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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, Carreño LJ, Torres JP, Benachi O. MA, Tovar-Rosero YY, Oñate AA, O'Ryan M. Two centuries of vaccination: historical and conceptual approach and future perspectives. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1326154. [PMID: 38264254 PMCID: PMC10803505 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1326154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two centuries, vaccines have been critical for the prevention of infectious diseases and are considered milestones in the medical and public health history. The World Health Organization estimates that vaccination currently prevents approximately 3.5-5 million deaths annually, attributed to diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, and measles. Vaccination has been instrumental in eradicating important pathogens, including the smallpox virus and wild poliovirus types 2 and 3. This narrative review offers a detailed journey through the history and advancements in vaccinology, tailored for healthcare workers. It traces pivotal milestones, beginning with the variolation practices in the early 17th century, the development of the first smallpox vaccine, and the continuous evolution and innovation in vaccine development up to the present day. We also briefly review immunological principles underlying vaccination, as well as the main vaccine types, with a special mention of the recently introduced mRNA vaccine technology. Additionally, we discuss the broad benefits of vaccines, including their role in reducing morbidity and mortality, and in fostering socioeconomic development in communities. Finally, we address the issue of vaccine hesitancy and discuss effective strategies to promote vaccine acceptance. Research, collaboration, and the widespread acceptance and use of vaccines are imperative for the continued success of vaccination programs in controlling and ultimately eradicating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P. Torres
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Pediátrica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel A. Benachi O.
- Área de Biotecnología, Tecnoacademia Neiva, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje, Regional Huila, Neiva, Colombia
| | - Yenifer-Yadira Tovar-Rosero
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Angel A. Oñate
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Martin Aispuro P, Bottero D, Zurita ME, Gaillard ME, Hozbor DF. Impact of maternal whole-cell or acellular pertussis primary immunization on neonatal immune response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192119. [PMID: 37435078 PMCID: PMC10330814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of pertussis immunization for pregnant women in many countries, there has been renewed interest in the impact of whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wP) versus acellular vaccine (aP) on disease control, particularly regarding the best approach for priming. To gather evidence on this topic, we analyzed the impact of aP or wP priming on aP vaccination during pregnancy (aPpreg) in mice. Two-mother vaccination schemes were employed (wP-wP-aPpreg and aP-aP-aPpreg), and the immune response in the mothers and their offspring, as well as the protection of the offspring against Bordetella pertussis challenge, were assessed. Pertussis toxin (PTx)-specific IgG responses were detected in mothers after both the second and third doses, with higher titers after the third dose, regardless of the vaccination schedule. However, a significant reduction in PTx-IgG levels was observed after 22 weeks post aPpreg immunization in mothers with the aP-aP-aPpreg scheme but not in the wP-wP-aPpreg immunized mothers. The aP-aP-aPpreg schedule triggered a murine antibody response mainly to a Th2-profile, while wP-wP-aPpreg induced a Th1/Th2 mixed profile. Both immunization schemes administered to the mothers protected the offspring against pertussis, but the wP-wP-aPpreg vaccination conferred offspring protection in all pregnancies at least up to 20 weeks after receiving the aPpreg-dose. In contrast, the immunity induced by aP-aP-aPpreg began to decline in births that occurred 18 weeks after receiving the aPpreg dose. For the aP-aP-aPpreg scheme, pups born from gestations furthest from aPpreg (+22 weeks) had lower PTx-specific IgG levels than those born closer to the application of the dose during pregnancy. In contrast, for pups born to wP-wP-aPpreg vaccinated mothers, the PTx-specific IgG levels were maintained over time, even for those born at the longest time studied (+22 weeks). It is noteworthy that only the pups born from mothers with aP-aP-aPpreg and receiving a neonatal dose of either aP or wP were more susceptible to B. pertussis infection than mice with only maternal immunity, suggesting interference with the induced immunity (p<0.05). However, it should be noted that mice with maternal immunity, whether vaccinated or not with neonatal doses, are better protected against colonization with B. pertussis than mice without maternal immunity but vaccinated with aP or wP.
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Biselli R, Nisini R, Lista F, Autore A, Lastilla M, De Lorenzo G, Peragallo MS, Stroffolini T, D’Amelio R. A Historical Review of Military Medical Strategies for Fighting Infectious Diseases: From Battlefields to Global Health. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2050. [PMID: 36009598 PMCID: PMC9405556 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental conditions generated by war and characterized by poverty, undernutrition, stress, difficult access to safe water and food as well as lack of environmental and personal hygiene favor the spread of many infectious diseases. Epidemic typhus, plague, malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis, tetanus, and smallpox have nearly constantly accompanied wars, frequently deeply conditioning the outcome of battles/wars more than weapons and military strategy. At the end of the nineteenth century, with the birth of bacteriology, military medical researchers in Germany, the United Kingdom, and France were active in discovering the etiological agents of some diseases and in developing preventive vaccines. Emil von Behring, Ronald Ross and Charles Laveran, who were or served as military physicians, won the first, the second, and the seventh Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering passive anti-diphtheria/tetanus immunotherapy and for identifying mosquito Anopheline as a malaria vector and plasmodium as its etiological agent, respectively. Meanwhile, Major Walter Reed in the United States of America discovered the mosquito vector of yellow fever, thus paving the way for its prevention by vector control. In this work, the military relevance of some vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases, as well as of biological weapons, and the military contributions to their control will be described. Currently, the civil-military medical collaboration is getting closer and becoming interdependent, from research and development for the prevention of infectious diseases to disasters and emergencies management, as recently demonstrated in Ebola and Zika outbreaks and the COVID-19 pandemic, even with the high biocontainment aeromedical evacuation, in a sort of global health diplomacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biselli
- Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Dipartimento Scientifico, Policlinico Militare, Comando Logistico dell’Esercito, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Autore
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Lastilla
- Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale, Comando Logistico dell’Aeronautica Militare, Viale Piero Gobetti 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Lorenzo
- Comando Generale dell’Arma dei Carabinieri, Dipartimento per l’Organizzazione Sanitaria e Veterinaria, Viale Romania 45, 00197 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Stefano Peragallo
- Centro Studi e Ricerche di Sanità e Veterinaria, Comando Logistico dell’Esercito, Via S. Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Stroffolini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaele D’Amelio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189 Roma, Italy
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Abstract
Polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations have been used for several decades for treatment of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies and for treatment of some infections and intoxications. This has demonstrated the importance of Igs, also called antibodies (Abs) for prevention and elimination of infections. Moreover, elucidation of the structure and functions of Abs has suggested that they might be useful for targeted treatment of several diseases, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. The development of technologies for production of specific monoclonal Abs (MAbs) in large amounts has led to the production of highly effective therapeutic antibodies (TAbs), a collective term for MAbs (MAbs) with demonstrated clinical efficacy in one or more diseases. The number of approved TAbs is currently around hundred, and an even larger number is under development, including several engineered and modified Ab formats. The use of TAbs has provided new treatment options for many severe diseases, but prediction of clinical effect is difficult, and many patients eventually lose effect, possibly due to development of Abs to the TAbs or to other reasons. The therapeutic efficacy of TAbs can be ascribed to one or more effects, including binding and neutralization of targets, direct cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or others. The therapeutic options for TAbs have been expanded by development of several new formats of TAbs, including bispecific Abs, single domain Abs, TAb-drug conjugates, and the use of TAbs for targeted activation of immune cells. Most promisingly, current research and development can be expected to increase the number of clinical conditions, which may benefit from TAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Marfe G, Perna S, Shukla AK. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and their challenges (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1407. [PMID: 34676000 PMCID: PMC8524740 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a new disease recognized such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), was reported in Wuhan, China. This disease was caused by an unknown SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); a virus is characterized by high infectivity among humans. In some cases, this disease can be asymptomatic, while in other cases can induce flu-like symptoms or acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia and death. For this reason, the World Health Organization and Public Health Emergency of International Concern declared a pandemic status in January 2020. Currently, numerous countries have been involved in the development of effective vaccines to protect humans against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present review will discuss the four vaccines, AZD1222 (AstraZeneca or Vaxzevria), Janssen (Ad26.COV2.S), Moderna/mRNA-1273 and BioNTech/Fosun/Pfizer BNT162b1, that are currently in use worldwide to understand their efficacy, but also evaluate the difficulties and challenges of vaccine development. Although several questions should be addressed regarding these vaccines, the current review will examine the viral elements used in the coronavirus-19 vaccine that can play a crucial role in inducing a strong immune response, as well as the different adverse effects that they can cause to individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Marfe
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Stefania Perna
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Arvind Kumar Shukla
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
- Inventra Medclin Biomedical Healthcare and Research Center, Katemanivli, Kalyan, Thane, Maharashtra 421306, India
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Cid R, Bolívar J. Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1072. [PMID: 34439738 PMCID: PMC8394948 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cid
- ADL Bionatur Solutions S.A., Av. del Desarrollo Tecnológico 11, 11591 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Jorge Bolívar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. What Would Jenner and Pasteur Have Done About COVID-19 Coronavirus? The Urges of a Vaccinologist. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2173. [PMID: 32983183 PMCID: PMC7479216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa B. Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute for Research in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Nico D. The Delay in the Licensing of Protozoal Vaccines: A Comparative History. Front Immunol 2020; 11:204. [PMID: 32210953 PMCID: PMC7068796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viruses and bacteria have been known as agents of diseases since 1546, 250 years went by until the first vaccines against these pathogens were developed (1796 and 1800s). In contrast, Malaria, which is a protozoan-neglected disease, has been known since the 5th century BCE and, despite 2,500 years having passed since then, no human vaccine has yet been licensed for Malaria. Additionally, no modern human vaccine is currently licensed against Visceral or Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vaccination against Malaria evolved from the inoculation of irradiated sporozoites through the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes in 1930's, which failed to give protection, to the use of controlled human Malaria infection (CHMI) provoked by live sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum and curtailed with specific chemotherapy since 1940's. Although the use of CHMI for vaccination was relatively efficacious, it has some ethical limitations and was substituted by the use of injected recombinant vaccines expressing the main antigens of the parasite cycle, starting in 1980. Pre-erythrocytic (PEV), Blood stage (BSV), transmission-blocking (TBV), antitoxic (AT), and pregnancy-associated Malaria vaccines are under development. Currently, the RTS,S-PEV vaccine, based on the circumsporozoite protein, is the only one that has arrived at the Phase III trial stage. The "R" stands for the central repeat region of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP); the "T" for the T-cell epitopes of the CSP; and the "S" for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In Africa, this latter vaccine achieved only 36.7% vaccine efficacy (VE) in 5-7 years old children and was associated with an increase in clinical cases in one assay. Therefore, in spite of 35 years of research, there is no currently licensed vaccine against Malaria. In contrast, more progress has been achieved regarding prevention of leishmaniasis by vaccine, which also started with the use of live vaccines. For ethical reasons, these were substituted by second-generation subunit or recombinant DNA and protein vaccines. Currently, there is one live vaccine for humans licensed in Uzbekistan, and four licensed veterinary vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis: Leishmune® (76-80% VE) and CaniLeish® (68.4% VE), which give protection against strong endpoints (severe disease and deaths under natural conditions), and, under less severe endpoints (parasitologically and PCR-positive cases), Leishtec® developed 71.4% VE in a low infective pressure area but only 35.7% VE and transient protection in a high infective pressure area, while Letifend® promoted 72% VE. A human recombinant vaccine based on the Nucleoside hydrolase NH36 of Leishmania (L.) donovani, the main antigen of the Leishmune® vaccine, and the sterol 24-c-methyltransferase (SMT) from L. (L.) infantum has reached the Phase I clinical trial phase but has not yet been licensed against the disease. This review describes the history of vaccine development and is focused on licensed formulations that have been used in preventive medicine. Special attention has been given to the delay in the development and licensing of human vaccines against Protozoan infections, which show high incidence worldwide and still remain severe threats to Public Health.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/history
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
- Licensure/history
- Malaria Vaccines/history
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Mass Vaccination/history
- Mass Vaccination/methods
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Live, Unattenuated/history
- Vaccines, Live, Unattenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute for Research in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Polonskaya Z, Savage PB, Finn MG, Teyton L. High-affinity anti-glycan antibodies: challenges and strategies. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:65-71. [PMID: 31029911 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High-affinity binding of antibodies provides for increased specificity and usually higher effector functions in vivo. This goal, well documented in cancer immunotherapy, is very relevant to vaccines as well, and has particularly significant application toward glycan antigens. The inability to elicit high-affinity antibodies has limited potential applications of glycan-based immunogens, giving rise to insufficient population coverage due to low titers and short duration of protection. That such vaccines have achieved widespread use in spite of these shortcomings highlights the surpassing importance of glycans as prophylactic immunological targets. New advances in the combination of synthetic chemistry, bioconjugation, and mechanistic immunology offer the possibility to vastly expand the number of potential molecular targets in cancer and infectious diseases by opening a wider world of carbohydrate structures to immunological recognition and high-affinity response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida Polonskaya
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, UT, USA
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Janković S. Childhood vaccination in the twenty-first century: Parental concerns and challenges for physicians. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm1906452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Ferlito C, Biselli R, Cattaruzza MS, Teloni R, Mariotti S, Tomao E, Salerno G, Peragallo MS, Lulli P, Caporuscio S, Autore A, Bizzarro G, Germano V, Biondo MI, Picchianti Diamanti A, Salemi S, Nisini R, D'Amelio R. Immunogenicity of meningococcal polysaccharide ACWY vaccine in primary immunized or revaccinated adults. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 194:361-370. [PMID: 30099753 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningococcal polysaccharide (Men-Ps) vaccine immunogenicity following either primary immunization or revaccination in adults was evaluated. The study population consisted of subjects who have received tetravalent Men-Ps vaccine once (group 1) or at least twice, with a 2-6 dose range (group 2). Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction and specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nine months post-immunization, the percentages of individuals with levels of anti-Men-Ps IgG ≥ 2 µg/ml were comparable in both groups, with the exception of anti-Men-PsW135 IgG, which were significantly higher in group 2. The percentage of subjects doubling IgG levels at 9 months was significantly higher in group 1. The high baseline anti-Men-Ps antibody levels negatively influenced the response to revaccination, suggesting a feedback control of specific IgG. The calculated durability of anti-Men-Ps IgG was 2·5-4·5 years, depending on the Men-Ps, following a single vaccine dose. No interference by other vaccinations nor HLA alleles association with immune response were observed. This study confirms that Men-Ps vaccine in adults is immunogenic, even when administered repeatedly, and underlines the vaccine suitability for large-scale adult immunization programmes that the higher costs of conjugate vaccines may limit in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ferlito
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - R Biselli
- Aeronautica Militare Italiana, Comando Logistico, Servizio Sanitario, Rome, Italy
| | - M S Cattaruzza
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Rome, Italy
| | - R Teloni
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Rome, Italy
| | - S Mariotti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Rome, Italy
| | - E Tomao
- Aeronautica Militare Italiana, Corpo Sanitario, Rome, Italy
| | - G Salerno
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - M S Peragallo
- Esercito Italiano, Centro Studi e Ricerche di Sanità e Veterinaria, Rome, Italy
| | - P Lulli
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - S Caporuscio
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - A Autore
- Aeronautica Militare, Comando Logistico, Centro Sperimentale di Volo, Aeroporto Pratica di Mare, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bizzarro
- Aeronautica Militare, Comando Logistico, Centro Sperimentale di Volo, Aeroporto Pratica di Mare, Rome, Italy
| | - V Germano
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - M I Biondo
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - A Picchianti Diamanti
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - S Salemi
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - R Nisini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Malattie Infettive, Rome, Italy
| | - R D'Amelio
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Andrea, Rome, Italy
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Bookstaver ML, Hess KL, Jewell CM. Self-Assembly of Immune Signals Improves Codelivery to Antigen Presenting Cells and Accelerates Signal Internalization, Processing Kinetics, and Immune Activation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802202. [PMID: 30146797 PMCID: PMC6252008 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines and immunotherapies that elicit specific types of immune responses offer transformative potential to tackle disease. The mechanisms governing the processing of immune signals-events that determine the type of response generated-are incredibly complex. Understanding these processes would inform more rational vaccine design by linking carrier properties, processing mechanisms, and relevant timescales to specific impacts on immune response. This goal is pursued using nanostructured materials-termed immune polyelectrolyte multilayers-built entirely from antigens and stimulatory toll-like receptors agonists (TLRas). This simplicity allows isolation and quantification of the rates and mechanisms of intracellular signal processing, and the link to activation of distinct immune pathways. Each vaccine component is internalized in a colocalized manner through energy-dependent caveolae-mediated endocytosis. This process results in trafficking through endosome/lysosome pathways and stimulation of TLRs expressed on endosomes/lysosomes. The maximum rates for these events occur within 4 h, but are detectable in minutes, ultimately driving downstream proimmune functions. Interestingly, these uptake, processing, and activation kinetics are significantly faster for TLRas in particulate form compared with free TLRa. Our findings provide insight into specific mechanisms by which particulate vaccines enhance initiation of immune response, and highlight quantitative strategies to assess other carrier technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Bookstaver
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Krystina L. Hess
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
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The Future of Influenza Vaccines: A Historical and Clinical Perspective. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030058. [PMID: 30200179 PMCID: PMC6160951 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, the development of vaccines to prevent infectious disease was an empirical process. From smallpox variolation in Song dynasty China, through the polysaccharide capsule vaccines developed in the 1970s, vaccines were made either from the pathogen itself, treated in some way to render it attenuated or non-infectious, or from a closely related non-pathogenic strain. In recent decades, new scientific knowledge and technologies have enabled rational vaccine design in a way that was unimaginable before. However, vaccines optimal against some infectious diseases, influenza among them, have remained elusive. This review will highlight the challenges that influenza viruses pose for rational vaccine design. In particular, it will consider the clinically beneficial endpoints, beyond complete sterilizing immunity, that have been achieved with vaccines against other infectious diseases, as well as the barriers to achieving similar success against influenza.
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Knapp J, Giraudoux P, Combes B, Umhang G, Boué F, Said-Ali Z, Aknouche S, Garcia C, Vacheyrou M, Laboissière A, Raton V, Comte S, Favier S, Demerson JM, Caillot C, Millon L, Raoul F. Rural and urban distribution of wild and domestic carnivore stools in the context of Echinococcus multilocularis environmental exposure. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:937-946. [PMID: 30076909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In zoonotic infections, the relationships between animals and humans lead to parasitic disease with severity that ranges from mild symptoms to life-threatening conditions. In cities and their surrounding areas, this statement is truer with the overcrowding of the protagonists of the parasites' life cycle. The present study aims to investigate the distribution of a parasite, Echinococcus multilocularis, which is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, using copro-sampling in historically endemic rural settlements of the eastern part of France and in newly endemic areas including urban parks and settlements surrounding Paris. Based on 2741 morphologically identified and geolocalized copro-samples, the density of fox faeces was generally higher in the surrounding settlements, except for one rural area where the faeces were at larger density downtown in the winter. Fox faeces are rare but present in urban parks. Dog faeces are concentrated in the park entrances and in the centre of the settlements. DNA was extracted for 1530 samples that were collected and identified from fox, dog, cat, stone marten and badger carnivore hosts. Echinococcus multilocularis diagnosis and host faecal tests were performed using real-time PCR. We failed to detect the parasite in the surroundings of Paris, but the parasite was found in the foxes, dogs and cats in the rural settlements and their surroundings in the historically endemic area. A spatial structuring of the carnivore stool distribution was highlighted in the present study with high densities of carnivore stools among human occupied areas within some potentially high-risk locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Knapp
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France; Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 03 boulevard Saint Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Combes
- Entente for the Control of Zoonoses, Malzéville, 54220 Nancy, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Zeinaba Said-Ali
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Soufiane Aknouche
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Célie Garcia
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Mallory Vacheyrou
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Audrey Laboissière
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Raton
- Entente for the Control of Zoonoses, Malzéville, 54220 Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Comte
- Entente for the Control of Zoonoses, Malzéville, 54220 Nancy, France
| | - Stéphanie Favier
- Entente for the Control of Zoonoses, Malzéville, 54220 Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Michel Demerson
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Christophe Caillot
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Laurence Millon
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France; Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Francis Raoul
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
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Martin Lluesma S, Wolfer A, Harari A, Kandalaft LE. Cancer Vaccines in Ovarian Cancer: How Can We Improve? Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4020010. [PMID: 28536377 PMCID: PMC5344251 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one important cause of gynecologic cancer-related death. Currently, the mainstay of ovarian cancer treatment consists of cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy (introduced 30 years ago) but, as the disease is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, its prognosis remains very poor. Clearly, there is a critical need for new treatment options, and immunotherapy is one attractive alternative. Prophylactic vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases have led to major achievements, yet therapeutic cancer vaccines have shown consistently low efficacy in the past. However, as they are associated with minimal side effects or invasive procedures, efforts directed to improve their efficacy are being deployed, with Dendritic Cell (DC) vaccination strategies standing as one of the more promising options. On the other hand, recent advances in our understanding of immunological mechanisms have led to the development of successful strategies for the treatment of different cancers, such as immune checkpoint blockade strategies. Combining these strategies with DC vaccination approaches and introducing novel combinatorial designs must also be considered and evaluated. In this review, we will analyze past vaccination methods used in ovarian cancer, and we will provide different suggestions aiming to improve their efficacy in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin Lluesma
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Res, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Anita Wolfer
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Res, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Res, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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