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Lenzen S. Comment on the role of interferons in the pathology of beta cell destruction in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2024:10.1007/s00125-024-06264-8. [PMID: 39243307 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Lenzen
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Deryagina VP, Reutov VP. Modulation of the formation of active forms of nitrogen by ingredients of plant products in the inhibition of carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.17650/2313-805x-2019-6-1-18-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. P. Deryagina
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - V. P. Reutov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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Hawthorne WJ, Williams L, Chew YV. Clinical Islet Isolation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 938:89-122. [PMID: 27586424 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39824-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The overarching success of islet transplantation relies on the success in the laboratory to isolate the islets. This chapter focuses on the processes of human islet cell isolation and the ways to optimally provide islet cells for transplantation. The major improvements in regards to the choice of enzyme type, way the digested pancreas tissue is handled to best separate islets from the acinar and surrounding tissues, the various methods of purification of the islets, their subsequent culture and quality assurance to improve outcomes to culminate in safe and effective islet transplantation will be discussed. After decades of improvements, islet cell isolation and transplantation now clearly offer a safe, effective and feasible therapeutic treatment option for an increasing number of patients suffering from type 1 diabetes specifically for those with severe hypoglycaemic unawareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne J Hawthorne
- National Pancreas and Islet Transplant Laboratories, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Department of Surgery, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Lindy Williams
- National Pancreas and Islet Transplant Laboratories, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Yi Vee Chew
- National Pancreas and Islet Transplant Laboratories, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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Allogeneic bone marrow cocultured with human islets significantly improves islet survival and function in vivo. Transplantation 2013; 95:801-9. [PMID: 23416682 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31828235c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant barrier to islet transplantation is the rapid loss of human islet function in vivo. The present study evaluates whether bone marrow (BM) could be used to support human islet survival and function in vivo. METHODS We cocultured human islets and BM for 3 weeks before transplantation into the left subrenal capsule of diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice. RESULTS The cocultured human islets before transplantation demonstrated improved viability, increased size, and migration capacity in vitro. After 4 months, animals transplanted with precultured BM/islets exhibited euglycemia and detectable human insulin levels (157 μU/mL), whereas no human insulin was detected in the islet-only transplantation group. Furthermore, the removal of the transplants on day 126 resulted in hyperglycemia, indicating that the reduction of blood glucose was dependent on the transplants. Diabetic mice transplanted with BM/islets demonstrated the longest survival period (130 vs. 40 days for those with islet-only transplants). The transplanted BM/islets showed signs of vascularization and migration from the renal capsule into medulla. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that BM precultured with human islets may enhance the survival and function of transplanted islets, thus significantly improving the therapeutic efficacy of islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes.
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Protective effect of nicotinamide on high glucose/palmitate-induced glucolipotoxicity to INS-1 beta cells is attributed to its inhibitory activity to sirtuins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 535:187-96. [PMID: 23562377 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was initiated to determine whether the protective effect of nicotinamide (NAM) on high glucose/palmitate (HG/PA)-induced INS-1 beta cell death was due to its role as an anti-oxidant, nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor, or inhibitor of NAD+-consuming enzymes such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) or sirtuins. All anti-oxidants tested were not protective against HG/PA-induced INS-1 cell death. Direct supplementation of NAD+ or indirect supplementation through NAD+ salvage or de novo pathway did not protect the death. Knockdown of the NAD+ salvage pathway enzymes such as nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) or nicotinamide mononucleotide adenyltransferase (NMNAT) did not augment death. On the other hand, pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of PARP did not affect death. However, sirtinol as an inhibitor of NAD-dependant deacetylase or knockdown of SIRT3 or SIRT4 significantly reduced the HG/PA-induced death. These data suggest that protective effect of NAM on beta cell glucolipotoxicity is attributed to its inhibitory activity on sirtuins.
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Biedroń R, Ciszek M, Tokarczyk M, Bobek M, Kurnyta M, Słominska EM, Smoleński RT, Marcinkiewicz J. 1-Methylnicotinamide and nicotinamide: two related anti-inflammatory agents that differentially affect the functions of activated macrophages. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2008; 56:127-34. [PMID: 18373238 PMCID: PMC2766500 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-008-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), a major metabolite of nicotinamide (NA), is known to exert anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. Treatment of inflammatory skin diseases by topical application of MNA provides certain advantages over the use of NA. However, in contrast to NA, the molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory properties of MNA are not well known. In this study the influence of exogenous MNA and NA in vivo on the generation of inflammatory mediators by macrophages (Mvarphi) was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peritoneal Mvarphi of CBA/J mice were activated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide and incubated with MNA or NA. The effect of these compounds on biological functions of Mvarphi was measured by evaluation of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, cytokines and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) by ELISA, and nitric oxide (NO) by the Griess method. Moreover, the expressions of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS It was shown that at non-cytotoxic concentrations, NA inhibits the production of a variety of pro-inflammatory agents, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, NO, PGE(2), and the generation of ROS. In contrast to NA, exogenous MNA inhibited only the generation of ROS, while its effect on the synthesis of other mediators was negligible. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of MNA demonstrated previously in vivo do not depend on its capacity to suppress the functions of immune cells, but more likely may be related to its action on vascular endothelium. The authors suggest that the limited permeability for exogenous MNA, in contrast to that for NA, may be responsible for its lack of suppressor activity against Mvarphi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Biedroń
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Ciszek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marianna Tokarczyk
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bobek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Kurnyta
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa M. Słominska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
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Ichii H, Wang X, Messinger S, Alvarez A, Fraker C, Khan A, Kuroda Y, Inverardi L, Goss JA, Alejandro R, Ricordi C. Improved human islet isolation using nicotinamide. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2060-8. [PMID: 16827790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of nicotinamide (NA) supplementation of the processing medium during islet isolation. One hundred and two human pancreata were processed for clinical transplantation after preservation either in the University of Wisconsin (UW) or using the two-layer method (TLM). Pancreata were then divided into four groups and retrospectively analyzed. Group I: UW preservation followed by processing without NA, Group II: UW preservation and processing with NA, Group III: TLM preservation without NA, Group IV: TLM preservation with NA. We observed a significant increase in islet yield in Group II (4343+/-348 IEQ/g) [mean+/-SEM], compared to Group I (2789+/-348 IEQ/g) (p=0.005). Similarly, a significant increase in islet yield was observed when NA was used in the processing of organs preserved with TLM (Group IV: 5538+/-413 vs. Group III: 3500+/-629; p=0.02). Furthermore islet yield was higher in Group IV than in Group II (p<0.05). The percentages of preparations that qualified for transplantation were 25, 47, 45, 69% in Groups I, II, III, IV, respectively. Addition of NA to the processing medium significantly improved islet yields in both the UW and TLM preservation protocols, allowing for a higher percentage of islet preparations to qualify for clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ichii
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Hedman M, Ludvigsson J, Faresjö MK. Nicotinamide Reduces High Secretion of IFN-γ in High-Risk Relatives Even Though It Does Not Prevent Type 1 Diabetes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:207-13. [PMID: 16704296 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease suggested to be of a T helper (Th)1-like origin. This study aimed to investigate the Th1-like and Th2-like profile in high-risk individuals during the prediabetic phase and the immunologic effect of treatment with nicotinamide. High-risk first-degree relatives of T1D patients participating in the European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT) were treated with either nicotinamide or placebo. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained during the prediabetic phase and close to the onset of manifest T1D and from nondiabetic high-risk individuals. Using the sensitive enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) technique to distinguish Th1-like from Th2-like lymphocytes, secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) was analyzed from PBMCs spontaneously and after in vitro stimulation with the diabetes-associated autoantigens, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65, protein and peptide, aa 247-279), recombinant tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2), and heat shock protein (HSP, aa 437-460). High-risk individuals showed high spontaneous as well as autoantigen-induced IFN-gamma secretion. Secretion of IFN-gamma and the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio, induced by autoantigens, decreased in individuals developing T1D (p < 0.05), whereas nondiabetic individuals showed an increased IL-4 response (p < 0.05). Thus, a Th1-dominated cytokine profile observed in high-risk individuals inclined toward a diagnosis of diabetes. Nicotinamide caused decreased spontaneous (p = 0.05) and in vitro autoantigen-induced IFN-gamma secretion (p < 0.05) and may play a role in immune regulation, even though it has not been shown to prevent T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hedman
- Division of Paediatrics & Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Brandhorst D, Brandhorst H, Zwolinski A, Nahidi F, Bretzel RG. High-dosed nicotinamide decreases early graft failure after pig to nude rat intraportal islet transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73:74-9. [PMID: 11792982 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200201150-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and experimental data indicate that early failure of intraportally grafted islets is mediated by inflammation. Although nicotinamide (NA) has the potential to protect rodent islets it is unknown whether large mammalian islets can be protected in an inflammatory environment. Therefore, we investigated NA-mediated protection of pig islets intraportally transplanted into diabetic nude rats characterized by involvement of NO in intrahepatic graft failure. METHODS Nonfasting serum glucose levels were evaluated after intraportal transplantation (TX) of 4000 pig islets or intraportal sham-TX in diabetic nude rats infused for 7 days with saline (0 mg), 500 mg, or 1000 mg NA/kg/day. The nitrate/nitrite serum levels were colorimetrically quantified 0, 24, and 48 hr posttransplant. RESULTS Graft survival after 21 days was not improved (2/13) by 500 mg NA compared to 0 mg NA (1/22) and 500 mg sham-TX (0/7). A total of 1000 mg NA promoted sustained normoglycemia in transplanted rats (10/18, P<0.001 vs. 0 mg NA, P<0.05 vs. 500 mg NA) but deteriorated hyperglycemia in 1000 mg NA sham-TX (P<0.01 vs. 0 mg sham-TX). Regeneration of endogenous islets determined as pancreatic insulin content was only measured in islet recipients receiving 1000 mg NA (P<0.001). Posttransplant NO levels were not affected by NA and increased in all recipients two-fold (P<0.05 vs. day 0). CONCLUSIONS Compared with efficient administration in syngeneic rodent models NA has to be applied in significant higher doses for protection of xenografted pig islets implying that protection of islets from large mammalians after transplantation into a proinflammatory organ seems feasible. In contrast to other observations graft survival was not mediated by interference of NA with hepatic NO generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brandhorst
- Third Medical Department, Justus-Liebig-University, Rodthohl 6, D-35385 Giessen, Germany
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10
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Abstract
Neural cells are found in all organs of the body and play an important role in the maintenance of the internal milieu. The pancreatic beta cell is the most numerous cell types in the endocrine pancreas. It is particularly important because of its role in insulin secretion, a crucial hormone in glucose metabolism. In view of this, the significance of the survival of neural and pancreatic beta cell cannot be over emphasised. Neural and pancreatic beta cell death occurs in a variety of ways. The destruction of neural cells can be induced with (1) free radicals (H(2)O(2), O(2)(-)(,) HO(-)) and nitric oxide; (2) Cytokines (tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-1 beta, interferon-gamma); (3) Glutamate; (4) Amphetamine analog (Ecstasy); (5) S100 protein; (6) Ammonia; (7) Iron ions; (8) Resins, e.g. methylmethycrylate. Pancreatic beta cell can be destroyed by (1) free radicals (H(2)O(2), O(2)(-)(,) HO(-)) and nitric oxide; (2) Cytokines (tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-1 beta, interferon-gamma); (3) alkylating agents (streptozotocin, alloxan, N-methyl-nitrosourea N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, Methylmethanesulphonate and ethylmethanesulphonate); (4) hyperglycaemia; (5) islet amyloid poplypeptide; and (6) Inositol Monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors. There is enough evidence that most of these agents involved in neural and pancreatic beta cell death exert their toxic effects through the nitric oxide pathway. Neuroprotective agents include vitamin B12 analogs and alpha-tocopherol, NOS inhibitors, antioxidants (e.g. glutathione, superoxide dismutase), metals like cobalt, neurotrophic receptors (Akt kinase) and growth factors. The pancreatic beta cell death induced by these toxic agents can be prevented and or delayed by nicotinamide (vitamin B3), heat shock, copper, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), succinic acid, dihydroxylipoic acid, fusidic acid, glucocorticoids, cyclosporin A, growth factors and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adeghate
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Ketchum RJ, Deng S, Weber M, Jahr H, Brayman KL. Reduced NO production improves early canine islet xenograft function: a role for nitric oxide in islet xenograft primary nonfunction. Cell Transplant 2000; 9:453-62. [PMID: 11038062 DOI: 10.1177/096368970000900402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated canine islets transplanted to hyperglycemic rats fail to restore euglycemia in almost all cases, although the grafted islet tissue appears to be morphologically intact for up to 48 h following transplantation. Cytokines typically produced in the xenograft environment (e.g., IL-1 and TNF) inhibit insulin biosynthesis and secretion from isolated pancreatic islets, and are associated with the production of nitric oxide (NO). To further define the relationship between NO production and islet xenotransplantation, the inhibition of NO in a splenocyte/islet coculture system, and the in vivo effect of this inhibition on canine islet xenotransplantation, was investigated. Splenocytes (SPLC) from Lewis rats were cocultured with canine islets (freshly isolated or cultured 7 days), supernatant removed, and NO concentration (NO2) determined by optical density (Griess reaction, 550 nm, expressed as nmol nitrite/10(6) cells/18 h). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a positive control of SPLC production of NO. Stimulation by LPS resulted in maximal NO production (2.20 +/- 0.16 nmol/10(6) cells/18 h, p < 0.001 compared to baseline values of 0.73 +/- 0.04 nmol/10(6) cells/18 h). In the presence of NO inhibitors (NMA, polymyxin B, hydrocortisone, aminoguanidine, DMSO), nitrite levels did not significantly rise above unstimulated values. Freshly isolated canine islets did stimulate NO production (1.26 +/- 0.12 nmol/10(6) cells/18 h, p < 0.001). In contrast, cultured canine islets did not stimulate NO production (0.84 +/- 0.09 nmol/10(6) cells/18 h). Transplantation of freshly isolated canine islets to STZ-diabetic recipient Lewis rats resulted in amelioration of hyperglycemia in only 50% (n = 6) of recipients 12 h posttransplant, with a return to hyperglycemia at all subsequent time points. Transplantation of 7-day cultured canine islets resulted in amelioration of hyperglycemia in 88% of recipients 12 h posttransplant and 63% of recipients 24 h posttransplant [p = 0.028, mean survival time (MST) = 1.0 days, n = 8]. Transplantation of canine islet xenografts with aminoguanidine therapy (BID, n = 11) resulted in amelioration of hyperglycemia in 100% of recipients at 12 h posttransplant, decreasing to 82% by 24 h following transplantation (p = 0.002, MST = 0.9 days). These results demonstrate that freshly isolated canine islets are potent stimulators of NO production by rat SPLC in vitro, and that culture of canine islets, or addition of NO inhibitors, abrogates stimulated NO production. These results also demonstrate a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.001) in early function of canine islet xenografts following 7 days of islet culture prior to transplant, and following recipient treatment with aminoguanidine. These studies suggest that the production of NO in the microenvironment of the graft site may adversely affect engraftment and function of canine islets, and suggest that the abrogation of islet-stimulated NO production may improve engraftment following islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Ketchum
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tulsa 74107-1898, USA.
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McCarty MF, Russell AL. Niacinamide therapy for osteoarthritis--does it inhibit nitric oxide synthase induction by interleukin 1 in chondrocytes? Med Hypotheses 1999; 53:350-60. [PMID: 10608273 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1998.0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Kaufman reported that high-dose niacinamide was beneficial in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis. A recent double-blind study confirms the efficacy of niacinamide in OA. It may be feasible to interpret this finding in the context of evidence that synovium-generated interleukin-1 (IL-1), by inducing nitric oxide (NO) synthase and thereby inhibiting chondrocyte synthesis of aggrecan and type II collagen, is crucial to the pathogenesis of OA. Niacinamide and other inhibitors of ADP-ribosylation have been shown to suppress cytokine-mediated induction of NO synthase in a number of types of cells; it is therefore reasonable to speculate that niacinamide will have a comparable effect in IL-1-exposed chondrocytes, blunting the anti-anabolic impact of IL-1. The chondroprotective antibiotic doxycycline may have a similar mechanism of action. Other nutrients reported to be useful in OA may likewise intervene in the activity or synthesis of IL-1. Supplemental glucosamine can be expected to stimulate synovial synthesis of hyaluronic acid; hyaluronic acid suppresses the anti-catabolic effect of IL-1 in chondrocyte cell cultures, and has documented therapeutic efficacy when injected intra-articularly. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), another proven therapy for OA, upregulates the proteoglycan synthesis of chondrocytes, perhaps because it functions physiologically as a signal of sulfur availability. IL-1 is likely to decrease SAM levels in chondrocytes; supplemental SAM may compensate for this deficit. Adequate selenium nutrition may down-regulate cytokine signaling, and ample intakes of fish oil can be expected to decrease synovial IL-1 production; these nutrients should receive further evaluation in OA. These considerations suggest that non-toxic nutritional regimens, by intervening at multiple points in the signal transduction pathways that promote the synthesis and mediate the activity of IL-1, may provide a substantially superior alternative to NSAIDs (merely palliative and often dangerously toxic) in the treatment and perhaps prevention of OA.
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Hadjivassiliou V, Green MH, James RF, Swift SM, Clayton HA, Green IC. Insulin secretion, DNA damage, and apoptosis in human and rat islets of Langerhans following exposure to nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and cytokines. Nitric Oxide 1999; 2:429-41. [PMID: 10342486 DOI: 10.1006/niox.1998.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced damage may contribute to destruction of insulin-secreting beta-cells in islets of Langerhans during autoimmune diabetes. There is considerable controversy (i) whether human and rat islets respond differently to cytokines, (ii) the extent to which cytokine damage is mediated by induction of nitric oxide formation, and (iii) whether the effects of nitric oxide on islets can be distinguished from those of reactive oxygen species or peroxynitrite. We have analyzed rat and human islet responses in parallel, 48 h after exposure to the nitric oxide donor S-nitrosoglutathione, the mixed donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine, hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase, peroxynitrite, and combined cytokines (interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma). Insulin secretory response to glucose, insulin content, DNA strand breakage, and early-to-late stage apoptosis were recorded in each experiment. Rat islet insulin secretion was reduced by S-nitrosoglutathione or combined cytokines, but unexpectedly increased by peroxynitrite or hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase. Effects on human islet insulin secretion were small; cytokines and S-nitrosoglutathione decreased insulin content. Both rat and human islets showed significant and similar levels of DNA damage following all treatments. Apoptosis in neonatal rat islets was increased by every treatment, but was at a low rate in adult rat or human islets and only achieved significance with cytokine treatment of human islets. All cytokine responses were blocked by an arginine analogue. We conclude: (i) Reactive oxygen species increased and nitric oxide decreased insulin secretory responsiveness in rat islets. (ii) Species differences lie mainly in responses to cytokines, applied at a lower dose and shorter time than in most studies of human islets. (iii) Cytokine effects were nitric oxide driven; neither reactive oxygen species nor peroxynitrite reproduced cytokine effects. (iv) Rat and human islets showed equal susceptibility to DNA damage. (v) Apoptosis was not the preferred death pathway in adult islets. (vi) We have found no evidence of human donor variation in the pattern of response to these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hadjivassiliou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
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Strandell E, Kaas A, Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Bock T, Buschard K, Bendtzen K. Cytokine production in NOD mice on prophylactic insulin therapy. APMIS 1999; 107:413-9. [PMID: 10230696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether cytokines produced primarily by monocytes/macrophages (IL-1alpha), Th1-lymphocytes (IFNgamma), or Th2-lymphocytes (IL-4) are modulated in diabetes-prone NOD mice by insulin treatment as used in prophylaxis studies. The cytokines were measured by ELISA in plasma and in supernatants of spleen cells activated ex vivo by lipopolysaccharide plus phytohemagglutinin. Insulin, 0.25-0.50 IU/day, was given subcutaneously for 8 weeks starting in 4-week-old female mice. The insulin-treated and control NOD mice showed similar weight gains and, by the end of the study, both groups exhibited cell infiltration in about 25% of their islets. IL-1alpha, IFNgamma and IL-4 were generally below detection in plasma of prediabetic animals and controls. Diabetic NOD mice, aged 28-45 weeks, had significantly elevated plasma IL-1alpha: 154+/-39 pg/ml (mean+/-SEM, p<0.0001). While ex vivo activated NOD splenocytes released similar amounts of IL-1alpha, insulin therapy increased the levels from 99+/-17 to 155+/-19 pg/10(6) cells (p<0.05). Supernatants of activated splenocytes from prediabetic NOD mice had lower levels of IL-4 (<15 pg/10(6) cells) compared with those from BALB/c mice (88+/-22 pg/10(6) cells; p<0.01), and this deficiency was partially compensated for when the NOD mice were given insulin (27+/-8; p<0.01). The levels of IFNgamma were comparable and largely unaffected by insulin treatment. Hence, insulin therapy appears to partially normalize an otherwise deficient Th2 response in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Strandell
- Institute for Inflammation Research, RHIMA Center, H:S Rigshospitalet National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Beales PE, Burr LA, Webb GP, Mansfield KJ, Pozzilli P. Diet can influence the ability of nicotinamide to prevent diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse: a preliminary study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999; 15:21-8. [PMID: 10398543 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-7560(199901/02)15:1<21::aid-dmrr16>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a widely used model of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM), which displays many of the characteristics of the disease found in humans. Nicotinamide (NA) is currently being tested in large-scale, multi-centre human trials for the prevention of Type 1 DM in subjects considered 'at risk' of developing the disease. Human trial populations will certainly differ in their dietary patterns and alterations were made to the diet given to NOD mice to determine if this could alter the effect of NA administration on Type 1 DM incidence. METHODS The effect of NA in the diet was examined, both with and without carbohydrate in the form of a sucrose supplement, on diabetes incidence and insulitis levels in the NOD mouse. The effects of NA and sucrose were each tested alone as well as in combination. RESULTS Diabetes was unaltered using a low dose NA-supplemented diet (625 mg/kg diet). Diabetes incidence was also unaltered using unmodified diet together with drinking water supplemented with either 5% or 10% w/v sucrose or plain water for controls. However, with mice given NA-supplemented diet (625 mg/kg diet) together with sucrose-supplemented or plain water as previously, diabetes was reduced in the NA+10% sucrose group (p<0.001). Finally, a higher dose of NA was given in supplemented diet (1000 mg/kg). Again, neither sucrose nor NA alone altered the incidence of diabetes, but NA treatment combined with a 10% w/v sucrose-supplemented drinking water reduced diabetes incidence (p<0.001). No mice showed alterations in insulitis, blood-glucose or insulin levels with respect to controls. CONCLUSION Altering dietary patterns using sucrose can affect the ability of NA to prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse. This finding may be relevant for human studies with NA aimed at preventing Type 1 DM and suggests that diet may need to be monitored or even controlled in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Beales
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
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Scarim AL, Heitmeier MR, Corbett JA. Irreversible inhibition of metabolic function and islet destruction after a 36-hour exposure to interleukin-1beta. Endocrinology 1997; 138:5301-7. [PMID: 9389514 DOI: 10.1210/endo.138.12.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the duration of exposure of islets to interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) that results in irreversible damage. Treatment of rat islets for 18 h with IL-1beta results in an inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, mitochondrial aconitase activity, and total protein synthesis. The addition of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA) or aminoguanidine to islets preincubated for 18 h with IL-1beta, followed by continued culture for 8 h (with both NMMA and IL-1beta), results in the recovery of islet secretory function, aconitase activity, and protein synthesis. However, islet metabolic function is irreversibly inhibited after a 36-h incubation with IL-1beta, as an additional 8-h incubation with NMMA or aminoguanidine does not stimulate the recovery of insulin secretion, aconitase activity, or protein synthesis. The irreversible inhibition of metabolic function correlates with the commitment of islets to destruction. Treatment of islets for 96 h with IL-1beta results in islet degeneration. NMMA, added to islets 24 h after the addition of IL-1beta, followed by continued culture for 72 h (with NMMA and IL-1beta), prevents islet degeneration. However, NMMA added to islets 36 h or 48 h after the addition of IL-1beta, followed by continued culture for a total of 96 h, does not prevent islet degeneration. New messenger RNA expression appears to be required for islet recovery from IL-1beta-induced damage as actinomycin D prevents the recovery of islet aconitase activity. Lastly, treatment of human islets with a combination of IL-1beta and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) results in a potent inhibition of mitochondrial aconitase activity. NMMA, when cocultured with IL-1beta + IFNgamma, completely prevents cytokine-induced inhibition of human islet aconitase activity. NMMA, when added to human islets pretreated for 18 h with IL-1beta + IFNgamma, stimulates the recovery of mitochondrial aconitase activity after an additional 8 h incubation. These findings indicate that nitric oxide-induced islet damage is reversible; however, prolonged production of nitric oxide (after a 36-h exposure to IL-1beta) results in the irreversible inhibition of islet metabolic and secretory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Scarim
- The Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104, USA
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Delaney CA, Pavlovic D, Hoorens A, Pipeleers DG, Eizirik DL. Cytokines induce deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks and apoptosis in human pancreatic islet cells. Endocrinology 1997; 138:2610-4. [PMID: 9165055 DOI: 10.1210/endo.138.6.5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously observed that a 6-day exposure of human pancreatic islets to a combination of cytokines (interleukin-1beta 50 U/ml + tumour necrosis factor-alpha 1000 U/ml + interferon-gamma 1000 U/ml) severely impairs beta-cell functions. In the present study, we examined whether this condition affects DNA integrity and viability of human islet cells. Cells were studied after 3, 6, and 9 days of cytokine treatment by both single cell gel electrophoresis (the "comet assay," a sensitive method for detection of DNA strand breaks) and by a cytotoxicity assay using the DNA binding dyes Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide as indices for the number of viable, necrotic, and apoptotic cells. Cytokine treatment for 6 and 9 days resulted in a 50% increase in comet length (P < 0.01 vs. controls), indicating DNA strand breaks, as well as in a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0.02 vs. controls), but not in the number of necrotic cells. The arginine analogs N(G)-nitro-L-arginine and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine prevented nitric oxide formation by the cytokines but did not interfere with cytokine-induced DNA strand breaks and apoptosis. The present data suggest that prolonged (6-9 days) exposure of human pancreatic islets to a mixture of cytokines induces DNA strand breaks and cell death by apoptosis. These deleterious effects of cytokines appear to be independent of nitric oxide generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Delaney
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Delaney CA, Green IC, Lowe JE, Cunningham JM, Butler AR, Renton L, D'Costa I, Green MH. Use of the comet assay to investigate possible interactions of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the induction of DNA damage and inhibition of function in an insulin-secreting cell line. Mutat Res 1997; 375:137-46. [PMID: 9202724 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(97)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously used the comet assay to demonstrate that the nitric oxide donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) produces DNA damage in rat islets of Langerhans and in the SV40-transformed insulin-secreting hamster cell line, HIT-T15. Damage is not prevented by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD). In the present study, we have compared SIN-1, which generates nitric oxide, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, with two other nitric oxide donors, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and the tetra-iron-sulphur cluster nitrosyl, Roussin's black salt (RBS). We have used the comet assay as a highly sensitive method to measure DNA-damaging ability, and also measured inhibition of DNA synthesis and inhibition of insulin secretion. We have examined the effect of SOD and catalase on each of these endpoints in HIT-T15 cells following a 30-min exposure to the compounds (24 h for DNA synthesis). All compounds produced a significant dose-dependent increase in strand-breakage formation and all inhibited DNA synthesis and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. RBS was the most potent. SOD did not reduce the responses observed with any of the compounds. Catalase largely prevented DNA strand breakage, inhibition of DNA synthesis and inhibition of insulin secretion by SIN-1, but had no effect on responses to GSNO or RBS. Addition of SOD together with catalase gave no greater protection against SIN-1 than catalase alone. The nitric oxide and superoxide anion produced by SIN-1 are though to combine to form highly reactive peroxynitrite. In addition, H2O2 may be formed in the presence of SIN-1 and may form hydroxyl radical in the presence of a transition metal, such as Fe2+. It appears that in insulin-secreting cells, the effects of SIN-1 are largely mediated by this latter mechanism. In contrast, GSNO and RBS appear to act by a different mechanism, not overtly involving reactive oxygen species. GSNO and H2O2 show no significant interaction in the induction of DNA strand breaks. Both nitric oxide and H2O2 are effective, directly or indirectly, as DNA strand-breaking agents, inhibitors of DNA synthesis and inhibitors of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Delaney
- Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Eizirik DL, Flodström M, Karlsen AE, Welsh N. The harmony of the spheres: inducible nitric oxide synthase and related genes in pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 1996; 39:875-90. [PMID: 8858209 DOI: 10.1007/bf00403906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The radical nitric oxide (NO) is a possible mediator of pancreatic beta-cell damage in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). NO is produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), in a reaction where arginine is the main substrate. There are different isoforms of NOS, but in the context of immune mediated beta-cell damage the inducible form of NOS (iNOS) is the most relevant. The beta-cell iNOS is similar and encoded by the same gene on chromosome 17 as the iNOS expressed in macrophages and other nucleated cells. iNOS activation depends on gene transcription and de novo enzyme synthesis, and NO seems to induce a negative feedback on iNOS expression. While iNOS mRNA is induced by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) alone in rodent insulin-producing cells, a combination of two (IL-1 beta + interferon gamma) (IFN-gamma) or three (IL-1 beta + IFN gamma + tumour necrosis factor alpha) cytokines is required for iNOS activation in human pancreatic islets. The promoter region of the murine iNOS gene has at least 25 binding sites for different transcription factors, and the nuclear transcription factor kappa B is necessary for cytokine-induced iNOS transcription in both rodent and human pancreatic islets. The nature of other transcription factors relevant for iNOS regulation in these cells remains to be determined. Induction of iNOS is paralleled by induction of several other cytokine-dependent genes in beta cells, including argininosuccinate synthetase, cyclooxygenase and manganese superoxide dismutase. Some of these genes may contribute to beta-cell damage, while others are probably involved in beta-cell defence and/or repair. Regulation of iNOS and other related genes in beta cells is complex, and differs in several aspects from that observed in macrophages. There are also important differences in iNOS regulation between rodent and human pancreatic islets. A detailed knowledge of the molecular regulation of these genes in beta cells may be instrumental in the development of new approaches to prevent beta-cell destruction in early IDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Eizirik
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Szabó C, Zingarelli B, Salzman AL. Role of poly-ADP ribosyltransferase activation in the vascular contractile and energetic failure elicited by exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Circ Res 1996; 78:1051-63. [PMID: 8635236 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.78.6.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of vascular smooth muscle with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and proinflammatory cytokines induces the expression of a distinct isoform of NO synthase (inducible NOS [iNOS]) contributing to the suppression of vascular contractility. We have obtained evidence of the involvement of an indirect pathway triggered by NO and its reaction product peroxynitrite (ONOO-) through the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly-ADP ribosyltransferase (PARS) in the pathogenesis of cellular energetic and contractile failure in vascular smooth muscle. Exposure of vascular smooth muscle cells caused DNA strand breaks, activation of PARS, depletion of NAD+, and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. The NAD+ depletion and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration were reduced by pharmacological inhibition of PARS. Stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cells with LPS and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) triggered the production of superoxide anion over 3 to 48 hours and NO and ONOO- over 24 to 48 hours and resulted in significant DNA strand breakage. The decrease in mitochondrial respiration in response to LPS and IFN-gamma stimulation was inhibited by the ONOO- scavenger uric acid (100 mumol/L) and by inhibitors of iNOS. The PARS inhibitors 3-aminobenzamide (1 mmol/L), nicotinamide (1 mmol/L), and PD 128763 (100 mumol/L) inhibited the reduction in cellular NAD+ and ATP and the suppression of mitochondrial respiration in response to LPS and IFN-gamma stimulation. Administration of 3-aminobenzamide also reduced PARS activation and vascular hyporeactivity of rat thoracic aortas exposed to ONOO- (300 mumol/L to 1.5 mmol/L) in vitro. 3-Aminobenzamide (10 mg/kg IP) preserved the ex vivo contractility of aortas obtained from endotoxic rats and improved survival in lethal murine endotoxic shock. These data suggest that PARS activation due to iNOS induction (1) is involved in the energetic depletion of vascular smooth muscle cells that express iNOS and (2) contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular energetic and contractile failure in endotoxic shock. Inhibition of PARS may be a novel concept of therapeutic potential in shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Szabó
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Critical Care, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Eizirik DL, Delaney CA, Green MH, Cunningham JM, Thorpe JR, Pipeleers DG, Hellerström C, Green IC. Nitric oxide donors decrease the function and survival of human pancreatic islets. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1996; 118:71-83. [PMID: 8735593 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(96)03768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed as a possible mediator of beta-cell damage in human IDDM. This hypothesis is based on in vitro studies with rodent pancreatic islets. In the present study we examined whether human beta-cells are affected by NO. In view of species differences in beta-cell sensitivity to damaging agents, rat islets were investigated in parallel. Isolated islets were exposed for 90 min to different concentrations of three chemically unrelated NO donors, SIN-1, GSNO or RBS. At the end of this incubation, human insulin release was mostly similar in control and NO-treated islets but, 48 h later, islet retrieval, islet DNA and insulin content, and glucose-induced insulin release were markedly lower in islets exposed to NO donors. Rat islets were already inhibited during the initial 90 min; 48 h later their loss in beta-cell function was similar to that in human islets. Nicotinamide or succinic acid monomethyl ester partially protected against SIN-1 induced islet cell loss, but not against the functional inhibition of human pancreatic islets. Exposure of human or rat islets to RBS was associated with significant DNA strand breakage, as judged by the comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis) and by ultrastructural signs of cell damage. DNA damage was more severe in rat islet cells exposed to similar amounts of RBS. It is concluded that NO donors can damage human pancreatic islets, an effect paralleled by induction of nuclear DNA strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Eizirik
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Welsh N, Margulis B, Borg LAH, Wiklund HJ, Saldeen J, Flodström M, Mello MA, Andersson A, Pipeleers DG, Hellerström C, Eizirik DL. Differences in the Expression of Heat-Shock Proteins and Antioxidant Enzymes between Human and Rodent Pancreatic Islets: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Mol Med 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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