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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Vidal-Villegas B, Gallego-Ortega A, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Salinas-Navarro M, Norte-Muñoz M, Di Pierdomenico J, Galindo-Romero C, Agudo-Barriuso M, Vidal-Sanz M, Valiente-Soriano FJ. Methods to Identify Rat and Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells in Retinal Flat-Mounts. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2708:175-194. [PMID: 37558971 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3409-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The identification of distinct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) populations in flat-mounted retinas is key to investigating pathological or pharmacological effects in these cells. In this chapter, we review the main techniques for detecting the total population of RGCs and various of their subtypes in whole-mounted retinas of pigmented and albino rats and mice, four of the animal strains most studied by the scientific community in the retina field. These methods are based on the studies published by the Vidal-Sanz's laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vidal-Villegas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain.
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Ly6c as a New Marker of Mouse Blood Vessels: Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses on Intact and Ischemic Retinas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010019. [PMID: 35008441 PMCID: PMC8744623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly6c is an antigen commonly used to differentiate between classical and non-classical monocytes/macrophages. Here we show its potential as a marker of the mouse vasculature, particularly of the retinal vascular plexuses. Ly6c was immunodetected in several tissues of C57BL/6 mice using isolectin IB4 as the control of vasculature staining. In the retina, Ly6c expression was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in intact, ischemic, and contralateral retinas from 0 to 30 days after the insult. Ly6c expression was observed in all organs and tissues tested, with a brighter signal and more homogeneous staining than the IB4. In the retinas, Ly6c was well expressed, allowing a detailed study of their anatomy. The three retinal plexuses were morphologically different, and from the superficial to the deep one occupied 15 ± 2, 24 ± 7, and 38 ± 1.4 percent of the retinal surface, respectively. In the injured retinas, there was extravasation of the classically activated monocyte/macrophages (Ly6chigh) and the formation of new vessels in the superficial plexus, increasing the area occupied by it to 25 ± 1%. In the contralateral retinas, the superficial plexus area decreased gradually, reaching significance at 30 days, and Ly6c expression progressively disappeared in the intermediate and deep plexuses. Although the role of Ly6c in vascular endothelial cell function is still not completely understood, we demonstrate here that Ly6c can be used as a new specific marker of the mouse vasculature and to assess, qualitatively and quantitatively, vascular changes in health and disease.
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Lucas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Romero C, Albaladejo-García V, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Mechanisms implicated in the contralateral effect in the central nervous system after unilateral injury: focus on the visual system. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2125-2131. [PMID: 33818483 PMCID: PMC8354113 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina, as part of the central nervous system is an ideal model to study the response of neurons to injury and disease and to test new treatments. During the last decade is becoming clear that unilateral lesions in bilateral areas of the central nervous system trigger an inflammatory response in the contralateral uninjured site. This effect has been better studied in the visual system where, as a rule, one retina is used as experimental and the other as control. Contralateral retinas in unilateral models of retinal injury show neuronal degeneration and glial activation. The mechanisms by which this adverse response in the central nervous system occurs are discussed in this review, focusing primarily on the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Albaladejo-García
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
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Pérez Y, Bonet R, Corredor M, Domingo C, Moure A, Messeguer À, Bujons J, Alfonso I. Semaphorin 3A-Glycosaminoglycans Interaction as Therapeutic Target for Axonal Regeneration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090906. [PMID: 34577606 PMCID: PMC8465649 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a cell-secreted protein that participates in the axonal guidance pathways. Sema3A acts as a canonical repulsive axon guidance molecule, inhibiting CNS regenerative axonal growth and propagation. Therefore, interfering with Sema3A signaling is proposed as a therapeutic target for achieving functional recovery after CNS injuries. It has been shown that Sema3A adheres to the proteoglycan component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and selectively binds to heparin and chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). We hypothesize that the biologically relevant interaction between Sema3A and GAGs takes place at Sema3A C-terminal polybasic region (SCT). The aims of this study were to characterize the interaction of the whole Sema3A C-terminal polybasic region (Sema3A 725–771) with GAGs and to investigate the disruption of this interaction by small molecules. Recombinant Sema3A basic domain was produced and we used a combination of biophysical techniques (NMR, SPR, and heparin affinity chromatography) to gain insight into the interaction of the Sema3A C-terminal domain with GAGs. The results demonstrate that SCT is an intrinsically disordered region, which confirms that SCT binds to GAGs and helps to identify the specific residues involved in the interaction. NMR studies, supported by molecular dynamics simulations, show that a new peptoid molecule (CSIC02) may disrupt the interaction between SCT and heparin. Our structural study paves the way toward the design of new molecules targeting these protein–GAG interactions with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez
- NMR Facility, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Roman Bonet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Miriam Corredor
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Cecilia Domingo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Alejandra Moure
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Àngel Messeguer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (À.M.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (I.A.)
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van der Merwe Y, Murphy MC, Sims JR, Faiq MA, Yang XL, Ho LC, Conner IP, Yu Y, Leung CK, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Chan KC. Citicoline Modulates Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration Through Intraocular Pressure-Independent Control. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1339-1359. [PMID: 33846961 PMCID: PMC8423893 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive, irreversible vision loss. Currently, intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. However, glaucomatous degeneration may continue despite adequate IOP control. Therefore, there exists a need for treatment that protects the visual system, independent of IOP. This study sought, first, to longitudinally examine the neurobehavioral effects of different magnitudes and durations of IOP elevation using multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optokinetics and histology; and, second, to evaluate the effects of oral citicoline treatment as a neurotherapeutic in experimental glaucoma. Eighty-two adult Long Evans rats were divided into six groups: acute (mild or severe) IOP elevation, chronic (citicoline-treated or untreated) IOP elevation, and sham (acute or chronic) controls. We found that increasing magnitudes and durations of IOP elevation differentially altered structural and functional brain connectivity and visuomotor behavior, as indicated by decreases in fractional anisotropy in diffusion tensor MRI, magnetization transfer ratios in magnetization transfer MRI, T1-weighted MRI enhancement of anterograde manganese transport, resting-state functional connectivity, visual acuity, and neurofilament and myelin staining along the visual pathway. Furthermore, 3 weeks of oral citicoline treatment in the setting of chronic IOP elevation significantly reduced visual brain integrity loss and visual acuity decline without altering IOP. Such effects sustained after treatment was discontinued for another 3 weeks. These results not only illuminate the close interplay between eye, brain, and behavior in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, but also support a role for citicoline in protecting neural tissues and visual function in glaucoma beyond IOP control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandi van der Merwe
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew C Murphy
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Sims
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Muneeb A Faiq
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiao-Ling Yang
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leon C Ho
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ian P Conner
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Pleryon Therapeutics Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Christopher K Leung
- University Eye Center, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin C Chan
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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Baudouin C, Kolko M, Melik-Parsadaniantz S, Messmer EM. Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the back to the front of the eye, and beyond. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 83:100916. [PMID: 33075485 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic nerve damage. In addition, age-related oxidative stress in the retina concurrently with chronic mechanical and vascular stress is crucial for the initiation of retinal neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress is closely related to cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, which are involved in glaucoma progression. Accumulating evidence from animal glaucoma models and from human ocular samples suggests a dysfunction of the para-inflammation in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the optic nerve head. Moreover, quite similar mechanisms in the anterior chamber could explain the trabecular meshwork dysfunction and the elevated IOP in primary open-angle glaucoma. On the other hand, ocular surface disease due to topical interventions is the most prominent and visible consequence of inflammation in glaucoma, with a negative impact on filtering surgery failure, topical treatment efficacy, and possibly on inflammation in the anterior segment. Consequently, glaucoma appears as an outstanding eye disease where inflammatory changes may be present to various extents and consequences along the eye structure, from the ocular surface to the posterior segment, and the visual pathway. Here we reviewed the inflammatory processes in all ocular structures in glaucoma from the back to the front of the eye and beyond. Our approach was to explain how para-inflammation is necessary to maintain homoeostasis, and to describe abnormal inflammatory findings observed in glaucomatous patients or in animal glaucoma models, supporting the hypothesis of a dysregulation of the inflammatory balance toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in glaucoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Bernal-Garro JM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, de la Villa Polo P, Avilés-Trigueros M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Functional and morphological alterations in a glaucoma model of acute ocular hypertension. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:1-29. [PMID: 32958209 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To study short and long-term effects of acute ocular hypertension (AOHT) on inner and outer retinal layers, in adult Sprague-Dawley rats AOHT (87mmHg) was induced for 90min and the retinas were examined longitudinally in vivo with electroretinogram (ERG) recordings and optical coherent tomography (OCT) from 1 to 90 days (d). Ex vivo, the retinas were analyzed for rod (RBC) and cone (CBC) bipolar cells, with antibodies against protein kinase Cα and recoverin, respectively in cross sections, and for cones, horizontal (HZ) and ganglion (RGC) cells with antibodies against arrestin, calbindin and Brn3a, respectively in wholemounts. The inner retina thinned progressively up to 7d with no further changes, while the external retina had a normal thickness until 30d, with a 20% thinning between 30 and 90d. Functionally, the a-wave showed an initial reduction by 24h and a further reduction from 30 to 90d. All other main ERG waves were significantly reduced by 1d without significant recovery by 90d. Radial sections showed a normal population of RBCs but their terminals were reduced. The CBCs showed a progressive decrease with a loss of 56% by 30d. In wholemount retinas, RGCs diminished to 40% by 3d and to 16% by 30d without further loss. Cones diminished to 58% and 35% by 3 and 7d, respectively and further decreased between 30 and 90d. HZs showed normal values throughout the study. In conclusion, AOHT affects both the inner and outer retina, with a more pronounced degeneration of the cone than the rod pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel Bernal-Garro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa Polo
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
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Glaucoma: A Degenerative Optic Neuropathy Related to Neuroinflammation? Cells 2020; 9:cells9030535. [PMID: 32106630 PMCID: PMC7140467 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world and remains a major public health problem. To date, incomplete knowledge of this disease’s pathophysiology has resulted in current therapies (pharmaceutical or surgical) unfortunately having only a slowing effect on disease progression. Recent research suggests that glaucomatous optic neuropathy is a disease that shares common neuroinflammatory mechanisms with “classical” neurodegenerative pathologies. In addition to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), neuroinflammation appears to be a key element in the progression and spread of this disease. Indeed, early reactivity of glial cells has been observed in the retina, but also in the central visual pathways of glaucoma patients and in preclinical models of ocular hypertension. Moreover, neuronal lesions are not limited to retinal structure, but also occur in central visual pathways. This review summarizes and puts into perspective the experimental and clinical data obtained to date to highlight the need to develop neuroprotective and immunomodulatory therapies to prevent blindness in glaucoma patients.
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Zhang Z, Liu W, Huang Y, Luo L, Cai X, Liu Y, Ai L, Yan J, Lin S, Ye J. NLRP3 Deficiency Attenuates Secondary Degeneration of Visual Cortical Neurons Following Optic Nerve Injury. Neurosci Bull 2019; 36:277-288. [PMID: 31768783 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the visual pathway, optic nerve (ON) injury may cause secondary degeneration of neurons in distal regions, such as the visual cortex. However, the role of the neuroinflammatory response in regulating secondary impairment in the visual cortex after ON injury remains unclear. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) is an important regulator of neuroinflammation. In this study, we established a mouse model of unilateral ON crush (ONC) and showed that the expression of NLRP3 was significantly increased in the primary visual cortex (V1) as a response to ONC and that the NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in the contralateral V1 1 days-14 days after ONC. Ablation of the NLRP3 gene significantly decreased the trans-neuronal degeneration within 14 days. Visual electrophysiological function was improved in NLRP3-/- mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that NLRP3 is a potential therapeutic target for protecting visual cortical neurons against degeneration after ON injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Wenyi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yubin Huang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Linlin Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yunjia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Liqianyu Ai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department 1, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of the PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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Vasalauskaite A, Morgan JE, Sengpiel F. Plasticity in Adult Mouse Visual Cortex Following Optic Nerve Injury. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:1767-1777. [PMID: 30668659 PMCID: PMC6418869 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve (ON) injury is an established model of axonal injury which results in retrograde degeneration and death of retinal ganglion cells as well anterograde loss of transmission and Wallerian degeneration of the injured axons. While the local impact of ON crush has been extensively documented we know comparatively little about the functional changes that occur in higher visual structures such as primary visual cortex (V1). We explored the extent of adult cortical plasticity using ON crush in aged mice. V1 function of the contralateral hemisphere was assessed longitudinally by intrinsic signal imaging and 2-photon calcium imaging before and after ON crush. Functional imaging demonstrated an immediate shift in V1 ocular dominance towards the ipsilateral, intact eye, due to the expected almost complete loss of responses to contralateral eye stimulation. Surprisingly, within 2 weeks we observed a delayed increase in ipsilateral eye responses. Additionally, spontaneous activity in V1 was reduced, similar to the lesion projection zone after retinal lesions. The observed changes in V1 activity indicate that severe ON injury in adulthood evokes cortical plasticity not only cross-modally but also within the visual cortex; this plasticity may be best compared with that seen after retinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E Morgan
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frank Sengpiel
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
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11
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Stankowska DL, Mueller BH, Oku H, Ikeda T, Dibas A. Neuroprotective effects of inhibitors of Acid-Sensing ion channels (ASICs) in optic nerve crush model in rodents. Curr Eye Res 2017; 43:84-95. [PMID: 29111855 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1383442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the current study was to assess the potential involvement of acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1) in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and investigate the neuroprotective effects of inhibitors of ASICs in promoting RGC survival following optic nerve crush (ONC). RESULTS ASIC1 protein was significantly increased in optic nerve extracts at day 7 following ONC in rats. Activated calpain-1 increased at 2 and 7 days following ONC as evidenced by increased degradation of α-fodrin, known substrate of calpain. Glial fibrillary acidic protein levels increased significantly at 2 and 7 days post-injury. By contrast, glutamine synthetase increased at 2 days while decreased at 7 days. The inhibition of ASICs with amiloride and psalmotoxin-1 significantly increased RGC survival in rats following ONC (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA). The mean number of surviving RGCs in rats (n = 6) treated with amiloride (100 µM) following ONC was 1477 ± 98 cells/mm2 compared with ONC (1126 ± 101 cells/mm2), where psalmotoxin-1 (1 μM) treated rats (n = 6) and subjected to ONC had 1441 ± 63 RGCs/mm2 compared with ONC (1065 ± 76 RGCs/mm2). Average number of RGCs in control rats (n = 12) was 2092 ± 46 cells/mm2. Blocking of ASICs also significantly increased RGC survival from ischemic-like insult from 473 ± 80 to 842 ± 49 RGCs/mm2 (for psalmotoxin-1) and from 628 ± 53 RGCs/mm2 to 890 ± 55 RGCs/mm2 (for amiloride) with p ≤ 0.05, using one-way ANOVA. Acidification (a known activator of ASIC1) increased intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in rat primary RGCs, which was statistically blocked by pretreatment with 100 nM psalmotoxin-1. CONCLUSIONS ASIC1 up-regulation-induced influx of extracellular calcium may be responsible for activation of calcium-sensitive calpain-1 in the retina. Calpain-1 induced degradation of α-fodrin and leads to morphological changes and eventually neuronal death. Therefore, blockers of ASIC1 can be used as potential therapeutics in the treatment of optic nerve degeneration. ABBREVIATIONS 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF); acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs); analysis of variance (ANOVA); bicinchoninic acid (BCA); brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); central nervous system (CNS); ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); endoplasmic reticulum (ER); ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA); ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); Food and Drug Administration (FDA); glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); glutamine synthetase (GS); intraocular pressure (IOP); kilodalton (kDa); Krebs-Ringer Buffer (KRB); optic nerve crush (ONC); phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); plasma membrane (PM); polymerase chain reaction (PCR); retinal ganglion cell (RGC); RNA Binding Protein With Multiple Splicing (RBPMS); room temperature (RT); standard error of the mean (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota L Stankowska
- a North Texas Eye Research Institute , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth
| | - Brett H Mueller
- a North Texas Eye Research Institute , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth
| | - Hidehiro Oku
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki Osaka , Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Ikeda
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki Osaka , Japan
| | - Adnan Dibas
- a North Texas Eye Research Institute , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth
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12
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Vidal-Sanz M, Galindo-Romero C, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Ortin-Martinez A, Rovere G, Salinas-Navarro M, Lucas-Ruiz F, Sanchez-Migallon MC, Sobrado-Calvo P, Aviles-Trigueros M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Agudo-Barriuso M. Shared and Differential Retinal Responses against Optic Nerve Injury and Ocular Hypertension. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:235. [PMID: 28491019 PMCID: PMC5405145 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, affects primarily retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. The pathophysiology of glaucoma is not fully understood, but it is currently believed that damage to RGC axons at the optic nerve head plays a major role. Rodent models to study glaucoma include those that mimic either ocular hypertension or optic nerve injury. Here we review the anatomical loss of the general population of RGCs (that express Brn3a; Brn3a+RGCs) and of the intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (that express melanopsin; m+RGCs) after chronic (LP-OHT) or acute (A-OHT) ocular hypertension and after complete intraorbital optic nerve transection (ONT) or crush (ONC). Our studies show that all of these insults trigger RGC death. Compared to Brn3a+RGCs, m+RGCs are more resilient to ONT, ONC, and A-OHT but not to LP-OHT. There are differences in the course of RGC loss both between these RGC types and among injuries. An important difference between the damage caused by ocular hypertension or optic nerve injury appears in the outer retina. Both axotomy and LP-OHT induce selective loss of RGCs but LP-OHT also induces a protracted loss of cone photoreceptors. This review outlines our current understanding of the anatomical changes occurring in rodent models of glaucoma and discusses the advantages of each one and their translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortin-Martinez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Rovere
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Maria C Sanchez-Migallon
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Paloma Sobrado-Calvo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Aviles-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - María P Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
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13
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Abstract
Glaucoma is both the most common optic neuropathy worldwide and the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The only proven treatment for glaucomatous optic neuropathy is lowering the intraocular pressure, achieved with a variety of pharmacological, laser, and surgical approaches. Over the past 2 decades there has been much basic and clinical research into achieving treatment of the underlying optic nerve damage with neuroprotective approaches. However, none has resulted in regulatory approval based on successful phase 3 studies. This chapter discusses the reasons for this "lost in translation" aspect of glaucoma neuroprotection, and outlines issues at the laboratory and clinical trial level that need to be addressed for successful development of neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- McGill Academic Eye Centre, 5252 de Maisonneuve West, Suite 400, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3S5
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Sapienza A, Raveu AL, Reboussin E, Roubeix C, Boucher C, Dégardin J, Godefroy D, Rostène W, Reaux-Le Goazigo A, Baudouin C, Melik Parsadaniantz S. Bilateral neuroinflammatory processes in visual pathways induced by unilateral ocular hypertension in the rat. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:44. [PMID: 26897546 PMCID: PMC4761202 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world. The major risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death from the optic nerve (ON) to visual pathways in the brain. Glaucoma has been reported to share mechanisms with neurodegenerative disorders. We therefore hypothesize that neuroinflammatory mechanisms in central visual pathways may contribute to the spread of glaucoma disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the neuroinflammation processes that occur from the pathological retina to the superior colliculi (SCs) in a rat model of unilateral ocular hypertension induced by episcleral vein cauterization (EVC). RESULTS Six weeks after unilateral (right eye) EVC in male Long-Evans rats, we evaluated both the neurodegenerative process and the neuroinflammatory state in visual pathway tissues. RGCs immunolabeled (Brn3a(+)) in ipsilateral whole flat-mounted retina demonstrated peripheral RGC loss associated with tissue macrophage/microglia activation (CD68(+)). Gene expression analysis of hypertensive and normotensive retinas revealed a significant increase of pro-inflammatory genes such as CCL2, IL-1β, and Nox2 mRNA expression compared to naïve eyes. Importantly, we found an upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and TNFα and astrocyte and tissue macrophage/microglia activation in hypertensive and normotensive RGC projection sites in the SCs compared to a naïve SC. To understand how neuroinflammation in the hypertensive retina is sufficient to damage both right and left SCs and the normotensive retina, we used an inflammatory model consisting in an unilateral stereotaxic injection of TNFα (25 ng/μl) in the right SC of naïve rats. Two weeks after TNFα injection, using an optomotor test, we observed that rats had visual deficiency in both eyes. Furthermore, both SCs showed an upregulation of genes and proteins for astrocytes, microglia, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-1β. In addition, both retinas exhibited a significant increase of inflammatory markers compared to a naïve retina. CONCLUSIONS All these data evidence the complex role played by the SCs in the propagation of neuroinflammatory events induced by unilateral ocular hypertension and provide a new insight into the spread of neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Sapienza
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Raveu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Reboussin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Roubeix
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Céline Boucher
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Julie Dégardin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - David Godefroy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - William Rostène
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France.,Department Ophthalmology, Hopital Ambroise Pare, AP HP, F-92100, Boulogne, France.,University Versailles St Quentin En Yvelines, F-78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.
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15
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Dekeyster E, Geeraerts E, Buyens T, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V, De Groef L, Salinas-Navarro M, Moons L. Tackling Glaucoma from within the Brain: An Unfortunate Interplay of BDNF and TrkB. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142067. [PMID: 26560713 PMCID: PMC4641732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the neurotrophin deprivation hypothesis, diminished retrograde delivery of neurotrophic support during an early stage of glaucoma pathogenesis is one of the main triggers that induce retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Therefore, interfering with neurotrophic signaling seems an attractive strategy to achieve neuroprotection. Indeed, exogenous neurotrophin administration to the eye has been shown to reduce loss of RGCs in animal models of glaucoma; however, the neuroprotective effect was mostly insufficient for sustained RGC survival. We hypothesized that treatment at the level of neurotrophin-releasing brain areas might be beneficial, as signaling pathways activated by target-derived neurotrophins are suggested to differ from pathways that are initiated at the soma membrane. In our study, first, the spatiotemporal course of RGC degeneration was characterized in mice subjected to optic nerve crush (ONC) or laser induced ocular hypertension (OHT). Subsequently, the well-known neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was chosen as the lead molecule, and the levels of BDNF and its high-affinity receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), were examined in the mouse retina and superior colliculus (SC) upon ONC and OHT. Both models differentially influenced BDNF and TrkB levels. Next, we aimed for RGC protection through viral vector-mediated upregulation of collicular BDNF, thought to boost the retrograde neurotrophin delivery. Although the previously reported temporary neuroprotective effect of intravitreally delivered recombinant BDNF was confirmed, viral vector-induced BDNF overexpression in the SC did not result in protection of the RGCs in the glaucoma models used. These findings most likely relate to decreased neurotrophin responsiveness upon vector-mediated BDNF overexpression. Our results highlight important insights concerning the complexity of neurotrophic factor treatments that should surely be considered in future neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Dekeyster
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emiel Geeraerts
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Buyens
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Neurobiology and Gene Therapy Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Neurobiology and Gene Therapy Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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16
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Nys J, Scheyltjens I, Arckens L. Visual system plasticity in mammals: the story of monocular enucleation-induced vision loss. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:60. [PMID: 25972788 PMCID: PMC4412011 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The groundbreaking work of Hubel and Wiesel in the 1960’s on ocular dominance plasticity instigated many studies of the visual system of mammals, enriching our understanding of how the development of its structure and function depends on high quality visual input through both eyes. These studies have mainly employed lid suturing, dark rearing and eye patching applied to different species to reduce or impair visual input, and have created extensive knowledge on binocular vision. However, not all aspects and types of plasticity in the visual cortex have been covered in full detail. In that regard, a more drastic deprivation method like enucleation, leading to complete vision loss appears useful as it has more widespread effects on the afferent visual pathway and even on non-visual brain regions. One-eyed vision due to monocular enucleation (ME) profoundly affects the contralateral retinorecipient subcortical and cortical structures thereby creating a powerful means to investigate cortical plasticity phenomena in which binocular competition has no vote.In this review, we will present current knowledge about the specific application of ME as an experimental tool to study visual and cross-modal brain plasticity and compare early postnatal stages up into adulthood. The structural and physiological consequences of this type of extensive sensory loss as documented and studied in several animal species and human patients will be discussed. We will summarize how ME studies have been instrumental to our current understanding of the differentiation of sensory systems and how the structure and function of cortical circuits in mammals are shaped in response to such an extensive alteration in experience. In conclusion, we will highlight future perspectives and the clinical relevance of adding ME to the list of more longstanding deprivation models in visual system research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nys
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lutgarde Arckens
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Valiente-Soriano FJ, Salinas-Navarro M, Jiménez-López M, Alarcón-Martínez L, Ortín-Martínez A, Bernal-Garro JM, Avilés-Trigueros M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Effects of ocular hypertension in the visual system of pigmented mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121134. [PMID: 25811653 PMCID: PMC4374934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effects of ocular hypertension (OHT) on the visual system of C57BL/6 pigmented mice, the limbal and episcleral veins of the left eye were laser photocoagulated (LP). LP increased the intraocular pressure during the first five days (d), reaching basal values at 7d. To investigate the effect of OHT on the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) retrograde axonal transport, hydroxistilbamidine methanesulfonate (OHSt) was applied to both superior colliculi (SCi) and the retinas were dissected 2 or 4 weeks after LP. To determine RGC survival, these same retinas were immunoreacted against Brn3a (general RGC population) and melanopsin (intrinsically photosensitive RGCs, m+RGCs). To study whether OHT affected non-RGC neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), RGCs were immunodetected with Brn3a and all GCL nuclei counterstained with DAPI in a group of animals examined 4 weeks post-LP. Innervation of the SCi was examined at 10 days, 8 or 14 weeks after LP with the orthogradely transported cholera toxin subunit-B. OHT resulted in diffuse and sectorial loss of OHSt+RGCs (50% at 2 weeks and 62% at 4 weeks) and in a comparable loss of Brn3a+RGCs at the same time intervals. m+RGCs decreased to 59% at 2 weeks and to 46% at 4 weeks, such loss was diffuse, did not parallel the sectorial loss of the general RGC population and was more severe in the superior-temporal retina. In the GCL, cell loss is selective for RGCs and does not affect other non-RGC neurons. The retinotectal innervation appeared significantly reduced at 10 days (55.7%) and did not progress further up to 14 weeks (46.6%). Thus, LP-induced OHT results in retrograde degeneration of RGCs and m+RGCs, as well as in the loss of CTB-labelled retinotectal terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Alarcón-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José M. Bernal-Garro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María P. Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Ortín-Martínez A, Salinas-Navarro M, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Jiménez-López M, Valiente-Soriano FJ, García-Ayuso D, Bernal-Garro JM, Avilés-Trigueros M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Laser-induced ocular hypertension in adult rats does not affect non-RGC neurons in the ganglion cell layer but results in protracted severe loss of cone-photoreceptors. Exp Eye Res 2015; 132:17-33. [PMID: 25576772 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the long-term effects of laser-photocoagulation (LP)-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) in the innermost and outermost (outer-nuclear and outer segment)-retinal layers (ORL). OHT was induced in the left eye of adult rats. To investigate the ganglion cell layer (GCL) wholemounts were examined at 1, 3 or 6 months using Brn3a-immunodetection to identify retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and DAPI-staining to detect all nuclei in this layer. To study the effects of LP on the ORL up to 6 months, retinas were: i) fresh extracted to quantify the levels of rod-, S- and L-opsin; ii) cut in cross-sections for morphometric analysis, or; iii) prepared as wholemounts to quantify and study retinal distributions of entire populations of RGCs (retrogradely labeled with fluorogold, FG), S- and L-cones (immunolabeled). OHT resulted in wedge-like sectors with their apex on the optic disc devoid of Brn3a(+)RGCs but with large numbers of DAPI(+)nuclei. The levels of all opsins diminished by 2 weeks and further decreased to 20% of basal-levels by 3 months. Cross-sections revealed focal areas of ORL degeneration. RGC survival at 15 days represented approximately 28% and did not change with time, whereas the S- and L-cone populations diminished to 65% and 80%, or to 20 and 35% at 1 or 6 months, respectively. In conclusion, LP induces in the GCL selective RGCs loss that does not progress after 1 month, and S- and L-cone loss that progresses for up to 6 months. Thus, OHT results in severe damage to both the innermost and the ORL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Manuel Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Bernal-Garro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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