS. Aim To compare different experimental animal models of ALI, based on direct or indirect mechanisms of lung injury, to characterize a model which more closely could reproduce the acute phase of human ARDS. Materials and methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intratracheal instillations of (1) HCl to mimic aspiration of gastric contents; (2) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic bacterial infection; (3) HCl followed by LPS to mimic aspiration of gastric contents with bacterial superinfection; or (4) cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce peritonitis and mimic sepsis. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after instillations or 24 h after CLP. Results At 24 h, rats instilled with LPS or HCl-LPS had increased lung permeability, alveolar neutrophilic recruitment and inflammatory markers (GRO/KC, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6). Rats receiving only HCl or subjected to CLP had no evidence of lung injury. Conclusions Rat models of ALI induced directly by LPS or HCl-LPS more closely reproduced the acute phase of human ARDS than the CLP model of indirectly induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chimenti
- Critical Care Centre, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Luis Morales-Quinteros
- Critical Care Centre, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Spain. .,Hospital Universitari Sagrat Cor., Grupo Quirón Salud, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ferranda Puig
- Critical Care Centre, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Camprubi-Rimblas
- Critical Care Centre, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Guillamat-Prats
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Nieves Gómez
- Critical Care Centre, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jessica Tijero
- Critical Care Centre, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Lluis Blanch
- Critical Care Centre, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Matute-Bello
- Medical Research Service of the Veterans Affairs/Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Centre for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonio Artigas
- Critical Care Centre, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parc Taulí 1, 08208, Sabadell, Spain.,Hospital Universitari Sagrat Cor., Grupo Quirón Salud, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Nørregaard KS, Krigslund O, Behrendt N, Engelholm LH, Jürgensen HJ. The collagen receptor uPARAP/Endo180 regulates collectins through unique structural elements in its FNII domain. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9157-9170. [PMID: 32424040 PMCID: PMC7335807 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins that contain collagen-like domains are known as collectins. These proteins are present both in the circulation and in extravascular compartments and are central players of the innate immune system, contributing to first-line defenses against viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. The collectins mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) are regulated by tissue fibroblasts at extravascular sites via an endocytic mechanism governed by urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein (uPARAP or Endo180), which is also a collagen receptor. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms that drive the uPARAP-mediated cellular uptake of MBL and SP-D. We found that the uptake depends on residues within a protruding loop in the fibronectin type-II (FNII) domain of uPARAP that are also critical for collagen uptake. Importantly, however, we also identified FNII domain residues having an exclusive role in collectin uptake. We noted that these residues are absent in the related collagen receptor, the mannose receptor (MR or CD206), which consistently does not interact with collectins. We also show that the second C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD2) is critical for the uptake of SP-D, but not MBL, indicating an additional level of complexity in the interactions between collectins and uPARAP. Finally, we demonstrate that the same molecular mechanisms enable uPARAP to engage MBL immobilized on the surface of pathogens, thereby expanding the potential biological implications of this interaction. Our study reveals molecular details of the receptor-mediated cellular regulation of collectins and offers critical clues for future investigations into collectin biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Sandal Nørregaard
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Oliver Krigslund
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Niels Behrendt
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lars H Engelholm
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jessen Jürgensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Acupoint Catgut Embedding Improves the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2394734. [PMID: 32566670 PMCID: PMC7285251 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2394734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background This study investigated the potential therapeutic effects of acupoint catgut embedding (ACE) at ST36 and BL13 on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in rats. Materials and Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into the normal saline (NS group with a sham procedure), lipopolysaccharide (LPS group with a sham procedure), and LPS plus ACE (LPS+ACE with ACE at bilateral BL13 and ST36 acupoints one day before LPS injection) groups. After intratracheal instillation of normal saline or LPS (0.5 mg/kg), all rats were subjected to mechanical ventilation for 4 h. Their blood gas was analyzed before and after lung injury, and their lung pressure-volumes were measured longitudinally. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) and total proteins (TP) in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were assessed. Their wet to dry lung weight ratios, histology, myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Their lung aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and Occludin protein levels were analyzed. Results LPS administration significantly decreased the ratios of PaO2/FiO2 and pressure-volumes and induced lung inflammation and injury by increased concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and TP in BALF and MPO and MDA in the lung but decreased PC in BALF and SOD activity in the lungs. LPS also reduced AQP1 and Occludin protein levels in the lung of rats. In contrast, ACE significantly mitigated the LPS-induced lung injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress and preserved the AQP1 and Occludin contents in the lung of rats. Conclusions ACE significantly improved respiratory function by mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress and preserving AQP1 and Occludin expression in the lung in a rat model of LPS-induced ARDS.
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5
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Gerde P, Nowenwik M, Sjöberg CO, Selg E. Adapting the Aerogen Mesh Nebulizer for Dried Aerosol Exposures Using the PreciseInhale Platform. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2019; 33:116-126. [PMID: 31613690 PMCID: PMC7133437 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2019.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many substances used in inhalation research are water soluble and can be administered as nebulized solutions. Typical examples are therapeutic, small-molecular agents, or macromolecules. Another category is a number of water-soluble agents used for airway diagnostics or disease modeling. Mesh nebulizers have facilitated well-controlled liquid aerosol exposures. Meanwhile, a benchtop inhalation platform, PreciseInhale, was developed for providing small-scale, well-controlled aerosol exposures in preclinical configurations. The purpose of the current research was to adapt the Aerogen mesh nebulizer to work within the PreciseInhale system for both cell culture and rodent exposures. Methods: The wet aerosols produced with the Aerogen Pro nebulizer were dried out in an aerosol holding chamber by supplying dry carrier air, which was provided by passing the incoming ambient air through a column with silica gel. The nebulizer was installed in an aerosol holding chamber between an upstream flow-rate pneumotach and a downstream aerosol monitor. By pulsing, the nebulizer output was reduced to 1%–10% of continuous operation to better match the exposure ventilation requirements. Additional drying was obtained by mantling the holding chamber with dried paper. Results and Conclusions: The nebulizer output was reduced to 3–30 μL/min and dried out before reaching the in vitro or in vivo exposure modules. Using solute concentrations in the range of 0.5%–2% (w/w), dried aerosols were produced with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.5–2.0 μm, compared to the 4–5 μm droplets emitted by the nebulizer. Controlling the Aerogen nebulizer under a reduced output scheme within the PreciseInhale platform gave two major advantages: (i) by reducing aerosol output to better match exposure flow rates of single rodents, increased airway deposition yields were obtained in a range of 1%–10% relative to the nebulized amount of test substance and (ii) shrinking aerosol particle sizes through drying improved the peripheral lung deposition of test aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Gerde
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Huddinge, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Intitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ewa Selg
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Huddinge, Sweden
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Morrison NR, Johnson SM, Hocker AD, Kimyon RS, Watters JJ, Huxtable AG. Time and dose-dependent impairment of neonatal respiratory motor activity after systemic inflammation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 272:103314. [PMID: 31614211 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal respiratory impairment during infection is common, yet its effects on respiratory neural circuitry are not fully understood. We hypothesized that the timing and severity of systemic inflammation is positively correlated with impairment in neonatal respiratory activity. To test this, we evaluated time- and dose-dependent impairment of in vitro fictive respiratory activity. Systemic inflammation (induced by lipopolysaccharide, LPS, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) impaired burst amplitude during the early (1 h) inflammatory response. The greatest impairment in respiratory activity (decreased amplitude, frequency, and increased rhythm disturbances) occurred during the peak (3 h) inflammatory response in brainstem-spinal cord preparations. Surprisingly, isolated medullary respiratory circuitry within rhythmic slices showed decreased baseline frequency and delayed onset of rhythm only after higher systemic inflammation (LPS 10 mg/kg) early in the inflammatory response (1 h), with no impairments at the peak inflammatory response (3 h). Thus, different components of neonatal respiratory circuitry have differential temporal and dose sensitivities to systemic inflammation, creating multiple windows of vulnerability for neonates after systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Morrison
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States
| | - Stephen M Johnson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Austin D Hocker
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States
| | - Rebecca S Kimyon
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Jyoti J Watters
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Adrianne G Huxtable
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States.
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7
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Tu G, Ju M, Zheng Y, Hao G, Ma G, Hou J, Zhang X, Luo Z, Lu L. CXCL16/CXCR6 is involved in LPS-induced acute lung injury via P38 signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5380-5389. [PMID: 31199046 PMCID: PMC6653424 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several chemokines play key roles in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI), the roles of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 (CXCR6) in ALI pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. The mRNA and protein expression of CXCL16 and CXCR6 was detected after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation with or without treatment with the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). Lung injury induced by LPS was evaluated in CXCR6 knockout mice. CXCL16 level was elevated in the serum of ALI patients (n = 20) compared with healthy controls (n = 30). CXCL16 treatment (50, 100, and 200 ng/mL) in 16HBE cells significantly decreased the epithelial barrier integrity and E-cadherin expression, and increased CXCR6 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and p38 phosphorylation. Knockdown of CXCR6 or treatment with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 abolished the effects of CXCL16. Moreover, treatment of 16HBE cells with LPS (5, 10, 20 and 50 μg/mL) significantly increased CXCL16 release as well as the mRNA and protein levels of CXCL16 and CXCR6. The effects of LPS treatment (20 μg/mL) were abolished by treatment with PDTC. The results of the luciferase assay further demonstrated that PDTC treatment markedly inhibited the activity of the CXCL16 promoter. In conclusion, CXCL16, whose transcription was enhanced by LPS, may be involved in ROS production, epithelial barrier dysfunction and E-cadherin down-regulation via p38 signalling, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of ALI. Importantly, CXCR6 knockout or inhibition of p38 signalling may protect mice from LPS-induced lung injury by decreasing E-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo‐wei Tu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Min‐jie Ju
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yi‐jun Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guang‐wei Hao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guo‐guang Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jun‐yi Hou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xue‐peng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhe Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Li‐ming Lu
- Shanghai Institute of ImmunologyShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Beziere N, Fuchs K, Maurer A, Reischl G, Brück J, Ghoreschi K, Fehrenbacher B, Berrio DC, Schenke-Layland K, Kohlhofer U, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Gawaz M, Kneilling M, Pichler B. Imaging fibrosis in inflammatory diseases: targeting the exposed extracellular matrix. Theranostics 2019; 9:2868-2881. [PMID: 31244929 PMCID: PMC6568181 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In a variety of diseases, from benign to life-threatening ones, inflammation plays a major role. Monitoring the intensity and extent of a multifaceted inflammatory process has become a cornerstone in diagnostics and therapy monitoring. However, the current tools lack the ability to provide insight into one of its most crucial aspects, namely, the alteration of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Using a radiolabeled platelet glycoprotein VI-based ECM-targeting fusion protein (GPVI-Fc), we investigated how binding of GPVI-Fc on fibrous tissue could uncover the progression of several inflammatory disease models at different stages (rheumatoid arthritis, cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity, lung inflammation and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis). Methods: The fusion protein GPVI-Fc was covalently linked to 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) and subsequently labeled with 64Cu. We analyzed noninvasively in vivo64Cu-GPVI-Fc accumulation in murine cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity, anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase serum-induced rheumatoid arthritis, lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation and an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Static and dynamic Positron Emission Tomography (PET) of the radiotracer distribution was performed in vivo, with ex vivo autoradiography confirmation, yielding quantitative accumulation and a distribution map of 64Cu-GPVI-Fc. Ex vivo tissue histological staining was performed on harvested samples to highlight the fusion protein binding to collagen I, II and III, fibronectin and fibrinogen as well as the morphology of excised tissue. Results:64Cu-GPVI-Fc showed a several-fold increased uptake in inflamed tissue compared to control tissue, particularly in the RA model, with a peak 24 h after radiotracer injection of up to half the injected dose. Blocking and isotype control experiments indicated a target-driven accumulation of the radiotracer in the case of chronic inflammation. Histological analysis confirmed a prolonged accumulation at the inflammation site, with a pronounced colocalization with the different components of the ECM (collagen III and fibronectin notably). Binding of the fusion protein appeared to be specific to the ECM but unspecific to particular components. Conclusion: Imaging of 64Cu-GPVI-Fc accumulation in the ECM matrix appears to be a promising candidate for monitoring chronic inflammation. By binding to exposed fibrous tissue (collagen, fibronectin, etc.) after extravasation, a new insight is provided into the fibrotic events resulting from a prolonged inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Beziere
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fuchs
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brück
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Fehrenbacher
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Carvajal Berrio
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
- Department of Medicine/ Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL 3645, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Kim SK, Rho SJ, Kim SH, Kim SY, Song SH, Yoo JY, Kim CH, Lee SH. Protective effects of diphenyleneiodonium, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 46:153-162. [PMID: 30403294 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) plays an important role in inflammatory response by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The inhibition of NOX has been shown to induce anti-inflammatory effects in a few experimental models. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a NOX inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in a rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered by DPI (5 mg/kg) 30 minutes after intratracheal instillation of LPS (3 mg/kg). After 6 hours, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were collected. The NOX activity in lung tissue was significantly increased in LPS-treated rats. It was significantly attenuated by DPI. DPI-treated rats showed significant reduction in the intracellular ROS, the number of inflammatory cells, and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in BALF compared with LPS-treated rats. In lung tissue, DPI-treated rats showed significantly decreased malondialdehyde content and increased activity of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase compared with LPS-treated rats. Lung injury score, myeloperoxidase activity, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression were significantly decreased in DPI-treated rats compared with LPS-treated animals. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that DPI significantly suppressed LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK in MAPK pathway. Our results suggest that DPI may have protective effects on LPS-induced ALI thorough anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects which may be due to inactivation of the NF-κB, ERK1/2, and SAPK/JNK pathway. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of DPI as an anti-inflammatory agent in ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kyoung Kim
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Rho
- Research Institute of Medical Science, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Shin Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - So Hyang Song
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin Young Yoo
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chi Hong Kim
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Haak Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
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Huh JW, Kim WY, Park YY, Lim CM, Koh Y, Kim MJ, Hong SB. Anti-inflammatory Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in an Acute Lung Injury Mouse Model. Acute Crit Care 2018; 33:154-161. [PMID: 31723879 PMCID: PMC6786701 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2018.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) attenuate injury in various lung injury models through paracrine effects. We hypothesized that intratracheal transplantation of allogenic MSCs could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice, mediated by anti-inflammatory responses. Methods Six-week-old male mice were randomized to either the control or the ALI group. ALI was induced by intratracheal LPS instillation. Four hours after LPS instillation, MSCs or phosphate-buffered saline was randomly intratracheally administered. Neutrophil count and protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); lung histology; levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2; and the expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), caspase-3, and caspase-9 were evaluated at 48 hours after injury. Results Treatment with MSCs attenuated lung injury in ALI mice by decreasing protein level and neutrophil recruitment into the BALF and improving the histologic change. MSCs also decreased the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, but had little effect on the protein expression of PCNA, caspase-3, and caspase-9. Conclusions Intratracheal injection of bone marrow-derived allogenic MSCs attenuates LPS-induced ALI via immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Huh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Chae-Man Lim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younsuck Koh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Hong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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99MTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine Oxime Imaging for Early Detection of Acute Lung Injury in Rats Exposed to Hyperoxia or Lipopolysaccharide Treatment. Shock 2018; 46:420-30. [PMID: 26974426 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) is a clinical single-photon emission computed tomography biomarker of tissue oxidoreductive state. Our objective was to investigate whether HMPAO lung uptake can serve as a preclinical marker of lung injury in two well-established rat models of human acute lung injury (ALI).Rats were exposed to >95% O2 (hyperoxia) or treated with intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with first endpoints obtained 24 h later. HMPAO was administered intravenously before and after treatment with the glutathione-depleting agent diethyl maleate (DEM), scintigraphy images were acquired, and HMPAO lung uptake was quantified from the images. We also measured breathing rates, heart rates, oxygen saturation, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts and protein, lung homogenate glutathione (GSH) content, and pulmonary vascular endothelial filtration coefficient (Kf).For hyperoxia rats, HMPAO lung uptake increased after 24 h (134%) and 48 h (172%) of exposure. For LPS-treated rats, HMPAO lung uptake increased (188%) 24 h after injury and fell with resolution of injury. DEM reduced HMPAO uptake in hyperoxia and LPS rats by a greater fraction than in normoxia rats. Both hyperoxia exposure (18%) and LPS treatment (26%) increased lung homogenate GSH content, which correlated strongly with HMPAO uptake. Neither of the treatments had an effect on Kf at 24 h. LPS-treated rats appeared healthy but exhibited mild tachypnea, BAL, and histological evidence of inflammation, and increased wet and dry lung weights. These results suggest the potential utility of HMPAO as a tool for detecting ALI at a phase likely to exhibit minimal clinical evidence of injury.
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Hagawane TN, Gaikwad RV, Kshirsagar NA. Dual hit lipopolysaccharide & oleic acid combination induced rat model of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Indian J Med Res 2017; 143:624-32. [PMID: 27488006 PMCID: PMC4989836 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.187111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Despite advances in therapy and overall medical care, acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) management remains a problem. Hence the objective of this study was to develop a rat model that mimics human ALI/ARDS. Methods: Four groups of Wistar rats, 48 per group were treated with (i) intratracheal (IT) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg) dissolved in normal saline (NS), (ii) intravenous (iv) oleic acid (OA) (250 μl/kg) suspension in bovine serum albumin (BSA), (iii) dual hit: IT LPS (2 mg/kg) dissolved in NS and iv OA (100 μl/kg) and (iv) control group: IT NS and iv BSA. From each group at set periods of time various investigations like chest X-rays, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), total cell count, differential cell count, total protein count and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung wet/dry weight ratio and histopathological examination were done. Results: It was noted that the respiratory rate, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were significantly higher at 4 h in the dual hit group as compared to LPS, OA and control groups. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly higher in the dual hit group as compared to LPS at 8 and 24 h, OA at 8 h and control (at all time intervals) group. IL-1β levels were significantly higher in LPS and dual hit groups at all time intervals, but not in OA and control groups. The injury induced in dual hit group was earlier and more sustained as compared to LPS and OA alone. Interpretation & conclusions: The lung pathology and changes in respiration functions produced by the dual hit model were closer to the diagnostic criteria of ALI/ARDS in terms of clinical manifestations and pulmonary injury and the injury persisted longer as compared to LPS and OA single hit model. Therefore, the ARDS model produced by the dual hit method was closer to the diagnostic criteria of ARDS in terms of clinical manifestations and pulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Hagawane
- Infectious Diseases Department, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - R V Gaikwad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Mumbai Veterinary College, Mumbai, India
| | - N A Kshirsagar
- National Chair Clinical Pharmacology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Caniga M, Cabal A, Mehta K, Ross DS, Gil MA, Woodhouse JD, Eckman J, Naber JR, Callahan MK, Goncalves L, Hill SE, Mcleod RL, McIntosh F, Freke MC, Visser SA, Johnson N, Salmon M, Cicmil M. Preclinical Experimental and Mathematical Approaches for Assessing Effective Doses of Inhaled Drugs, Using Mometasone to Support Human Dose Predictions. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2016; 29:362-77. [PMID: 26859446 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2015.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Caniga
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Antonio Cabal
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Khamir Mehta
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - David S. Ross
- Center for Applied and Computational Mathematics, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York
| | - Malgorzata A. Gil
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Janice D. Woodhouse
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Eckman
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - John R. Naber
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Marissa K. Callahan
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Luciano Goncalves
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan E. Hill
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Robbie L. Mcleod
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Fraser McIntosh
- Discovery Research Services Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark C. Freke
- Discovery Research Services Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sandra A.G. Visser
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil Johnson
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Salmon
- Department of Biology Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Milenko Cicmil
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, and West Point, Pennsylvania
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14
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Legband N, Hatoum L, Thomas A, Kreikemeier-Bower C, Hostetler D, Buesing K, Borden M, Terry B. Peritoneal Membrane Oxygenation Therapy for Rats With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. J Med Device 2016; 10:020905. [PMID: 32328208 PMCID: PMC7164491 DOI: 10.1115/1.4033201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Legband
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Liana Hatoum
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Alec Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | | | - Douglas Hostetler
- Department of Veterinarian Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Keely Buesing
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Mark Borden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Benjamin Terry
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
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15
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Cheng X, He S, Yuan J, Miao S, Gao H, Zhang J, Li Y, Peng W, Wu P. Lipoxin A4 attenuates LPS-induced mouse acute lung injury via Nrf2-mediated E-cadherin expression in airway epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 93:52-66. [PMID: 26845617 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental element of acute lung injury (ALI) is the inflammation that is part of the body's immune response to a variety of local or systemic stimuli. Lipoxins (LXs) are important endogenous lipids that mediate resolution of inflammation. Previously, we demonstrated that LXA4 reduced the LPS inhalation-induced pulmonary edema, neutrophil infiltration and TNF-α production in mice. With the same model, the current investigation focused on the role of the airway epithelium, a first-line barrier and a prime target of inhaled toxicants. We report that LXA4 strongly inhibited LPS-induced ALI in mice, in part by protecting the airway epithelium and preserving the E-cadherin expression and airway permeability. Using a cryo-imaging assay and fluorescence detection, LXA4 was shown to block LPS-induced ROS generation and preserve mitochondrial redox status both in vivo and in vitro. To further assess whether and how NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was involved in the protective effect of LXA4, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis was employed in human epithelial cell line (16HBE), to determine the relative distance between Nrf2 and its negative regulator or cytosolic inhibitor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). It provided us the evidence that LXA4 further promoted the dissociation of Nrf2 and Keap1 in LPS-treated 16HBE cells. The results also showed that LXA4 activates Nrf2 by phosphorylating it on Ser40 and triggering its nuclear translocation. Moreover, when the plasmid expression dominant negative mutation of Nrf2 was transfected as an inhibitor of wild-type Nrf2, the protective effect of LXA4 on E-cadherin expression was almost completely blocked. These results provide a new mechanism by which LXA4 inhibits LPS-induced ALI through Nrf2-mediated E-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Songqing He
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuo Miao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jingnong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Union Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Heart and Lung Institute of Utah, Murray, UT 84107, United States
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
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Zeng G, Liu J, Wu N, Jia CW, Guo SB. Lipopolysaccharide challenge induces long pentraxin 3 expression in mice independently from acute lung injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 30:7-17. [PMID: 25837354 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(15)30002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the onset of acute lung injury (ALI) induces the up-regulation of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) expression in mice and whether PTX3 concentration in the biofluid can help recognizing sepsis-induced ALI. METHODS Wild-type C57BL/6 mice (12-14 weeks old) were randomly divided into 3 groups. Mice in the group 1 (n=12) and group 2 (n=12) were instilled with lipopolysaccharide via intratracheal or intraperitoneal routes, respectively. Mice in the group 3 (n=8) were taken as blank controls. Pulmonary morphological and functional alterations were measured to determine the presence of experimental ALI. PTX3 expression in the lung was quantified at both protein and mRNA levels. PTX3 protein concentration in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was measured to evaluate its ability to diagnose sepsis-induced ALI by computing area under receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROCC). RESULTS ALI was commonly confirmed in the group 1 but never in the other groups. PTX3 expression was up-regulated indiscriminately among lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice. PTX3 protein concentration in the biofluid was unable to diagnose sepsis-induced ALI evidenced by its small AUROCC. PTX3 concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid did not correlate with that in serum. CONCLUSIONS Lipopolysaccharide challenges induced PTX3 expression in mice regardless of the presence of ALI. PTX3 may act as an indicator of inflammatory response instead of organ injury per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Zeng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Cong-wei Jia
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shu-bin Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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17
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Legband N, Buesing K, Borden M, Terry B. The Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Rats With a Peritoneal Dosing System. J Med Device 2015; 9:020929. [PMID: 32328216 PMCID: PMC7164493 DOI: 10.1115/1.4030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Legband
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Keely Buesing
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Mark Borden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80302
| | - Benjamin Terry
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
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PARP inhibitor, olaparib ameliorates acute lung and kidney injury upon intratracheal administration of LPS in mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 400:153-62. [PMID: 25404465 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that PARP-1 inhibition provides protection against lung inflammation in the context of asthma and acute lung injury. Olaparib is a potent new generation PARP inhibitor that has been approved for human testing. The present work was designed to evaluate its beneficial potential against LPS-induced acute lung injury and acute kidney injury upon intratracheal administration of the endotoxin in mice. Administration of olaparib at different doses, 30 min after LPS treatment showed that single intraperitoneal injection of the drug at 5 mg/kg b.wt. reduced the total number of inflammatory cells particularly neutrophils in the lungs. This was associated with reduced pulmonary edema as the total protein content in the bronchoalveolar fluid was found to be decreased substantially. Olaparib provided strong protection against LPS-mediated secondary kidney injury as reflected by restoration of serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid toward normal. The drug restored the LPS-mediated redox imbalance toward normal in lung and kidney tissues as assessed by measuring malondialdehyde and GSH levels. Finally, RT-PCR data revealed that olaparib downregulates the LPS-induced expression of NF-κB-dependent genes namely TNF-α, IL-1β, and VCAM-1 in the lungs without altering the expression of total p65NF-κB. Overall, the data suggest that olaparib has a strong potential to protect against LPS-induced lung injury and associated dysfunctioning of kidney in mice. Given the fact that olaparib is approved by FDA for human testing, our findings can pave the way for testing of the drug on humans inflicted with acute lung injury.
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Gao J, Zhan Y, Chen J, Wang L, Yang J. Triptolide ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats. Eur J Med Res 2013; 18:58. [PMID: 24345260 PMCID: PMC3878560 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-18-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious clinical syndrome with a high rate of mortality. In this study, the effects of triptolide on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in rats were investigated. Methods Sixty-five male Sprague Dawley rats(approved by ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University) were randomly divided into five groups. The control group was injected with 2.5 mL saline/kg body weight via the tail vein and intraperitoneally with 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (n = 5). The L group was administered with 0.2% LPS dissolved in saline (5 mg/kg) to induce ALI via the tail vein (n = 15). The TP1, TP2, and TP3 groups were treated as rats in the L group and then intraperitoneally injected with 25, 50, and 100 μg triptolide/kg body weight, respectively (15 rats per group). Blood samples from the left heart artery were taken for blood gas analysis at 1 hour before injection and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours after saline and DMSO administration in the control group, LPS injection in the L group, and triptolide injection in the TP1, TP2, and TP3 groups. Lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) score, TNF-α levels, and mRNA and protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were analyzed. Results Compared with the control group, the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) declined (P <0.05), the W/D ratio and DAD score increased (P <0.05), and TNF-α levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and mRNA and protein expression of TLR4 were significantly increased in the L group (P <0.05). Compared with the L group, PaO2 significantly increased in the TP2 and TP3 groups (P <0.05), while the W/D ratio and DAD score were significantly decreased in the TP2 and TP3 groups (P <0.05). TNF-α levels and mRNA and protein expression of TLR4 were significantly decreased in the TP2 and TP3 groups compared with the L group (P <0.05). Conclusions Triptolide can ameliorate LPS-induced ALI by reducing the release of the inflammatory mediator TNF-α and inhibiting TLR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianping Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi Street 188, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China.
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Si MKH, Mitaka C, Tulafu M, Abe S, Kitagawa M, Ikeda S, Eishi Y, Kurata S, Tomita M. Inhibition of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase attenuates lung-kidney crosstalk induced by intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation in rats. Respir Res 2013; 14:126. [PMID: 24229378 PMCID: PMC3833186 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe form of lung injury that frequently occurs during pneumonia and sepsis. Lung inflammation in ARDS patients may have deleterious effects on remote organs such as the kidney. The nuclear enzyme poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enhances the nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent transcription of inflammatory cytokines. This study was conducted to elucidate two questions: first, whether the activation of PARP and NF-κB mediates the renal inflammation secondary to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung inflammation; second, whether a PARP inhibitor, 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), attenuates lung and kidney inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory cytokines. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were anesthetized, ventilated, and divided into three groups; a control group (n = 8); an LPS group (n = 12) intratracheally instilled with LPS (16 mg/kg), and an LPS + 3-AB group (n = 12) given the same dose of LPS by the same method followed by an intravenous injection of 3-AB (20 mg/kg). Hemodynamics, arterial blood gas, and the plasma levels of lactate, creatinine and potassium were measured at 0,1,2,3, and 4 h after treatment. The lung wet/dry ratio was measured at 4 h. The mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the lung and kidney were measured by TaqMan real-time PCR. PARP and NF-κB in the lung and kidney were histologically examined by immunostaining and assigned expression scores. Results LPS induced metabolic acidosis, hypotension, hypoxemia, increased the lung wet/dry ratio, increased the plasma levels of creatinine and potassium, and increased the cytokine mRNA expressions in the lung and kidney. All of these effects were associated with strong expression of PARP and NF-κB. Treatment with 3-AB prevented the LPS-induced metabolic acidosis and hypotension, reduced the plasma levels of lactate, creatinine and potassium, reduced the cytokine mRNA expressions, reduced the expression of PARP and NF-κB, improved pulmonary edema and oxygenation and preserved renal function. Conclusions The PARP inhibition attenuated lung-kidney crosstalk induced by intratracheal LPS instillation, partly via an inhibition of NF-κB dependent proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chieko Mitaka
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Ma L, Wu XY, Zhang LH, Chen WM, Uchiyama A, Mashimo T, Fujino Y. Propofol exerts anti-inflammatory effects in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibition of CD14 and TLR4 expression. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:299-305. [PMID: 23532269 PMCID: PMC3854382 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20122379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of propofol (Prop) administration (10 mg kg-1 h-1, intravenously) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury and its effect on cluster of differentiation (CD) 14 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 expression in lung tissue of anesthetized, ventilated rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of 8 rats each: control, LPS, and LPS+Prop. Lung injury was assayed via blood gas analysis and lung histology, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using ELISA. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect CD14 and TLR4 mRNA levels, and CD14 and TLR4 protein expression was determined by Western blot. The pathological scores were 1.2 ± 0.9, 3.3 ± 1.1, and 1.9 ± 1.0 for the control, LPS, and LPS+Prop groups, respectively, with statistically significant differences between control and LPS groups (P < 0.05) and between LPS and LPS+Prop groups (P < 0.05). The administration of LPS resulted in a significant increase in TNF-α and IL-1β levels, 7- and 3.5-fold, respectively (P < 0.05), while treatment with propofol partially blunted the secretion of both cytokines (P < 0.05). CD14 and TLR4 mRNA levels were increased in the LPS group (1.48 ± 0.05 and 1.26 ± 0.03, respectively) compared to the control group (1.00 ± 0.20 and 1.00 ± 0.02, respectively; P < 0.05), while propofol treatment blunted this effect (1.16 ± 0.05 and 1.12 ± 0.05, respectively; P < 0.05). Both CD14 and TLR4 protein levels were elevated in the LPS group compared to the control group (P < 0.05), while propofol treatment partially decreased the expression of CD14 and TLR4 protein versus LPS alone (P < 0.05). Our study indicates that propofol prevents lung injury, most likely by inhibition of CD14 and TLR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Liu F, Li W, Pauluhn J, Trübel H, Wang C. Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats: comparative assessment of intratracheal instillation and aerosol inhalation. Toxicology 2013; 304:158-66. [PMID: 23313377 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) has many possible etiopathologies and is characterized by acute diffuse lung damage with poor prognosis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is widely used as septic model of ALI in pharmacological research. This study compares intratracheal bolus instillation (IT) with dose-adjusted aerosol inhalation (IH) of LPS in Wistar rats using both non-invasive and terminal endpoints. The former comprised exhaled nitric oxide (NOE) and 'enhanced pause' (Penh) both measured in spontaneous breathing conscious rats. Terminal endpoints included lung weights, LDH, protein, total cell counts, and cytodifferentiation in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Measurements were made 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after IT instillation (5 mg LPS/kg body weight) or 6-hour directed-flow nose-only inhalation exposure to respirable LPS-aerosol at 100 mg/m(3) (thoracic dose: 2.6 mgLPS/kg body weight). Controls received saline (IT) or air only (IH). LDH and protein were significantly different from the control in the LPS-IH group (days 1 and 3) with a somewhat inconclusive outcome in the LPS-IT group due to the effects occurring in the control. Total cell counts were equally elevated with similar time-course changes in the LPS-IT and -IH groups. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were indistinguishable amongst LPS-dosed rats. Again, IT-dosed control rats displayed markedly higher background levels than those dosed by inhalation. Similarly NOE was significantly elevated on post-LPS day 1 as was Penh. In summary, the LPS-aerosol dose delivered by nose-only exposure over 6 h was equally potent as the 2-times higher LPS-IT bolus dose on post-LPS day 1 with somewhat faster recovery thereafter. The climax and discriminatory power of the non-invasive endpoints matched those determined terminally. This supports the conclusion that the pharmacological efficacy and side effects of inhalation pharmaceuticals designed to mitigate ALI can better be identified by LPS-aerosol than by LPS-IT. Non-invasive time-course measurements may deliver apt information both on the efficacious dose as well as the dosing intervals required to maintain the targeted efficacy using a minimum of experimental animals. The outcome of this comparative study supports the conclusion that the inhalation route produces a more uniform type of injury at lower, more meaningful dosages. When designing studies for screening of effective drugs this mode of delivery appears to better approximate the human condition with less dosimetric uncertainty, less experimental variability and better characterization of what was actually delivered to the entire respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liu
- Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Fu PK, Yang CY, Tsai TH, Hsieh CL. Moutan cortex radicis improves lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats through anti-inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1206-1215. [PMID: 22921747 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Moutan cortex radicis (MCR) is a Chinese herbal medicine that was widely used over a long period as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent in China. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rat models is considered similar to adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in humans. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of MCR on ALI. The ALI model was developed through the intra-tracheal (IT) administration of LPS (16mg/kg) to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, which formed the LPS group. MCR was orally administered before and after LPS was introduced into rats (MCR-LPS group and LPS-MCR group, respectively). In the MCR-LPS group, rats received MCR 2g/kg/times 3 times before LPS challenge; the LPS-MCR group received MCR 2g/kg/times 3 times after LPS challenge. The results of this experiment indicate that the number of total cells and neutrophils and the concentration of protein exudation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) significantly decreased in the MCR-LPS group. Cytokine levels, including levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, macrophage-inflammatory peptide (MIP)-2, IL-6, and IL-10, in BALF were also significantly inhibited at 16h after LPS administration in the MCR-LPS group. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung tissue was reduced in the MCR-LPS and LPS-MCR groups at 16h after LPS administration. Furthermore, leukocyte infiltration and protein exudation in the alveolar space were less severe in the MCR-LPS group than in the LPS group. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that the administration of MCR prior to LPS improves ALI, possibly mediating ALI through anti-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Kuei Fu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Mesenchymal stromal cells: cautious optimism for their potential role in the treatment of acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:1373-5. [PMID: 22425851 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31824317f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Anti-inflammatory and anticoagulative effects of paeonol on LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:837513. [PMID: 22454687 PMCID: PMC3291481 DOI: 10.1155/2012/837513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Paeonol is an active component of Moutan Cortex Radicis and is widely used as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent in traditional Chinese medicine. We wanted to determine the role of paeonol in treating adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We established an acute lung injury (ALI) model in Sprague-Dawley rats, which was similar to ARDS in humans, using intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The intraperitoneal administration of paeonol successfully reduced histopathological scores and attenuated myeloperoxidase-reactive cells as an index of polymorphonuclear neutrophils infiltration and also reduces inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the lung tissue, at 16 h after LPS administration. In addition, paeonol reduced proinflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, including tumor-necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and plasminogen-activated inhibition factor-1. These results indicated that paeonol successfully attenuates inflammatory and coagulation reactions to protect against ALI.
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Hassett P, Curley GF, Contreras M, Masterson C, Higgins BD, O'Brien T, Devaney J, O'Toole D, Laffey JG. Overexpression of pulmonary extracellular superoxide dismutase attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37:1680-7. [PMID: 21755396 PMCID: PMC7095197 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Superoxide is produced by activated neutrophils during the inflammatory response to stimuli such as endotoxin, can directly or indirectly injure host cells, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We wished to determine the potential for pulmonary overexpression of the extracellular isoform of superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) to reduce the severity of endotoxin-induced lung injury. METHODS Animals were randomly allocated to undergo intratracheal instillation of (1) surfactant alone (vehicle); (2) adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors containing a null transgene (AAV-null); and (3) adeno-associated virus vectors containing the EC-SOD transgene (AAV-EC-SOD) and endotoxin was subsequently administered intratracheally. Two additional groups were randomized to receive (1) vehicle or (2) AAV-EC-SOD, and to undergo sham (vehicle) injury. The severity of the lung injury was assessed in all animals 24 h later. RESULTS Endotoxin produced a severe lung injury compared to sham injury. The AAV vector encoding EC-SOD increased lung EC-SOD concentrations, and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the lung. EC-SOD overexpression decreased the severity of endotoxin-induced ALI, reducing the decrement in systemic oxygenation and lung compliance, decreasing lung permeability and decreasing histologic injury. EC-SOD attenuated pulmonary inflammation, decreased bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophil counts, and reduced interleukin-6 and CINC-1 concentrations. The AAV vector itself did not contribute to inflammation or to lung injury. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary overexpression of EC-SOD protects the lung against endotoxin-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hassett
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Chen H, Bai C, Wang X. The value of the lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury model in respiratory medicine. Expert Rev Respir Med 2011; 4:773-83. [PMID: 21128752 DOI: 10.1586/ers.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a syndrome characterized by pulmonary edema and acute inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component in Gram-negative bacteria, has been used to induce ALI/ARDS. LPS-induced animal models highlight ways to explore mechanisms of multiple diseases and provide useful information on the discovery of novel biomarkers and drug targets. However, each model has its own merits and drawbacks. The goal of this article is to summarize and evaluate the results of experimental findings in LPS-induced ALI/ARDS, and the possible mechanisms and treatments elucidated. Advantages and disadvantages of such models in pulmonary research and new directions for future investigations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Stichtenoth G, Linderholm B, Björkman MH, Walter G, Curstedt T, Herting E. Prophylactic intratracheal polymyxin B/surfactant prevents bacterial growth in neonatal Escherichia coli pneumonia of rabbits. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:369-74. [PMID: 20035246 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181d026f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In neonatal pneumonia, the surface activity of pulmonary surfactant is impaired and microorganisms may invade by passing the air-liquid interface. Previously, we have shown that addition of the antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B (PxB) to modified porcine surfactant (pSF) improves resistance to surfactant inactivation in vitro while antimicrobial activity of PxB is maintained. In this study, we investigated pSF/PxB in vivo. Neonatal near-term rabbits were treated with intratracheal pSF and/or PxB. Rabbits treated with only saline served as controls. Animals were ventilated with standardized tidal volumes and received ∼10(7) Escherichia coli intratracheally. Plethysmographic pressure-volume curves were recorded every 30 min. After 240 min, animals were killed, the right lung and left kidney were excised, and bacterial growth was determined. The left lung was used for histologic analysis. Intratracheal administration of PxB ± pSF significantly reduced the growth of E. coli compared with control animals or animals receiving only pSF. This was accompanied by reduction of severe inflammatory tissue destruction and significantly reduced bacterial translocation to the left kidney. Animals receiving pSF + PxB had no difference in lung compliance compared with the pSF- or PxB-treated group. Mixtures of PxB and pulmonary surfactant show antimicrobial effects in neonatal rabbits and prevent systemic spreading of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Stichtenoth
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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Merry HE, Wolf PS, Fitzsullivan E, Keech JC, Mulligan MS. Lipopolysaccharide pre-conditioning is protective in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 29:471-8. [PMID: 20044277 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of suitable lung donors has remained a significant barrier to lung transplantation. The clinical relevance of an isolated positive Gram stain in potential donor lungs, which occurs in >80%, is unclear. Low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been protective in several models of ischemia-reperfusion injury through a pre-conditioning response. We sought to demonstrate that low-dose LPS is protective against subsequent lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Pathogen-free Long-Evans rats were pre-treated with vehicle or LPS 24 hours before 90 minutes of ischemia and up to 4 hours of reperfusion. Lungs were assessed for vascular permeability, myeloperoxidase content, bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cell and cytokine/chemokine content, as well as nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) activation. RESULTS Compared with positive controls, LPS pre-treatment resulted in reductions in vascular permeability (70%, p < 0.001), myeloperoxidase content (93%, p < 0.001), bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cells (91%, p < 0.001), and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine content (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, 99%, p = 0.003; interleukin-1beta, 72%, p < 0.0001; tumor necrosis factor-alpha, 76%, p < 0.0001), NFkappaB (86%, p < 0.001) and AP-1 (97%, p < 0.001) nuclear translocation, and IRAK-1 (87%, p < 0.001) and SAPK (80%, p < 0.001) phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Lipopolysaccharide pre-treatment reduced lung injury and inflammatory mediator production after subsequent exposure to ischemia-reperfusion. Understanding the clinical significance of lipopolysaccharide in donor lungs has the potential to expand and clarify donor inclusion criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Merry
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Delay of LPS-induced acute lung injury resolution by soluble immune complexes is neutrophil dependent. Shock 2009; 32:276-85. [PMID: 19106808 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31819962b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological role of soluble immune complexes (SICXs) and its relationship with neutrophils were investigated in LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) animal model (Sprague-Dawley rat) and through the in vitro studies. Results showed that LPS-induced SICX was timely related to changes of tumor necrosis factor alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (inflammatory cytokines) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In vitro study showed that SICX can bind to Fc gammaR (CD64 and CD32 or CD16) to prevent the apoptosis of neutrophils. The SICX-mediated apoptosis inhibition was extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or phosphoinositide 3 kinase dependent and was interrupted by PD98059 and LY294002. In vivo, additional amount of SICX exacerbated the lung injury caused by LPS. LPS-induced lung injury and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 release, however, were prevented by CD64 and CD32 blockers (decoy antibodies). In conclusion, excessive amount of SICX in lung can act through Fc gammaRs to protect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils from apoptosis that eventually lead to delayed resolution of ALI caused by LPS. Blockade of SICX engagement of CD32 and CD64 (with decoy antibodies) could interrupt SICX-mediated protection of neutrophils and protect lung from LPS-induced injury. The decoy antibodies may therefore have therapeutic utility in ALI.
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Li Y, Wei H. Lipopolysaccharide “two-hit” induced refractory hypoxemia acute respiratory distress model in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:470-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-009-0416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bánfi A, Tiszlavicz L, Székely E, Peták F, Tóth-Szüki V, Baráti L, Bari F, Novák Z. DEVELOPMENT OF BRONCHUS-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE HYPERPLASIA FOLLOWING LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED LUNG INFLAMMATION IN RATS. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:186-97. [DOI: 10.1080/01902140802495862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Using two animal models to determine which isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX), constitutive COX-1 or inducible COX-2, is involved in the progression of anterior ocular inflammation. METHODS Lambda-carrageenan (500 mg/eye) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 3 mg/eye) was injected into rat conjunctiva to induce conjunctivitis. Vascular permeability in inflamed conjunctiva was measured by uptake of systemic Evans blue. Changes in mRNA for COX-1 and COX-2 in conjunctiva were detected by RT-PCR. Changes in COX-2 protein were detected by immunoblotting after immunoprecipitation. To assess involvement of COX-2 in carrageenan and LPS-induced conjunctivitis, NS-398 (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) or indomethacin (non-selective COX inhibitor) was topically administrated at 15 and 30 minutes before inflammatory stimulator-injection. RESULTS In the carrageenan-injected model, the dye content of conjunctiva (12.4 +/- 2.8 mg/eye) was significantly increased 4 hours after injection compared to saline-injected control rats (3.7 +/-1.1 mg/eye). mRNA for COX-2 was significantly increased by 2 hours and gradually increased until 24 hours; COX-1 mRNA did not show major changes until 24 hours after injection. COX-2 protein was markedly elevated 4 hours after injection of carrageenan. COX-2 protein levels were well correlated with increased mRNA levels. In the LPS-injected model, the dye content of conjunctiva (5.8 +/- 1.2 mg/eye) was significantly increased 4 hours after injection compared to saline-injected control rats (3.1 +/- 0.6 mg/eye). Expression of COX-2 mRNA was increased 1 hour after injection, peaked at 2 hours, and decreased at 4 hours. mRNA for COX-1 did not change by 24 hours. COX- 2 protein increased 2 hours after injection of LPS. COX-2 protein levels were well correlated with increased mRNA. Topical administration of 1% NS-398 exhibited strong inhibition of dye-leakage into conjunctiva 4 hours after injection of carrageenan or LPS, since 59% or 83% of dye-uptake were inhibited, respectively. 1% of indomethacin eye drops showed only a minimal effect. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the mechanism for anterior ocular inflammation may be due to up-regulation of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Oka
- Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-5-4 Murotani, Nishiku, Kobe 651-2241, Japan
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Bowler RP, Reisdorph N, Reisdorph R, Abraham E. Alterations in the human lung proteome with lipopolysaccharide. BMC Pulm Med 2009; 9:20. [PMID: 19432985 PMCID: PMC2694759 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-9-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) is associated with improved survival in high-risk patients with severe sepsis; however, the effects of both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and rhAPC on the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) proteome are unknown. Methods Using differential in gel electrophoresis (DIGE) we identified changes in the BALF proteome from 10 healthy volunteers given intrapulmonary LPS in one lobe and saline in another lobe. Subjects were randomized to pretreatment with saline or rhAPC. Results An average of 255 protein spots were detected in each proteome. We found 31 spots corresponding to 8 proteins that displayed abundance increased or decreased at least 2-fold after LPS. Proteins that decreased after LPS included surfactant protein A, immunoglobulin J chain, fibrinogen-γ, α1-antitrypsin, immunoglobulin, and α2-HS-glycoprotein. Haptoglobin increased after LPS-treatment. Treatment with rhAPC was associated with a larger relative decrease in immunoglobulin J chain, fibrinogen-γ, α1-antitrypsin, and α2-HS-glycoprotein. Conclusion Intrapulmonary LPS was associated with specific protein changes suggesting that the lung response to LPS is more than just a loss of integrity in the alveolar epithelial barrier; however, pretreatment with rhAPC resulted in minor changes in relative BALF protein abundance consistent with its lack of affect in ALI and milder forms of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Bowler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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Wu CL, Lin LY, Yang JS, Chan MC, Hsueh CM. Attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by treatment with IL-10. Respirology 2009; 14:511-21. [PMID: 19386070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize the changes in neutrophils and cytokines in BAL fluid following acute lung injury (ALI), and to determine the protective effect of post-injury treatment with IL-10. METHODS A rat model of ALI was established by evenly spraying LPS (16 mg/kg) into the lungs followed by observation for 48 h. Histological changes and the kinetics of neutrophil infiltration were evaluated in the injured lungs. The cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and interferon-gamma) and macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP-2) were measured in BAL fluid by ELISA. The activation of BAL fluid neutrophils was investigated after treatment with IL-10 in vitro. The protective effect on histology and MIP-2 levels of intra-tracheal instillation of IL-10 12 and 16 h after LPS treatment was studied in vivo. RESULTS Intra-tracheal instillation of LPS caused significant lung injury and the activation of neutrophils. The levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in BAL fluid peaked at 8 and 16 h after LPS instillation respectively. IL-10 levels reached a maximum at 16-24 h, at the beginning of resolution of tissue injury. IL-10 inhibited the activation of neutrophils in vitro and MIP-2 induction in vivo. IL-10 had a protective effect if it was administered 12 but not 16 h after LPS. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophils appeared to play an important role in ALI. Time-dependent treatment with IL-10 after intra-tracheal instillation of LPS was effective in protecting rats from ALI, probably by suppressing pulmonary infiltration with activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Liang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Role of proinflammatory activity contained in gastric juice from intensive care unit patients to induce lung injury in a rabbit aspiration model. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:3205-12. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31818f0e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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van Helden HPM, van de Meent D, Oostdijk JP, Joosen MJA, van Esch JHM, Hammer AH, Diemel RV. Protection of Rats Against Perfluoroisobutene (PFIB)-Induced Pulmonary Edema by Curosurf andN-Acetylcysteine. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 16:549-64. [PMID: 15204746 DOI: 10.1080/08958370490442575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Airborne exposure to lung-toxic agents may damage the lung surfactant system and epithelial and endothelial cells, resulting in a life-threatening pulmonary edema that is known to be refractory to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate in rats (1) the respiratory injury caused by nose-only exposure to perfluoroisobutene (PFIB), and (2) the therapeutic efficacy of a treatment at 4 and/or 8 h after exposure consisting of the natural surfactant Curosurf and/or the anti-inflammatory drug N-acetylcysteine (NAC). For that purpose, the following parameters were examined: respiratory frequency (RF), lung compliance (Cdyn), airway resistance (Raw), lung wet weight (LWW), airway histopathology; and in brochoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, total protein, total phospholipid, cell count and differentiation, and changes in the surface tension of the BAL fluid. The mean (+/- SEM) surface tension of BAL fluid derived from PFIB-exposed (C . t = 1100-1200 mg min(-1) m(-3), approximately 1LCt50; t = 20 min) animals at 24 h following exposure (11 +/- 3 mN/m) was higher than that of unexposed rats (0.8 +/- 0.4 mN/m), reflecting damage to the surfactant system and justifying treatment with exogenous surfactant. Curosurf treatment (62.5 mg/kg i.t.) decreased pulmonary edema caused by PFIB, reflected by a decreased LWW, and decreased the amount of protein in BAL fluid. NAC treatment (1000 mmol/kg ip) inhibited the interstitial pneumonia reflected by a decreased percentage of neutrophils in the alveolar space. It was concluded that a combined treatment of Curosurf + NAC improved respiration, that is, RF and Cdyn, whereby Curosurf predominantly decreased pulmonary edema and NAC predominantly reduced the inflammatory process. A combined treatment may therefore be considered a promising therapeutic approach in early-stage acute respiratory distress caused by PFIB, although the treatment regimes need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman P M van Helden
- Department of Medical Countermeasures TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
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O'Rourke AM, Wang EY, Miller A, Podar EM, Scheyhing K, Huang L, Kessler C, Gao H, Ton-Nu HT, Macdonald MT, Jones DS, Linnik MD. Anti-inflammatory effects of LJP 1586 [Z-3-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)allylamine hydrochloride], an amine-based inhibitor of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:867-75. [PMID: 17993604 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO, amine oxidase, copper-containing 3, and vascular adhesion protein-1) is a copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines to an aldehyde, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. SSAO is also involved in leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation, and the enzymatic activity of SSAO is essential to this role. Thus, inhibition of SSAO enzyme activity represents a target for the development of small molecule anti-inflammatory compounds. Here, we have characterized the novel SSAO inhibitor, Z-3-fluoro-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)allylamine hydrochloride (LJP 1586), and assessed its anti-inflammatory activity. LJP 1586 is a potent inhibitor of rodent and human SSAO activity, with IC(50) values between 4 and 43 nM. The selectivity of LJP 1586 was confirmed with a broad panel of receptors and enzymes that included the monoamine oxidases A and B. Oral administration of LJP 1586 resulted in complete inhibition of rat lung SSAO, with an ED(50) between 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, and a pharmacodynamic half-life of greater than 24 h. In a mouse model of inflammatory leukocyte trafficking oral dosing with LJP 1586 resulted in significant dose-dependent inhibition of neutrophil accumulation, with an effect comparable to that of anti-leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 antibody. In a rat model of LPS-induced lung inflammation, administration of 10 mg/kg LJP 1586 resulted in a 55% significant reduction in transmigrated cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. The results demonstrate that a selective, orally active small molecule inhibitor of SSAO is an effective anti-inflammatory compound in vivo and provide further support for SSAO as a therapeutic anti-inflammatory target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M O'Rourke
- La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company, 6455 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Sorensen GL, Husby S, Holmskov U. Surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D variation in pulmonary disease. Immunobiology 2007; 212:381-416. [PMID: 17544823 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) have been implicated in pulmonary innate immunity. The proteins are host defense lectins, belonging to the collectin family which also includes mannan-binding lectin (MBL). SP-A and SP-D are pattern-recognition molecules with the lectin domains binding preferentially to sugars on a broad spectrum of pathogen surfaces and thereby facilitating immune functions including viral neutralization, clearance of bacteria, fungi and apoptotic and necrotic cells, modulation of allergic reactions, and resolution of inflammation. SP-A and SP-D can interact with receptor molecules present on immune cells leading to enhanced microbial clearance and modulation of inflammation. SP-A and SP-D also modulate the functions of cells of the adaptive immune system including dendritic cells and T cells. Studies on SP-A and SP-D polymorphisms and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and blood have indicated associations with a multitude of pulmonary inflammatory diseases. In addition, accumulating evidence in mouse models of infection and inflammation indicates that recombinant forms of the surfactant proteins are biologically active in vivo and may have therapeutic potential in controlling pulmonary inflammatory disease. The presence of the surfactant collectins, especially SP-D, in non-pulmonary tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract and genital organs, suggest additional actions located to other mucosal surfaces. The aim of this review is to summarize studies on genetic polymorphisms, structural variants, and serum levels of human SP-A and SP-D and their associations with human pulmonary disease.
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Szczesniak AM, Kelly MEM, Whynot S, Shek PN, Hung O. Ocular hypotensive effects of an intratracheally delivered liposomal delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol preparation in rats. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2006; 22:160-7. [PMID: 16808676 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2006.22.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of an intratracheal (i.t.) administration of a liposome-entrapped Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (LTHC) preparation on intraocular pressure (IOP) in nonanaesthetized Brown Norway rats. The ocular hypotensive effects of i.t. LTHC were compared to that of intraperitoneal (i.p.) LTHC administration. All i.t. LTHC doses >0.05 mg/kg significantly decreased IOP (P < 0.05) within 30 min of administration, and doses of i.t. LTHC >0.1 mg/kg decreased IOP within 15 min of administration. A maximal reduction in IOP of 2.32 +/- 0.27 mmHg (n = 4) was seen with 1.0 mg/kg of i.t. LTHC. In comparison, no significant IOP drop was apparent prior to 30 min with all doses (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) of i.p. LTHC tested, although a similar maximum drop in IOP (2.15 +/- 0.12 mmHg; n = 8) was obtained with 1.0 mg/kg of LTHC. The ED(50) for i.t. and i.p. LTHC was 0.08 mg/kg and 0.12 mg/kg, respectively. The IOP-lowering effects of i.p. LTHC (0.2 mg/kg) were reduced by 14% and 80% by 0.25 mg/kg (n = 6) and 2.5 mg/kg (n = 6), respectively, of the CB1R antagonist, SR141716A. In conclusion, i.t. LTHC was superior to i.p. LTHC in producing a more rapid and potent decrease in IOP. The IOP-lowering effect of LTHC was blocked by the CB1R-selective antagonist, SR141716A, suggesting that CB1Rs contribute to the ocular hypotensive effect of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
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Sakagami M. In vivo, in vitro and ex vivo models to assess pulmonary absorption and disposition of inhaled therapeutics for systemic delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:1030-60. [PMID: 17010473 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the interest in systemic delivery of therapeutic molecules including macromolecular proteins and peptides via the lung, the accurate assessment of their pulmonary biopharmaceutics is a challenging experimental task. This article reviews in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo models currently available for studying lung absorption and disposition for inhaled therapeutic molecules. The general methodologies are discussed with recent advances, current challenges and perspectives, especially in the context of their use in systemic pulmonary delivery research. In vivo approaches in small rodents continue to be the mainstay of assessment by virtue of the acquisition of direct pharmacokinetic data, more meaningful when attention is given to reproducible dosing and control of lung-regional distribution through use of more sophisticated lung-dosing methods, such as forced instillation, microspray, nebulization and aerosol puff. A variety of in vitro lung epithelial cell lines models and primary cultured alveolar epithelial (AE) cells when grown to monolayer status offer new opportunity to clarify the more detailed kinetics and mechanisms of transepithelial drug transport. While continuous cell lines, Calu-3 and 16HBE14o-, show potential, primary cultured AE cell models from rat and human origins may be of greater use, by virtue of their universally tight intercellular junctions that discriminate the transport kinetics of different therapeutic entities. Nevertheless, the relevance of using these reconstructed barriers to represent complex disposition of intact lung may still be debatable. Meanwhile, the intermediate ex vivo model of the isolated perfused lung (IPL) appears to resolve deficiencies of these in vivo and in vitro models. While controlling lung-regional distributions, the preparation alongside a novel kinetic modeling analysis enables separate determinations of kinetic descriptors for lung absorption and non-absorptive clearances, i.e., mucociliary clearance, phagocytosis and/or metabolism. This ex vivo model has been shown to be kinetically predictive of in vivo, with respect to macromolecular disposition, despite limitations concerning short viable periods of 2-3 h and likely absence of tracheobronchial circulation. Given the advantages and disadvantages of each model, scientists must make appropriate selection and timely exploitation of the best model at each stage of the research and development program, affording efficient progress toward clinical trials for future inhaled therapeutic entities for systemic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sakagami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA.
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Vuichard D, Ganter MT, Schimmer RC, Suter D, Booy C, Reyes L, Pasch T, Beck-Schimmer B. Hypoxia aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:248-60. [PMID: 15996189 PMCID: PMC1809432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The animal model of inflammatory response induced by intratracheal application of lipopolysaccharide includes many typical features of acute lung injury or the acute respiratory distress syndrome. A number of experimental investigations have been performed to characterize the nature of this injury more effectively. In inflammatory conditions, hypoxia occurs frequently before and in parallel with pulmonary and non-pulmonary pathological events. This current study was designed to examine the in vivo effect of hypoxia as a potentially aggravating condition in endotoxin-induced lung injury. Lipopolysaccharide, 150 microg, was instilled intratracheally into rat lungs, and thereafter animals were exposed to either normoxia or hypoxia (10% oxygen). Lungs were collected 2, 4, 6 and 8 h later. Inflammatory response and tissue damage were evaluated by quantitative analysis of inflammatory cells and mediators, surfactant protein and vascular permeability. A significantly enhanced neutrophil recruitment was seen in lipopolysaccharide-animals exposed to hypoxia compared to lipopolysaccharide-animals under normoxia. This increased neutrophil accumulation was triggered by inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta, secreted by alveolar macrophages. Determination of vascular permeability and surfactant protein-B showed enhanced concentrations in lipopolysaccharide-lungs exposed to hypoxia, which was absent in animals previously alveolar macrophage-depleted. This study demonstrates that hypoxia aggravates lipopolysaccharide injury and therefore represents a second hit injury. The additional hypoxia-induced inflammatory reaction seems to be predominantly localized in the respiratory compartment, underlining the compartmentalized nature of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vuichard
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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van Helden HPM, Kuijpers WC, Diemel RV. Asthmalike symptoms following intratracheal exposure of Guinea pigs to sulfur mustard aerosol: therapeutic efficacy of exogenous lung surfactant curosurf and salbutamol. Inhal Toxicol 2004; 16:537-48. [PMID: 15204745 DOI: 10.1080/08958370490442520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate: (1) the acute effects of sulfur mustard on airway, lung, and surface tension of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALfluid) in guinea pigs following intratracheal (i.t.) exposure to 1LD50 of an aerosolized solution of sulfur mustard in saline, and (2) the therapeutic efficacy of i.t. administration of the natural surfactant Curosurf and the broncholytic Salbutamol. Intratracheally aerosolized sulfur mustard solution induced two clinically relevant symptoms, that is, asthmalike symptoms reflected by an early bronchoconstriction and "late asthmatic responses" (LAR), and ARDS-like symptoms, that is, pulmonary edema and damage to the lung surfactant. The respiratory minute volume (RMV) was enhanced. Histologically, inflammation and severe epithelial injury in the upper airways were observed, whereas the lungs were homogeneously affected. The surface tension of BAL fluid derived at 24 h after sulfur mustard exposure was much higher (20 +/- 1 mN/m) than that of unexposed control animals (about 1.0 +/- 0.5 mN/m), indicating that the lung surfactant had been altered, and justifying treatment with exogenous surfactant. Intratracheal nebulization of a Salbutamol solution (10 microg/kg), or i.t. bolus administration of Curosurf (62.5 or 125 mg/kg), tended to reduce mortality, although Salbutamol appeared to be more effective than Curosurf in this respect. Although the present study does not give a definite answer to the question of whether the animal model used would be the most relevant for humans, a number of considerations in favor of i.t. aerosolization of sulfur mustard are discussed. Since it was noticed that sulfur mustard exposure induced damage to the lung surfactant, severe bronchoconstriction, and inflammation of the respiratory tract, the effectiveness of a combined treatment consisting of exogenous surfactant, anti-inflammatory drugs, and broncholytics is recommended to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman P M van Helden
- Department of Medical Countermeasures, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
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Laffey JG, Honan D, Hopkins N, Hyvelin JM, Boylan JF, McLoughlin P. Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:46-56. [PMID: 12958048 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200205-394oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deliberate induction of prophylactic hypercapnic acidosis protects against lung injury after in vivo ischemia-reperfusion and ventilation-induced lung injury. However, the efficacy of hypercapnic acidosis in sepsis, the commonest cause of clinical acute respiratory distress syndrome, is not known. We investigated whether hypercapnic acidosis--induced by adding CO2 to inspired gas--would be protective against endotoxin-induced lung injury in an in vivo rat model. Prophylactic institution of hypercapnic acidosis (i.e., induction before endotoxin instillation) attenuated the decrement in arterial oxygenation, improved lung compliance, and attenuated alveolar neutrophil infiltration compared with control conditions. Therapeutic institution of hypercapnic acidosis, that is, induction after endotoxin instillation, attenuated the decrement in oxygenation, improved lung compliance, and reduced alveolar neutrophil infiltration and histologic indices of lung injury. Therapeutic hypercapnic acidosis attenuated the endotoxin-induced increase in the higher oxides of nitrogen and nitrosothiols in the lung tissue and epithelial lining fluid. Lung epithelial lining fluid nitrotyrosine concentrations were increased with hypercapnic acidosis. We conclude that hypercapnic acidosis attenuates acute endotoxin-induced lung injury, and is efficacious both prophylactically and therapeutically. The beneficial actions of hypercapnic acidosis were not mediated by inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced nitration within proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Laffey
- Department of Physiology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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George CLS, White ML, O'Neill ME, Thorne PS, Schwartz DA, Snyder JM. Altered surfactant protein A gene expression and protein metabolism associated with repeat exposure to inhaled endotoxin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L1337-44. [PMID: 12922979 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00064.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronically inhaled endotoxin, which is ubiquitous in many occupational and domestic environments, can adversely affect the respiratory system resulting in an inflammatory response and decreased lung function. Surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) is part of the lung innate immune system and may attenuate the inflammatory response in various types of lung injury. Using a murine model to mimic occupational exposures to endotoxin, we hypothesized that SP-A gene expression and protein would be elevated in response to repeat exposure to inhaled grain dust and to purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results demonstrate that repeat exposure to inhaled endotoxin, either in the form of grain dust or purified LPS, results in increased whole lung SP-A gene expression and type II alveolar epithelial cell hyperplasia, whereas SP-A protein levels in lung lavage fluid are decreased. Furthermore, these alterations in SP-A gene activity and protein metabolism are dependent on an intact endotoxin signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L S George
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Abstract
A number of conditions, such as pneumonia, trauma, or systemic sepsis arising from the gut, may result in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because of its significant morbidity and mortality, ARDS has been the focus of extensive research. One specific area of interest has been the investigation of the role of the surfactant system in the pathophysiology of this disease. Several studies have demonstrated that alterations of surfactant contribute to the lung dysfunction associated with ARDS, which has led to investigations into the use of exogenous surfactant as a therapy for this syndrome. Clinical experience with surfactant therapy has been variable owing to a number of factors including the nature of the injury at the time of treatment, the specific surfactant preparation utilized, the dose and delivery method chosen, the timing of surfactant administration over the course of the disease, and the mode of ventilation used during and after surfactant administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Vreugdenhil HA, Haitsma JJ, Jansen KJ, Zijlstra J, Plötz FB, van Dijk JE, Lachmann B, van Vught H, Heijnen CJ. Ventilator-induced heat shock protein 70 and cytokine mRNA expression in a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:915-922. [PMID: 12734649 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-003-1747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2002] [Accepted: 02/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of mechanical ventilation with no PEEP (ZEEP) and 4 cmH(2)O PEEP on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and pulmonary inflammatory cytokine expression in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced lung inflammation. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective, randomized, experimental animal study. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTIONS We challenged 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats intratracheally with LPS. After 24 h the rats were randomly assigned to one of the ventilation strategies. Rats received either 4 h of mechanical ventilation with ZEEP or mechanical ventilation with 4 cmH(2)O PEEP. A nonventilated control group received LPS only. Lung pathology after LPS challenge was evaluated by histology to assess baseline lung injury. HSP70 and cytokine mRNA levels were measured in total lung homogenates. RESULTS PaO(2) levels and lung histology revealed no deterioration after PEEP ventilation and severe deterioration after ZEEP ventilation. There was a significant higher expression of HSP70 and IL-1beta mRNA in the lungs of the ZEEP group than in the PEEP group and nonventilated controls. In the ZEEP group high HSP70 levels were correlated inversely with low IL-1beta mRNA and low IL-6 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS We propose that HSP70 expression protects the lung against ventilator-induced lung injury by decreasing cytokine transcription in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriët A Vreugdenhil
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jack J Haitsma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koos J Jansen
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jitske Zijlstra
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans B Plötz
- Department of Pediatrics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap E van Dijk
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Burkhard Lachmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Vught
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Beckmann N, Tigani B, Sugar R, Jackson AD, Jones G, Mazzoni L, Fozard JR. Noninvasive detection of endotoxin-induced mucus hypersecretion in rat lung by MRI. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L22-30. [PMID: 12060557 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00373.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we detected a signal in the lungs of Brown Norway rats after intratracheal administration of endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. The signal had two components: one, of diffuse appearance and higher intensity, was particularly prominent up to 48 h after LPS; the second, showing an irregular appearance and weaker intensity, was predominant later. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis indicated that generalized granulocytic (especially neutrophilic) inflammation was a major contributor to the signal at the early time points, with mucus being a major factor contributing at the later time points. The facts that animals can breathe freely during data acquisition and that neither respiration nor cardiac triggering is applied render this MRI approach attractive for the routine testing of anti-inflammatory drugs. In particular, the prospect of noninvasively detecting a sustained mucus hypersecretory phenotype in the lung brings an important new perspective to models of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Central Technologies, Novartis Pharma, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Winkler MK, Fowlkes JL. Metalloproteinase and growth factor interactions: do they play a role in pulmonary fibrosis? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L1-11. [PMID: 12060555 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00489.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease due to interstitial fibrosis can be a consequence of acute lung injury and inflammation. The inflammatory response is mediated through the migration of inflammatory cells, actions of proinflammatory cytokines, and the secretion of matrix-degrading proteinases. After the initial inflammatory insult, successful healing of the lung may occur, or alternatively, dysregulated tissue repair can result in scarring and fibrosis. On the basis of recent insights into the mechanisms underlying acute lung injury and its long-term consequences, data suggest that proteinases, such as the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), may not only be involved in the breakdown and remodeling that occurs during the injury but may also cause the release of growth factors and cytokines known to influence growth and differentiation of target cells within the lung. Through the release of and activation of fibrosis-promoting cytokines and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and insulin-like growth factors by MMPs, we propose that these metalloproteinases may be integral to the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA.
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Wang HC, Shun CT, Hsu SM, Kuo SH, Luh KT, Yang PC. Fas/Fas ligand pathway is involved in the resolution of type II pneumocyte hyperplasia after acute lung injury: evidence from a rat model. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:1528-34. [PMID: 12130974 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200207000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We used a rat model of acute lung injury to evaluate the role of apoptosis of type II pneumocytes in alveolar remodeling during the resolution phase. DESIGN Controlled animal study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Sprague-Dawley rats had Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide instilled transtracheally to induce acute lung injury. Animals were killed on various days after lipopolysaccharide instillation. Lung specimens from all animals were examined for the presence of apoptosis in type II pneumocytes by an in situ apoptosis assay and for proliferative nuclear antigen, cytokeratin-18, Fas, and Fas ligand with an immunohistochemical stain. Fas and Fas ligand expression in both lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was examined by Western blot analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Histologic examination revealed that the lungs of rats with acute lung injury showed infiltration of numerous inflammatory cells in the intra-alveolar and/or interstitial space and hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes. Type II pneumocyte proliferation, detected by proliferative nuclear antigen staining, developed maximally around day 3 after acute lung injury. In the in situ apoptosis assay, positive signals in type II pneumocytes were obvious and were distributed diffusely in the lung parenchyma from day 1 after acute lung injury, became maximal around day 7, then declined until day 21. DNA fragmentation analysis revealed that a DNA ladder pattern was detectable from day 3, persisted until day 10, and disappeared after day 14. The major cell types expressing Fas ligand are macrophages and neutrophils. Western blot analysis showed that Fas ligand, both membrane-bound form and soluble form, was present from day 1 to day 21 after acute lung injury, with highest level occurring during the first week of acute lung injury. Fas expression in type II pneumocytes reached its maximum on days 3-5 and then gradually declined until day 21. Fas and Fas ligand expression appeared to proceed type II pneumocyte apoptosis. After the acute stage, Fas and Fas ligand expression declined, and type II pneumocyte apoptosis also decreased. These findings correlate with histologic resolution of type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that type II pneumocyte proliferation in response to acute lung injury is mainly a reparative phenomenon. During the resolution phase of acute lung injury, extensive apoptosis of type II pneumocytes is the main cellular mechanism that accounts for the disappearance of these cells, and Fas/Fas ligand is involved in the resolution of type II pneumocytes. Our model may provide a useful tool to assess the mechanisms of tissue remodeling after acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chien Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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