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Ding W, Xu Y, Kondracki AJ, Sun Y. Childhood adversity and accelerated reproductive events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:315-329.e31. [PMID: 37820985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accelerated female reproductive events represent the early onset of reproductive events involving puberty, menarche, pregnancy loss, first sexual intercourse, first birth, parity, and menopause. This study aimed to explore the association between childhood adversity and accelerated female reproductive events. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically searched from September 22, 2022 to September 23, 2022. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Observational cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies in human populations were included if they reported the time of reproductive events for female individuals with experience of childhood adversity and were published in English. METHODS Two reviewers independently screened studies, obtained data, and assessed study quality, and conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer. Dichotomous outcomes were evaluated using meta-analysis, and pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were generated using random-effects models. Moderation analysis and meta-regression were used to investigate heterogeneity. RESULTS In total, 21 cohort studies, 9 cross-sectional studies, and 3 case-control studies were identified. Overall, female individuals with childhood adversity were nearly 2 times more likely to report accelerated reproductive events than those with no adversity exposure (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-2.76; I2=99.6%; P<.001). Moderation analysis indicated that effect sizes for the types of childhood adversity ranged from an odds ratio of 1.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.09) for low socioeconomic status to 2.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-3.99) for dysfunctional family dynamics. Among the 7 groups based on different reproductive events, including early onset of puberty, early menarche, early sexual initiation, teenage childbirth, preterm birth, pregnancy loss, and early menopause, early sexual initiation had a nonsignificant correlation with childhood adversity (odds ratio, 2.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-8.30; I2=99.9%; P<.001). Considerable heterogeneity (I2>75%) between estimates was observed for over half of the outcomes. Age, study type, and method of data collection could explain 35.9% of the variance. CONCLUSION The literature tentatively corroborates that female individuals who reported adverse events in childhood are more likely to experience accelerated reproductive events. This association is especially strong for exposure to abuse and dysfunctional family dynamics. However, the heterogeneity among studies was high, requiring caution in interpreting the findings and highlighting the need for further evaluation of the types and timing of childhood events that influence accelerated female reproductive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Ding
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuxiang Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Anthony J Kondracki
- Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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van der Heijden TGW, Chilunga FP, Meeks KAC, Addo J, Danquah I, Beune EJ, Bahendeka SK, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Mockenhaupt FP, Waltz MM, Agyemang C. The Magnitude and Directions of the Associations between Early Life Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Differ across Geographical Locations among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians-The RODAM Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211996. [PMID: 34831754 PMCID: PMC8622143 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life factors (ELFs) such as childhood nutrition and childhood socio-economic status could be the drivers of the increase in metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) among African populations, but data are lacking. This study evaluated whether markers of childhood nutritional status and childhood socio-economic status were associated with MetSyn in adulthood among migrant Ghanaians living in Europe and non-migrant Ghanaians living in Ghana. METHODS Data from the Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants (RODAM) study, involving 2008 migrants and 2320 non-migrants aged ≥25 years, were analysed for this study. We used leg-length to height ratio (LHR), which is an anthropometric marker of childhood nutritional status, and parental education, which is a marker of childhood socio-economic status, as proxies. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by logistic regression with adjustments for demographic and lifestyle factors. RESULTS Parental education was higher among Ghanaians in Europe than among residents in rural and urban Ghana. The prevalence of MetSyn was 18.5%, 27.7% and 33.5% for rural, urban, and migrant residents, respectively. LHR was inversely associated with MetSyn among migrants. Compared with high paternal education, individuals with low paternal education had lower odds of MetSyn in migrants (AOR 0.71 95% CI 0.54-0.94). In contrast, compared with high maternal education, individuals with intermediate maternal education had higher odds of MetSyn in urban Ghanaians (AOR 4.53 95% CI 1.50-3.74). No associations were found among rural Ghanaians. CONCLUSION The magnitude and direction of the associations between ELFs and MetSyn differ across geographical locations. Intermediate maternal education was positively associated with MetSyn among urban Ghanaians, while LHR and low paternal education were inversely associated with MetSyn among migrant Ghanaians. Further research into the interplay of genetics, environment and behaviour is needed to elucidate the underlying pathological mechanisms of MetSyn amongst migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs G. W. van der Heijden
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.P.C.); (E.J.B.); (C.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Felix P. Chilunga
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.P.C.); (E.J.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Karlijn A. C. Meeks
- Center for Research on Genomics & Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA;
| | - Juliet Addo
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | - Ina Danquah
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Erik J. Beune
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.P.C.); (E.J.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Silver K. Bahendeka
- Mother Kevin Postgraduate Medical School (MKPGMS), Uganda Martyrs University, Kampala 32297, Uganda;
| | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Frank P. Mockenhaupt
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Mitzi M. Waltz
- Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (F.P.C.); (E.J.B.); (C.A.)
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Williamson H, Walsh C, Nel M, van den Berg L. Agreement between measured height, and height predicted from published equations, in adult South African patients. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1932179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Williamson
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Corinna Walsh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mariette Nel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Louise van den Berg
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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DeWitte SN, Lewis M. Medieval menarche: Changes in pubertal timing before and after the Black Death. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23439. [PMID: 32567154 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bioarcheological evidence suggests stature increased in males but decreased in females after the Black Death (1348-1350 CE). Because tradeoffs between growth and reproduction can result in earlier ages at menarche and lower limb length, we assess menarcheal age between 1120 and 1540 CE to better understand the health of medieval adolescent females before and after the plague. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our sample comprises 74 adolescent females from St. Mary Spital, London (1120-1540 CE) within the age range during which menarche occurs (10-25 years). They were assessed as being pre- or post-menarcheal and divided into three groups: Early Pre-Black Death (n = 13), Late Pre-Black Death (n = 38), and Post-Black Death (n = 23). Changes in the ages of pre- and post-menarcheal females were assessed using Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS The average age of post-menarcheal females increased from the Early- to Late Pre-Black Death periods and declined after the Black Death. CONCLUSIONS Short stature can reflect unfavorable growth environments, while younger menarcheal age indicates improved living conditions. The paradoxical pattern of female, but not male, stature reduction after the Black Death might reflect the association of early menarche with lower limb length and signal that adolescent females experienced improved health conditions after the epidemic. Our focus on pre- and post-menarche within a limited age span provides a novel approach for inferring average ages of menarche over time. Pathways to skeletal development and reproductive investment are part of an integrated system, providing a bridge between life history research in bioarchaeology and human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon N DeWitte
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mary Lewis
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, England, UK
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Ruiz Brunner MM, Cuestas E, Cieri ME, Cuestas E. Reference ranges for knee height in Argentine children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23366. [PMID: 31785191 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Measurement of height is essential in the anthropometric assessment of growth and nutritional status. In some conditions, height measurement may be difficult or impossible. Proxy measurement such as knee height (KH) have been proposed to predict stature in such cases, but reference percentile ranges and charts for healthy, well-nourished children are currently unavailable. This study was designed to develop sex-specific KH reference percentile ranges and charts in Argentine children ranging from 2 to 18 years of age. METHODS We collected and analyzed cross-sectional data for KH from 861 Argentine children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years. Generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape were used to calculate semiparametric smoothed percentile reference ranges, and charts by age and sex. Linear regression and correlation analyses were performed to know the association between KH and height. RESULTS The new reference ranges show that KH growth rose sharply until puberty. Peak KH velocity occurs 1 year earlier than peak height velocity. At puberty KH growth decelerated rapidly in females and increased slightly until 15 years and plateaued at this age, while it had a more gradual deceleration in males up to 11 years old, later increased slightly until 17 years and plateaued at this age. The correlation coefficient between height and KH was r = 0.98 for both sexes (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The new reference percentile ranges for KH measures for healthy children and adolescents provide a useful growth and nutritional assessment tool in a wide variety of settings. KH has a strong agreement with stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Ruiz Brunner
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INICSA-UNC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eloisa Cuestas
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola -Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IFEG-CONICET), and Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (FaMAF-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria E Cieri
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INICSA-UNC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Cuestas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INICSA-UNC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba. Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Scott S, Patriquin ML, Bowes MJ. Secular trends in weight, stature, and body mass index in Nova Scotia, Canada. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23359. [PMID: 31777999 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to investigate the secular trends of weight, stature, and BMI values in a Nova Scotian sample from 1946 to 1999, with particular focus on how these trends may relate to nutrition and the evolving obesity epidemic. METHODS Data were collected from investigative (autopsy) records of 1645 individuals (1287 males, 358 females) of European descent at the Nova Scotia Medical Examiner Service. Secular trends were evaluated by linear regression of weight, stature, and BMI with respect to the year of birth. Further analysis of this sample was based on five time periods (birth cohorts), in order to determine whether dramatic shifts in diet and nutrition affected weight, stature, and BMI. RESULTS Overall, the results of this study demonstrate positive secular trends in weight, stature, and BMI from 1946 to 1999 in the Nova Scotian sample. Subsequent analysis among different time periods shows a secular increase in the weight of Nova Scotian males from 1946 to 1979, and a subsequent decrease in weight in after 1980. For Nova Scotian females, the results show a secular increase in weight from 1946 to 1989, and a subsequent decrease in weight after 1990. Such secular increases in weight coincide with the global nutrition transition, while recent decreasing median weight values may reflect economic growth and urbanization in Nova Scotia. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of the present study indicate that temporal trends in nutrition may have contributed to positive secular changes in weight, stature, and BMI in Nova Scotia, Canada between 1946 and 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Scott
- Department of Anthropology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michelle L Patriquin
- Department of Biology and Forensic Sciences Program, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Matthew J Bowes
- Nova Scotia Medical Examiner Service and Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Holdsworth EA, Appleton AA. Adverse childhood experiences and reproductive strategies in a contemporary U.S. population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:37-49. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Holdsworth
- Department of Anthropology, College of Arts & SciencesUniversity at Albany, SUNY Albany New York
| | - Allison A. Appleton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthUniversity at Albany, SUNY Albany New York
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Early-life exposures and cardiovascular disease risk among Ghanaian migrant and home populations: the RODAM study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 11:250-263. [PMID: 31556361 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early-life environmental and nutritional exposures are considered to contribute to the differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden. Among sub-Saharan African populations, the association between markers of early-life exposures such as leg length and sitting height and CVD risk is yet to be investigated. This study assessed the association between leg length, sitting height, and estimated 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk among Ghanaian-born populations in Europe and Ghana. We constructed sex-specific quintiles for sitting height and leg length for 3250 participants aged 40-70 years (mean age 52 years; men 39.6%; women 60.4%) in the cross-sectional multicenter Research on Diabetes and Obesity among African Migrants study. Ten-year risk of ASCVD was estimated using the Pooled Cohort Equations; risk ≥7.5% was defined as "elevated" CVD risk. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated to determine the associations between sitting height, leg length, and estimated 10-year ASCVD risk. For both men and women, mean sitting height and leg length were highest in Europe and lowest in rural Ghana. Sitting height was inversely associated with 10-year ASCVD risk among all women (PR for 1 standard deviation increase of sitting height: 0.75; 95% confidence interval: 0.67, 0.85). Among men, an inverse association between sitting height and 10-year ASCVD risk was significant on adjustment for study site, adult, and parental education but attenuated when further adjusted for height. No association was found between leg length and estimated 10-year ASCVD risk. Early-life and childhood exposures that influence sitting height could be the important determinants of ASCVD risk in this adult population.
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Karmaus W, Mukherjee N, Janjanam VD, Chen S, Zhang H, Roberts G, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Arshad H. Distinctive lung function trajectories from age 10 to 26 years in men and women and associated early life risk factors - a birth cohort study. Respir Res 2019; 20:98. [PMID: 31118050 PMCID: PMC6532227 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-bronchodilator lung function including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow in 1 second (FEV1), their ratio (FEV1/FVC), and forced expiratory flow 25-75% (FEF25-75) measured at age 10, 18, and 26 years in the Isle of Wight birth cohort was analyzed for developmental patterns (trajectories). Early life risk factors before the age of 10 years were assessed for the trajectories. METHOD Members of the birth cohort (1989/90) were followed at age 1, 2, 4, 10, 18, and 26 years. Allergic sensitization and questionnaire data were collected. Spirometry tests were performed and evaluated according to the American Thoracic Society (ATS) criteria at 10, 18, and 26 years. To identify developmental trajectories for FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25-75 from 10 to 26 years, a finite mixture model was applied to the longitudinal lung function data, separately for males and females. Associations of early life factors with the respective lung function trajectories were assessed using log-linear and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Both high and low lung function trajectories were observed in men and women. FVC continued to grow beyond 18 years in men and women, whereas FEV1 peaked at age 18 years in female trajectories and in one male trajectory. For the FEV1/FVC ratios and FEF25-75 most trajectories appeared highest at age 18 and declined thereafter. However, the low FEV1/FVC trajectory in both sexes showed an early decline at 10 years. Lower birth weight was linked with lower lung function trajectories in males and females. Eczema in the first year of life was a risk factor for later lung function deficits in females, whereas the occurrence of asthma at 4 years of age was a risk factor for later lung function deficits in males. A positive skin prick test at age four was a risk for the low FEV1 trajectory in females and for the low FEV1/FVC trajectory in males. CONCLUSION Men and women showed distinctive lung function trajectories and associated risk factors. Lower lung function trajectories can be explained by not achieving maximally attainable function at age 18 years and by a function decline from 18 to 26 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Nandini Mukherjee
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Vimala Devi Janjanam
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Su Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Graham Roberts
- Paediatric Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ramesh J. Kurukulaaratchy
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Newport, Isle of Wight UK
| | - Hasan Arshad
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Newport, Isle of Wight UK
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The Effects of Exercise on Adolescent Physical Development, Brain Development and Adult Health in Underserved Populations. PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT CLINICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Petry CJ, Ong KK, Dunger DB. Age at menarche and the future risk of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:1209-1219. [PMID: 30159746 PMCID: PMC6244847 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Published studies show an inconsistent association between age at menarche and the subsequent risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus when pregnant. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to clarify any trends in this association in published observational population studies. We searched online databases for relevant studies, entered into them up until June 21st 2017. Five eligible studies were found and a pooled random effects dose response meta-analysis of results from these was conducted. This included coverage of 58,133 pregnancies, from which 3,035 women developed gestational diabetes. There was evidence of a non-linear association between age at menarche and gestational diabetes (overall p = 1.4 × 10-8; p for non-linearity = 2.4 × 10-4), along with evidence of relatively low heterogeneity (I2 = 25.5%). The largest predicted risk of gestational diabetes was associated with having a low age at menarche; the mean (95% confidence interval) risk relative to that associated with menarche at age 13 years being: 9 years 2.0 (1.6, 2.4), 10 years 1.6 (1.4, 1.9), 11 years 1.3 (1.2, 1.4), 12 years 1.1 (1.1, 1.1), 13 years was the reference, 14 years 1.0 (1.0, 1.0), 15 years 1.1 (0.9, 1.2), 16 years 1.1 (0.9, 1.4). There was evidence of potential publication bias, such that the maximal true relative risk of gestational diabetes, associated with an age at menarche of 9 years, may be closer to 1.6 than 2. Nevertheless, the curvilinear relationship between age at menarche and the future risk of gestational diabetes in pregnancy appears robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive J Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Ken K Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Said-Mohamed R, Prioreschi A, Nyati LH, van Heerden A, Munthali RJ, Kahn K, Tollman SM, Gómez-Olivé FX, Houle B, Dunger DB, Norris SA. Rural-urban variations in age at menarche, adult height, leg-length and abdominal adiposity in black South African women in transitioning South Africa. Ann Hum Biol 2018; 45:123-132. [PMID: 29557678 PMCID: PMC5964443 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2018.1442497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: The pre-pubertal socioeconomic environment may be an important determinant of age at menarche, adult height, body proportions and adiposity: traits closely linked to adolescent and adult health. Aims: This study explored differences in age at menarche, adult height, relative leg-length and waist circumference between rural and urban black South African young adult women, who are at different stages of the nutrition and epidemiologic transitions. Subjects and methods: We compared 18–23 year-old black South African women, 482 urban-dwelling from Soweto and 509 from the rural Mpumalanga province. Age at menarche, obstetric history and household socio-demographic and economic information were recorded using interview-administered questionnaires. Height, sitting-height, hip and waist circumference were measured using standardised techniques. Results: Urban and rural black South African women differed in their age at menarche (at ages 12.7 and 14.5 years, respectively). In urban women, a one-year increase in age at menarche was associated with a 0.65 cm and 0.16% increase in height and relative leg-length ratio, respectively. In both settings, earlier age at menarche and shorter relative leg-length were independently associated with an increase in waist circumference. Conclusions: In black South African women, the earlier onset of puberty, and consequently an earlier growth cessation process, may lead to central fat mass accumulation in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihlat Said-Mohamed
- a MRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics , School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Alessandra Prioreschi
- a MRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics , School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Lukhanyo H Nyati
- a MRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics , School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Alastair van Heerden
- a MRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics , School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.,b Human and Social Development Research Programme , Human Sciences Research Council , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - Richard J Munthali
- a MRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics , School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- c MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit , School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg Parktown , South Africa.,d INDEPTH Network , Accra , Ghana.,e Umeå Centre for Global Health Research , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Stephen M Tollman
- c MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit , School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg Parktown , South Africa.,d INDEPTH Network , Accra , Ghana.,e Umeå Centre for Global Health Research , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Francesc Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- c MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit , School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg Parktown , South Africa.,d INDEPTH Network , Accra , Ghana
| | - Brian Houle
- c MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit , School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg Parktown , South Africa.,f School of Demography , The Australian National University , Acton , Australia
| | - David B Dunger
- a MRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics , School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.,g Department of Paediatrics , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Shane A Norris
- a MRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics , School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
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Early-life nutritional status and metabolic syndrome: gender-specific associations from a cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:1546-1553. [PMID: 29455688 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017004256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study we investigated gender-specific associations of low birth weight (LBW) and shorter relative leg length with metabolic syndrome (MetS) after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and health-related behaviours. We also investigated whether these associations are independent of age at menarche and BMI at 20 years old. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SUBJECTS Baseline data from 12 602 participants (35-74 years) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010. SETTING MetS was defined according to the revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. LBW (<2·5 kg) and age- and sex-standardized relative leg length (high, medium and low) were the explanatory variables studied. The strength of the associations between the explanatory variables and MetS was estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS MetS prevalence was 34·2 %; it was more prevalent in men (36·8 %) than in women (32·2 %). In multivariate analysis, LBW was associated (prevalence ratio; 95 % CI) with MetS only in women (1·28; 1·24, 1·45). Shorter leg length was associated with MetS in both men (1·21; 1·09, 1·35 and 1·46; 1·29, 1·65 for low and medium lengths, respectively) and women (1·12; 1·00, 1·25 and 1·40; 1·22, 1·59 for low and medium lengths, respectively). Additional adjustments for age at menarche and BMI at 20 years old did not change the associations. CONCLUSIONS Poor nutritional status as estimated by LBW and lower leg length in childhood was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS, although LBW was a significant factor only among women.
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14
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DeWitte SN. Stress, sex, and plague: Patterns of developmental stress and survival in pre‐ and post‐Black Death London. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 30. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon N. DeWitte
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia South Carolina 29208
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15
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Workman M, Kelly K. Heavier birth weight associated with taller height but not age at menarche in US women born 1991-1998. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28343369 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heavier birth weight predicts taller adult height, but it remains unknown the extent to which this additional height increment results from a faster average growth rate versus an extension of the growth period. Aiming to distinguish these effects, this study examined associations between birth weight (BW), age at menarche (an established proxy for growth duration), and near-adult height in a cohort of US young women born in the 1990s. METHODS Multiple regression evaluated age-adjusted height as an outcome of BW, age at menarche, indicators of family socioeconomic status, and other potential confounders in a sample of US teens who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 and 2012 (N = 342). Relevant interactions were also evaluated. RESULTS Mean ± SD was 11.9 ± 1.2 years and 3262 ± 592 g for age at menarche and BW, respectively. BW did not predict age at menarche (β = -.01, p = .838). Girls were 1.3 cm taller per year delay in menarche (p < .001) and 2.9 cm taller per 1 kg increase in BW (p < .001). Additionally, the greatest gain in height associated with delayed menarche was observed among the heaviest BW quartile. CONCLUSIONS Girls born heavier were taller but experienced menarche at similar ages to girls born lighter. To the extent that age at menarche reflected growth duration, these results demonstrate faster average growth among heavier-born girls. Consistent with fetal programming of average growth rate, these results held after adjustment for confounders of postnatal growth like family socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Workman
- Department of Biology, Pima Community College, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Karina Kelly
- Department of Biology, Pima Community College, Tucson, Arizona
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16
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Luijken J, van der Schouw YT, Mensink D, Onland-Moret NC. Association between age at menarche and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review on risk and potential mechanisms. Maturitas 2017; 104:96-116. [PMID: 28923182 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Age at menarche (AAM) has been reported to be associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the shape of and the mechanisms behind this association remain unclear. We reviewed the data on the association between AAM and different subtypes of CVD, and used shared genetic loci to identify possible mechanisms underlying this association using shared genetic association. We searched the databases of PubMed, Web of Science and Embase through to April 2017. We included articles with any clinically manifest CVD endpoint and for any ethnicity. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for AAM in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Caucasians through PubMed and HuGE Navigator, and searched whether these SNPs or any of their proxies were associated with any CVD-related trait. Eight studies in Caucasian populations reported an inverse linear relation between AAM and CVD risk, whereas one large study reported a significant U-shaped relation between them. Data from Asian populations were contradictory and inconclusive. In total, 122 AAM SNPs were identified at a genome-wide significance level (p<5×10-8). Of those, 18 were also associated with various CVD-related traits, primarily body mass index (BMI), obesity, and height. In conclusion, early AAM and possibly also late AAM increase the risk of CVD in Caucasian populations. Weight and height may be part of the mechanism underlying the relation between AAM and CVD risk in Caucasians. Data on other ethnicities are too limited for meaningful analysis and conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Luijken
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniëlle Mensink
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cardialysis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Exercise and Sports Medicine Issues in Underserved Populations. Prim Care 2017; 44:141-154. [PMID: 28164813 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary care providers can make a strong argument for exercise promotion in underserved communities. The benefits are vitally important in adolescent physical, cognitive, and psychological development as well as in adult disease prevention and treatment. In counseling such patients, we should take into account a patient's readiness for change and the barriers to exercise.
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18
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Nowak-Szczepanska N, Koziel S. Sexual dimorphism in growth in the relative length of the forearm and relative knee height during adolescence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:276-82. [PMID: 27291423 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous studies concerning sexual dimorphism in body proportions, but only a few have investigated growth in the relative length of particular segments of the upper and lower limbs during adolescence. The aim of the study is an assessment of sex differences of longitudinal growth in the relative length of the forearm and knee height among adolescents. Sample involved 121 boys and 111 girls, participants of the Wroclaw Growth Study, examined annually between 8 and 18 years of age. Sexual dimorphism in six ratios: forearm length and knee height relatively to: trunk, height, and limb length were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements. The sex and age relative to an estimate of maturity timing (3 years before, and after age class at peak height velocity [PHV]) were independent variables. All of the ratios showed significant sex differences in interaction with age relative to age at PHV. The relative length of the forearm, in boys, did not change significantly with the years relative to age at PHV, whereas in girls, was the lowest in the two first age classes and afterward significantly increased just 1 year before and during the adolescent growth spurt, remaining unchanged in further age classes. For relative knee height no clear pattern for sex differences was noticed. It is proposed that relatively longer forearms, particularly in relation to the trunk in girls, could have evolved as an adaptation to more efficient infant carrying and protection during breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Slawomir Koziel
- Anthropology Unit in Wrocław, Polish Academy of Sciences, Podwale 75, 50-449, Wroclaw, Poland.
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19
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Bonilla C, Lewis SJ, Martin RM, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Neal DE, Eeles R, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z, Al Olama AA, Benlloch S, Muir K, Giles GG, Wiklund F, Gronberg H, Haiman CA, Schleutker J, Nordestgaard BG, Travis RC, Pashayan N, Khaw KT, Stanford JL, Blot WJ, Thibodeau S, Maier C, Kibel AS, Cybulski C, Cannon-Albright L, Brenner H, Park J, Kaneva R, Batra J, Teixeira MR, Pandha H, Lathrop M, Davey Smith G. Pubertal development and prostate cancer risk: Mendelian randomization study in a population-based cohort. BMC Med 2016; 14:66. [PMID: 27044414 PMCID: PMC4820939 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have observed a positive association between an earlier age at sexual development and prostate cancer, but markers of sexual maturation in boys are imprecise and observational estimates are likely to suffer from a degree of uncontrolled confounding. To obtain causal estimates, we examined the role of pubertal development in prostate cancer using genetic polymorphisms associated with Tanner stage in adolescent boys in a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS We derived a weighted genetic risk score for pubertal development, combining 13 SNPs associated with male Tanner stage. A higher score indicated a later puberty onset. We examined the association of this score with prostate cancer risk, stage and grade in the UK-based ProtecT case-control study (n = 2,927), and used the PRACTICAL consortium (n = 43,737) as a replication sample. RESULTS In ProtecT, the puberty genetic score was inversely associated with prostate cancer grade (odds ratio (OR) of high- vs. low-grade cancer, per tertile of the score: 0.76; 95 % CI, 0.64-0.89). In an instrumental variable estimation of the causal OR, later physical development in adolescence (equivalent to a difference of one Tanner stage between pubertal boys of the same age) was associated with a 77 % (95 % CI, 43-91 %) reduced odds of high Gleason prostate cancer. In PRACTICAL, the puberty genetic score was associated with prostate cancer stage (OR of advanced vs. localized cancer, per tertile: 0.95; 95 % CI, 0.91-1.00) and prostate cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio amongst cases, per tertile: 0.94; 95 % CI, 0.90-0.98), but not with disease grade. CONCLUSIONS Older age at sexual maturation is causally linked to a reduced risk of later prostate cancer, especially aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bonilla
- />School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah J. Lewis
- />School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M. Martin
- />School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Bristol, UK
| | - Jenny L. Donovan
- />School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- />Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David E. Neal
- />Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- />Surgical Oncology (Uro-Oncology: S4), University of Cambridge, Box 279, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- />The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG Surrey UK
- />The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham and Sutton London and Surrey, UK
| | - Doug Easton
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway Cambridge, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- />The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG Surrey UK
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Benlloch
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth Muir
- />University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- />Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Graham G. Giles
- />The Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004 Australia
- />Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- />Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Gronberg
- />Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- />Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- />Institute of Biomedical Technology/BioMediTech, University of Tampere and FimLab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- />Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, Herlev, DK-2730 Denmark
| | - Ruth C. Travis
- />Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway Cambridge, UK
- />Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- />Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR UK
| | - Janet L. Stanford
- />Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
- />Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - William J. Blot
- />International Epidemiology Institute, 1455 Research Blvd., Suite 550, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | | | - Christiane Maier
- />Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- />Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adam S. Kibel
- />Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 45 Francis Street - ASB II-3, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Washington University, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- />International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- />Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- />Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- />Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- />German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jong Park
- />Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL USA
| | - Radka Kaneva
- />Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Zdrave St., Sofia, 1431 Bulgaria
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- />Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Manuel R. Teixeira
- />Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
- />Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hardev Pandha
- />The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Mark Lathrop
- />Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Center National de Génotypage, Evry, France
- />McGill University-Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - George Davey Smith
- />School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - The PRACTICAL consortium
- />School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Bristol, UK
- />Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- />Surgical Oncology (Uro-Oncology: S4), University of Cambridge, Box 279, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
- />The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG Surrey UK
- />The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham and Sutton London and Surrey, UK
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway Cambridge, UK
- />University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- />Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
- />The Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004 Australia
- />Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
- />Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- />Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
- />Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- />Institute of Biomedical Technology/BioMediTech, University of Tampere and FimLab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- />Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, Herlev, DK-2730 Denmark
- />Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- />Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway Cambridge, UK
- />Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
- />Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR UK
- />Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
- />Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- />International Epidemiology Institute, 1455 Research Blvd., Suite 550, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
- />Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
- />Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- />Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- />Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 45 Francis Street - ASB II-3, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Washington University, St Louis, MO USA
- />International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- />Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- />Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- />Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- />German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- />Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL USA
- />Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Zdrave St., Sofia, 1431 Bulgaria
- />Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- />Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
- />Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), Porto University, Porto, Portugal
- />The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
- />Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Center National de Génotypage, Evry, France
- />McGill University-Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
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20
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Kliś K, Jarzebak K, Borowska-Strugińska B, Mulawa A, Żurawiecka M, Wronka I. Season of birth influences the timing of first menstruation. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:226-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kliś
- Department of Anthropology; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jarzebak
- Department of Anthropology; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - Beata Borowska-Strugińska
- Department of Anthropology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź; Łódź Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mulawa
- Department of Anthropology; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - Martyna Żurawiecka
- Department of Anthropology; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - Iwona Wronka
- Department of Anthropology; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
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21
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Mueller NT, Duncan BB, Barreto SM, Chor D, Vigo A, Aquino EML, Demerath EW, Schmidt MI. Relative leg length is associated with type 2 diabetes differently according to pubertal timing: the Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 27:219-25. [PMID: 25327531 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies from developed societies have shown that individuals with short legs relative to height have higher risk of type 2 diabetes. This has been much less explored in less developed populations where influences on relative leg length and diabetes may differ. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (in Portuguese, ELSA-Brasil) allows us to test, in a cohort born (1934-1975) and raised when undernutrition was common, whether short legs relative to height is positively associated with diabetes, independent of early-life factors, including birth weight, age at menarche, and young-adult BMI. METHODS We used baseline, cross-sectional data from 15,105 participants aged 35-74 years participating in ELSA-Brasil. We created age-and-sex-specific Z scores for leg length index (leg length/height × 100) according to an external reference. Diabetes was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis, medication use, fasting and 2-h post-75-g-load glucose, and A1C. RESULTS A one-unit decrement in leg-length-index Z score was associated with 12% (8-17%) higher prevalence of diabetes in Brazilian adults, after adjustment through Poisson regression for confounders, including race, maternal education, and birth weight. This association persisted after further adjustment for menarche age, BMI (at age 20), buttocks circumference, and waist circumference. It was stronger among women with early menarche (P interaction = 0.02). Leg length index was also inversely associated with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, 2-h glucose, and A1C (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In contemporary Brazilian adults, short legs relative to height is positively associated with diabetes independent of measures of intrauterine growth, pubertal timing, and young-adult adiposity. This association is stronger in women with early menarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel T Mueller
- Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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22
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Cousminer DL, Stergiakouli E, Berry DJ, Ang W, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Körner A, Siitonen N, Ntalla I, Marinelli M, Perry JRB, Kettunen J, Jansen R, Surakka I, Timpson NJ, Ring S, Mcmahon G, Power C, Wang C, Kähönen M, Viikari J, Lehtimäki T, Middeldorp CM, Hulshoff Pol HE, Neef M, Weise S, Pahkala K, Niinikoski H, Zeggini E, Panoutsopoulou K, Bustamante M, Penninx BWJH, Murabito J, Torrent M, Dedoussis GV, Kiess W, Boomsma DI, Pennell CE, Raitakari OT, Hyppönen E, Davey Smith G, Ripatti S, McCarthy MI, Widén E. Genome-wide association study of sexual maturation in males and females highlights a role for body mass and menarche loci in male puberty. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4452-64. [PMID: 24770850 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about genes regulating male puberty. Further, while many identified pubertal timing variants associate with age at menarche, a late manifestation of puberty, and body mass, little is known about these variants' relationship to pubertal initiation or tempo. To address these questions, we performed genome-wide association meta-analysis in over 11 000 European samples with data on early pubertal traits, male genital and female breast development, measured by the Tanner scale. We report the first genome-wide significant locus for male sexual development upstream of myocardin-like 2 (MKL2) (P = 8.9 × 10(-9)), a menarche locus tagging a developmental pathway linking earlier puberty with reduced pubertal growth (P = 4.6 × 10(-5)) and short adult stature (p = 7.5 × 10(-6)) in both males and females. Furthermore, our results indicate that a proportion of menarche loci are important for pubertal initiation in both sexes. Consistent with epidemiological correlations between increased prepubertal body mass and earlier pubertal timing in girls, body mass index (BMI)-increasing alleles correlated with earlier breast development. In boys, some BMI-increasing alleles associated with earlier, and others with delayed, sexual development; these genetic results mimic the controversy in epidemiological studies, some of which show opposing correlations between prepubertal BMI and male puberty. Our results contribute to our understanding of the pubertal initiation program in both sexes and indicate that although mechanisms regulating pubertal onset in males and females may largely be shared, the relationship between body mass and pubertal timing in boys may be complex and requires further genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diane J Berry
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Wei Ang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Antje Körner
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niina Siitonen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Marcella Marinelli
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catelonia, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rick Jansen
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Susan Ring
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Mcmahon
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carol Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33521, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Madlen Neef
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Weise
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Mariona Bustamante
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catelonia, Spain Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Genes and genomes, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain and
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joanne Murabito
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maties Torrent
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ib-salut, Area de Salut de Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK School of Population Health and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Kwok MK, Leung GM, Lam TH, Leung SSL, Schooling CM. Grandparental education, parental education and child height: evidence from Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" birth cohort. Ann Epidemiol 2013; 23:475-84. [PMID: 23889857 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adult height is the sum of growth during fetal, infancy, childhood, and puberty, controlled by different biological factors. In long-term developed Western populations, height is positively associated with socioeconomic position, but less clearly so in recently developing populations. We aimed to elucidate socioeconomic influences on height at different growth phases. METHODS We examined the associations of parents' education and grandparents' education with birth weight and height gain z-scores during infancy (birth to <2 years), childhood (2 to <8 years), and puberty (8 to <14 years) adjusted for parents' height using generalized estimating equations in Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" birth cohort (n = 8264). RESULTS Parents' education, but not grandparents', was positively associated with birth weight (z-score, 0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01-0.12 for grade ≥12 compared with grade ≤9) and height gain during infancy (0.11; 95% CI, 0.05-0.18), adjusted for gender, gestational age, initial size, parity, parents' age, parents' birthplace, and parents' height. Conversely, similarly adjusted, grandparents' education, but not parents', was associated with height gain during childhood (0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.18). CONCLUSIONS Parental education was associated with fetal and infant, but not childhood, linear growth, suggesting the mechanism underlying socioeconomic influences on height at different growth phases may be contextually specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ki Kwok
- Life Course and Lifestyle Epidemiology Group, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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24
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Prentice A, Dibba B, Sawo Y, Cole TJ. The effect of prepubertal calcium carbonate supplementation on the age of peak height velocity in Gambian adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1042-50. [PMID: 22990031 PMCID: PMC3642996 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence suggests that calcium intake before puberty influences adolescent height growth and the timing of puberty. Such an effect might be particularly marked in populations in whom low calcium intake, stunting, and delayed puberty are common. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test whether 12 mo of calcium supplementation at age 8-12 y to increase intakes toward international recommendations had long-term effects on adolescent growth and pubertal development in rural Gambian children. DESIGN This was a longitudinal study of 160 Gambian boys (n = 80) and girls (n = 80) who had participated in a 12-mo, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, calcium carbonate supplementation trial (1000 mg Ca/d, 5 d/wk) at age 8-12 y. Anthropometric measures were made every 1-2 y until age 21-25 y; pubertal status and menarche data were collected. Repeated-measures ANCOVA and Superimposition by Translation and Rotation Method (SITAR) growth models were used to assess the effects of treatment. RESULTS In boys, midadolescent height growth was advanced in the calcium group, which resulted in greater stature at a mean age of 15.5 y (mean ± SEM: 2.0 ± 0.8 cm; P = 0.01) and an earlier age of peak height velocity by 7.4 ± 2.9 mo. Subsequently, the calcium group stopped growing earlier (P = 0.02) and was 3.5 ± 1.1 cm shorter (P = 0.002) at a mean age of 23.5 y. Weight and midupper arm circumference paralleled height. No significant effects were observed in girls, but a sex-by-supplement interaction on height growth could not be confirmed. CONCLUSION Calcium supplementation of boys in late childhood advanced the age of peak height velocity and resulted in shorter adult stature in a population in whom low calcium intakes and delayed puberty are common. This trial was registered at isrctn.org as ISRCTN28836000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Prentice
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Seidell JC, Katan MB. A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1397-406. [PMID: 22998340 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1203034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of beverages that contain sugar is associated with overweight, possibly because liquid sugars do not lead to a sense of satiety, so the consumption of other foods is not reduced. However, data are lacking to show that the replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages diminishes weight gain. METHODS We conducted an 18-month trial involving 641 primarily normal-weight children from 4 years 10 months to 11 years 11 months of age. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 250 ml (8 oz) per day of a sugar-free, artificially sweetened beverage (sugar-free group) or a similar sugar-containing beverage that provided 104 kcal (sugar group). Beverages were distributed through schools. At 18 months, 26% of the children had stopped consuming the beverages; the data from children who did not complete the study were imputed. RESULTS The z score for the body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) increased on average by 0.02 SD units in the sugar-free group and by 0.15 SD units in the sugar group; the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference was -0.21 to -0.05. Weight increased by 6.35 kg in the sugar-free group as compared with 7.37 kg in the sugar group (95% CI for the difference, -1.54 to -0.48). The skinfold-thickness measurements, waist-to-height ratio, and fat mass also increased significantly less in the sugar-free group. Adverse events were minor. When we combined measurements at 18 months in 136 children who had discontinued the study with those in 477 children who completed the study, the BMI z score increased by 0.06 SD units in the sugar-free group and by 0.12 SD units in the sugar group (P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal-weight children. (Funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development and others; DRINK ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00893529.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne C de Ruyter
- Department of Health Sciences, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Conway BN, Shu XO, Zhang X, Xiang YB, Cai H, Li H, Yang G, Gao YT, Zheng W. Age at menarche, the leg length to sitting height ratio, and risk of diabetes in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men and women. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30625. [PMID: 22448212 PMCID: PMC3309033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the associations of age at menarche and the leg length-to-sitting-height ratio, markers of adolescent growth, with risk of diabetes in later life. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information from 69,385 women and 55,311 men, aged 40-74 years from the Shanghai Women's Health Study and Shanghai Men's Health Study, were included in the current analyses. Diabetes status was ascertained through biennial in person follow-up. Cox models, with age as the time scale, were used. RESULTS There were 2369 cases of diabetes (1831 women; 538 men) during an average of 7.3 and 3.6 years of follow-up of the women and men, respectively. In females, menarche age was inversely associated with diabetes risk after adjustment for birth cohort, education, and income (HR = 0.95, 0.92-0.98). In both genders, leg length-to-sitting-height ratio was inversely related to diabetes (HR = 0.88, 0.80-0.97 for men; HR = 0.91, 0.86-0.96 for women) after adjustment for birth cohort, education, and income. Further adjustment for adult BMI at study enrollment completely eliminated the associations of age at menarche (HR = 0.99, 0.96-1.02) and the leg length-to-sitting-height ratio (HR = 1.00, 0.91-1.10 for men; HR = 1.01, 0.96-1.07 for women) with diabetes risk. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that markers of an early age at peak height velocity, i.e. early menarche age and low leg-length-to-sitting height ratio, may be associated with diabetes risk later in life and this association is likely to be mediated through obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baqiyyah N. Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xianglan Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Honglan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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