1
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Kim K. Role of glutathione transferase in phase separation of FUS and TAF15 in neurons. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1999-2000. [PMID: 39254557 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
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2
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Ho PC, Hsieh TC, Tsai KJ. TDP-43 proteinopathy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: From pathomechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102441. [PMID: 39069095 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Proteostasis failure is a common pathological characteristic in neurodegenerative diseases. Revitalizing clearance systems could effectively mitigate these diseases. The transactivation response (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) plays a critical role as an RNA/DNA-binding protein in RNA metabolism and synaptic function. Accumulation of TDP-43 aggregates in the central nervous system is a hallmark of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Autophagy, a major and highly conserved degradation pathway, holds the potential for degrading aggregated TDP-43 and alleviating FTLD/ALS. This review explores the causes of TDP-43 aggregation, FTLD/ALS-related genes, key autophagy factors, and autophagy-based therapeutic strategies targeting TDP-43 proteinopathy. Understanding the underlying pathological mechanisms of TDP-43 proteinopathy can facilitate therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chi Hsieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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3
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Thompson EG, Spead O, Akerman SC, Curcio C, Zaepfel BL, Kent ER, Philips T, Vijayakumar BG, Zacco A, Zhou W, Nagappan G, Rothstein JD. A robust evaluation of TDP-43, poly GP, cellular pathology and behavior in a AAV-C9ORF72 (G 4 C 2 ) 66 mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.27.607409. [PMID: 39253499 PMCID: PMC11383318 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.27.607409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The G 4 C 2 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the major genetic cause of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (C9-ALS/FTD). Despite considerable efforts, the development of mouse models of C9-ALS/FTD useful for therapeutic development has proven challenging due to the intricate interplay of genetic and molecular factors underlying this neurodegenerative disorder, in addition to species differences. This study presents a robust investigation of the cellular pathophysiology and behavioral outcomes in a previously described AAV mouse model of C9-ALS expressing 66 G 4 C 2 hexanucleotide repeats. Despite displaying key molecular ALS pathological markers including RNA foci, dipeptide repeat (DPR) protein aggregation, p62 positive stress granule formation as well as mild gliosis, the AAV-(G 4 C 2 ) 66 mouse model in this study exhibits negligible neuronal loss, no motor deficits, and functionally unimpaired TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43). While our findings indicate and support that this is a robust and pharmacologically tractable model for investigating the molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences of (G 4 C 2 ) repeat driven DPR pathology, it is not suitable for investigating the development of disease associated neurodegeneration, TDP-43 dysfunction, gliosis, and motor performance. Our findings underscore the complexity of ALS pathogenesis involving genetic mutations and protein dysregulation and highlight the need for more comprehensive model systems that reliably replicate the multifaceted cellular and behavioral aspects of C9-ALS.
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4
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Tilliole P, Fix S, Godin JD. hnRNPs: roles in neurodevelopment and implication for brain disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1411639. [PMID: 39086926 PMCID: PMC11288931 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1411639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) constitute a family of multifunctional RNA-binding proteins able to process nuclear pre-mRNAs into mature mRNAs and regulate gene expression in multiple ways. They comprise at least 20 different members in mammals, named from A (HNRNP A1) to U (HNRNP U). Many of these proteins are components of the spliceosome complex and can modulate alternative splicing in a tissue-specific manner. Notably, while genes encoding hnRNPs exhibit ubiquitous expression, increasing evidence associate these proteins to various neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, microcephaly, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or dementias, highlighting their crucial role in the central nervous system. This review explores the evolution of the hnRNPs family, highlighting the emergence of numerous new members within this family, and sheds light on their implications for brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Tilliole
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Simon Fix
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Juliette D. Godin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Riordan R, Saxton A, McMillan PJ, Kow RL, Liachko NF, Kraemer BC. TMEM106B C-terminal fragments aggregate and drive neurodegenerative proteinopathy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598478. [PMID: 38915598 PMCID: PMC11195232 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variation in the lysosomal and transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106B) modifies risk for a diverse range of neurodegenerative disorders, especially frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with progranulin (PGRN) haplo-insufficiency, although the molecular mechanisms involved are not yet understood. Through advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), homotypic aggregates of the C-Terminal domain of TMEM106B (TMEM CT) were discovered as a previously unidentified cytosolic proteinopathy in the brains of FTLD, Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) patients. While it remains unknown what role TMEM CT aggregation plays in neuronal loss, its presence across a range of aging related dementia disorders indicates involvement in multi-proteinopathy driven neurodegeneration. To determine the TMEM CT aggregation propensity and neurodegenerative potential, we characterized a novel transgenic C. elegans model expressing the human TMEM CT fragment constituting the fibrillar core seen in FTLD cases. We found that pan-neuronal expression of human TMEM CT in C. elegans causes neuronal dysfunction as evidenced by behavioral analysis. Cytosolic aggregation of TMEM CT proteins accompanied the behavioral dysfunction driving neurodegeneration, as illustrated by loss of GABAergic neurons. To investigate the molecular mechanisms driving TMEM106B proteinopathy, we explored the impact of PGRN loss on the neurodegenerative effect of TMEM CT expression. To this end, we generated TMEM CT expressing C. elegans with loss of pgrn-1, the C. elegans ortholog of human PGRN. Neither full nor partial loss of pgrn-1 altered the motor phenotype of our TMEM CT model suggesting TMEM CT aggregation occurs downstream of PGRN loss of function. We also tested the ability of genetic suppressors of tauopathy to rescue TMEM CT pathology. We found that genetic knockout of spop-1, sut-2, and sut-6 resulted in weak to no rescue of proteinopathy phenotypes, indicating that the mechanistic drivers of TMEM106B proteinopathy may be distinct from tauopathy. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TMEM CT aggregation can kill neurons. Further, expression of TMEM CT in C. elegans neurons provides a useful model for the functional characterization of TMEM106B proteinopathy in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Riordan
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Aleen Saxton
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Pamela J. McMillan
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Rebecca L Kow
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Nicole F. Liachko
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Brian C. Kraemer
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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6
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Brandão-Teles C, Antunes ASLM, de Moraes Vrechi TA, Martins-de-Souza D. The Roles of hnRNP Family in the Brain and Brain-Related Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3578-3595. [PMID: 37999871 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) belong to a complex family of RNA-binding proteins that are essential to control alternative splicing, mRNA trafficking, synaptic plasticity, stress granule formation, cell cycle regulation, and axonal transport. Over the past decade, hnRNPs have been associated with different brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Given their essential role in maintaining cell function and integrity, it is not surprising that dysregulated hnRNP levels lead to neurological implications. This review aims to explore the primary functions of hnRNPs in neurons, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes, and their roles in brain disorders. We also discuss proteomics and other technologies and their potential for studying and evaluating hnRNPs in brain disorders, including the discovery of new therapeutic targets and possible pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - André S L M Antunes
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Talita Aparecida de Moraes Vrechi
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil.
- INCT in Modelling Human Complex Diseases with 3D Platforms (Model3D), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, São Paulo, Brazil.
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7
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Castro-Gomez S, Heneka MT. Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunity 2024; 57:790-814. [PMID: 38599171 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system following pattern recognition receptor binding has emerged as one of the major pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative disease. Experimental, epidemiological, pathological, and genetic evidence underscores the meaning of innate immune activation during the prodromal as well as clinical phases of several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia. Importantly, innate immune activation and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators contribute mechanistically to other hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases such as aberrant proteostatis, pathological protein aggregation, cytoskeleton abnormalities, altered energy homeostasis, RNA and DNA defects, and synaptic and network disbalance and ultimately to the induction of neuronal cell death. In this review, we discuss common mechanisms of innate immune activation in neurodegeneration, with particular emphasis on the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and other receptors involved in the detection of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gomez
- Center for Neurology, Department of Parkinson, Sleep and Movement Disorders, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Kodavati M, Wang H, Guo W, Mitra J, Hegde PM, Provasek V, Rao VHM, Vedula I, Zhang A, Mitra S, Tomkinson AE, Hamilton DJ, Van Den Bosch L, Hegde ML. FUS unveiled in mitochondrial DNA repair and targeted ligase-1 expression rescues repair-defects in FUS-linked motor neuron disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2156. [PMID: 38461154 PMCID: PMC10925063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study establishes the physiological role of Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) repair and highlights its implications to the pathogenesis of FUS-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Endogenous FUS interacts with and recruits mtDNA Ligase IIIα (mtLig3) to DNA damage sites within mitochondria, a relationship essential for maintaining mtDNA repair and integrity in healthy cells. Using ALS patient-derived FUS mutant cell lines, a transgenic mouse model, and human autopsy samples, we discovered that compromised FUS functionality hinders mtLig3's repair role, resulting in increased mtDNA damage and mutations. These alterations cause various manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly under stress conditions relevant to disease pathology. Importantly, rectifying FUS mutations in patient-derived induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) preserves mtDNA integrity. Similarly, targeted introduction of human DNA Ligase 1 restores repair mechanisms and mitochondrial activity in FUS mutant cells, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach. Our findings unveil FUS's critical role in mitochondrial health and mtDNA repair, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction in FUS-associated motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Kodavati
- Division of DNA Repair Research within the Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haibo Wang
- Division of DNA Repair Research within the Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenting Guo
- KU Leuven-Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- INSERM, UMR-S1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Université de Strasbourg, CRBS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joy Mitra
- Division of DNA Repair Research within the Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pavana M Hegde
- Division of DNA Repair Research within the Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vincent Provasek
- Division of DNA Repair Research within the Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Vikas H Maloji Rao
- Division of DNA Repair Research within the Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Indira Vedula
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine affiliate, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Division of DNA Repair Research within the Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alan E Tomkinson
- Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Dale J Hamilton
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine affiliate, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven-Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Division of DNA Repair Research within the Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Ducharme S, Pijnenburg Y, Rohrer JD, Huey E, Finger E, Tatton N. Identifying and Diagnosing TDP-43 Neurodegenerative Diseases in Psychiatry. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 32:98-113. [PMID: 37741764 PMCID: PMC11270911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common manifestations of neurodegenerative disorders and are often early signs of those diseases. Among those neurodegenerative diseases, TDP-43 proteinopathies are an increasingly recognized cause of early neuropsychiatric manifestations. TDP-43-related diseases include frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Limbic-Predominant Age-Related TDP-43 Encephalopathy (LATE). The majority of TDP-43-related diseases are sporadic, but a significant proportion is hereditary, with progranulin (GRN) mutations and C9orf72 repeat expansions as the most common genetic etiologies. Studies reveal that NPS can be the initial manifestation of those diseases or can complicate disease course, but there is a lack of awareness among clinicians about TDP-43-related diseases, which leads to common diagnostic mistakes or delays. There is also emerging evidence that TDP-43 accumulations could play a role in late-onset primary psychiatric disorders. In the absence of robust biomarkers for TDP-43, the diagnosis remains primarily based on clinical assessment and neuroimaging. Given the association with psychiatric symptoms, clinical psychiatrists have a key role in the early identification of patients with TDP-43-related diseases. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathobiology of TDP-43, resulting clinical presentations, and associated neuropsychiatric manifestations to help guide clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry (SD), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Yolande Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (YP), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (JDR), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Edward Huey
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Psychiatry (EH), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- London Health Sciences Centre Parkwood Institute (EF), London, ON, Canada
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10
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Ahmed M, Spicer C, Harley J, Taylor JP, Hanna M, Patani R, Greensmith L. Amplifying the Heat Shock Response Ameliorates ALS and FTD Pathology in Mouse and Human Models. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6896-6915. [PMID: 37516663 PMCID: PMC10657827 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are now known as parts of a disease spectrum with common pathological features and genetic causes. However, as both conditions are clinically heterogeneous, patient groups may be phenotypically similar but pathogenically and genetically variable. Despite numerous clinical trials, there remains no effective therapy for these conditions, which, in part, may be due to challenges of therapy development in a heterogeneous patient population. Disruption to protein homeostasis is a key feature of different forms of ALS and FTD. Targeting the endogenous protein chaperone system, the heat shock response (HSR) may, therefore, be a potential therapeutic approach. We conducted a preclinical study of a known pharmacological amplifier of the HSR, called arimoclomol, in mice with a mutation in valosin-containing protein (VCP) which causes both ALS and FTD in patients. We demonstrate that amplification of the HSR ameliorates the ALS/FTD-like phenotype in the spinal cord and brain of mutant VCP mice and prevents neuronal loss, replicating our earlier findings in the SOD1 mouse model of ALS. Moreover, in human cell models, we demonstrate improvements in pathology upon arimoclomol treatment in mutant VCP patient fibroblasts and iPSC-derived motor neurons. Our findings suggest that targeting of the HSR may have therapeutic potential, not only in non-SOD1 ALS, but also for the treatment of FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhoriam Ahmed
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Charlotte Spicer
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jasmine Harley
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Michael Hanna
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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11
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Carlos AF, Josephs KA. The Role of Clinical Assessment in the Era of Biomarkers. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1001-1018. [PMID: 37594658 PMCID: PMC10457273 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocratic Medicine revolved around the three main principles of patient, disease, and physician and promoted the systematic observation of patients, rational reasoning, and interpretation of collected information. Although these remain the cardinal features of clinical assessment today, Medicine has evolved from a more physician-centered to a more patient-centered approach. Clinical assessment allows physicians to encounter, observe, evaluate, and connect with patients. This establishes the patient-physician relationship and facilitates a better understanding of the patient-disease relationship, as the ultimate goal is to diagnose, prognosticate, and treat. Biomarkers are at the core of the more disease-centered approach that is currently revolutionizing Medicine as they provide insight into the underlying disease pathomechanisms and biological changes. Genetic, biochemical, radiographic, and clinical biomarkers are currently used. Here, we define a seven-level theoretical construct for the utility of biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. Level 1-3 biomarkers are considered supportive of clinical assessment, capable of detecting susceptibility or risk factors, non-specific neurodegeneration or dysfunction, and/or changes at the individual level which help increase clinical diagnostic accuracy and confidence. Level 4-7 biomarkers have the potential to surpass the utility of clinical assessment through detection of early disease stages and prediction of underlying pathology. In neurodegenerative diseases, biomarkers can potentiate, but cannot substitute, clinical assessment. In this current era, aside from adding to the discovery, evaluation/validation, and implementation of more biomarkers, clinical assessment remains crucial to maintaining the personal, humanistic, and sociocultural aspects of patient care. We would argue that clinical assessment is a custom that should never go obsolete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arenn F Carlos
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St. S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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12
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Vanecek AS, Mojsilovic-Petrovic J, Kalb RG, Tepe JJ. Enhanced Degradation of Mutant C9ORF72-Derived Toxic Dipeptide Repeat Proteins by 20S Proteasome Activation Results in Restoration of Proteostasis and Neuroprotection. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37015082 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in an intron of gene C9ORF72 is the most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. The HRE undergoes noncanonical translation (repeat-associated non-ATG translation) resulting in the production of five distinct dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins. Arginine-rich DPR proteins have shown to be toxic to motor neurons, and recent evidence suggests this toxicity is associated with disruption of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Here we report the ability of known 20S proteasome activator, TCH-165, to enhance the degradation of DPR proteins and overcome proteasome impairment evoked by DPR proteins. Furthermore, the 20S activator protects rodent motor neurons from DPR protein toxicity and restores proteostasis in cortical neuron cultures. This study suggests that 20S proteasome enhancers may have therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases that display proteostasis defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Vanecek
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jelena Mojsilovic-Petrovic
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Robert G Kalb
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Jetze J Tepe
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Martella N, Pensabene D, Varone M, Colardo M, Petraroia M, Sergio W, La Rosa P, Moreno S, Segatto M. Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Proteins in Brain Physiology and Pathology: BET-ing on Epigenetic Regulation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030750. [PMID: 36979729 PMCID: PMC10045827 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BET proteins function as histone code readers of acetylated lysins that determine the positive regulation in transcription of genes involved in cell cycle progression, differentiation, inflammation, and many other pathways. In recent years, thanks to the development of BET inhibitors, interest in this protein family has risen for its relevance in brain development and function. For example, experimental evidence has shown that BET modulation affects neuronal activity and the expression of genes involved in learning and memory. In addition, BET inhibition strongly suppresses molecular pathways related to neuroinflammation. These observations suggest that BET modulation may play a critical role in the onset and during the development of diverse neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, fragile X syndrome, and Rett syndrome. In this review article, we summarize the most recent evidence regarding the involvement of BET proteins in brain physiology and pathology, as well as their pharmacological potential as targets for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Martella
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Daniele Pensabene
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopment, Neurogenetics and Neuromolecular Biology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 64 via del Fosso di Fiorano, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Varone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Mayra Colardo
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Michele Petraroia
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - William Sergio
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio La Rosa
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopment, Neurogenetics and Neuromolecular Biology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 64 via del Fosso di Fiorano, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Segatto
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy
- Correspondence:
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van Zundert B, Montecino M. Epigenetic Changes and Chromatin Reorganization in Brain Function: Lessons from Fear Memory Ensemble and Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012081. [PMID: 36292933 PMCID: PMC9602769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy brain functioning in mammals requires a continuous fine-tuning of gene expression. Accumulating evidence over the last three decades demonstrates that epigenetic mechanisms and dynamic changes in chromatin organization are critical components during the control of gene transcription in neural cells. Recent genome-wide analyses show that the regulation of brain genes requires the contribution of both promoter and long-distance enhancer elements, which must functionally interact with upregulated gene expression in response to physiological cues. Hence, a deep comprehension of the mechanisms mediating these enhancer–promoter interactions (EPIs) is critical if we are to understand the processes associated with learning, memory and recall. Moreover, the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases and neurological alterations are found to be strongly associated with changes in the components that support and/or modulate the dynamics of these EPIs. Here, we overview relevant discoveries in the field supporting the role of the chromatin organization and of specific epigenetic mechanisms during the control of gene transcription in neural cells from healthy mice subjected to the fear conditioning paradigm, a relevant model to study memory ensemble. Additionally, special consideration is dedicated to revising recent results generated by investigators working with animal models and human postmortem brain tissue to address how changes in the epigenome and chromatin architecture contribute to transcriptional dysregulation in Alzheimer’s disease, a widely studied neurodegenerative disease. We also discuss recent developments of potential new therapeutic strategies involving epigenetic editing and small chromatin-modifying molecules (or epidrugs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte van Zundert
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
- CARE Biomedical Research Center, Santiago 8330005, Chile
- Correspondence: (B.v.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation CRG, Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Correspondence: (B.v.Z.); (M.M.)
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15
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Li F, Chen Y, Liu X, Tang Y, Dong X, Wei G. Atomistic Insights into A315E Mutation-Enhanced Pathogenicity of TDP-43 Core Fibrils. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2743-2754. [PMID: 36053560 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) into fibrillary deposits is implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and some hereditary mutations localized in the low complexity domain (LCD) facilitate the formation of pathogenic TDP-43 fibrils. A recent cryo-EM study reported the atomic-level structures of the A315E TDP-43 LCD (residues 288-319, TDP-43288-319) core fibril in which the protofilaments have R-shaped structures and hypothesized that A315E U-shaped protofilaments can readily convert to R-shaped protofilaments compared to the wild-type (WT) ones. There are no atomic structures of WT protofilaments available yet. Herein, we performed extensive all-atom explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations on A315E and WT protofilaments starting from both the cryo-EM-determined R-shaped and our constructed U-shaped structures. Our simulations show that WT protofilaments also adopt the R-shaped structures but are less stable than their A315E counterparts. Except for R293-E315 salt bridges, N312-F316 hydrophobic interactions and F316-F316 π-π stacking interactions are also crucial for the stabilization of the neck region of the R-shaped A315E protofilaments. The loss of R293-E315 salt bridges and the weakened interactions of N312-F316 and F316-F316 result in the reduced stability of the R-shaped WT protofilaments. Simulations starting from U-shaped folds reveal that A315E protofilaments can spontaneously convert to the cryo-EM-derived R-shaped protofilaments, whereas WT protofilaments convert to R-shape-like structures with remodeled neck regions. The R-shape-like WT protofilaments could act as intermediate states slowing down the U-to-R transition. This study reveals that A315E mutation can not only enhance the structural stability of the R-shaped TDP-43288-319 protofilaments but also promote the U-to-R transition, which provides atomistic insights into the A315E mutation-enhanced TDP-43 pathogenicity in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangying Li
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xianshi Liu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yiming Tang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuewei Dong
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guanghong Wei
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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16
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Gurfinkel Y, Polain N, Sonar K, Nice P, Mancera RL, Rea SL. Functional and structural consequences of TBK1 missense variants in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105859. [PMID: 36113750 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) gene were identified in 2015 in individuals with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). They account for ∼3-4% of cases. To date, over 100 distinct mutations, including missense, nonsense, deletion, insertion, duplication, and splice-site mutations have been reported. While nonsense mutations are predicted to cause disease via haploinsufficiency, the mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis with missense mutations is not fully elucidated. TBK1 is a kinase involved in neuroinflammation, which is commonly observed in these diseases. TBK1 also phosphorylates key autophagy mediators, thereby regulating proteostasis, a pathway that is dysregulated in ALS-FTLD. Recently, several groups have characterised various missense mutations with respect to their effects on the phosphorylation of known TBK1 substrates, TBK1 homodimerization, interaction with optineurin, and the regulation of autophagy and neuroinflammatory pathways. Further, the effects of either global or conditional heterozygous knock-out of Tbk1, or the heterozygous or homozygous knock-in of ALS-FTLD associated mutations, alone or when crossed with the SOD1G93A classical ALS mouse model or a TDP-43 mouse model, have been reported. In this review we summarise the known functional effects of TBK1 missense mutations. We also present novel modelling data that predicts the structural effects of missense mutations and discuss how they correlate with the known functional effects of these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Gurfinkel
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Health Research Building, Discovery Way, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Building, QEII Medical Centre, Ground floor RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia.; UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Nicole Polain
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Health Research Building, Discovery Way, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Krushna Sonar
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Penelope Nice
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Health Research Building, Discovery Way, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Building, QEII Medical Centre, Ground floor RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Sarah Lyn Rea
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Health Research Building, Discovery Way, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Building, QEII Medical Centre, Ground floor RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia..
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17
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Lambert-Smith IA, Saunders DN, Yerbury JJ. Progress in biophysics and molecular biology proteostasis impairment and ALS. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 174:3-27. [PMID: 35716729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease that results from the loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. It is the most common motor neuron disease and currently has no effective treatment. There is mounting evidence to suggest that disturbances in proteostasis play a significant role in ALS pathogenesis. Proteostasis is the maintenance of the proteome at the right level, conformation and location to allow a cell to perform its intended function. In this review, we present a thorough synthesis of the literature that provides evidence that genetic mutations associated with ALS cause imbalance to a proteome that is vulnerable to such pressure due to its metastable nature. We propose that the mechanism underlying motor neuron death caused by defects in mRNA metabolism and protein degradation pathways converges on proteostasis dysfunction. We propose that the proteostasis network may provide an effective target for therapeutic development in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A Lambert-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Darren N Saunders
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin J Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Cha SJ, Lee S, Choi HJ, Han YJ, Jeon YM, Jo M, Lee S, Nahm M, Lim SM, Kim SH, Kim HJ, Kim K. Therapeutic modulation of GSTO activity rescues FUS-associated neurotoxicity via deglutathionylation in ALS disease models. Dev Cell 2022; 57:783-798.e8. [PMID: 35320731 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is a DNA/RNA-binding protein that is involved in DNA repair and RNA processing. FUS is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying FUS-mediated neurodegeneration are largely unknown. Here, using a Drosophila model, we showed that the overexpression of glutathione transferase omega 2 (GstO2) reduces cytoplasmic FUS aggregates and prevents neurodegenerative phenotypes, including neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. We found a FUS glutathionylation site at the 447th cysteine residue in the RanBP2-type ZnF domain. The glutathionylation of FUS induces FUS aggregation by promoting phase separation. GstO2 reduced cytoplasmic FUS aggregation by deglutathionylation in Drosophila brains. Moreover, we demonstrated that the overexpression of human GSTO1, the homolog of Drosophila GstO2, attenuates FUS-induced neurotoxicity and cytoplasmic FUS accumulation in mouse neuronal cells. Thus, the modulation of FUS glutathionylation might be a promising therapeutic strategy for FUS-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Cha
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Choi
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Yeo Jeong Han
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, Korea
| | - Myungjin Jo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, Korea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, Korea
| | - Minyeop Nahm
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, Korea
| | - Su Min Lim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Medical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Medical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, Korea.
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea.
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19
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Amin S, Carling G, Gan L. New insights and therapeutic opportunities for progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 72:131-139. [PMID: 34826653 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common form of dementia. It affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain and has a highly heterogeneous clinical representation with patients presenting with a wide range of behavioral, language, and executive dysfunctions. Etiology of FTD is complex and consists of both familial and sporadic cases. Heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, resulting in GRN haploinsufficiency, cause progranulin (PGRN)-deficient FTD characterized with cytoplasmic mislocalization of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) aggregates. GRN codes for PGRN, a secreted protein that is also localized in the endolysosomes and plays a critical role in regulating lysosomal homeostasis. How PGRN deficiency modulates immunity and causes TDP-43 pathology and FTD-related neurodegeneration remains an active area of intense investigation. In the current review, we discuss some of the significant progress made in the past two years that links PGRN deficiency with microglial-associated neuroinflammation, TDP-43 pathology, and lysosomal dysfunction. We also review the opportunities and challenges toward developing therapies and biomarkers to treat PGRN-deficient FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Amin
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Gillian Carling
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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20
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Anoar S, Woodling NS, Niccoli T. Mitochondria Dysfunction in Frontotemporal Dementia/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lessons From Drosophila Models. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:786076. [PMID: 34899176 PMCID: PMC8652125 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.786076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by declining motor and cognitive functions. Even though these diseases present with distinct sets of symptoms, FTD and ALS are two extremes of the same disease spectrum, as they show considerable overlap in genetic, clinical and neuropathological features. Among these overlapping features, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with both FTD and ALS. Recent studies have shown that cells derived from patients' induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)s display mitochondrial abnormalities, and similar abnormalities have been observed in a number of animal disease models. Drosophila models have been widely used to study FTD and ALS because of their rapid generation time and extensive set of genetic tools. A wide array of fly models have been developed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of toxicity for mutations associated with FTD/ALS. Fly models have been often instrumental in understanding the role of disease associated mutations in mitochondria biology. In this review, we discuss how mutations associated with FTD/ALS disrupt mitochondrial function, and we review how the use of Drosophila models has been pivotal to our current knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Anoar
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel S Woodling
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Niccoli
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Torres P, Cabral-Miranda F, Gonzalez-Teuber V, Hetz C. Proteostasis deregulation as a driver of C9ORF72 pathogenesis. J Neurochem 2021; 159:941-957. [PMID: 34679204 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are two related neurodegenerative disorders that display overlapping features. The hexanucleotide repeat expansion GGGGCC (G4 C2 ) in C9ORF72 gene has been causally linked to both ALS and FTD emergence, thus opening a novel potential therapeutic target for disease intervention. The main driver of C9ORF72 pathology is the disruption of distinct cellular processes involved in the function of the proteostasis network. Here we discuss main findings relating to the induction of neurodegeneration by C9ORF72 mutation and proteostasis deregulation, highlighting the role of the endoplasmic reticulum stress, nuclear transport, and autophagy in the disease process. We further discuss possible points of intervention to target proteostasis mediators to treat C9ORF72-linked ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Torres
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Cabral-Miranda
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vicente Gonzalez-Teuber
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health, and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
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22
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Dugan AJ, Nelson PT, Katsumata Y, Shade LMP, Boehme KL, Teylan MA, Cykowski MD, Mukherjee S, Kauwe JSK, Hohman TJ, Schneider JA, Fardo DW. Analysis of genes (TMEM106B, GRN, ABCC9, KCNMB2, and APOE) implicated in risk for LATE-NC and hippocampal sclerosis provides pathogenetic insights: a retrospective genetic association study. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:152. [PMID: 34526147 PMCID: PMC8442328 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE-NC) is the most prevalent subtype of TDP-43 proteinopathy, affecting up to 1/3rd of aged persons. LATE-NC often co-occurs with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) pathology. It is currently unknown why some individuals with LATE-NC develop HS while others do not, but genetics may play a role. Previous studies found associations between LATE-NC phenotypes and specific genes: TMEM106B, GRN, ABCC9, KCNMB2, and APOE. Data from research participants with genomic and autopsy measures from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC; n = 631 subjects included) and the Religious Orders Study and Memory and the Rush Aging Project (ROSMAP; n = 780 included) were analyzed in the current study. Our goals were to reevaluate disease-associated genetic variants using newly collected data and to query whether the specific genotype/phenotype associations could provide new insights into disease-driving pathways. Research subjects included in prior LATE/HS genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were excluded. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within 10 kb of TMEM106B, GRN, ABCC9, KCNMB2, and APOE were tested for association with HS and LATE-NC, and separately for Alzheimer’s pathologies, i.e. amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Significantly associated SNVs were identified. When results were meta-analyzed, TMEM106B, GRN, and APOE had significant gene-based associations with both LATE and HS, whereas ABCC9 had significant associations with HS only. In a sensitivity analysis limited to LATE-NC + cases, ABCC9 variants were again associated with HS. By contrast, the associations of TMEM106B, GRN, and APOE with HS were attenuated when adjusting for TDP-43 proteinopathy, indicating that these genes may be associated primarily with TDP-43 proteinopathy. None of these genes except APOE appeared to be associated with Alzheimer’s-type pathology. In summary, using data not included in prior studies of LATE or HS genomics, we replicated several previously reported gene-based associations and found novel evidence that specific risk alleles can differentially affect LATE-NC and HS.
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23
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Rostalski H, Korhonen V, Kuulasmaa T, Solje E, Krüger J, Gen F, Kaivola K, Eide PK, Lambert JC, Julkunen V, Tienari PJ, Remes AM, Leinonen V, Hiltunen M, Haapasalo A. A Novel Genetic Marker for the C9orf72 Repeat Expansion in the Finnish Population. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1325-1332. [PMID: 34397416 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C9orf72 repeat expansion (C9exp) is the most common genetic cause underlying frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, detection of the C9exp requires elaborative methods. OBJECTIVE Identification of C9exp carriers from genotyped cohorts could be facilitated by using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as markers for the C9exp. METHODS We elucidated the potential of the previously described Finnish risk haplotype, defined by the SNP rs3849942, to identify potential C9exp carriers among 218,792 Finns using the FinnGen database. The haplotype approach was first tested in an idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) patient cohort (European Alzheimer's Disease DNA BioBank) containing C9exp carriers by comparing intermediate (15-30) and full-length (> 60 repeats) C9exp carriers (n = 41) to C9exp negative patients (< 15 repeats, n = 801). RESULTS In this analysis, rs3849942 was associated with carriership of C9exp (OR 8.44, p < 2×10-15), while the strongest association was found with rs139185008 (OR 39.4, p < 5×10-18). Unbiased analysis of rs139185008 in FinnGen showed the strongest association with FTLD (OR 4.38, 3×10-15) and motor neuron disease ALS (OR 5.19, 3×10-21). rs139185008 was the top SNP in all diseases (iNPH, FTLD, ALS), and further showed a strong association with ALS in the UK Biobank (p = 9.0×10-8). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that rs139185008 is a useful marker to identify potential C9exp carriers in the genotyped cohorts and biobanks originating from Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rostalski
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Korhonen
- Neurocenter, Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland.,Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Krüger
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Finn Gen
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Translational Immunology Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karri Kaivola
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Translational Immunology Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per Kristian Eide
- Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet; and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liés au vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Valtteri Julkunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland.,Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Translational Immunology Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Neurocenter, Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Yliopistonranta 1E, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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24
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Temp AGM, Dyrba M, Büttner C, Kasper E, Machts J, Kaufmann J, Vielhaber S, Teipel S, Prudlo J. Cognitive Profiles of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Differ in Resting-State Functional Connectivity: An fMRI Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682100. [PMID: 34248485 PMCID: PMC8261303 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Half of all amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTSD) patients are classified as cognitively impaired, of which 10% have frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and an additional 40% suffer from a frontotemporal syndrome not severe enough to be described as dementia (cognitively impaired/ALSci). As changes in cerebral function measured by resting-state magnet resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) are known in ALS, we investigated whether group differences in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) networks could be observed between ALS patients with different cognitive profiles against healthy controls (HC). Furthermore, we correlated cognition and motor functioning with network connectivity. Methods Healthy controls, 69, and 97 ALS patients underwent functional MRI scanning and cognitive assessment. The ALS patients were categorized as non-impaired (ALSni; n = 68), cognitively impaired (ALSci; n = 21), and ALS-FTD (n = 8). Group differences in connectivity of the default mode network (DMN), motor network (MN), and ventral attention network (VAN) were investigated using a full-factorial model; correlations between global cognitive performance, shifting, and motor symptom severity were established using Pearson’s correlation. Results At a liberal alpha level of uncorrected p < 0.005 and a cluster size exceeding 20 voxels, we found widespread decreases in functional connectivity in all three networks when comparing ALS patients to HC. Similar patterns of hypoconnectivity in the bilateral motor cortices and frontotemporal emerged when comparing the ALSci and ALS-FTD patients to those not cognitively impaired. Hyperconnectivity in the DMN temporal gyrus correlated with worse global cognition; moreover, hyperconnectivity in the VAN thalamus, insula, and putamen correlated with worse shifting ability. Better-preserved motor function correlated with higher MN connectivity. Only the motor-related effects prevailed at a more conservative significance level of pFDR< 0.001. Conclusion Resting-state functional connectivity differs between cognitive profiles of ALS and is directly associated with clinical presentation, specifically with motor function, and cognitive shifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G M Temp
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Dyrba
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany
| | - Charlotte Büttner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kasper
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Judith Machts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Vielhaber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Prudlo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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25
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Kuang L, Hashimoto K, Huang EJ, Gentry MS, Zhu H. Frontotemporal dementia non-sense mutation of progranulin rescued by aminoglycosides. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:624-634. [PMID: 31913476 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an early onset dementia characterized by progressive atrophy of the frontal and/or temporal lobes. FTD is highly heritable with mutations in progranulin accounting for 5-26% of cases in different populations. Progranulin is involved in endocytosis, secretion and lysosomal processes, but its functions under physiological and pathological conditions remains to be defined. Many FTD-causing non-sense progranulin mutations contain a premature termination codon (PTC), thus progranulin haploinsufficiency has been proposed as a major disease mechanism. Currently, there is no effective FTD treatment or therapy. Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that possess a less-known function to induce eukaryotic ribosomal readthrough of PTCs to produce a full-length protein. The aminoglycoside-induced readthrough strategy has been utilized to treat multiple human diseases caused by PTCs. In this study, we tested the only clinically approved readthrough small molecule PTC124 and 11 aminoglycosides in a cell culture system on four PTCs responsible for FTD or a related neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We found that the aminoglycosides G418 and gentamicin rescued the expression of the progranulin R493X mutation. G418 was more effective than gentamicin (~50% rescue versus <10%), and the effect was dose- and time-dependent. The progranulin readthrough protein displayed similar subcellular localization as the wild-type progranulin protein. These data provide an exciting proof-of-concept that aminoglycosides or other readthrough-promoting compounds are a therapeutic avenue for familial FTD caused by progranulin PTC mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Kuang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Kei Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Lexington VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
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26
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Liu H, Lu YN, Paul T, Periz G, Banco MT, Ferré-D'Amaré AR, Rothstein JD, Hayes LR, Myong S, Wang J. A Helicase Unwinds Hexanucleotide Repeat RNA G-Quadruplexes and Facilitates Repeat-Associated Non-AUG Translation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7368-7379. [PMID: 33855846 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of a hexanucleotide repeat GGGGCC (G4C2) in the C9orf72 gene is the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The G4C2 expansion leads to repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation and the production of toxic dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins, but the mechanisms of RAN translation remain enigmatic. Here, we report that the RNA helicase DHX36 is a robust positive regulator of C9orf72 RAN translation. DHX36 has a high affinity for the G4C2 repeat RNA, preferentially binds to the repeat RNA's G-quadruplex conformation, and efficiently unwinds the G4C2 G-quadruplex structures. Native DHX36 interacts with the G4C2 repeat RNA and is essential for effective RAN translation in the cell. In induced pluripotent stem cells and differentiated motor neurons derived from C9orf72-linked ALS patients, reducing DHX36 significantly decreased the levels of endogenous DPR proteins. DHX36 is also aberrantly upregulated in tissues of C9orf72-linked ALS patients. These results indicate that DHX36 facilitates C9orf72 RAN translation by resolving repeat RNA G-quadruplex structures and may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghe Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Yu-Ning Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Tapas Paul
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Goran Periz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Michael T Banco
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Adrian R Ferré-D'Amaré
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Brain Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Lindsey R Hayes
- Brain Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Sua Myong
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jiou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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27
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Quezada E, Cappelli C, Diaz I, Jury N, Wightman N, Brown RH, Montecino M, van Zundert B. BET bromodomain inhibitors PFI-1 and JQ1 are identified in an epigenetic compound screen to enhance C9ORF72 gene expression and shown to ameliorate C9ORF72-associated pathological and behavioral abnormalities in a C9ALS/FTD model. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:56. [PMID: 33726839 PMCID: PMC7962347 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An intronic GGGGCC (G4C2) hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in the C9ORF72 gene is the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), referred to as C9ALS/FTD. No cure or effective treatment exist for C9ALS/FTD. Three major molecular mechanisms have emerged to explain C9ALS/FTD disease mechanisms: (1) C9ORF72 loss-of-function through haploinsufficiency, (2) dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins mediated toxicity by the translation of the repeat RNAs, and more controversial, (3) RNA-mediated toxicity by bidirectional transcription of the repeats that form intranuclear RNA foci. Recent studies indicate a double-hit pathogenic mechanism in C9ALS/FTD, where reduced C9ORF72 protein levels lead to impaired clearance of toxic DPRs. Here we explored whether pharmacological compounds can revert these pathological hallmarks in vitro and cognitive impairment in a C9ALS/FTD mouse model (C9BAC). We specifically focused our study on small molecule inhibitors targeting chromatin-regulating proteins (epidrugs) with the goal of increasing C9ORF72 gene expression and reduce toxic DPRs. RESULTS We generated luciferase reporter cell lines containing 10 (control) or ≥ 90 (mutant) G4C2 HRE located between exon 1a and 1b of the human C9ORF72 gene. In a screen of 14 different epidrugs targeting bromodomains, chromodomains and histone-modifying enzymes, we found that several bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) inhibitors (BETi), including PFI-1 and JQ1, increased luciferase reporter activity. Using primary cortical cultures from C9BAC mice, we further found that PFI-1 treatment increased the expression of V1-V3 transcripts of the human mutant C9ORF72 gene, reduced poly(GP)-DPR inclusions but enhanced intranuclear RNA foci. We also tested whether JQ1, an BETi previously shown to reach the mouse brain by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, can revert behavioral abnormalities in C9BAC mice. Interestingly, it was found that JQ1 administration (daily i.p. administration for 7 days) rescued hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits in C9BAC mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings place BET bromodomain inhibitors as a potential therapy for C9ALS/FTD by ameliorating C9ORF72-associated pathological and behavioral abnormalities. Our finding that PFI-1 increases accumulation of intranuclear RNA foci is in agreement with recent data in flies suggesting that nuclear RNA foci can be neuroprotective by sequestering repeat transcripts that result in toxic DPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Quezada
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cappelli
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Diaz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nur Jury
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicholas Wightman
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Martín Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, MA, USA.
- CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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28
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Akinyemi AR, Li D, Zhang J, Liu Q. hnRNPM deficiency leads to cognitive deficits via disrupting synaptic plasticity. Neurosci Lett 2021; 751:135824. [PMID: 33727124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA metabolism involves complex and regulated processes, some of which include transcription, intracellular transport, translation, and degradation. The involvement of RNA binding proteins in these processes remains mostly uncharacterized regarding brain functions, especially cognition. In this study, we report that knockdown of hnRNPM in the CA1 hippocampal region of the mouse brain leads to learning and memory impairment. This finding is further supported, by the reduction of pre- and post-synaptic protein levels synaptophysin and PSD95. Notably, loss of hnRNPM affects the physiological spine in vivo by impairing the morphology of the dendritic spines. Additionally, our study demonstrates that hnRNPM directly binds to the 3'UTR of synaptophysin and PSD95 mRNAs, resulting in the stabilization of these mRNAs. Together, these findings present novel insight into the regulatory role of hnRNPM in neuronal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinsola Raphael Akinyemi
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Dingfeng Li
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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29
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Lobar Degenerations: Similarities in Genetic Background. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030509. [PMID: 33805659 PMCID: PMC7998502 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, uniformly lethal progressive degenerative disorder of motor neurons that overlaps with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) clinically, morphologically, and genetically. Although many distinct mutations in various genes are known to cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, it remains poorly understood how they selectively impact motor neuron biology and whether they converge on common pathways to cause neuronal degeneration. Many of the gene mutations are in proteins that share similar functions. They can be grouped into those associated with cell axon dynamics and those associated with cellular phagocytic machinery, namely protein aggregation and metabolism, apoptosis, and intracellular nucleic acid transport. Analysis of pathways implicated by mutant ALS genes has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of both familial forms of ALS (fALS) and sporadic forms (sALS), although, regrettably, this has not yet yielded definitive treatments. Many genes play an important role, with TARDBP, SQSTM1, VCP, FUS, TBK1, CHCHD10, and most importantly, C9orf72 being critical genetic players in these neurological disorders. In this mini-review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of these two diseases.
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30
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Schmitz A, Pinheiro Marques J, Oertig I, Maharjan N, Saxena S. Emerging Perspectives on Dipeptide Repeat Proteins in C9ORF72 ALS/FTD. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:637548. [PMID: 33679328 PMCID: PMC7930069 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.637548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a hexanucleotide expansion in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 gene (C9ORF72). This hexanucleotide expansion consists of GGGGCC (G4C2) repeats that have been implicated to lead to three main modes of disease pathology: loss of function of the C9ORF72 protein, the generation of RNA foci, and the production of dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) through repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. Five different DPRs are currently known to be formed: glycine-alanine (GA) and glycine-arginine (GR) from the sense strand, proline-alanine (PA), and proline-arginine (PR) from the antisense strand, and glycine-proline (GP) from both strands. The exact contribution of each DPR to disease pathology is currently under intense scrutiny and is still poorly understood. However, recent advances in both neuropathological and cellular studies have provided us with clues enabling us to better understand the effect of individual DPRs on disease pathogenesis. In this review, we compile the current knowledge of specific DPR involvement on disease development and highlight recent advances, such as the impact of arginine-rich DPRs on nucleolar protein quality control, the correlation of poly-GR with neurodegeneration, and the possible involvement of chimeric DPR species. Further, we discuss recent findings regarding the mechanisms of RAN translation, its modulators, and other promising therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - João Pinheiro Marques
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irina Oertig
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Niran Maharjan
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Smita Saxena
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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31
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Rostalski H, Hietanen T, Leskelä S, Behánová A, Abdollahzadeh A, Wittrahm R, Mäkinen P, Huber N, Hoffmann D, Solje E, Remes AM, Natunen T, Takalo M, Tohka J, Hiltunen M, Haapasalo A. BV-2 Microglial Cells Overexpressing C9orf72 Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion Produce DPR Proteins and Show Normal Functionality but No RNA Foci. Front Neurol 2020; 11:550140. [PMID: 33123074 PMCID: PMC7573144 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.550140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in the chromosome 9 open-reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene is the most common genetic cause underpinning frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It leads to the accumulation of toxic RNA foci and various dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins into cells. These C9orf72 HRE-specific hallmarks are abundant in neurons. So far, the role of microglia, the immune cells of the brain, in C9orf72 HRE-associated FTLD/ALS is unclear. In this study, we overexpressed C9orf72 HRE of a pathological length in the BV-2 microglial cell line and used biochemical methods and fluorescence imaging to investigate its effects on their phenotype, viability, and functionality. We found that BV-2 cells expressing the C9orf72 HRE presented strong expression of specific DPR proteins but no sense RNA foci. Transiently increased levels of cytoplasmic TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), slightly altered levels of p62 and lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) 2A, and reduced levels of polyubiquitinylated proteins, but no signs of cell death were detected in HRE overexpressing cells. Overexpression of the C9orf72 HRE did not affect BV-2 cell phagocytic activity or response to an inflammatory stimulus, nor did it shift their RNA profile toward disease-associated microglia. These findings suggest that DPR proteins do not affect microglial cell viability or functionality in BV-2 cells. However, additional studies in other models are required to further elucidate the role of C9orf72 HRE in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Hietanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stina Leskelä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrea Behánová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ali Abdollahzadeh
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorit Hoffmann
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center (MRC) Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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32
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Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Cappellini F, Reiner Ž, Zorzan D, Imran M, Sener B, Kilic M, El-Shazly M, Fahmy NM, Al-Sayed E, Martorell M, Tonelli C, Petroni K, Docea AO, Calina D, Maroyi A. The Therapeutic Potential of Anthocyanins: Current Approaches Based on Their Molecular Mechanism of Action. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1300. [PMID: 32982731 PMCID: PMC7479177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural phenolic pigments with biological activity. They are well-known to have potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity, which explains the various biological effects reported for these substances suggesting their antidiabetic and anticancer activities, and their role in cardiovascular and neuroprotective prevention. This review aims to comprehensively analyze different studies performed on this class of compounds, their bioavailability and their therapeutic potential. An in-depth look in preclinical, in vitro and in vivo, and clinical studies indicates the preventive effects of anthocyanins on cardioprotection, neuroprotection, antiobesity as well as their antidiabetes and anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Debora Zorzan
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bilge Sener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Kilic
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nouran M. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Al-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción UDT, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Katia Petroni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Alfred Maroyi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Ji YJ, Ugolino J, Zhang T, Lu J, Kim D, Wang J. C9orf72/ALFA-1 controls TFEB/HLH-30-dependent metabolism through dynamic regulation of Rag GTPases. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008738. [PMID: 32282804 PMCID: PMC7188304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient utilization and energy metabolism are critical for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. A mutation in the C9orf72 gene has been linked to the most common forms of neurodegenerative diseases that include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here we have identified an evolutionarily conserved function of C9orf72 in the regulation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of autophagic and lysosomal genes that is negatively modulated by mTORC1. Loss of the C. elegans orthologue of C9orf72, ALFA-1, causes the nuclear translocation of HLH-30/TFEB, leading to activation of lipolysis and premature lethality during starvation-induced developmental arrest in C. elegans. A similar conserved pathway exists in human cells, in which C9orf72 regulates mTOR and TFEB signaling. C9orf72 interacts with and dynamically regulates the level of Rag GTPases, which are responsible for the recruitment of mTOR and TFEB on the lysosome upon amino acid signals. These results have revealed previously unknown functions of C9orf72 in nutrient sensing and metabolic pathways and suggest that dysregulation of C9orf72 functions could compromise cellular fitness under conditions of nutrient stress. An expansion of repeated nucleotides in the non-coding region of the C9orf72 gene has been linked to the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The repeat expansion leads to a reduced expression of the C9orf72 gene and loss of function of the C9orf72 protein may contribute to the pathogenesis. In this study, we identified a new mechanism through which C9orf72 influences nutrient sensing, autophagy, and metabolism. In the multi-cellular organism Caenorhabditis elegans, the C9orf72 orthologue regulates the activity of TFEB, a crucial transcriptional regulator of autophagic and lysosomal genes, through which the lipid metabolism and survival are influenced especially under nutrient stress conditions. The regulatory effect of C9orf72 on TFEB is conserved in mammals, and this is mediated by the dynamic regulation of the Rag GTPases by C9orf72. Given the critical role of the Rag GTPases in nutrient sensing and autophagy, we propose that the C9orf72 function is important for metabolic homeostasis in the cell and its deficiency can lead to compromised fitness under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon Ju Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Janet Ugolino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jiayin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Dohoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jiou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Hutten S, Dormann D. Nucleocytoplasmic transport defects in neurodegeneration — Cause or consequence? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 99:151-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hanstock C, Sun K, Choi C, Eurich D, Camicioli R, Johnston W, Kalra S. Spectroscopic markers of neurodegeneration in the mesial prefrontal cortex predict survival in ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2020; 21:246-251. [PMID: 32067510 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2020.1727926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective: N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and myo-inositol (mIns) are spectroscopic markers of neuronal integrity and astrogliosis, respectively. We performed a survival analysis to determine the prognostic value of the NAA/mIns metabolite ratio in ALS after a period of two and five years. Methods: Twenty-four patients with ALS (two with ALS-FTD) were recruited to participate in a high-field MR spectroscopy study of the mesial prefrontal cortex. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to assess NAA/mIns as a predictor of survival alongside other demographic and clinical measures. Census dates were set at two and five years after the time of MR scan for each patient. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: After a five-year observation period, 19 patients had died and five were still alive. Median survival time from date of scan was 1.95 years. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis showed NAA/mIns to be a significant independent predictor of survival at two years after scanning, but not at five years. Conclusion: Cerebral degeneration in the mesial prefrontal cortex as detected by the NAA/mIns metabolite ratio is predictive of survival in ALS in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hanstock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kerry Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Changho Choi
- South-Western Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dean Eurich
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, and
| | - Richard Camicioli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wendy Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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36
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Jury N, Abarzua S, Diaz I, Guerra MV, Ampuero E, Cubillos P, Martinez P, Herrera-Soto A, Arredondo C, Rojas F, Manterola M, Rojas A, Montecino M, Varela-Nallar L, van Zundert B. Widespread loss of the silencing epigenetic mark H3K9me3 in astrocytes and neurons along with hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment in C9orf72 BAC transgenic mice. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:32. [PMID: 32070418 PMCID: PMC7029485 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-0816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hexanucleotide repeat expansions of the G4C2 motif in a non-coding region of the C9ORF72 gene are the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Tissues from C9ALS/FTD patients and from mouse models of ALS show RNA foci, dipeptide-repeat proteins, and notably, widespread alterations in the transcriptome. Epigenetic processes regulate gene expression without changing DNA sequences and therefore could account for the altered transcriptome profiles in C9ALS/FTD; here, we explore whether the critical repressive marks H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 are altered in a recently developed C9ALS/FTD BAC mouse model (C9BAC). Results Chromocenters that constitute pericentric constitutive heterochromatin were visualized as DAPI- or Nucblue-dense foci in nuclei. Cultured C9BAC astrocytes exhibited a reduced staining signal for H3K9me3 (but not for H3K9me2) at chromocenters that was accompanied by a marked decline in the global nuclear level of this mark. Similar depletion of H3K9me3 at chromocenters was detected in astrocytes and neurons of the spinal cord, motor cortex, and hippocampus of C9BAC mice. The alterations of H3K9me3 in the hippocampus of C9BAC mice led us to identify previously undetected neuronal loss in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, as well as hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits. Conclusions Our data indicate that a loss of the repressive mark H3K9me3 in astrocytes and neurons in the central nervous system of C9BAC mice represents a signature during neurodegeneration and memory deficit of C9ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Jury
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Abarzua
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivan Diaz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel V Guerra
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Estibaliz Ampuero
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Current address: Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Cubillos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Herrera-Soto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Arredondo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Rojas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcia Manterola
- Program of Human Genetics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adriana Rojas
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martín Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Varela-Nallar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile. .,CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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37
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Elia LP, Reisine T, Alijagic A, Finkbeiner S. Approaches to develop therapeutics to treat frontotemporal dementia. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107948. [PMID: 31962288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) is a complex disease presenting as a spectrum of clinical disorders with progressive degeneration of frontal and temporal brain cortices and extensive neuroinflammation that result in personality and behavior changes, and eventually, death. There are currently no effective therapies for FTD. While 60-70% of FTD patients are sporadic cases, the other 30-40% are heritable (familial) cases linked to mutations in several known genes. We focus here on FTD caused by mutations in the GRN gene, which encodes a secreted protein, progranulin (PGRN), that has diverse roles in regulating cell survival, immune responses, and autophagy and lysosome function in the brain. FTD-linked mutations in GRN reduce brain PGRN levels that lead to autophagy and lysosome dysfunction, TDP43 accumulation, excessive microglial activation, astrogliosis, and neuron death through still poorly understood mechanisms. PGRN insufficiency has also been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), and so the development of therapeutics for GRN-linked FTD that restore PGRN levels and function may have broader application for other neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on a strategy to increase PGRN to functional, healthy levels in the brain by identifying novel genetic and chemical modulators of neuronal PGRN levels. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'The Quest for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa P Elia
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Terry Reisine
- Independent Scientific Consultant, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Amela Alijagic
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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38
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Kovacs GG. Molecular pathology of neurodegenerative diseases: principles and practice. J Clin Pathol 2019; 72:725-735. [PMID: 31395625 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-205952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by selective dysfunction and progressive loss of synapses and neurons associated with pathologically altered proteins that deposit primarily in the human brain and spinal cord. Recent discoveries have identified a spectrum of distinct immunohistochemically and biochemically detectable proteins, which serve as a basis for protein-based disease classification. Diagnostic criteria have been updated and disease staging procedures have been proposed. These are based on novel concepts which recognise that (1) most of these proteins follow a sequential distribution pattern in the brain suggesting a seeding mechanism and cell-to-cell propagation; (2) some of the neurodegeneration-associated proteins can be detected in peripheral organs; and (3) concomitant presence of neurodegeneration-associated proteins is more the rule than the exception. These concepts, together with the fact that the clinical symptoms do not unequivocally reflect the molecular pathological background, place the neuropathological examination at the centre of requirements for an accurate diagnosis. The need for quality control in biomarker development, clinical and neuroimaging studies, and evaluation of therapy trials, as well as an increasing demand for the general public to better understand human brain disorders, underlines the importance for a renaissance of postmortem neuropathological studies at this time. This review summarises recent advances in neuropathological diagnosis and reports novel aspects of relevance for general pathological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor G Kovacs
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Rossaert E, Pollari E, Jaspers T, Van Helleputte L, Jarpe M, Van Damme P, De Bock K, Moisse M, Van Den Bosch L. Restoration of histone acetylation ameliorates disease and metabolic abnormalities in a FUS mouse model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:107. [PMID: 31277703 PMCID: PMC6612190 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms is emerging as a central event in neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In many models of neurodegeneration, global histone acetylation is decreased in the affected neuronal tissues. Histone acetylation is controlled by the antagonistic actions of two protein families -the histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and the histone deacetylases (HDACs). Drugs inhibiting HDAC activity are already used in the clinic as anti-cancer agents. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibition in the context of ALS. We discovered that transgenic mice overexpressing wild-type FUS ("Tg FUS+/+"), which recapitulate many aspects of human ALS, showed reduced global histone acetylation and alterations in metabolic gene expression, resulting in a dysregulated metabolic homeostasis. Chronic treatment of Tg FUS+/+ mice with ACY-738, a potent HDAC inhibitor that can cross the blood-brain barrier, ameliorated the motor phenotype and substantially extended the life span of the Tg FUS+/+ mice. At the molecular level, ACY-738 restored global histone acetylation and metabolic gene expression, thereby re-establishing metabolite levels in the spinal cord. Taken together, our findings link epigenetic alterations to metabolic dysregulation in ALS pathology, and highlight ACY-738 as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat this devastating disease.
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40
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Solomon DA, Stepto A, Au WH, Adachi Y, Diaper DC, Hall R, Rekhi A, Boudi A, Tziortzouda P, Lee YB, Smith B, Bridi JC, Spinelli G, Dearlove J, Humphrey DM, Gallo JM, Troakes C, Fanto M, Soller M, Rogelj B, Parsons RB, Shaw CE, Hortobágyi T, Hirth F. A feedback loop between dipeptide-repeat protein, TDP-43 and karyopherin-α mediates C9orf72-related neurodegeneration. Brain 2019; 141:2908-2924. [PMID: 30239641 PMCID: PMC6158706 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation and aggregation of TDP-43 is a major pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. TDP-43 inclusions also characterize patients with GGGGCC (G4C2) hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72 that causes the most common genetic form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (C9ALS/FTD). Functional studies in cell and animal models have identified pathogenic mechanisms including repeat-induced RNA toxicity and accumulation of G4C2-derived dipeptide-repeat proteins. The role of TDP-43 dysfunction in C9ALS/FTD, however, remains elusive. We found G4C2-derived dipeptide-repeat protein but not G4C2-RNA accumulation caused TDP-43 proteinopathy that triggered onset and progression of disease in Drosophila models of C9ALS/FTD. Timing and extent of TDP-43 dysfunction was dependent on levels and identity of dipeptide-repeat proteins produced, with poly-GR causing early and poly-GA/poly-GP causing late onset of disease. Accumulating cytosolic, but not insoluble aggregated TDP-43 caused karyopherin-α2/4 (KPNA2/4) pathology, increased levels of dipeptide-repeat proteins and enhanced G4C2-related toxicity. Comparable KPNA4 pathology was observed in both sporadic frontotemporal dementia and C9ALS/FTD patient brains characterized by its nuclear depletion and cytosolic accumulation, irrespective of TDP-43 or dipeptide-repeat protein aggregates. These findings identify a vicious feedback cycle for dipeptide-repeat protein-mediated TDP-43 and subsequent KPNA pathology, which becomes self-sufficient of the initiating trigger and causes C9-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Solomon
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Alan Stepto
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Wing Hei Au
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Yoshitsugu Adachi
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Danielle C Diaper
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Rachel Hall
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Anjeet Rekhi
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Adel Boudi
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Paraskevi Tziortzouda
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Youn-Bok Lee
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Bradley Smith
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Jessika C Bridi
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Greta Spinelli
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Jonah Dearlove
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Dickon M Humphrey
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Gallo
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Manolis Fanto
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Matthias Soller
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedical Research Institute BRIS and University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Richard B Parsons
- King's College London, School of Cancer Studies and Pharmaceutical Sciences, London, UK
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Departments of Neurology and Neuropathology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,King's College London, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Frank Hirth
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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41
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de Mello NP, Orellana AM, Mazucanti CH, de Morais Lima G, Scavone C, Kawamoto EM. Insulin and Autophagy in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:491. [PMID: 31231176 PMCID: PMC6558407 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk in the pathophysiological processes underpinning metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative disorders have been the subject of extensive investigation, in which insulin signaling and autophagy impairment demonstrate to be a common factor in both conditions. Although it is still somewhat conflicting, pharmacological and genetic strategies that regulate these pathways may be a promising approach for aggregate protein clearancing and consequently the delaying of onset or progression of the disease. However, as the response due to this modulation seems to be time-dependent, finding the right regulation of autophagy may be a potential target for drug development for neurodegenerative diseases. In this way, this review focuses on the role of insulin signaling/resistance and autophagy in some neurodegenerative diseases, discussing pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Prudente de Mello
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Orellana
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Henrique Mazucanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geovanni de Morais Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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L3MBTL1 regulates ALS/FTD-associated proteotoxicity and quality control. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:875-886. [PMID: 31061493 PMCID: PMC6588399 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Misfolded protein toxicity and failure of protein quality control
underlie neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, we identified Lethal(3)malignant
brain tumor-like protein 1 (L3MBTL1) as a previously unknown regulator of
protein quality control, the loss of which protected against the proteotoxicity
of mutant SOD1 or C9orf72 dipeptide repeat proteins. L3MBTL1 acts by regulating
p53-dependent quality control systems that degrade misfolded proteins. SET
domain-containing protein 8 (SETD8), a L3MBTL1-associatd p53-binding protein,
also regulated clearance of misfolded proteins and was increased by
proteotoxicity-associated stresses in mammalian cells. Both L3MBTL1 and SETD8
were up-regulated in the central nervous systems of mouse models of ALS and
human ALS/FTD patients. The role of L3MBTL1 in protein quality control is
conserved from C. elegans to mammalian neurons. These results
indicate a previously unrecognized pathway in both normal stress response and
proteotoxicity-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Nguyen DKH, Thombre R, Wang J. Autophagy as a common pathway in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2019; 697:34-48. [PMID: 29626651 PMCID: PMC6170747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases are associated with a decline in protein quality control systems including autophagy. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron degenerative disease of complex etiology with increasing connections to other neurodegenerative conditions such as frontotemporal dementia. Among the diverse genetic causes for ALS, a striking feature is the common connection to autophagy and its associated pathways. There is a recurring theme of protein misfolding as in other neurodegenerative diseases, but importantly there is a distinct common thread among ALS genes that connects them to the cascade of autophagy. However, the roles of autophagy in ALS remain enigmatic and it is still unclear whether activation or inhibition of autophagy would be a reliable avenue to ameliorate the disease. The main evidence that links autophagy to different genetic forms of ALS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao K H Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ravi Thombre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jiou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Prasad A, Bharathi V, Sivalingam V, Girdhar A, Patel BK. Molecular Mechanisms of TDP-43 Misfolding and Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:25. [PMID: 30837838 PMCID: PMC6382748 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a versatile RNA/DNA binding protein involved in RNA-related metabolism. Hyper-phosphorylated and ubiquitinated TDP-43 deposits act as inclusion bodies in the brain and spinal cord of patients with the motor neuron diseases: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). While the majority of ALS cases (90-95%) are sporadic (sALS), among familial ALS cases 5-10% involve the inheritance of mutations in the TARDBP gene and the remaining (90-95%) are due to mutations in other genes such as: C9ORF72, SOD1, FUS, and NEK1 etc. Strikingly however, the majority of sporadic ALS patients (up to 97%) also contain the TDP-43 protein deposited in the neuronal inclusions, which suggests of its pivotal role in the ALS pathology. Thus, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of the TDP-43 pathology seems central to the ALS therapeutics, hence, we comprehensively review the current understanding of the TDP-43's pathology in ALS. We discuss the roles of TDP-43's mutations, its cytoplasmic mis-localization and aberrant post-translational modifications in ALS. Also, we evaluate TDP-43's amyloid-like in vitro aggregation, its physiological vs. pathological oligomerization in vivo, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), and potential prion-like propagation propensity of the TDP-43 inclusions. Finally, we describe the various evolving TDP-43-induced toxicity mechanisms, such as the impairment of endocytosis and mitotoxicity etc. and also discuss the emerging strategies toward TDP-43 disaggregation and ALS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Basant K. Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, India
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TDP-43 proteinopathy in aging: Associations with risk-associated gene variants and with brain parenchymal thyroid hormone levels. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 125:67-76. [PMID: 30682540 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 proteinopathy is very prevalent among the elderly (affecting at least 25% of individuals over 85 years of age) and is associated with substantial cognitive impairment. Risk factors implicated in age-related TDP-43 proteinopathy include commonly inherited gene variants, comorbid Alzheimer's disease pathology, and thyroid hormone dysfunction. To test parameters that are associated with aging-related TDP-43 pathology, we performed exploratory analyses of pathologic, genetic, and biochemical data derived from research volunteers in the University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center autopsy cohort (n = 136 subjects). Digital pathologic methods were used to discriminate and quantify both neuritic and intracytoplasmic TDP-43 pathology in the hippocampal formation. Overall, 46.4% of the cases were positive for TDP-43 intracellular inclusions, which is consistent with results in other prior community-based cohorts. The pathologies were correlated with hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) linked genotypes. We also assayed brain parenchymal thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine [T4]) levels. In cases with SLCO1A2/IAPP or ABCC9 risk associated genotypes, the T3/T4 ratio tended to be reduced (p = .051 using 2-tailed statistical test), and in cases with low T3/T4 ratios (bottom quintile), there was a higher likelihood of HS-Aging pathology (p = .025 using 2-tailed statistical test). This is intriguing because the SLCO1A2/IAPP and ABCC9 risk associated genotypes have been associated with altered expression of the astrocytic thyroid hormone receptor (protein product of the nearby gene SLCO1C1). These data indicate that dysregulation of thyroid hormone signaling may play a role in age-related TDP-43 proteinopathy.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration Related to C9orf72 Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:2909168. [PMID: 30774737 PMCID: PMC6350563 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2909168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two clinically distinct diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), have recently been classified as two extremes of the FTD/ALS spectrum. The neuropathological correlate of FTD is frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), characterized by tau-, TDP-43-, and FUS-immunoreactive neuronal inclusions. An earlier discovery that a hexanucleotide repeat expansion mutation in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene causes ALS and FTD established a special subtype of ALS and FTLD with TDP-43 pathology (C9FTD/ALS). Normal individuals carry 2–10 hexanucleotide GGGGCC repeats in the C9orf72 gene, while more than a few hundred repeats represent a risk for ALS and FTD. The proposed molecular mechanisms by which C9orf72 repeat expansions induce neurodegenerative changes are C9orf72 loss-of-function through haploinsufficiency, RNA toxic gain-of-function, and gain-of-function through the accumulation of toxic dipeptide repeat proteins. However, many more cellular processes are affected by pathological processes in C9FTD/ALS, including nucleocytoplasmic transport, RNA processing, normal function of nucleolus, formation of membraneless organelles, translation, ubiquitin proteasome system, Notch signalling pathway, granule transport, and normal function of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Although the exact molecular mechanisms through which C9orf72 repeat expansions account for neurodegeneration have not been elucidated, some potential therapeutics, such as antisense oligonucleotides targeting hexanucleotide GGGGCC repeats in mRNA, were successful in preclinical trials and are awaiting phase 1 clinical trials. In this review, we critically discuss each proposed mechanism and provide insight into the most recent studies aiming to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of C9FTD/ALS.
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Abstract
Microglia are the brain's resident immune cells. Under physiological conditions, they participate in a myriad of processes mainly involved in housekeeping functions that promote tissue homeostasis. However, the triggering of an immune response is a common feature in neurodegenerative disorders. This shift in microglia cells toward a chronically activated phenotype contributing to neuronal dysfunction and cell death is of great interest nowadays. In this chapter, we review the implications of microglia activation in different neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Tejera
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
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48
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Ubiquilin 2 modulates ALS/FTD-linked FUS-RNA complex dynamics and stress granule formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11485-E11494. [PMID: 30442662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811997115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-like protein ubiquilin 2 (UBQLN2) has been genetically and pathologically linked to the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but its normal cellular functions are not well understood. In a search for UBQLN2-interacting proteins, we found an enrichment of stress granule (SG) components, including ALS/FTD-linked heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein fused in sarcoma (FUS). Through the use of an optimized SG detection method, we observed UBQLN2 and its interactors at SGs. A low complexity, Sti1-like repeat region in UBQLN2 was sufficient for its localization to SGs. Functionally, UBQLN2 negatively regulated SG formation. UBQLN2 increased the dynamics of FUS-RNA interaction and promoted the fluidity of FUS-RNA complexes at a single-molecule level. This solubilizing effect corresponded to a dispersal of FUS liquid droplets in vitro and a suppression of FUS SG formation in cells. ALS-linked mutations in UBQLN2 reduced its association with FUS and impaired its function in regulating FUS-RNA complex dynamics and SG formation. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role for UBQLN2 in regulating the early stages of liquid-liquid phase separation by directly modulating the fluidity of protein-RNA complexes and the dynamics of SG formation.
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Almaguer-Mederos L, Mesa J, González-Zaldívar Y, Almaguer-Gotay D, Cuello-Almarales D, Aguilera-Rodríguez R, Falcón N, Gispert S, Auburger G, Velázquez-Pérez L. Factors associated with ATXN2
CAG/CAA repeat intergenerational instability in Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. Clin Genet 2018; 94:346-350. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.E. Almaguer-Mederos
- Center for Investigation and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias; Holguín Cuba
- Medical University of Holguín; Holguín Cuba
| | - J.M.L. Mesa
- Center for Investigation and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias; Holguín Cuba
| | - Y. González-Zaldívar
- Center for Investigation and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias; Holguín Cuba
- Medical University of Holguín; Holguín Cuba
| | - D. Almaguer-Gotay
- Center for Investigation and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias; Holguín Cuba
- Medical University of Holguín; Holguín Cuba
| | - D. Cuello-Almarales
- Center for Investigation and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias; Holguín Cuba
| | - R. Aguilera-Rodríguez
- Center for Investigation and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias; Holguín Cuba
- Medical University of Holguín; Holguín Cuba
| | - N.S. Falcón
- Center for Investigation and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias; Holguín Cuba
| | - S. Gispert
- Experimental Neurology; Goethe University Medical School; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - G. Auburger
- Experimental Neurology; Goethe University Medical School; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - L. Velázquez-Pérez
- Center for Investigation and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias; Holguín Cuba
- Medical University of Holguín; Holguín Cuba
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50
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Jantrapirom S, Lo Piccolo L, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi M. Depletion of Ubiquilin induces an augmentation in soluble ubiquitinated Drosophila TDP-43 to drive neurotoxicity in the fly. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3038-3049. [PMID: 29936333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteostasis machinery has critical functions in metabolically active cells such as neurons. Ubiquilins (UBQLNs) may decide the fate of proteins, with its ability to bind and deliver ubiquitinated misfolded or no longer functionally required proteins to the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and/or autophagy. Missense mutations in UBQLN2 have been linked to X-linked dominant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD). Although aggregation-prone TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) has been recognized as a major component of the ubiquitin pathology, the mechanisms by which UBQLN involves in TDP-43 proteinopathy have not yet been elucidated in detail. We previously characterized a new Drosophila Ubiquilin (dUbqn) knockdown model that produces learning/memory and locomotive deficits during the proteostasis impairment. In the present study, we demonstrated that the depletion of dUbqn markedly affected the expression and sub-cellular localization of Drosophila TDP-43 (TBPH), resulting in a cytoplasmic ubiquitin-positive (Ub+) TBPH pathology. Although we found that the knockdown of dUbqn widely altered and affected the turnover of a large number of proteins, we herein showed that an augmented soluble cytoplasmic Ub+-TBPH is as a crucial source of neurotoxicity following the depletion of dUbqn. We demonstrated that dUbqn knockdown-related neurotoxicity may be rescued by either restoring the proteostasis machinery or reducing the expression of TBPH. These novel results extend our knowledge on the UBQLN loss-of-function pathomechanism and may contribute to the identification of new therapeutics for ALS-FTD and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salinee Jantrapirom
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; The Center for Advanced Insect Research, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Luca Lo Piccolo
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; The Center for Advanced Insect Research, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; The Center for Advanced Insect Research, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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