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Das T, Ali F, Rahman MS. Cellulase activity of a novel bacterial strain Arthrobacter woluwensis TDS9: its application on bioconversion of paper mill sludge. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:87. [PMID: 35708781 PMCID: PMC9203635 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Lignocellulosic biomasses produced from agriculture and forest-based industries are the cheapest or negative-cost biomass with a great potential for biotransformation to value-added bioproducts. Paper mill sludge, an important lignocellulosic biomass creates an environmental threat, which requires financial input for disposal. Thus, this study was aimed to isolate a novel bacterial strain capable of degrading cellulosic biomass including paper mill sludge to produce reducing sugar and other value-added bioproducts. Results A novel bacterial strain Arthrobacter woluwensis TDS9 isolated from the soil was screened for its cellulolytic activity using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source. The incubation period, temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources are the most important factors ruling the CMCase and sugar productions of the strain A. woluwensis TDS9, and an alkaline pH (pH 8.0) led to enhanced sugar production up to 1100.09 μg/mL after 72 h of incubation at 25°C in a medium containing 1.5% CMC and 1.25% beef extract. The optimal conditions for maximum CMCase activity were defined, and the potassium ion boosted the CMCase activity up to 1.06 U/mL when the enzymatic reaction was performed for 30 min at 50°C and pH 8 using CMC as a substrate. Moreover, the strain A. woluwensis TDS9 produced 433.33 μg/mL reducing sugar from 1% pretreated paper mill sludge. Significant alterations in the structural arrangement of cellulosic fiber of paper mill sludge observed under microscope after each step of chemical treatment process helped for loosening the cellulose fibers and increased the saccharification for enzymatic hydrolysis. Endoglucanase IV (33 KDa) and beta-glucosidase II (53 KDa) were identified in crude enzyme based on the zymogram analysis and substrate specificity. Conclusions The research has for the first time proved that this A. woluwensis TDS9 strain can efficiently convert cellulose. Therefore, the strain TDS9 could be a potential candidate for cellulase production in an industrial biotransformation process of paper mill sludge to produce reducing sugar. This sugar stream can be further used as a substrate to produce biofuels and other organic acids using another microorganism, which represents a greener alternative to add value to the paper production helping paper mill industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Das
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdausi Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, 4331, Bangladesh. .,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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Bahaman AH, Abdul Wahab R, Hamid AAA, Halim KBA, Kaya Y, Edbeib MF. Substrate docking and molecular dynamic simulation for prediction of fungal enzymes from Trichoderma species-assisted extraction of nanocellulose from oil palm leaves. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4246-4258. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1679667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aina Hazimah Bahaman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Azzmer Azzar Abdul Hamid
- Research Unit for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (RUBIC), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Bariyyah Abd Halim
- Research Unit for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (RUBIC), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Yilmaz Kaya
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Mohamed Faraj Edbeib
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Baniwalid University, Baniwalid, Libya
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3
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Fungal Biotechnology for Industrial Enzyme Production: Focus on (Hemi)cellulase Production Strategies, Advances and Challenges. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Characterization of salt-tolerant β-glucosidase with increased thermostability under high salinity conditions from Bacillus sp. SJ-10 isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:1335-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Колев Д, Колев Д, Kolev D. ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ЦЕЛУЛАЗНИТЕ ЕНЗИМИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ И ВЪЗ-МОЖНОСТИ ЗА ИЗПОЛЗВАНЕТО ИМ В БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯТА. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.1993.10819420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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β -Glucosidases from the fungus trichoderma: an efficient cellulase machinery in biotechnological applications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:203735. [PMID: 23984325 PMCID: PMC3747355 DOI: 10.1155/2013/203735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
β-glucosidases catalyze the selective cleavage of glucosidic linkages and are an important class of enzymes having significant prospects in industrial biotechnology. These are classified in family 1 and family 3 of glycosyl hydrolase family. β-glucosidases, particularly from the fungus Trichoderma, are widely recognized and used for the saccharification of cellulosic biomass for biofuel production. With the rising trends in energy crisis and depletion of fossil fuels, alternative strategies for renewable energy sources need to be developed. However, the major limitation accounts for low production of β-glucosidases by the hyper secretory strains of Trichoderma. In accordance with the increasing significance of β-glucosidases in commercial applications, the present review provides a detailed insight of the enzyme family, their classification, structural parameters, properties, and studies at the genomics and proteomics levels. Furthermore, the paper discusses the enhancement strategies employed for their utilization in biofuel generation. Therefore, β-glucosidases are prospective toolbox in bioethanol production, and in the near future, it might be successful in meeting the requirements of alternative renewable sources of energy.
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Karnaouri A, Topakas E, Paschos T, Taouki I, Christakopoulos P. Cloning, expression and characterization of an ethanol tolerant GH3 β-glucosidase from Myceliophthora thermophila. PeerJ 2013; 1:e46. [PMID: 23638383 PMCID: PMC3628895 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-glucosidase gene bgl3a from Myceliophthora thermophila, member of the fungal glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 3, was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The mature β-glucosidase gene, which results after the excision of one intron and the secreting signal peptide, was placed under the control of the strong alcohol oxidase promoter (AOX1) in the plasmid pPICZαC. The recombinant enzyme (90 kDa) was purified and characterized in order to evaluate its biotechnological potential. Recombinant P. pastoris efficiently secreted β-glucosidase into the medium and produced high level of enzymatic activity (41 U/ml) after 192 h of growth, under methanol induction. MtBgl3a was able to hydrolyze low molecular weight substrates and polysaccharides containing β-glucosidic residues. The Km was found to be 0.39 mM on p-β-NPG and 2.64 mM on cellobiose. Optimal pH and temperature for the p-β-NPG hydrolysis were 5.0 and 70 °C. The β-glucosidase exhibits a half life of 143 min at 60 °C. Kinetic parameters of inhibition were determined for D-glucose, D-xylose and D-gluconic acid, indicating tolerance of the enzyme for these sugars and oxidized products. The recombinant enzyme was stimulated by short chain alcohols and has been shown to efficiently synthesize methyl-D-glucoside in the presence of methanol due to its transglycosylation activity. The stability of MtBgl3a in ethanol was prominent, and it retained most of its original activity after we exposed it to 50% ethanol for 6 h. The high catalytic performance, good thermal stability and tolerance to elevated concentrations of ethanol, D-xylose and D-glucose qualify this enzyme for use in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production, as part of an efficient complete multi-enzyme cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Karnaouri
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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8
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Gama FM, Teixeira JA, Mota M. Cellulose morphology and enzymatic reactivity: A modified solute exclusion technique. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 43:381-7. [PMID: 18615721 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260430506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An expeditious and accurate simplification of Stone and Scallan's solute exclusion technique was developed, thereby avoiding several sources of experimental error coupled with the determination of cellulose pore volume. Using this method, it is shown that cellulolytic enzymes do not enter into the micropores of five studied celluloses. These results suggestes that hydrolysis occurs initially at the external surface of the fibers. This surface area was calculated with the help of adsorption isotherms of bovine serum albumin. The obtained values for the different samples agree with the microscopically observed cellulose morphology. The correlation obtained by several authors relating cellulose porosity and its digestibility is explained as a consequence of the lower crystallinity and easier fragmentation of the more porous celluloses during hydrolysis. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Gama
- Departmento de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Largo do Paço, 4719 Braga Codex, Portugal
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9
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Zhou J, Zhang R, Shi P, Huang H, Meng K, Yuan T, Yang P, Yao B. A novel low-temperature-active β-glucosidase from symbiotic Serratia sp. TN49 reveals four essential positions for substrate accommodation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:305-15. [PMID: 21559826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A 2,373-bp full-length gene (bglA49) encoding a 790-residue polypeptide (BglA49) with a calculated mass of 87.8 kDa was cloned from Serratia sp. TN49, a symbiotic bacterium isolated from the gut of longhorned beetle (Batocera horsfieldi) larvae. The deduced amino acid sequence of BglA49 showed the highest identities of 80.1% with a conceptually translated protein from Pantoea sp. At-9b (EEW02556), 38.3% with the identified glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 3 β-glucosidase from Clostridium stercorarium NCBI 11754 (CAB08072), and <15.0% with the low-temperature-active GH 3 β-glucosidases from Shewanella sp. G5 (ABL09836) and Paenibacillus sp. C7 (AAX35883). The recombinant enzyme (r-BglA49) was expressed in Escherichia coli and displayed the typical characteristics of low-temperature-active enzymes, such as low temperature optimum (showing apparent optimal activity at 35°C), activity at low temperatures (retaining approximately 60% of its maximum activity at 20°C and approximately 25% at 10°C). Compared with the thermophilic GH 3 β-glucosidase, r-BglA49 had fewer hydrogen bonds and salt bridges and less proline residues. These features might relate to the increased structure flexibility and higher catalytic activity at low temperatures of r-BglA49. The molecular docking study of four GH 3 β-glucosidases revealed five conserved positions contributing to substrate accommodation, among which four positions of r-BglA49 (R192, Y228, D260, and E449) were identified to be essential based on site-directed mutagenesis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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Liu YS, Baker JO, Zeng Y, Himmel ME, Haas T, Ding SY. Cellobiohydrolase hydrolyzes crystalline cellulose on hydrophobic faces. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11195-201. [PMID: 21282110 PMCID: PMC3064174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradation of plant biomass is a slow process in nature, and hydrolysis of cellulose is also widely considered to be a rate-limiting step in the proposed industrial process of converting lignocellulosic materials to biofuels. It is generally known that a team of enzymes including endo- and exocellulases as well as cellobiases are required to act synergistically to hydrolyze cellulose to glucose. The detailed molecular mechanisms of these enzymes have yet to be convincingly elucidated. In this report, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to image in real-time the structural changes in Valonia cellulose crystals acted upon by the exocellulase cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) from Trichoderma reesei. Under AFM, single enzyme molecules could be observed binding only to one face of the cellulose crystal, apparently the hydrophobic face. The surface roughness of cellulose began increasing after adding CBH I, and the overall size of cellulose crystals decreased during an 11-h period. Interestingly, this size reduction apparently occurred only in the width of the crystal, whereas the height remained relatively constant. In addition, the measured cross-section shape of cellulose crystal changed from asymmetric to nearly symmetric. These observed changes brought about by CBH I action may constitute the first direct visualization supporting the idea that the exocellulase selectively hydrolyzes the hydrophobic faces of cellulose. The limited accessibility of the hydrophobic faces in native cellulose may contribute significantly to the rate-limiting slowness of cellulose hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-San Liu
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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11
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Schimper C, Keckeis R, Ibanescu C, Burtscher E, Manian AP, Bechtold T. Influence of steam and dry heat pretreatment on fibre properties and cellulase degradation of cellulosic fibres. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420400025778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Gama FM, Mota M. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose (II): X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies on Cellulase Adsorption. Effect of the Surfactant Tween 85. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429709103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Zhang Q, Lo CM, Ju LK. Cell immobilization with polyurethane foam for retaining Trichoderma reesei cells during foam fractionation for cellulase collection. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 156:12-23. [PMID: 19127442 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In situ affinity foam fractionation is a potential powerful tool for continuous, selective removal of products from bioprocesses. When evaluating its applicability to cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei fermentation, we encountered the difficulty of significant removal of fungal mycelia along with the cellulase. To solve this problem, cell immobilization using cut pieces of hydrophilic polyurethane (PU) foam was evaluated. Five commercial PU foams with different pore sizes and porosities were tested. Two were found to support good cell growth, cellulase production, and cell loading (about 0.6 g dry cells per g PU). The PU-immobilized mycelia were successfully retained in the foaming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
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Szijártó N, Siika-Aho M, Tenkanen M, Alapuranen M, Vehmaanperä J, Réczey K, Viikari L. Hydrolysis of amorphous and crystalline cellulose by heterologously produced cellulases of Melanocarpus albomyces. J Biotechnol 2008; 136:140-7. [PMID: 18635283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Three thermostable neutral cellulases from Melanocarpus albomyces, a 20-kDa endoglucanase (Cel45A), a 50-kDa endoglucanase (Cel7A), and a 50-kDa cellobiohydrolase (Cel7B) heterologously produced in a recombinant Trichoderma reesei were purified and studied in hydrolysis (50 degrees C, pH 6.0) of crystalline and amorphous cellulose. To improve their efficiency, M. albomyces cellulases naturally harboring no cellulose-binding module (CBM) were genetically modified to carry the CBM of T. reesei CBHI/Cel7A, and were studied under similar experimental conditions. Hydrolysis performance and product profiles were used to evaluate hydrolytic features of the investigated enzymes. Each cellulase proved to be active against the tested substrates; the cellobiohydrolase Cel7B had greater activity than the endoglucanases Cel45A and Cel7A against crystalline cellulose, whereas in the case of amorphous substrate the order was reversed. Evidence of synergism was observed when mixtures of the novel enzymes were applied in a constant total protein dosage. Presence of the CBM improved the hydrolytic potential of each enzyme in all experimental configurations; it had a greater effect on the endoglucanases Cel45A and Cel7A than the cellobiohydrolase Cel7B, especially against crystalline substrate. The novel cellobiohydrolase performed comparably to the major cellobiohydrolase of T. reesei (CBHI/Cel7A) under the applied experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Szijártó
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary.
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Sonia KG, Chadha BS, Badhan AK, Saini HS, Bhat MK. Identification of glucose tolerant acid active β-glucosidases from thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Identification and molecular modeling of a family 5 endocellulase from Thermus caldophilus GK24, a cellulolytic strain of Thermus thermophilus. Int J Mol Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.3390/i7120571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hahn-Hägerdal B, Galbe M, Gorwa-Grauslund MF, Lidén G, Zacchi G. Bio-ethanol--the fuel of tomorrow from the residues of today. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24:549-56. [PMID: 17050014 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The increased concern for the security of the oil supply and the negative impact of fossil fuels on the environment, particularly greenhouse gas emissions, has put pressure on society to find renewable fuel alternatives. The most common renewable fuel today is ethanol produced from sugar or grain (starch); however, this raw material base will not be sufficient. Consequently, future large-scale use of ethanol will most certainly have to be based on production from lignocellulosic materials. This review gives an overview of the new technologies required and the advances achieved in recent years to bring lignocellulosic ethanol towards industrial production. One of the major challenges is to optimize the integration of process engineering, fermentation technology, enzyme engineering and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hahn-Hägerdal
- Lund University, PO Box 124, Getingevägen 60, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Iwashita K, Shimoi H, Ito K. Extracellular soluble polysaccharide (ESP) from Aspergillus kawachii improves the stability of extracellular beta-gluocosidases (EX-1 and EX-2) and is involved in their localization. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 91:134-40. [PMID: 16232964 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.91.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2000] [Accepted: 10/27/2000] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus kawachii produces two extracellular beta-glucosidases (EX-1 and EX-2) and one cell-wall-bound beta-glucosidase (CB-1), all of which are derived from the same bglA gene. Extracellular beta-glucosidases (EX-1 and EX-2) are stable in the crude solution form, but become unstable in the purified form under moderate conditions (pH 5.0 and 37 degrees C). Purified extracellular beta-glucosidases can bind to a mycelial cell wall fraction, even though these enzymes are released into the medium under solid culture conditions. A. kawachii produces an extracellular soluble the beta-glucosidases over the pH range of 3.0-7.0 and at temperatures below 50 degrees C. ESP directly interacted with the purified extracellular beta-glucosidases but did not affect the K(m) values of these enzymes. Moreover, ESP inhibited the adsorption of purified extracellular beta-glucosidases to the cell wall fraction and extracted them from it. These results that ESP plays important roles in the stability and localization of extracellular beta-glucosidases. ESP from A. kawachii directly binds to the enzymes and releases them to the medium from the cell wall layer and then stabilizes them.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwashita
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
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Zhang YHP, Lynd LR. Toward an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: noncomplexed cellulase systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 88:797-824. [PMID: 15538721 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 883] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Information pertaining to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by noncomplexed cellulase enzyme systems is reviewed with a particular emphasis on development of aggregated understanding incorporating substrate features in addition to concentration and multiple cellulase components. Topics considered include properties of cellulose, adsorption, cellulose hydrolysis, and quantitative models. A classification scheme is proposed for quantitative models for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose based on the number of solubilizing activities and substrate state variables included. We suggest that it is timely to revisit and reinvigorate functional modeling of cellulose hydrolysis, and that this would be highly beneficial if not necessary in order to bring to bear the large volume of information available on cellulase components on the primary applications that motivate interest in the subject.
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Medve J, Ståhlberg J, Tjerneld F. Adsorption and synergism of cellobiohydrolase I and II ofTrichoderma reeseiduring hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 44:1064-73. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260440907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Bioconversion of cellulose to soluble sugars and glucose is catalyzed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. Microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes produce mainly three types of cellulase components--endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase, exo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase and beta-glucosidase--either separately or in the form of a complex. Over the last several decades, cellulases have become better understood at a fundamental level; nevertheless, much remains to be learnt. The tremendous commercial potential of cellulases in a variety of applications remains the driving force for research in this area. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge on microbial cellulases and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Bhat
- Food Macromolecular Science Department, Institute of Food Research Reading Laboratory, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6BZ, United Kingdom
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Venturi LL, Polizeli MDL, Terenzi HF, Furriel RDPM, Jorge JA. Extracellular beta-D-glucosidase from Chaetomium thermophilum var. coprophilum: production, purification and some biochemical properties. J Basic Microbiol 2002; 42:55-66. [PMID: 11930943 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4028(200203)42:1<55::aid-jobm55>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum var. coprophilum produced large amounts of extracellular and intracellular beta-glucosidase activity when grown on cellulose or cellobiose as carbon sources. The presence of glucose in the culture medium drastically decreased the level of beta-glucosidase activity, while cycloheximide prevented the induction of the extracellular enzyme activity by cellobiose. An extracellular beta-glucosidase induced by avicel was purified by a procedure involving acetone precipitation and chromatography on two DEAE-cellulose columns. The purified enzyme was a basic protein, with a carbohydrate content of 73%. The deglycosylated enzyme exhibited a molecular mass of 43 kDa, with pH and temperature optima of 5.5 and 65 degrees C respectively. The beta-glucosidase hydrolysed only cellobiose and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, exhibiting apparent Km values of 3.13 mM and 0.76 mM, respectively. The native purified enzyme was stable up to 2 hours at 60 degrees C, and its thermal stability was directly dependent on glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Lórice Venturi
- Departamentos de Biologia e Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Riberirão Preto, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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Tuohy MG, Walsh DJ, Murray PG, Claeyssens M, Cuffe MM, Savage AV, Coughlan MP. Kinetic parameters and mode of action of the cellobiohydrolases produced by Talaromyces emersonii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1596:366-80. [PMID: 12007616 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three forms of cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), CBH IA, CBH IB and CBH II, were isolated to apparent homogeneity from culture filtrates of the aerobic fungus Talaromyces emersonii. The three enzymes are single sub-unit glycoproteins, and unlike most other fungal cellobiohydrolases are characterised by noteworthy thermostability. The kinetic properties and mode of action of each enzyme against polymeric and small soluble oligomeric substrates were investigated in detail. CBH IA, CBH IB and CBH II catalyse the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose, albeit to varying extents. Hydrolysis of a soluble cellulose derivative (CMC) and barley 1,3;1,4-beta-D-glucan was not observed. Cellobiose (G2) is the main reaction product released by CBH IA, CBH IB, and CBH II from microcrystalline cellulose. All three CBHs are competitively inhibited by G2; inhibition constant values (K(i)) of 2.5 and 0.18 mM were obtained for CBH IA and CBH IB, respectively (4-nitrophenyl-beta-cellobioside as substrate), while a K(i) of 0.16 mM was determined for CBH II (2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-beta-cellotrioside as substrate). Bond cleavage patterns were determined for each CBH on 4-methylumbelliferyl derivatives of beta-cellobioside and beta-cellotrioside (MeUmbG(n)). While the Tal. emersonii CBHs share certain properties with their counterparts from Trichoderma reesei, Humicola insolens and other fungal sources, distinct differences were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Tuohy
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Iwashita K, Shimoi H, Ito K. Extracellular soluble polysaccharide (ESP) from Aspergillus kawachii improves the stability of extracellular β-gluocosidases (EX-1 and EX-2) and is involved in their localization. J Biosci Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Tomaz CT, Queiroz JA. Studies on the chromatographic fractionation of Trichoderma reesei cellulases by hydrophobic interaction. J Chromatogr A 1999; 865:123-8. [PMID: 10674935 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work reports new studies on cellulases fractionation by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purification procedure for the Trichoderma reesei cellulase complex consists of gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-25M followed by an ultrafiltration step. The concentrated enzyme solution was then fractionated on Sepharose CL-6B modified by covalent immobilization of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether. The influence of the mobile phase composition on the chromatographic behaviour of the T. reesei cellulase complex was investigated. By using 13% (w/v) ammonium sulphate in eluent buffer, a selective separation of beta-glucosidase with a two-fold increase in specific activity and a recovery of 60% cellobiase activity were obtained. Other commercial hydrophobic supports (octyl- and phenyl-Sepharose) were also tested and compared under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Tomaz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Iwashita K, Nagahara T, Kimura H, Takano M, Shimoi H, Ito K. The bglA gene of Aspergillus kawachii encodes both extracellular and cell wall-bound beta-glucosidases. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:5546-53. [PMID: 10584016 PMCID: PMC91756 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.12.5546-5553.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned the genomic DNA and cDNA of bglA, which encodes beta-glucosidase in Aspergillus kawachii, based on a partial amino acid sequence of purified cell wall-bound beta-glucosidase CB-1. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned bglA gene revealed a 2,933-bp open reading frame with six introns that encodes an 860-amino-acid protein. Based on the deduced amino acid sequence, we concluded that the bglA gene encodes cell wall-bound beta-glucosidase CB-1. The amino acid sequence exhibited high levels of homology with the amino acid sequences of fungal beta-glucosidases classified in subfamily B. We expressed the bglA cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and detected the recombinant beta-glucosidase in the periplasm fraction of the recombinant yeast. A. kawachii can produce two extracellular beta-glucosidases (EX-1 and EX-2) in addition to the cell wall-bound beta-glucosidase. A. kawachii in which the bglA gene was disrupted produced none of the three beta-glucosidases, as determined by enzyme assays and a Western blot analysis. Thus, we concluded that the bglA gene encodes both extracellular and cell wall-bound beta-glucosidases in A. kawachii.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwashita
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 7-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
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Brumbauer A, Réczey K. b-glucosidase production of two different aspergillus strains. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 1999. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.28.1999.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Ion-exchange chromatographic purification and quantitative analysis of Trichoderma reesei cellulases cellobiohydrolase I, II and endoglucanase II by fast protein liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Gupte A, Madamwar D. Production of cellulolytic enzymes by coculturing ofAspergillus ellipticus andAspergillus fumigatus grown on bagasse under solid state fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02788002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Synergistic actions of exo-type cellulases in the hydrolysis of cellulose with different crystallinities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)89248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Kuhad RC, Singh A, Eriksson KE. Microorganisms and enzymes involved in the degradation of plant fiber cell walls. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 57:45-125. [PMID: 9204751 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of natures most important biological processes is the degradation of lignocellulosic materials to carbon dioxide, water and humic substances. This implies possibilities to use biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry and consequently, the use of microorganisms and their enzymes to replace or supplement chemical methods is gaining interest. This chapter describes the structure of wood and the main wood components, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignins. The enzyme and enzyme mechanisms used by fungi and bacteria to modify and degrade these components are described in detail. Techniques for how to assay for these enzyme activities are also described. The possibilities for biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry and other fiber utilizing industries based on these enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Kuhad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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32
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Kleman-Leyer KM, Siika-Aho M, Teeri TT, Kirk TK. The Cellulases Endoglucanase I and Cellobiohydrolase II of Trichoderma reesei Act Synergistically To Solubilize Native Cotton Cellulose but Not To Decrease Its Molecular Size. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:2883-7. [PMID: 16535380 PMCID: PMC1388918 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.8.2883-2887.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of cotton cellulose by Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase I (EGI) and cellobiohydrolase II (CBHII) was investigated by analyzing the insoluble cellulose fragments remaining after enzymatic hydrolysis. Changes in the molecular-size distribution of cellulose after attack by EGI, alone and in combination with CBHII, were determined by size exclusion chromatography of the tricarbanilate derivatives. Cotton cellulose incubated with EGI exhibited a single major peak, which with time shifted to progressively lower degrees of polymerization (DP; number of glucosyl residues per cellulose chain). In the later stages of degradation (8 days), this peak was eventually centered over a DP of 200 to 300 and was accompanied by a second peak (DP, (apprx=)15); a final weight loss of 34% was observed. Although CBHII solubilized approximately 40% of bacterial microcrystalline cellulose, the cellobiohydrolase did not depolymerize or significantly hydrolyze native cotton cellulose. Furthermore, molecular-size distributions of cellulose incubated with EGI together with CBHII did not differ from those attacked solely by EGI. However, a synergistic effect was observed in the reducing-sugar production by the cellulase mixture. From these results we conclude that EGI of T. reesei degrades cotton cellulose by selectively cleaving through the microfibrils at the amorphous sites, whereas CBHII releases soluble sugars from the EGI-degraded cotton cellulose and from the more crystalline bacterial microcrystalline cellulose.
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Tomme P, Kwan E, Gilkes NR, Kilburn DG, Warren RA. Characterization of CenC, an enzyme from Cellulomonas fimi with both endo- and exoglucanase activities. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:4216-23. [PMID: 8763951 PMCID: PMC178180 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.14.4216-4223.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cenC gene, encoding beta-1,4-glucanase C (CenC) from Cellulomonas fimi, was overexpressed in Escherichia coli with a tac-based expression vector. The resulting polypeptide, with an apparent molecular mass of 130 kDa, was purified from the cell extracts by affinity chromatography on cellulose followed by anion-exchange chromatography. N-terminal sequence analysis showed the enzyme to be properly processed. Mature CenC was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 45 degrees C. The enzyme was extremely active on soluble, fluorophoric, and chromophoric glycosides (4-methylumbelliferyl beta-glycosides, 2'-chloro-4'-nitrophenyl-beta-D-cellobioside, and 2'-chloro-4'-nitrophenyl-lactoside) and efficiently hydrolyzed carboxymethyl cellulose, barley beta-glucan, lichenan, and, to a lesser extent, glucomannan. CenC also hydrolyzed acid-swollen cellulose, Avicel, and bacterial microcrystalline cellulose. However, degradation of the latter was slow compared with its degradation by CenB, another C. fimi cellulose belonging to the same enzyme family. CenC acted with inversion of configuration at the anomeric carbon, in accordance with its classification as a family 9 member. The enzyme released mainly cellobiose from soluble cellodextrins and insoluble cellulose. Attack appeared to be from the reducing chain ends. Analysis of carboxymethyl cellulose hydrolysis suggests that CenC is semiprocessive enzyme with both endo- and exoglucanase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tomme
- Department of Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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34
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Esaiassen M, Myrnes B, Olsen RL. Isolation and substrate specificities of five chitinases from the hepatopancreas of Northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)02093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Dong W, Yinbo Q, Peiji G. Regulation of cellulase synthesis in mycelial fungi: Participation of ATP and cyclic AMP. Biotechnol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00129384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Kim CH. Characterization and substrate specificity of an endo-beta-1,4-D-glucanase I (Avicelase I) from an extracellular multienzyme complex of Bacillus circulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:959-65. [PMID: 7793925 PMCID: PMC167356 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.3.959-965.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase I (Avicelase I; EC 3.2.1.4) was purified to homogeneity from an extracellular celluloxylanosome of Bacillus circulans F-2. The purification in the presence of 6 M urea yielded homogeneous enzyme. The enzyme had a monomeric structure, its relative molecular mass being 75 kDa as determined by gel filtration and 82 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pI was 5.4, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence was ASNIGGWVGGNESGFEFG. The optimal pH was 4.5, and the enzyme was stable at pH 4 to 10. The enzyme has a temperature optimum of 50 degrees C, it was stable at 55 degrees C for 46 h, and it retains approximately 20% of its activity after 30 min at 80 degrees C. It showed high-level activity towards carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as well as p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-cellobioside, 4-methylumbelliferyl cellobioside, xylan, Avicel, filter paper, and some cello-oligosaccharides. Km values for birch xylan, CMC, and Avicel were 4.8, 7.2, and 87.0 mg/ml, respectively, while Vmax values were 256, 210, and 8.6 mumol x min-1 x mg-1, respectively. Cellotetraose was preferentially cleaved into cellobiose (G2) plus G2, and cellopentaose was cleaved into G2 plus cellotriose (G3), while cellohexaose was cleaved into cellotetraose plus G2 and to a lesser extent G3 plus G3. G3 was not cleaved at all. G2 was the main product of Avicel hydrolysis. Xylotetraose (X4) and xylobiose (X2) were mainly produced by the enzyme hydrolysis of xylan. G2 inhibited the activity of carboxymethyl cellulase and Avicelase, whereas Mg2+ stimulated it. The enzyme was completely inactivated by Hg2+, and it was inhibited by a thiol-blocking reagent. Hydrolysis of CMC took place, with a rapid decrease in viscosity but a slow liberation of reducing sugars. On the basis of these results, it appeared that the cellulase should be regarded as endo-type cellulase, although it hydrolyzed Avicel.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Yusung
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37
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Clausen C. Dissociation of the multi-enzyme complex of the brown-rot fungusPostia placenta. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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38
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Singh A, Hayashi K. Microbial cellulases: protein architecture, molecular properties, and biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 40:1-44. [PMID: 7604736 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Biomaterials Conversion Laboratory, National Food Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tomme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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40
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Engle AR, Purdie N, Hyatt JA. Induced circular dichroism study of the aqueous solution complexation of cello-oligosaccharides and related polysaccharides with aromatic dyes. Carbohydr Res 1994; 265:181-95. [PMID: 7842441 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Acetobacter xylinum, grown in the presence of low levels of the water-soluble dye Calcofluor White ST produces a pellicle of cellulose that has no detectable crystallinity. Biological factors of this sort are probably more important than physical factors in controlling the higher order structures of celluloses. Circular dichroism (CD) is induced by complexes that are formed by specific interactions between chiral oligosaccharides and dye molecules. Using CD, equilibrium constants were measured for the association reactions between various dyes with a series of cello-oligosaccharides (n = 2-6), methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), amylose, cyclomalto-oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins), and the linear malto-oligosaccharides (n = 3-7). Possible structural features of the complexes are discussed. Dyes that are capable of binding to the higher cello-oligomers in aqueous solutions are the same dyes that modify the solid structure of bacterial cellulose. An analogy between the binding of water-soluble dyes to cello-oligosaccharides and the binding of the cellulose-degrading enzyme, cellobiohydrolase I, to cellulose is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Engle
- Chemistry Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-0447
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41
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Production of endo-1,4-?-glucanase and xylanase by Trichoderma reesei immobilized on polyurethane foam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00154311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Hoshino E, Nomura M, Takai M, Okazaki M, Nisizawa K, Kanda T. Action of exo- and endo-type cellulases from Irpex lacteus on Valonia cellulose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(94)90117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Holt SM, Hartman PA. A zymogram method to detect endoglucanases fromBacillus subtilis, Myrothecium verrucaria andTrichoderma reesei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Ståhlberg J, Johansson G, Pettersson G. Trichoderma reesei has no true exo-cellulase: all intact and truncated cellulases produce new reducing end groups on cellulose. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1157:107-13. [PMID: 8499476 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(93)90085-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption to and formation of insoluble reducing end groups on cellulose was studied for intact enzymes and catalytic domains, 'cores', of the four major cellulases from Trichoderma reesei, CBH I, CBH II, EG I and EG III. Individual enzymes were incubated with NaBH4-reduced, phosphoric acid swollen Avicel (regenerated cellulose) or with filter paper. Adsorption onto regenerated cellulose was rapid (equilibration reached within 2 min), but was slow onto filter paper (not completed after 24 h). On both substrates, less was bound of the core domains than of the intact enzymes. After reaching a maximum in adsorption, all the core domains except CBH I core were released again. In general, the desorption of the core enzymes was much faster than the rate of substrate conversion. All enzymes produced new reducing end groups on both substrates, and thus none of them is a true exo-cellulase. However, both the rate of formation and the amount was considerably higher for the EG enzymes than for the CBH's, which may justify the classification of cellulases into two groups, although the difference is quantitative rather than qualitative. EG III was the most endo-active of the enzymes, and CBH I the least.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ståhlberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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46
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Ultrastructural localization of cellular compartments involved in secretion of the low molecular weight, alkaline xylanase by Trichoderma reesei. Arch Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00288587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Haab D, Gassner B, Kubicek CP. Protein hypersecretory Trichoderma reesei mutant RUT C-30 displays increased ethanol and polyene resistance. J Biotechnol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(93)90043-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Woodward J, Tate J, Herrmann PC, Evans BR. Comparison of Ellman's reagent with N-(1-pyrenyl)maleimide for the determination of free sulfhydryl groups in reduced cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1993; 26:121-9. [PMID: 8509600 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(93)90042-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) from Trichoderma reesei was treated with 5 mM dithiothreitol at different pH values in order to reduce some or all of its 12 disulfide bridges. A discrepancy was found in the number of free sulfhydryl (SH) groups generated upon the reduction of CBH I when they were measured using N-(1-pyrenyl)maleimide (PM) or Ellman's reagent, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). For example, the number of SH mol generated/mol CBH I at pH 8.5 was determined to be 16 and < 1 when measured using PM or Ellman's reagent, respectively. The low value obtained with Ellman's reagent may be due to the electrostatic repulsion between the carboxylic acid groups in CBH I and those in Ellman's reagent. The fluorimetric assay used for determining SH molecules in reduced CBH I, based on their reaction with PM, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Woodward
- Chemical Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831-6194
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Finetti M, Daz M, Ellenrieder G, Marx-Figini M. Saccharification of native and degraded cotton cellulose and commercial microcrystalline cellulose by Trichoderma viride cellobiohydrolase I. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1993; 9:251-4. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/23/1992] [Accepted: 10/26/1992] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Abstract
A 613-bp fragment of the 5' upstream region of the Trichoderma reesei cbh2 gene (coding for the cellulolytic enzyme cellobiohydrolase II) has been isolated and sequenced. Fusion of this fragment to the E. coli uidA gene (coding for beta-glucuronidase) leads to--albeit low--expression of beta-glucuronidase activity in the presence of cellulose and upon the addition of low molecular weight inducers (sophorose, lactose) of cellobiohydrolase II. It also governed the formation of beta-glucuronidase activity during sporulation and its transport to the conidial surface. However, despite the presence of a signal peptide in the cbh2:uidA fusion, beta-glucuronidase was not secreted in T. reesei. Defined fragments of the 613-bp promoter region were isolated and used to identify areas involved in the regulation of cbh2 expression by protein-DNA binding assays. At least two binding areas--between -443/-363 and -363/-173, respectively--were identified. In both areas, the DNA-protein complex observed was appreciably larger when cell-free extracts from sophorose-induced mycelia were used. This suggests that at least one of the proteins regulating cbh2 transcription is itself induced by cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stangl
- Abteilung für Mikrobielle Biochemie, Institut für Biochemische Technologie und Mikrobiologie, Wien, Austria
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