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Navabi SP, Badreh F, Khombi Shooshtari M, Hajipour S, Moradi Vastegani S, Khoshnam SE. Microglia-induced neuroinflammation in hippocampal neurogenesis following traumatic brain injury. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35869. [PMID: 39220913 PMCID: PMC11365414 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most causes of death and disability among people, leading to a wide range of neurological deficits. The important process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which includes the production, maturation and integration of new neurons, is affected by TBI due to microglia activation and the inflammatory response. During brain development, microglia are involved in forming or removing synapses, regulating the number of neurons, and repairing damage. However, in response to injury, activated microglia release a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other neurotoxic mediators that exacerbate post-TBI injury. These microglia-related changes can negatively affect hippocampal neurogenesis and disrupt learning and memory processes. To date, the intracellular signaling pathways that trigger microglia activation following TBI, as well as the effects of microglia on hippocampal neurogenesis, are poorly understood. In this review article, we discuss the effects of microglia-induced neuroinflammation on hippocampal neurogenesis following TBI, as well as the intracellular signaling pathways of microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Parisa Navabi
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Khombi Shooshtari
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hajipour
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sadegh Moradi Vastegani
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Nigam M, Devi K, Coutinho HDM, Mishra AP. Exploration of gut microbiome and inflammation: A review on key signalling pathways. Cell Signal 2024; 118:111140. [PMID: 38492625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome, a crucial component of the human system, is a diverse collection of microbes that belong to the gut of human beings as well as other animals. These microbial communities continue to coexist harmoniously with their host organisms and perform various functions that affect the host's general health. Each person's gut microbiota has a unique makeup. The gut microbiota is well acknowledged to have a part in the local as well as systemic inflammation that underlies a number of inflammatory disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease).The gut microbiota's metabolic products, such as short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, and acetate) inhibit inflammation by preventing immune system cells like macrophages and neutrophils from producing pro-inflammatory factors, which are triggered by the structural elements of bacteria (like lipopolysaccharide). The review's primary goal is to provide comprehensive and compiled data regarding the contribution of gut microbiota to inflammation and the associated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kanchan Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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Wixler V, Boergeling Y, Leite Dantas R, Varga G, Ludwig S. Conversion of dendritic cells into tolerogenic or inflammatory cells depends on the activation threshold and kinetics of the mTOR signaling pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:281. [PMID: 38773618 PMCID: PMC11106905 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restoring impaired peripheral immune tolerance is the primary challenge in treating autoimmune diseases. Our previous research demonstrated the effectiveness of small spleen peptides (SSPs), a fraction of low molecular weight proteins, in inhibiting the progression of psoriatic arthritis, even in the presence of high levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα in the bloodstream. When specifically targeting dendritic cells (DCs), SSPs transform them into tolerogenic cells, which efficiently induce the development of regulatory Foxp3+ Treg cells. In this study, we provide further insights into the mechanism of action of SSPs. RESULTS We found that SSPs stimulate the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in dendritic cells, albeit in a different manner than the classical immunogenic stimulus LPS. While LPS-induced activation is rapid, strong, and sustained, the activity induced by SSPs is delayed, less intense, yet still significant. These distinct patterns of activation, as measured by phosphorylation of key components of the pathway are also observed in response to other immunogenic and tolerogenic stimuli such as GM-CSF + IL-4 or IL-10 and TGFβ. The disparity in mTOR activation between immunogenic and tolerogenic stimuli is quantitative rather than qualitative. In both cases, mTOR activation primarily occurs through the PI3K/Akt signaling axis and involves ERK and GSK3β kinases, with minimal involvement of AMPK or NF-kB pathways. Furthermore, in the case of SSPs, mTOR activation seems to involve adenosine receptors. Additionally, we observed that DCs treated with SSPs exhibit an energy metabolism with high plasticity, which is typical of tolerogenic cells rather than immunogenic cells. CONCLUSION Hence, the decision whether dendritic cells enter an inflammatory or tolerogenic state seems to rely on varying activation thresholds and kinetics of the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Wixler
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms- University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms- University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Rafael Leite Dantas
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms- University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Mental Health, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Varga
- Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms- University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Muenster, Germany
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4
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Maurya S, Lin M, Karnam S, Singh T, Kumar M, Ward E, Flanagan JG, Gronert K. Regulation of Diseases-Associated Microglia in the Optic Nerve by Lipoxin B 4 and Ocular Hypertension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585452. [PMID: 38562864 PMCID: PMC10983965 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background The resident astrocyte-retinal ganglion cell (RGC) lipoxin circuit is impaired during retinal stress, which includes ocular hypertension-induced neuropathy. Lipoxin B4 produced by homeostatic astrocytes directly acts on RGCs to increase survival and function in ocular hypertension-induced neuropathy. RGC death in the retina and axonal degeneration in the optic nerve are driven by the complex interactions between microglia and macroglia. Whether LXB4 neuroprotective actions include regulation of other cell types in the retina and/or optic nerve is an important knowledge gap. Methods Cellular targets and signaling of LXB4 in the retina were defined by single-cell RNA sequencing. Retinal neurodegeneration was induced by injecting silicone oil into the anterior chamber of the mouse eyes, which induced sustained and stable ocular hypertension. Morphological characterization of microglia populations in the retina and optic nerve was established by MorphOMICs and pseudotime trajectory analyses. The pathways and mechanisms of action of LXB4 in the optic nerve were investigated using bulk RNA sequencing. Transcriptomics data was validated by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Differences between experimental groups was assessed by Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results Single-cell transcriptomics identified microglia as a primary target for LXB4 in the healthy retina. LXB4 downregulated genes that drive microglia environmental sensing and reactivity responses. Analysis of microglial function revealed that ocular hypertension induced distinct, temporally defined, and dynamic phenotypes in the retina and, unexpectedly, in the distal myelinated optic nerve. Microglial expression of CD74, a marker of disease-associated microglia in the brain, was only induced in a unique population of optic nerve microglia, but not in the retina. Genetic deletion of lipoxin formation correlated with the presence of a CD74 optic nerve microglia population in normotensive eyes, while LXB4 treatment during ocular hypertension shifted optic nerve microglia toward a homeostatic morphology and non-reactive state and downregulated the expression of CD74. Furthermore, we identified a correlation between CD74 and phospho-phosphoinositide 3-kinases (p-PI3K) expression levels in the optic nerve, which was reduced by LXB4 treatment. Conclusion We identified early and dynamic changes in the microglia functional phenotype, reactivity, and induction of a unique CD74 microglia population in the distal optic nerve as key features of ocular hypertension-induced neurodegeneration. Our findings establish microglia regulation as a novel LXB4 target in the retina and optic nerve. LXB4 maintenance of a homeostatic optic nerve microglia phenotype and inhibition of a disease-associated phenotype are potential neuroprotective mechanisms for the resident LXB4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Maurya
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Maggie Lin
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Shruthi Karnam
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Tanirika Singh
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Matangi Kumar
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Emily Ward
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John G Flanagan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, CA, United States
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Yeh TY, Chu WJ, Huang YS. GM1 ganglioside protects against LPS-induced neuroinflammatory and oxidative responses by inhibiting the activation of Akt, TAK1 and NADPH oxidase in MG6 microglial cells. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad087. [PMID: 37935390 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
GM1 is a major brain ganglioside that exerts neurotrophic, neuroprotective and antineuroinflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to obtain insights into the antineuroinflammatory mechanisms of exogenous GM1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MG6 mouse transformed microglial cell line. First, we found that GM1 prevented the LPS-induced transformation of microglia into an amoeboid-like shape. GM1 treatment inhibited LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in MG6 cells. In LPS-treated mice, GM1 also reduced striatal microglia activation and attenuated COX-2 expression. Subsequent mechanistic studies showed that GM1 suppressed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), two critical transcription factors responsible for the production of proinflammatory mediators. GM1 exhibited antineuroinflammatory properties by suppressing Akt/NF-κB signaling and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Furthermore, GM1 suppressed LPS-induced activation of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), upstream regulators of the IκBα/NF-κB and MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathways. GM1 also inhibited NOX-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and protected against LPS-induced MG6 cell death, suggesting an antioxidant role of GM1. In conclusion, GM1 exerts both antineuroinflammatory and antioxidative effects by inhibiting Akt, TAK1 and NOX2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yin Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Chu
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yuahn-Sieh Huang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
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Scordino M, Urone G, Frinchi M, Valenza C, Bonura A, Cipollina C, Ciriminna R, Meneguzzo F, Pagliaro M, Mudò G, Di Liberto V. Anti-Apoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Grapefruit IntegroPectin on Human Microglial HMC3 Cell Line. Cells 2024; 13:355. [PMID: 38391968 PMCID: PMC10886616 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of grapefruit IntegroPectin, derived from industrial waste grapefruit peels via hydrodynamic cavitation, on microglia cells exposed to oxidative stress conditions. Grapefruit IntegroPectin fully counteracted cell death and the apoptotic process induced by cell exposure to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH), a powerful hydroperoxide. The protective effects of the grapefruit IntegroPectin were accompanied with a decrease in the amount of ROS, and were strictly dependent on the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt cascade. Finally, IntegroPectin treatment inhibited the neuroinflammatory response and the basal microglia activation by down-regulating the PI3K- nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB)- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) cascade. These data strongly support further investigations aimed at exploring IntegroPectin's therapeutic role in in vivo models of neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by a combination of chronic neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana Scordino
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.U.); (M.F.); (C.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Giulia Urone
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.U.); (M.F.); (C.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.U.); (M.F.); (C.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Chiara Valenza
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.U.); (M.F.); (C.V.); (G.M.)
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, CNR, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Angela Bonura
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, CNR, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | | | - Rosaria Ciriminna
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (R.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Francesco Meneguzzo
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Mario Pagliaro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (R.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.U.); (M.F.); (C.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.U.); (M.F.); (C.V.); (G.M.)
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Widjaya MA, Lee SD, Cheng WC, Wu BT. Effects of Exercise Training on Immune-Related Genes and Pathways in the Cortex of Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1219-1234. [PMID: 38578886 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects the immune system due to the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau associated molecular pathology and other pathogenic processes. To address AD pathogenesis, various approaches had been conducted from drug development to lifestyle modification to reduce the prevalence of AD. Exercise is considered a prominent lifestyle modification to combat AD. Objective This observation prompted us to review the literature on exercise related to immune genes in the cortex of animal models of AD. We focused on animal model studies due to their prevalence in this domain. Methods The systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA standards using Web of Science (WoS) and PubMed databases. Any kind of genes, proteins, and molecular molecules were included in this systematic review. The list of these immune-related molecules was analyzed in the STRING database for functional enrichment analysis. Results We found that 17 research studies discussed immune-related molecules and 30 immune proteins. These studies showed that exercise had the ability to ameliorate dysfunction in AD-related pathways, which led to decreasing the expression of microglia-related pathways and Th17-related immune pathways. As a result of decreasing the expression of immune-related pathways, the expression of apoptosis-related pathways was also decreasing, and neuronal survival was increased by exercise activity. Conclusions Based on functional enrichment analysis, exercise not only could reduce apoptotic factors and immune components but also could increase cell survival and Aβ clearance in cortex samples. PROSPERO ID: CRD42022326093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Anekson Widjaya
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, PhD program in Healthcare Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Tsang Wu
- Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lin SP, Zhu L, Shi H, Ye S, Li Q, Yin X, Xie Q, Xu Q, Wei JX, Mei F, Zhu Y, Lin PY, Chen XH. Puerarin prevents sepsis-associated encephalopathy by regulating the AKT1 pathway in microglia. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 121:155119. [PMID: 37801894 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that puerarin possesses cardioprotective, vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and hypoglycemic properties. However, the impact of puerarin on sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) remains unexplored. In this study, we explored whether puerarin can modulate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation for the treatment of SAE and delved into the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We established a murine model of SAE through intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The puerarin treatment group received pretreatment with puerarin. For in vitro experiments, BV2 cells were pre-incubated with puerarin for 2 h before LPS exposure. We employed network pharmacology, the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test, immunofluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to elucidate the molecular mechanism of underlying puerarin's effects in SAE treatment. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that puerarin significantly reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in the peripheral blood of LPS-treated mice. Moreover, puerarin treatment markedly ameliorated sepsis-associated cognitive impairment. Puerarin also exhibited inhibitory effects on the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from microglia, thereby preventing hippocampal neuronal cell death. Network pharmacology analysis identified AKT1 as a potential therapeutic target for puerarin in SAE treatment. Subsequently, we validated these results in both in vitro and in vitro experiments. Our study conclusively demonstrated that puerarin reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of AKT1, with the AKT activator SC79 reversing puerarin's anti-inflammatory effects through the activation of the AKT1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Puerarin exerts an anti-neuroinflammatory effect against SAE by modulating the AKT1 pathway in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Peng Lin
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lidong Zhu
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongjian Shi
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shan Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Yin
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiangda Xie
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qizhong Xu
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jue-Xian Wei
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fen Mei
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongcheng Zhu
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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9
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Ciapała K, Mika J. Advances in Neuropathic Pain Research: Selected Intracellular Factors as Potential Targets for Multidirectional Analgesics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1624. [PMID: 38004489 PMCID: PMC10675751 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a complex and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Unlike acute pain, which is short-term and starts suddenly in response to an injury, neuropathic pain arises from somatosensory nervous system damage or disease, is usually chronic, and makes every day functioning difficult, substantially reducing quality of life. The main reason for the lack of effective pharmacotherapies for neuropathic pain is its diverse etiology and the complex, still poorly understood, pathophysiological mechanism of its progression. Numerous experimental studies, including ours, conducted over the last several decades have shown that the development of neuropathic pain is based on disturbances in cell activity, imbalances in the production of pronociceptive factors, and changes in signaling pathways such as p38MAPK, ERK, JNK, NF-κB, PI3K, and NRF2, which could become important targets for pharmacotherapy in the future. Despite the availability of many different analgesics, relieving neuropathic pain is still extremely difficult and requires a multidirectional, individual approach. We would like to point out that an increasing amount of data indicates that nonselective compounds directed at more than one molecular target exert promising analgesic effects. In our review, we characterize four substances (minocycline, astaxanthin, fisetin, and peimine) with analgesic properties that result from a wide spectrum of actions, including the modulation of MAPKs and other factors. We would like to draw attention to these selected substances since, in preclinical studies, they show suitable analgesic properties in models of neuropathy of various etiologies, and, importantly, some are already used as dietary supplements; for example, astaxanthin and fisetin protect against oxidative stress and have anti-inflammatory properties. It is worth emphasizing that the results of behavioral tests also indicate their usefulness when combined with opioids, the effectiveness of which decreases when neuropathy develops. Moreover, these substances appear to have additional, beneficial properties for the treatment of diseases that frequently co-occur with neuropathic pain. Therefore, these substances provide hope for the development of modern pharmacological tools to not only treat symptoms but also restore the proper functioning of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
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10
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Gong Q, Li W, Ali T, Hu Y, Mou S, Liu Z, Zheng C, Gao R, Li A, Li T, Li N, Yu Z, Li S. eIF4E phosphorylation mediated LPS induced depressive-like behaviors via ameliorated neuroinflammation and dendritic loss. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:352. [PMID: 37978167 PMCID: PMC10656522 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The translational defect has emerged as a common feature of neurological disorders. Studies have suggested that alterations between opposing and balanced synaptic protein synthesis and turnover processes could lead to synaptic abnormalities, followed by depressive symptoms. Further studies link this phenomenon with eIF4E and TrkB/BDNF signaling. However, the interplay between the eIF4E and TrkB/BDNF signaling in the presence of neuroinflammation is yet to be explored. To illuminate the role of eIF4E activities within LPS-induced neuroinflammation and depression symptomology, we applied animal behavioral, biochemical, and pharmacological approaches. In addition, we sought to determine whether eIF4E dysregulated activities correlate with synaptic protein loss via the TrkB/BDNF pathway. Our results showed that LPS administration induced depressive-like behaviors, accompanied by neuroinflammation, reduced spine numbers, and synaptic protein dysregulation. Concurrently, LPS treatment enhanced eIF4E phosphorylation and TrkB/BDNF signaling defects. However, eFT508 treatment rescued the LPS-elicited neuroinflammation and depressive behaviors, as well as altered eIF4E phosphorylation, synaptic protein expression, and TrkB/BDNF signaling. The causal relation of eIF4E with BDNF signaling was further explored with TrkB antagonist K252a, which could reverse the effects of eFT508, validating the interplay between the eIF4E and TrkB/BDNF signaling in regulating depressive behaviors associated with neuroinflammation via synaptic protein translational regulation. In conclusion, our results support the involvement of eIF4E-associated translational dysregulation in synaptic protein loss via TrkB/BDNF signaling, eventually leading to depressiven-like behaviors upon inflammation-linked stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Weifen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center. No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, 518052, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tahir Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengnan Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zizhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Axiang Li
- College of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Injury, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Injury, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, Precision Medicine Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center. No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, 518052, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, 518132, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Biswas K. Microglia mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases: A review on the cell signaling pathways involved in microglial activation. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 383:578180. [PMID: 37672840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the immune sentinels of the central nervous system (CNS), have emerged to be the central players in many neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies on large genome databases and omics studies in fact provide support to the idea that microglial cells could be the drivers of these diseases. Microglial cells have the capacity to undergo morphological and phenotypic transformations depending on its microenvironment. From the homeostatic ramified state, they can shift their phenotypes between the two extremes, known as the proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, with intermediate transitional states, characterized by different transcriptional signature and release of inflammatory mediators. The temporal regulation of the release of the inflammatory factors are critical for damage control and steering the microglia back towards homeostatic conditions. A dysregulation in these can lead to excessive tissue damage and neuronal death. Therefore, targeting the cell signaling pathways that are the underpinnings of microglial modulations are considered to be an important avenue for treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. In this review we have discussed various signaling pathways that trigger microglial activation from its ramified state and highlight the mechanisms of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation that are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Most of the cellular factors that drive microglia towards a proinflammatory phenotype are components of the immune system signaling pathways and cell proliferation, along with certain ion channels. The anti-inflammatory phenotype is mainly elicited by purinoceptors, metabolic receptors and other receptors that primarily suppress the production proinflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushiki Biswas
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University Main campus, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
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12
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Sharma A, Khan MA, Tirpude NV. Leupeptin maintains redox homeostasis via targeting ROS-autophagy-inflammatory axis in LPS-stimulated macrophages and cytokines dichotomy in Con-A challenged lymphocyte. Peptides 2023; 168:171066. [PMID: 37499907 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Information regarding cellular anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory attributes of leupeptin with respect to modulation of perturbed macrophage function and lymphocytes has not yet been delineated, particularly in the context of ROS-cytokines-autophagy-inflammatory signalling cascades. Therefore, the present study identified the attributes and mechanisms of leupeptin, from actinomycetes, in relation to excessive oxidative stress mediated disrupted immune homeostasis and inflammatory mechanism in activated macrophages and lymphocytes. Results revealed that leupeptin treatment showed noticeable inhibition in the production of NO, ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential and phagocytosis activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages. These findings were accompanied by reduction in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, endopeptidases, oxidative effectors (Cox-2, IL-5, IL-15, IL-17, COX-2), iNOS with concomitant increase in Arg 1, Msr 1 and Mrc - 1exprssion in leupeptin treatment. Additionally, compared to LPS-challenged cells, marked alleviation in MDC, lysotracker staining, beclin-1, LC3B expression, and enhanced p62 levels in leupeptin exposed cells indicate the reversal of impaired autophagy flux. Subsequently, oxi-inflammatory signalling analysis demonstrated p-PTEN, p-NF-κB, p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-p38, and ERK1/2 upregulation decisively thwarted by leupeptin administration. In silico analysis further implied its target selectivity to these cascades. Furthermore, decreased proliferation index and Th1, Th2/IL-10 cytokines ratio in mitogen-challenged splenic lymphocytes confers its role in mitigating unwarranted inflammation mediated by disrupted regulation of adaptive immune cells. Together, these findings signify the attributes of leupeptin as an alternative anti-inflammatory strategy and affirm it as a promising natural entity to modulate immune-mediated response during inflammatory disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India
| | - Mohd Adil Khan
- Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India
| | - Narendra Vijay Tirpude
- Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, UP, India.
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13
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Li G, Feng X, Wang W, Li J, Shi Y, Wang L, Hu C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of chromanone-based derivatives as potential anti-neuroinflammatory agents. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106767. [PMID: 37552914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
As a privileged scaffold, chromanone has been extensively introduced in the design of drug leads with diverse pharmacological features, particularly in the area of inflammatory diseases. Herein, the preparation of chromanone-based derivatives (4a-4i) was smoothly achieved, and their structures were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and ESI-HRMS spectroscopy techniques. Out of them, analogue 4e exhibited the most potent inhibitory capacity against the NO release and iNOS expression, without apparent cytotoxicity. Our observations showed that 4e could dramatically prevent the translocation of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to nucleus, and decrease the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. Mechanistically, 4e significantly deactivated NF-κB by disturbing TLR4-mediated TAK1/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling cascades. Consistent with the in vitro study, 4e could effectively mitigate the inflammation response of hippocampal tissue in LPS-induced mouse model by inhibiting microglial activation. Collectively, these results revealed 4e as a prospective neuroprotective candidate for the therapy of neuroinflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xiaoqing Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China; Analysis and Testing Center, NERC Biomass of Changzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Yeye Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Caijuan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China.
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14
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Kim JH, Han J, Afridi R, Kim JH, Rahman MH, Park DH, Lee WS, Song GJ, Suk K. A multiplexed siRNA screen identifies key kinase signaling networks of brain glia. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201605. [PMID: 36878638 PMCID: PMC9990460 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic behaviors of brain glial cells in various neuroinflammatory conditions and neurological disorders have been reported; however, little is known about the underlying intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we developed a multiplexed kinome-wide siRNA screen to identify the kinases regulating several inflammatory phenotypes of mouse glial cells in culture, including inflammatory activation, migration, and phagocytosis of glia. Subsequent proof-of-concept experiments involving genetic and pharmacological inhibitions indicated the importance of T-cell receptor signaling components in microglial activation and a metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in astrocyte migration. This time- and cost-effective multiplexed kinome siRNA screen efficiently provides exploitable drug targets and novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic regulation of glial cells and neuroinflammation. Moreover, the kinases identified in this screen may be relevant in other inflammatory diseases and cancer, wherein kinases play a critical role in disease signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong Ho Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Neuracle Science Co., Ltd. Seoul, Republic Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Republic Korea; Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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15
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Li A, Liu Z, Ali T, Gao R, Luo Y, Gong Q, Zheng C, Li W, Guo H, Liu X, Li S, Li T. Roxadustat (FG-4592) abated lipopolysaccharides-induced depressive-like symptoms via PI3K signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1048985. [PMID: 37008780 PMCID: PMC10056220 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1048985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDespite its role in inflammation and the redox system under hypoxia, the effects and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in neuroinflammation-associated depression are poorly explored. Furthermore, Prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHDs) regulate HIF-1; however, whether and how PHDs regulate depressive-like behaviors under Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced stress conditions remain covered.MethodsTo highlight the roles and underlying mechanisms of PHDs-HIF-1 in depression, we employed behavioral, pharmacological, and biochemical analyses using the LPS-induced depression model.ResultsLipopolysaccharides treatment induced depressive-like behaviors, as we found, increased immobility and decreased sucrose preference in the mice. Concurrently, we examined increased cytokine levels, HIF-1 expression, mRNA levels of PHD1/PHD2, and neuroinflammation upon LPS administration, which Roxadustat reduced. Furthermore, the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin reversed Roxadustat-induced changes. Additionally, Roxadustat treatment attenuated LPS-induced synaptic impairment and improved spine numbers, ameliorated by wortmannin.ConclusionLipopolysaccharides-dysregulates HIF-PHDs signaling may contribute to neuroinflammation-coincides depression via PI3K signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axiang Li
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Forensic Injury, Institute of Forensic Bio-Evidence, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zizhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tahir Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qichao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenyou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weifen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinshe Liu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Forensic Injury, Institute of Forensic Bio-Evidence, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shupeng Li, ; Tao Li,
| | - Tao Li
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Forensic Injury, Institute of Forensic Bio-Evidence, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Shupeng Li, ; Tao Li,
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16
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Lee HJ, Hoe HS. Inhibition of CDK4/6 regulates AD pathology, neuroinflammation and cognitive function through DYRK1A/STAT3 signaling. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106725. [PMID: 36907286 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Repurposing approved drugs is an emerging therapeutic development strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib mesylate is an FDA-approved drug for breast cancer treatment. However, whether abemaciclib mesylate affects Aβ/tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and Aβ/LPS-mediated cognitive impairment is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of abemaciclib mesylate on cognitive function and Aβ/tau pathology and found that abemaciclib mesylate improved spatial and recognition memory by regulating the dendritic spine number and neuroinflammatory responses in 5xFAD mice, an Aβ-overexpressing model of AD. Abemaciclib mesylate also inhibited Aβ accumulation by enhancing the activity and protein levels of the Aβ-degrading enzyme neprilysin and the α-secretase ADAM17 and decreasing the protein level of the γ-secretase PS-1 in young and aged 5xFAD mice. Importantly, abemaciclib mesylate suppressed tau phosphorylation in 5xFAD mice and tau-overexpressing PS19 mice by reducing DYRK1A and/or p-GSK3β levels. In wild-type (WT) mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), abemaciclib mesylate rescued spatial and recognition memory and restored dendritic spine number. In addition, abemaciclib mesylate downregulated LPS-induced microglial/astrocytic activation and proinflammatory cytokine levels in WT mice. In BV2 microglial cells and primary astrocytes, abemaciclib mesylate suppressed LPS-mediated proinflammatory cytokine levels by downregulating AKT/STAT3 signaling. Taken together, our results support repurposing the anticancer drug, CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib mesylate as a multitarget therapeutic for AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Daegu, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Daegu, the Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu 42988, the Republic of Korea.
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17
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Costantini E, Jarlapoodi S, Serra F, Aielli L, Khan H, Belwal T, Falasca K, Reale M. Neuroprotective Potential of Bacopa monnieri: Modulation of Inflammatory Signals. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:441-451. [PMID: 35021981 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220111124047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, much evidence has shown the increased interest in natural molecules and traditional herbal medicine as alternative bioactive compounds to fight many inflammatory conditions, both in relation to immunomodulation and in terms of their wound healing potential. Bacopa monnieri is a herb that is used in the Ayurvedic medicine tradition for its anti-inflammatory activity. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluate the anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties of the Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) in vitro model of neuroinflammation. METHODS Neuronal SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated with TNFα and IFNγ and used to evaluate the effect of BME on cell viability, cytotoxicity, cytokine gene expression, and healing rate. RESULTS Our results showed that BME protects against the Okadaic acid-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, in TNFα and IFNγ primed cells, BME reduces IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, mitigates the mechanical trauma injury-induced damage, and accelerates the healing of wounds. CONCLUSION This study indicates that BME might become a promising candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University "G.d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Srinivas Jarlapoodi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G.d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Federica Serra
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G.d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Aielli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G.d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Katia Falasca
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University "G.d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G.d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 66100 Chieti, Italy
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18
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Noori T, Sahebgharani M, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Fakhri S, Shirooie S. Targeting PI3K by Natural Products: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1564-1578. [PMID: 35043762 PMCID: PMC9881086 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220119125040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder. In general, a child with ADHD has significant attention problems with difficulty concentrating on a subject and is generally associated with impulsivity and excessive activity. The etiology of ADHD in most patients is unknown, although it is considered to be a multifactorial disease caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Diverse factors, such as the existence of mental, nutritional, or general health problems during childhood, as well as smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy, are related to an increased risk of ADHD. Behavioral and psychological characteristics of ADHD include anxiety, mood disorders, behavioral disorders, language disorders, and learning disabilities. These symptoms affect individuals, families, and communities, negatively altering educational and social results, strained parent-child relationships, and increased use of health services. ADHD may be associated with deficits in inhibitory frontostriatal noradrenergic neurons on lower striatal structures that are predominantly driven by dopaminergic neurons. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a conserved family of lipid kinases that control a number of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, insulin metabolism, and apoptosis. Since PI3K plays an important role in controlling the noradrenergic neuron, it opens up new insights into research on ADHD and other developmental brain diseases. This review presents evidence for the potential usefulness of PI3K and its modulators as a potential treatment for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Noori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mousa Sahebgharani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX) and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, Palma de MallorcaE-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain;,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile;,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;,Address correspondence to this author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; E-mail:
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19
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Jędrzejewski T, Sobocińska J, Pawlikowska M, Dzialuk A, Wrotek S. Dual Effect of the Extract from the Fungus Coriolus versicolor on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages Depending on the Lipopolysaccharide Concentration. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3599-3611. [PMID: 35757459 PMCID: PMC9231549 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s364945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Extract from the fungus Coriolus versicolor (CV) is classified as an immunological response modifier. Previously, we have shown that this extract induces interleukin 6 (IL-6)-related extension of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever. This study investigated the effect of CV extract on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of components of signal transduction pathways leading to the secretion of cytokines from RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with different doses of LPS. Methods RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with CV extract alone or co-treated with CV extract and LPS. The level of IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the culture media was measured using ELISA. Protein expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, phosphorylated IκB (p-IκB), CD14 glycoprotein and phospho-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K) was evaluated using Western blot. The effects of TLR4, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and p-PI3K on cytokine secretion were estimated using inhibitors: TAK-242, JSH-23 and LY294002. Results CV extract itself stimulates the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α and increases the expression of TLR4, p-IκB and p-PI3K. The presence of CV extract during the treatment of cells with lower concentrations of LPS (10 and 100 ng/mL) increases the cytokine production. Co-stimulation of cells with CV extract and LPS at a higher dose (500 ng/mL) decreases the secretion of cytokines. This effect is related to the changes in the expression of TLR4, CD14 glycoprotein, p-IκB and p-PI3K. Conclusion This is the first report showing that the CV extract-induced production of cytokines is mediated by the PI3K signalling pathway. This extract acts antagonistically or additively with LPS on the production of IL-6 and TNF-α, depending on the LPS concentration. Our results are helpful for illustrating the mechanisms for the immunostimulatory effect of CV extract in inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Justyna Sobocińska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pawlikowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Artur Dzialuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, 85-090, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wrotek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland
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Ethanol Extract of Sargassum siliquastrum Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nitric Oxide Generation by Downregulating the Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6160010. [PMID: 35722164 PMCID: PMC9205721 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6160010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sargassum siliquastrum (SS) is an edible brown seaweed widely consumed in Korea and considered a functional food source. Previous studies have reported various biological activities of SS extracts, including antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of the SS extract and assessed the underlying mechanism of action. The SS extract significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner (% of NO production at 500 μg/mL: 60.1 ± 0.9%), with no obvious toxicity. Furthermore, the SS extract inhibited mRNA and protein expression levels of inducible NO synthase, as well as LPS-induced expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, or TNF-α (IL-6 production (ng/mL) : LPS−: 0.7 ± 0.3; LPS+: 68.1 ± 2.8; LPS + SS extract: 51.9 ± 1.2; TNF-α production (ng/mL) : LPS−: 0.3 ± 0.1; LPS+: 23.0 ± 0.1; LPS + SS extract: 18.2 ± 10.8). Mechanistically, the SS extract attenuated LPS-induced activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB) signaling pathway such as phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and degradation of IκB-α, thereby blocking LPS-induced activation of NF-κB transcriptional activity. The SS extract also enhanced LPS-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression and attenuated LPS-induced cellular reactive oxygen species production (% of ROS production at 500 μg/mL: 52.2 ± 1.3%). Collectively, these findings suggest that the SS extract elicits anti-inflammatory effects in mouse macrophage cells.
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21
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Biological Potential, Gastrointestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Bioavailability of Algae-Derived Compounds with Neuroprotective Activity: A Comprehensive Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060362. [PMID: 35736165 PMCID: PMC9227170 DOI: 10.3390/md20060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no known cure for neurodegenerative disease. However, the available therapies aim to manage some of the symptoms of the disease. Human neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of illnesses characterized by progressive loss of neuronal cells and nervous system dysfunction related to several mechanisms such as protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmission dysfunction. Neuroprotective compounds are essential in the prevention and management of neurodegenerative diseases. This review will focus on the neurodegeneration mechanisms and the compounds (proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polysaccharides, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, phenolic compounds, among others) present in seaweeds that have shown in vivo and in vitro neuroprotective activity. Additionally, it will cover the recent findings on the neuroprotective effects of bioactive compounds from macroalgae, with a focus on their biological potential and possible mechanism of action, including microbiota modulation. Furthermore, gastrointestinal digestion, absorption, and bioavailability will be discussed. Moreover, the clinical trials using seaweed-based drugs or extracts to treat neurodegenerative disorders will be presented, showing the real potential and limitations that a specific metabolite or extract may have as a new therapeutic agent considering the recent approval of a seaweed-based drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
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22
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Astragalin and Isoquercitrin Isolated from Aster scaber Suppress LPS-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses in Microglia and Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101505. [PMID: 35627075 PMCID: PMC9141956 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory effects and mechanisms of astragalin (Ast) and isoquercitrin (Que) isolated from chamchwi (Aster scaber Thunb.) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia and hippocampus of LPS induced mice. LPS induced increased cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) production, antioxidant activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, protein kinase B phosphorylation, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) phosphorylation in LPS-treated microglial cells. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS also induced neuroinflammatory effects in the murine hippocampus. Ast and Que significantly reduced LPS-induced production of NO, iNOS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the microglia and hippocampus of mice. Therefore, anti-inflammatory effects on MAPK signaling pathways mediate microglial cell and hippocampus inflammation. In LPS-activated microglia and hippocampus of LPS-induced mice, Ast or Que inhibited MAPK kinase phosphorylation by extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 signaling proteins. Ast and Que inhibited LPS-induced ROS generation in microglia and increased 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging. In addition, LPS treatment increased the heme oxygenase-1 level, which was further elevated after Ast or Que treatments. Ast and Que exert anti-neuroinflammatory activity by down-regulation of MAPKs signaling pathways in LPS-activated microglia and hippocampus of mice.
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23
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Xiao HX, Song B, Li Q, Shao YM, Zhang YB, Chang XL, Zhou ZJ. Paraquat mediates BV-2 microglia activation by raising intracellular ROS and inhibiting Akt1 phosphorylation. Toxicol Lett 2022; 355:116-126. [PMID: 34863858 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia is the innate immune cell in central nervous system (CNS) and plays an important role in neuroinflammation. Microglia mediated neuroinflammation is the key factor affecting the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Although there was evidence that paraquat (PQ) could induce inflammatory response, its mechanism was not clear. The present study investigated the mechanisms of PQ-induced inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglia cells, and tried to reveal the role of ROS/Akt1 pathway. The results showed that the cell activation markers (iNOS and CD206) of BV-2 cells were increased after PQ treatment, suggesting that BV-2 microglia were activated. PQ induced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibited the AKT1 phosphorylation in BV-2 cells. Besides, the M1 markers expression (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) were significantly increased after PQ treatment, which suggested that PQ induced the increase of M1 phenotype of BV-2 microglia. Pre-treated with NAC (ROS scavenger), the M1 phenotype was decreased while the p-Akt1 was restored compared to PQ stimulation. Furthermore, we built an Akt1(S473E)-overexpression BV-2 cell line. The Akt1 (S473E) partially attenuated the PQ induced increase in M1 phenotype, while ROS did not significantly change. These results indicated that PQ induced BV-2 microglia activation by increased ROS mediated Akt1 activation inhibition, leading to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xi Xiao
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Song
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi-Ming Shao
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu-Bin Zhang
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Li Chang
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhou
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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24
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Cysteine Peptidase Cathepsin X as a Therapeutic Target for Simultaneous TLR3/4-mediated Microglia Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2258-2276. [PMID: 35066760 PMCID: PMC9016010 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages in the central nervous system that are involved in immune responses driven by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Microglia-mediated inflammation can lead to central nervous system disorders, and more than one TLR might be involved in these pathological processes. The cysteine peptidase cathepsin X has been recognized as a pathogenic factor for inflammation-induced neurodegeneration. Here, we hypothesized that simultaneous TLR3 and TLR4 activation induces synergized microglia responses and that these phenotype changes affect cathepsin X expression and activity. Murine microglia BV2 cells and primary murine microglia were exposed to the TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS), individually and simultaneously. TLR3 and TLR4 co-activation resulted in increased inflammatory responses compared to individual TLR activation, where poly(I:C) and LPS induced distinct patterns of proinflammatory factors together with different patterns of cathepsin X expression and activity. TLR co-activation decreased intracellular cathepsin X activity and increased cathepsin X localization at the plasma membrane with concomitant increased extracellular cathepsin X protein levels and activity. Inhibition of cathepsin X in BV2 cells by AMS36, cathepsin X inhibitor, significantly reduced the poly(I:C)- and LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines as well as apoptosis. Additionally, inhibiting the TLR3 and TLR4 common signaling pathway, PI3K, with LY294002 reduced the inflammatory responses of the poly(I:C)- and LPS-activated microglia and recovered cathepsin X activity. We here provide evidence that microglial cathepsin X strengthens microglia activation and leads to subsequent inflammation-induced neurodegeneration. As such, cathepsin X represents a therapeutic target for treating neurodegenerative diseases related to excess inflammation.
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25
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Jayakumar T, Lin KC, Chang CC, Hsia CW, Manubolu M, Huang WC, Sheu JR, Hsia CH. Targeting MAPK/NF-κB Pathways in Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Rutaecarpine: Impact on Src/FAK-Mediated Macrophage Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010092. [PMID: 35008520 PMCID: PMC8745017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have discovered that different extracts of Evodia rutaecarpa and its phytochemicals show a variety of biological activities associated with inflammation. Although rutaecarpine, an alkaloid isolated from the unripe fruit of E. rutaecarpa, has been exposed to have anti-inflammatory properties, the mechanism of action has not been well studied. Thus, this study investigated the molecular mechanisms of rutaecarpine (RUT) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. RUT reserved the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β in the LPS-induced macrophages. RUT showed an inhibitory effect on the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and it also inhibited nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) by hindering IκBα and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation. The phospho-PI3K and Akt was concentration-dependently suppressed by RUT. However, RUT not only suggestively reduced the migratory ability of macrophages and their numbers induced by LPS but also inhibited the phospho-Src, and FAK. Taken together, these results indicate that RUT participates a vital role in the inhibition of LPS-induced inflammatory processes in RAW 264.7 macrophages and that the mechanisms involve PI3K/Akt and MAPK-mediated downregulation of NF-κB signaling pathways. Notably, reducing the migration and number of cells induced by LPS via inhibiting of Src/FAK pathway was also included to the anti-inflammatory mechanism of RUT. Therefore, RUT may have potential benefits as a therapeutic agent against chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (K.-C.L.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Kao-Chang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (K.-C.L.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
- Chi Mei Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chien Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Hsia
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (K.-C.L.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Manjunath Manubolu
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA;
| | - Wei-Chieh Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (K.-C.L.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (K.-C.L.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (J.-R.S.); (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-27361661-3199 (J.-R.S.); Fax: +886-2-27390450 (J.-R.S.)
| | - Chih-Hsuan Hsia
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.J.); (K.-C.L.); (C.-W.H.); (W.-C.H.)
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-R.S.); (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-2-27361661-3199 (J.-R.S.); Fax: +886-2-27390450 (J.-R.S.)
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26
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Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Hibbs ML, Semple BD. Dysregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in microglia: shaping chronic neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:276. [PMID: 34838047 PMCID: PMC8627624 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are integral mediators of innate immunity within the mammalian central nervous system. Typical microglial responses are transient, intending to restore homeostasis by orchestrating the removal of pathogens and debris and the regeneration of damaged neurons. However, prolonged and persistent microglial activation can drive chronic neuroinflammation and is associated with neurodegenerative disease. Recent evidence has revealed that abnormalities in microglial signaling pathways involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) may contribute to altered microglial activity and exacerbated neuroimmune responses. In this scoping review, the known and suspected roles of PI3K-AKT signaling in microglia, both during health and pathological states, will be examined, and the key microglial receptors that induce PI3K-AKT signaling in microglia will be described. Since aberrant signaling is correlated with neurodegenerative disease onset, the relationship between maladapted PI3K-AKT signaling and the development of neurodegenerative disease will also be explored. Finally, studies in which microglial PI3K-AKT signaling has been modulated will be highlighted, as this may prove to be a promising therapeutic approach for the future treatment of a range of neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, 3181, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, 3181, Australia.
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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Vyas P, Tulsawani R, Vohora D. Dual Targeting by Inhibition of Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Attenuates the Neuroinflammatory Responses in Murine Hippocampal Cells and Seizures in C57BL/6 Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739452. [PMID: 34887852 PMCID: PMC8650161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the association of seizures and inflammation; however, underlying cell signaling mechanisms are still not fully understood. Overactivation of phosphoinositide-3-kinases is associated with both neuroinflammation and seizures. Herein, we speculate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as a promising therapeutic target for neuroinflammation-mediated seizures and associated neurodegeneration. Firstly, we cultured HT22 cells for detection of the downstream cell signaling events activated in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed pilocarpine (PILO) model. We then evaluated the effects of 7-day treatment of buparlisib (PI3K inhibitor, 25 mg/kg p.o.), dactolisib (PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, 25 mg/kg p.o.), and rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor, 10 mg/kg p.o.) in an LPS-primed PILO model of seizures in C57BL/6 mice. LPS priming resulted in enhanced seizure severity and reduced latency. Buparlisib and dactolisib, but not rapamycin, prolonged latency to seizures and reduced neuronal loss, while all drugs attenuated seizure severity. Buparlisib and dactolisib further reduced cellular redox, mitochondrial membrane potential, cleaved caspase-3 and p53, nuclear integrity, and attenuated NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 signaling both in vitro and in vivo post-PILO and LPS+PILO inductions; however, rapamycin mitigated the same only in the PILO model. Both drugs protected against neuronal cell death demonstrating the contribution of this pathway in the seizure-induced neuronal pyknosis; however, rapamycin showed resistance in a combination model. Furthermore, LPS and PILO exposure enhanced pAkt/Akt and phospho-p70S6/total-p70S6 kinase activity, while buparlisib and dactolisib, but not rapamycin, could reduce it in a combination model. Partial rapamycin resistance was observed possibly due to the reactivation of the pathway by a functionally different complex of mTOR, i.e., mTORC2. Our study substantiated the plausible involvement of PI3K-mediated apoptotic and inflammatory pathways in LPS-primed PILO-induced seizures and provides evidence that its modulation constitutes an anti-inflammatory mechanism by which seizure inhibitory effects are observed. We showed dual inhibition by dactolisib as a promising approach. Targeting this pathway at two nodes at a time may provide new avenues for antiseizure therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Vyas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajkumar Tulsawani
- Defense Institute of Physiology & Allied Science, Defense Research and Development Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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28
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Liu J, Ai P, Sun Y, Yang X, Li C, Liu Y, Xia X, Zheng JC. Propofol Inhibits Microglial Activation via miR-106b/Pi3k/Akt Axis. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:768364. [PMID: 34776870 PMCID: PMC8581742 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.768364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol is an established intravenous anesthetic agent with potential neuroprotective effects. In this study, we investigated the roles and the underlying mechanisms of propofol in inhibiting the pro-inflammatory responses of microglia. Propofol significantly reduced the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Tnf, Nos2, and NF-κB pathway related genes Ticam1, Myd88, Irf3, and Nfkb1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated primary microglia. After screening the miRNA profiles in microglia under LPS and propofol treatment conditions, we found propofol abrogated the LPS-induced misexpression of miRNAs including miR-106b, miR-124, miR-185, and miR-9. Perturbation of function approaches suggested miR-106b as the core miRNA that mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of propofol on microglial activation. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis further identified Pi3k/Akt signaling as one of the most affected pathways after miR-106b perturbation of function. The treatment of Pi3k/Akt signaling agonist 740Y-P elevated miR-106b-reduced Akt phosphorylation and abolished the inhibitory effects of miR-106b on the pro-inflammatory responses of microglia. Our results suggest propofol inhibits microglial activation via miR-106b/Pi3k/Akt axis, shedding light on a novel molecular mechanism of propofol-mediated immunomodulatory effects and implying propofol as potential therapeutics for treating neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Ai
- Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yiyan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Zhang J, Zhao H, Feng Y, Xu X, Yang Y, Zhang P, Lu Z, Zhang T. Topoisomerase 2 inhibitor etoposide promotes interleukin-10 production in LPS-induced macrophages via upregulating transcription factor Maf and activating PI3K/Akt pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108264. [PMID: 34715493 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase (TOP) inhibitors were commonly used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cancers. In our present study, we found that etoposide (ETO), a topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) inhibitor, upregulated the production of Interleukin 10 (IL-10) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Besides, other TOP2 inhibitors including doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and teniposide (TEN) were also able to augment IL-10 production. Meanwhile, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors, for example IL-6 and TNF-α, were also decreased accordingly by the treatment of the TOP2 inhibitors. Of note, ETO facilitated IL-10 secretion, which might be regulated by transcription factor Maf via PI3K/AKT pathway, as pharmaceutic blockage of kinase PI3K or AKT attenuated ETO-induced Maf and IL-10 expression. Further, in LPS-induced mice sepsis model, the enhanced generation of IL-10 was observed in ETO-treated mice, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines were decreased, which significantly reduced the mortality of mice from LPS-induced lethal cytokine storm. Taken together, these results indicated that ETO may exhibit an anti-inflammatory role by upregulating the alteration of transcription factor Maf and promoting subsequential IL-10 secretion via PI3K/Akt pathway in LPS-induced macrophages. Therefore, ETO may serve as a potential anti-inflammatory agent and employed to severe pro-inflammatory diseases including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haoxin Zhao
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yili Yang
- China Regional Research Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Taizhou, China
| | - Pengxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Zhiliang Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases of Heilongjiang Province, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China.
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Aboulhoda BE, Rashed LA, Ahmed H, Obaya EMM, Ibrahim W, Alkafass MAL, Abd El-Aal SA, ShamsEldeen AM. Hydrogen sulfide and mesenchymal stem cells-extracted microvesicles attenuate LPS-induced Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5994-6010. [PMID: 33481268 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Both hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) extracted microvesicles (MVs) are potent anti-inflammatory molecules. They play an essential role in lowering the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The latter could strongly stimulate MiR-155 that contributes to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD). miR-155 could repress the expression of inositol 5-phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1) leading eventually to activation of Akt kinase and neurofibrillary development in AD. The current study was conducted to evaluate the role of miR-155 in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AD and to investigate the effect of using MVs and H2 S that were given either separately or combined in regulating pro-inflammatory signaling. Thirty female Wistar albino rats aged 6 months to 1 year were equally divided into five groups; control group, LPS-induced AD group, LPS + MVs group, LPS + NaHS group, and LPS + MVs and NaHS group. The increased miR-155 level was associated with decreased SHIP-1 level and positively correlated with TNF-α. In addition, treatment with MVs and/or NaHS resulted in attenuation of inflammation, decreasing miR-155, pAkt levels, and downregulation of apoptosis along with improvement of the hippocampal and cortical histopathological alterations. LPS enhanced production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels indicating oxidative stress-induced neural damage, whereas MVs and NaHS could mitigate oxidative damage and accelerate antioxidant capacity via increasing catalase enzyme. In conclusion, downregulation of TNF-α, miR-155, and pAkt and increased SHIP-1 could improve the neuro-inflammatory state and cognitive function of LPS-induced Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma E Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hoda Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman M M Obaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walaa Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A L Alkafass
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sarah A Abd El-Aal
- Department of Pharmacy and Toxicology, Kut University College, Al Kut, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Asmaa M ShamsEldeen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Gualou Guizhi Granule Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response of Microglia and Protects against Microglia-Mediated Neurotoxicity in HT-22 via Akt/NF- κB Signaling Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9957459. [PMID: 34335849 PMCID: PMC8321734 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9957459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial part in the commencement and advancement of ischemic stroke. Gualou Guizhi granule (GLGZG) is known to well exhibit neuroprotective effect, but it is not known whether GLGZG can regulate the inflammatory process at the cellular level in BV2 microglia cells and protect against microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in neurons. Herein, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of GLGZG on BV2 microglia cells and protection against microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in neurons. Methods. The cell model of neuroinflammation was constructed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to observe the effect of GLGZG in the presence or absence of GLGZG. The production of nitric oxide (NO), inflammatory mediators, was detected. Moreover, potential mechanisms associated with the anti-inflammatory effect, such as inhibition of microglial activation and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), were also investigated. In addition, to prove whether GLGZG protects against microglia-mediated neurotoxicity, neuronal HT-22 cells were cultured in the conditioned medium. And cell survivability and neuronal apoptosis of HT-22 were evaluated. Results. It was found that a main regulator of inflammation, NO, is suppressed by GLGZG in BV2 microglial cells. Moreover, GLGZG dose dependently decreased the mRNA and protein levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Additionally, GLGZG inhibited the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglial cells. Also, GLGZG inhibited LPS-activated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in BV2 microglial cells at the intracellular level. GLGZG significantly affected Akt phosphorylation: phosphorylated forms of Akt increased. To check whether GLGZG protects against microglia-mediated neurotoxicity, neuronal HT-22 cells were incubated in the conditioned medium. GLGZG showed a neuroprotective effect by promoting cell survivability and suppressing neuronal apoptosis. Conclusions. GLGZG exerted its potential effects on suppressing inflammatory responses in LPS-induced BV2 cells by regulating NF-κB and Akt pathways. In addition, GLGZG could protect against microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in HT-22.
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Pandey N, Rastogi M, Singh SK. Chandipura virus dysregulates the expression of hsa-miR-21-5p to activate NF-κB in human microglial cells. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:52. [PMID: 34233673 PMCID: PMC8265105 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a negative single-stranded RNA virus of the Rhabdoviridae family. CHPV infection has been reported in Central and Western India. CHPV causes acute encephalitis with a case fatality rate of 70 % and mostly affects children below 15 years of age. CHPV infection in brain leads to neuronal apoptosis and activation of the microglial cells. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNA that regulate the gene expression. Viral infections perturb the expression pattern of cellular miRNAs, which may in turn affect the expression pattern of downstream genes. This study aims to investigate hsa-miR-21-5p mediated regulation of PTEN, AKT, NF-ĸBp65, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, in human microglial cells during CHPV infection. Methods To understand the role of hsa-miR-21-5p in CHPV infection, the human microglial cells were infected with CHPV (MOI-0.1). Real-time PCR, western blotting, Luciferase assay, over-expression and knockdown techniques were used to understand the role of hsa-miR-21-5p in the regulation of PTEN, AKT and, NF-ĸBp65, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in this study. Results The hsa-miR-21-5p was found to be upregulated during CHPV infection in human microglial cells. This led to the downregulation of PTEN which promoted the phosphorylation of AKT and NF-ĸBp65. Over-expression of hsa-miR-21-5p led to the decreased expression of PTEN and promoted further phosphorylation of AKT and NF-ĸBp65 in human microglial cells. However, the inhibition of hsa-miR-21-5p using hsa-miR-21-5p inhibitor restored the expression. Conclusions This study supports the role of hsa-miR-21-5p in the regulation of pro-inflammatory genes in CHPV infected human microglial cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00748-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pandey
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Meghana Rastogi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India.
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Sharma A, Mehan S. Targeting PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling in the prevention of autism. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105067. [PMID: 33992742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway represents an essential signaling mechanism for mammalian enzyme-related receptors in transducing signals or biological processes such as cell development, differentiation, cell survival, protein synthesis, and metabolism. Upregulation of the PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway involves many human brain abnormalities, including autism and other neurological dysfunctions. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with behavior and psychiatric illness. This research-based review discusses the functional relationship between the neuropathogenic factors associated with PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Ultimately causes autism-like conditions associated with genetic alterations, neuronal apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, inhibition of the PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may have an effective therapeutic value for autism treatment. The current review also summarizes the involvement of PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors in the treatment of autism and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
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Jayakumar P, Martínez-Moreno CG, Lorenson MY, Walker AM, Morales T. Prolactin Attenuates Neuroinflammation in LPS-Activated SIM-A9 Microglial Cells by Inhibiting NF-κB Pathways Via ERK1/2. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2171-2186. [PMID: 33821330 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a pleiotropic hormone with multiple functions in several tissues and organs, including the brain. PRL decreases lesion-induced microgliosis and modifies gene expression related to microglial functions in the hippocampus, thereby providing a possible mechanism through which it might participate in neuroimmune modulatory responses and prevent neuronal cell damage. However, the direct contribution of microglial cells to PRL-mediated neuroprotection is still unclear and no studies have yet documented whether PRL can directly activate cellular pathways in microglial cells. The aim of this study is to elucidate in vitro actions of PRL on the immortalized SIM-A9 microglia cell line in basal and LPS-stimulated conditions. PRL alone induced a time-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. Pretreatment with PRL attenuated LPS (200 ng/ml) stimulated pro-inflammatory markers: nitric oxide (NO) levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukins (IL)-6, -1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) expression at 20 nM dosage. PRL suppressed LPS-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κappaB (NF-κB) p65 subunit phosphorylation and its upstream p-ERK1/2 activity. In conclusion, PRL exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated SIM-A9 microglia by downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators corresponding to suppression of LPS-activated ERK1/2 and NF-κB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Jayakumar
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carlos G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mary Y Lorenson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ameae M Walker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Morales
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Henriques JF, Serra D, Dinis TCP, Almeida LM. The Anti-Neuroinflammatory Role of Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites for the Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8653. [PMID: 33212797 PMCID: PMC7696928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring polyphenols commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Numerous studies have described that anthocyanin-rich foods may play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of different pathological conditions, which have encouraged their consumption around the world. Anthocyanins exhibit a significant neuroprotective role, mainly due to their well-recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Neuroinflammation is an intricate process relevant in both homeostatic and pathological circumstances. Since the progression of several neurological disorders relies on neuroinflammatory process, targeting brain inflammation has been considered a promising strategy in those conditions. Recent data have shown the anti-neuroinflammatory abilities of many anthocyanins and of their metabolites in the onset and development of several neurological disorders. In this review, it will be discussed the importance and the applicability of these polyphenolic compounds as neuroprotective agents and it will be also scrutinized the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of neuroinflammation by these natural compounds in the context of several brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F. Henriques
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.F.H.); (T.C.P.D.); (L.M.A.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Serra
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.F.H.); (T.C.P.D.); (L.M.A.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa C. P. Dinis
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.F.H.); (T.C.P.D.); (L.M.A.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonor M. Almeida
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.F.H.); (T.C.P.D.); (L.M.A.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Effects of Launaea sarmentosa Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation via Suppression of NF-κB/MAPK Signaling and Nrf2 Activation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092586. [PMID: 32858855 PMCID: PMC7551017 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Launaea sarmentosa has been extensively used as a nutrient herb in traditional Vietnamese remedies for the treatment of various diseases, especially inflammatory diseases. However, no detailed research has been conducted examining the molecular mechanisms involved in the suppression of inflammatory response. Here, we studied the effects of L. sarmentosa methanol extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation using RAW 264.7 macrophages. The extract demonstrated potent antioxidant activity owing to the presence of polyphenolic and flavonoid components. Pretreatment with the extract inhibited LPS-mediated secretion of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and tumor necrosis factor-α as well as the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathways was blocked by the extract by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation. Additionally, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was suppressed, and endoplasmic reticulum stress was attenuated. Furthermore, the extract promoted the activity of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 resulting in the up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 pathway, leading to the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Taken together, the results indicate that L. sarmentosa exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, and hence, can be further developed as a novel drug for the treatment of diseases associated with excessive inflammation.
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Xu X, Liu X, Yang Y, He J, Jiang M, Huang Y, Liu X, Liu L, Gu H. Resveratrol Exerts Anti-Osteoarthritic Effect by Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway via the TLR4/Akt/FoxO1 Axis in IL-1β-Stimulated SW1353 Cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2079-2090. [PMID: 32581510 PMCID: PMC7274521 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s244059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Resveratrol exerts protective effects on OA through its anti-inflammatory property; however, the mechanism of resveratrol on anti-inflammatory signaling pathways has not been fully elucidated yet. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether resveratrol-mediated PI3K/Akt expression is linked to TLR4/NF-κB pathway and the role of TLR4/Akt/FoxO1 axis in the anti-osteoarthritic effect of resveratrol. Methods SW1353 cells stimulated by IL-1β (10 ng/mL) were cultured in the presence or absence of resveratrol (50 μM) and then treated with TLR4 siRNA, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or FoxO1 siRNA, respectively. The associated proteins of TLR4 signaling pathways and TLR4/Akt/FoxO1 axis were evaluated by Western blot. The level of IL-6 in the supernatant was detected by ELISA. Results IL-1β treatment increased the expression of TLR4/NF-κB and phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt and FoxO1, while additional resveratrol further upregulated the expression of PI3K/Akt and FoxO1 phosphorylation but downregulated TLR4 signals in SW1353 cells. Further analyses by the inhibition of TLR4, PI3K/Akt and FoxO1 signaling pathways, respectively, showed that the activation of TLR4 can induce PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, which increases the phosphorylation of FoxO1 and inactivates it. Next, inactivated-FoxO1 can reduce the expression of TLR4, which forms a self-limiting mechanism of inflammation. Resveratrol treatment can upregulate PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and inactivate FoxO1, thereby reducing TLR4 and inflammation. Conclusion This study reveals that TLR4/Akt/FoxO1 inflammatory self-limiting mechanism may exist in IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 cells. This study reveals a novel cross-talk mechanism which is between integrated PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling network and TLR4-driven innate responses in IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 cells. Resveratrol may exert anti-OA effect by enhancing the self-limiting mechanism of inflammation through TLR4/Akt/FoxO1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Beihua University, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailun Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Gupta N, Jadhav S, Tan KL, Saw G, Mallilankaraman KB, Dheen ST. miR-142-3p Regulates BDNF Expression in Activated Rodent Microglia Through Its Target CAMK2A. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:132. [PMID: 32508597 PMCID: PMC7253665 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune effector cells of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), are involved in the development, homeostasis, and pathology of CNS. Microglia become activated in response to various insults and injuries and protect the CNS by phagocytosing the invading pathogens, dead neurons, and other cellular debris. Recent studies have demonstrated that the epigenetic mechanisms ensure the coordinated regulation of genes involved in microglial activation. In this study, we performed a microRNA (miRNA) microarray in activated primary microglia derived from rat pup's brain and identified differentially expressed miRNAs targeting key genes involved in cell survival, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. Interestingly, miR-142-3p, one of the highly up-regulated miRNAs in microglia upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated activation, compared to untreated primary microglia cells was predicted to target Ca2+/calmodulin dependent kinase 2a (CAMK2A). Further, luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-142-3p targets the 3'UTR of Camk2a. CAMK2A has been implicated in regulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular mechanism underlying memory and learning. Given this, this study further focused on understanding the miR-142-3p mediated regulation of the CAMK2A-BDNF pathway via Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) in activated microglia. The results revealed that CAMK2A was downregulated in activated microglia, suggesting an inverse relationship between miR-142-3p and Camk2a in activated microglia. Overexpression of miR-142-3p in microglia was found to decrease the expression of CAMK2A and subsequently BDNF through regulation of CREB phosphorylation. Functional analysis through shRNA-mediated stable knockdown of CAMK2A in microglia confirmed that the regulation of BDNF by miR-142-3p is via CAMK2A. Overall, this study provides a database of differentially expressed miRNAs in activated primary microglia and reveals that microglial miR-142-3p regulates the CAMK2A-CREB-BDNF pathway which is involved in synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shweta Jadhav
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai-Leng Tan
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Genevieve Saw
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karthik Babu Mallilankaraman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lasia spinosa Leaf Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103439. [PMID: 32414062 PMCID: PMC7279483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites was used as a traditional medicine to treat many inflammatory diseases for centuries. However, its effects on the inflammatory response are not yet characterized. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of L. spinosa leaf extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that ethanol extracts of L. spinosa leaves showed anti-oxidant activity due to the presence of high levels of polyphenolic compounds. Treatment with the leaf extract significantly repressed the production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, L. spinosa leaf extract treatment prevented activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway by inhibiting nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) degradation. Furthermore, the mitogen-activated kinase and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathways were suppressed upon treatment with the leaf extract. In addition to suppressing inflammatory factors, the extract also activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme-oxygenase-1 pathway. We propose that L. spinosa leaf extract has the potential as an effective therapeutic agent for alleviating oxidative stress and excessive inflammation.
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Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation: Focus on PI3K Modulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010137. [PMID: 31947676 PMCID: PMC7022557 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation in the central nervous system involves mostly microglia in response to pathogen invasion or tissue damage, which react, promoting a self-limiting inflammatory response aimed to restore homeostasis. However, prolonged, uncontrolled inflammation may result in the production by microglia of neurotoxic factors that lead to the amplification of the disease state and tissue damage. In particular, specific inducers of inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases activate inflammatory processes that result in the production of a number of mediators and cytokines that enhance neurodegenerative processes. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) constitute a family of enzymes regulating a wide range of activity, including signal transduction. Recent studies have focused attention on the intracellular role of PI3K and its contribution to neurodegenerative processes. This review illustrates and discusses recent findings about the role of this signaling pathway in the modulation of microglia neuroinflammatory responses linked to neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss the modulation of PI3K as a potential therapeutic approach helpful for developing innovative therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Zhong X, Wu J, Ke W, Yu Y, Ji D, Kang J, Qiu J, Wang C, Yu P, Wei Y. Neonatal exposure to organophosphorus flame retardant TDCPP elicits neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampus via microglia-mediated inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:541-552. [PMID: 31894355 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is a phosphorus-based flame retardant common in consumer goods and baby products. Concerns have been raised about TDCPP exposure and neurodevelopmental toxicity. However, the mechanism and early response for TDCPP-induced neurotoxicity are poorly understood. This study investigates the role of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in TDCPP-induced neurotoxicity in mice and primary cells. TDCPP was administered to C57BL/6 pups (0, 5, or 50 mg/kg/day) via an oral gavage from postnatal days 10-38 (28 days). The results showed that TDCPP exposure for 28 days altered the gene expression of neuronal markers Tubb3, Nefh, and Nes, and led to apoptosis in the hippocampus. The mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors Il-1β, Tnfα and Ccl2 dose dependently increased in the hippocampus at both 24 h and 28 days following exposure, accompanied by microglia activation characterized by an amoeboid-like phenotype. In in vitro studies using the primary microglia isolated from neonatal mice, exposure to TDCPP (0-100 μM) for 24 h resulted in cellular activation. It also increased the expression of genes responsible for inflammatory responses including surface markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These changes occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. Neurite outgrowth of primary mouse hippocampal neurons was inhibited by treatment with the conditioned medium harvested from microglia exposed to TDCPP. These results reveal that neonatal exposure to TDCPP induces neuronal damage through microglia-mediated inflammation. This provides insight into the mechanism of TDCPP's neurodevelopmental toxicity, and suggests that microglial cell is a sensitive responder for OPFRs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weijian Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuejin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Di Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianmeng Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Can Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Macelignan inhibits the inflammatory response of microglia and regulates neuronal survival. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 339:577123. [PMID: 31838278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important pathological process of neurodegenerative diseases, and microglial contributes to chronic inflammation and neuronal loss in progressive neurodegenerative. Therefore, regulating the inflammatory response of microglia could lead to the discovery of promising treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of the nutmeg plant seed extract, macelignan, on the inflammatory response of microglia and neuronal cell survival. We detected NO and iNOS using the Griess test and Western blotting. We measured phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt expression by Western blotting. The release of NO and inflammatory cytokines and the expression of iNOS decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, with an increase in macelignan concentration. PI3K/Akt phosphorylation levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial cells after exposure to macelignan. We also demonstrated that macelignan improved HT22 cell viability, following exposure to a microglial-conditioned medium. Furthermore, macelignan inhibited microglial cell near neurons treated with a hypoxic conditioned medium. Finally, macelignan treatment reduced the expression of p27 and cyclin D1 in neurons cultured in an LPS-activated microglia-conditioned medium. Therefore, these results imply that macelignan can inhibit the inflammatory response of microglia and regulate neuronal survival through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Liu Y, Qi J, Luo J, Qin W, Luo Q, Zhang Q, Wu D, Lin D, Li S, Dong H, Chen D, Chen H. Okra in Food Field: Nutritional Value, Health Benefits and Effects of Processing Methods on Quality. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1695833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyi Qi
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyun Luo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingying Luo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingtao Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Derong Lin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Suqing Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongmin Dong
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
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Macrophage Polarization Induced by Probiotic Bacteria: a Concise Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 12:798-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Ryu KY, Lee HJ, Woo H, Kang RJ, Han KM, Park H, Lee SM, Lee JY, Jeong YJ, Nam HW, Nam Y, Hoe HS. Dasatinib regulates LPS-induced microglial and astrocytic neuroinflammatory responses by inhibiting AKT/STAT3 signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:190. [PMID: 31655606 PMCID: PMC6815018 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The FDA-approved small-molecule drug dasatinib is currently used as a treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, the effects of dasatinib on microglial and/or astrocytic neuroinflammatory responses and its mechanism of action have not been studied in detail. Methods BV2 microglial cells, primary astrocytes, or primary microglial cells were treated with dasatinib (100 or 250 nM) or vehicle (1% DMSO) for 30 min or 2 h followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 200 ng/ml or 1 μg/ml) or PBS for 5.5 h. RT-PCR, real-time PCR; immunocytochemistry; subcellular fractionation; and immunohistochemistry were subsequently conducted to determine the effects of dasatinib on LPS-induced neuroinflammation. In addition, wild-type mice were injected with dasatinib (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.) daily for 4 days or 20 mg/kg, orally administered (p.o.) daily for 4 days or 2 weeks) or vehicle (4% DMSO + 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG) + 5% Tween 80), followed by injection with LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or PBS. Then, immunohistochemistry was performed, and plasma IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were analyzed by ELISA. Results Dasatinib regulates LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in BV2 microglial cells, primary microglial cells, and primary astrocytes. In BV2 microglial cells, dasatinib regulates LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine levels by regulating TLR4/AKT and/or TLR4/ERK signaling. In addition, intraperitoneal injection and oral administration of dasatinib suppress LPS-induced microglial/astrocyte activation, proinflammatory cytokine levels (including brain and plasma levels), and neutrophil rolling in the brains of wild-type mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that dasatinib modulates LPS-induced microglial and astrocytic activation, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and neutrophil rolling in the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1561-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Young Ryu
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Hanwoong Woo
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Ri-Jin Kang
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Han
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea.,Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - HyunHee Park
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Yoo Joo Jeong
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Nam
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea
| | - Youngpyo Nam
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea.
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, South Korea. .,Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea.
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Fan L, Qiu XX, Zhu ZY, Lv JL, Lu J, Mao F, Zhu J, Wang JY, Guan XW, Chen J, Ren J, Ye JM, Zhao YH, Li J, Shen X. Nitazoxanide, an anti-parasitic drug, efficiently ameliorates learning and memory impairments in AD model mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:1279-1291. [PMID: 31000769 PMCID: PMC6786387 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by both accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque and formation of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Recent evidence shows that autophagy activation may potently promote intracellular Aβ clearance. Thus targeting autophagy becomes a promising strategy for discovery of drug leads against AD. In the present study, we established a platform to discover autophagy stimulator and screened the lab in-house FDA-approved drug library. We found that anti-parasitic drug nitazoxanide (NTZ) was an autophagy activator and could efficiently improve learning and memory impairments in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. In BV2 cells and primary cortical astrocytes, NTZ stimulated autophagy and promoted Aβ clearance by inhibiting both PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ULK1 and NQO1/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathways; NTZ treatment attenuated LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/IκB/NFκB signaling. In SH-SY5Y cells and primary cortical neurons, NTZ treatment restrained tau hyperphosphorylation through inhibition of PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway. The beneficial effects and related signaling mechanisms from the in vitro studies were also observed in APP/PS1 transgenic mice following administration of NTZ (90 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig) for 100 days. Furthermore, NTZ administration decreased Aβ level and senile plaque formation in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of APP/PS1 transgenic mice, and improved learning and memory impairments in Morris water maze assay. In conclusion, our results highlight the potential of NTZ in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Lu Lv
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Lu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jia-Ying Wang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Guan
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ji-Ming Ye
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Yong-Hua Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Manickavasagam D, Oyewumi MO. Internalization of particulate delivery systems by activated microglia influenced the therapeutic efficacy of simvastatin repurposing for neuroinflammation. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang K, Liu X, Han M, Liu Y, Wang X, Yu H, Liu J, Zhang Q. Functional differentiation of three phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) in response to Vibrio anguillarum infection in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:450-459. [PMID: 31207302 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PIK3CA has been extensively investigated from its molecular mechanism perspective and association with its mutations in different types of cancers. However, little has been reported regarding the pathological significance of PIK3CA expression in teleost. Here, in our present study, three PIK3CA genes termed SmPIK3CAa, SmPIK3CAb and SmPIK3CA-like were firstly identified in the genome of turbot S. maximus. Although these three genes located in different chromosomes, all of them share the same five domains. Phylogenetic and synteny analysis indicated that SmPIK3CAa, SmPIK3CAb and SmPIK3CA-like were three paralogs that may originate from duplication of the same ancestral PIK3CA gene. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed the cytoplasm distribution of these three paralogs. All three SmPIK3CA were ubiquitously expressed in examined tissues in turbot, with the higher expression levels in immune-related tissues such as blood, spleen, kidney, gills and intestines. Upon Vibrio anguillarum challenge, SmPIK3CAa and SmPIK3CA-like transcripts were significantly induced in spleen, intestine and blood despite of differential expression levels and responsive time points. Additionally, individuals in resistant group showed significantly higher expression level of both two genes than in the susceptible group. Moreover, four SNPs (102, 2530, 3027 and 3060) and one haplotype (Hap2) located in exon region of SmPIK3CA-like were identified and confirmed to be associated with V. anguillarum resistance in turbot by association analysis in different populations. Taken together, these results suggested that functional differentiation occurred in three SmPIK3CA paralogs with Vibrio anguillarum resistance and SmPIK3CAa and SmPIK3CA-like probable play potential roles in innate immune response to pathogenic invasions in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Miao Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuangang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Nitidine chloride exerts anti-inflammatory action by targeting Topoisomerase I and enhancing IL-10 production. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104368. [PMID: 31415918 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the effort to identify natural products that regulate immunity and inflammation, we found that nitidine chloride (NC), an alkaloid from herb Zanthoxylum nitidum, enhanced IL-10 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated myeloid cells. While NC was shown to be capable of inhibiting topoisomerase I (TOP1), NC analogs that could not inhibit TOP1 failed to increase IL-10 production. Moreover, medicinal TOP1 inhibitors TPT and SN-38 also augmented IL-10 production significantly, whereas knockdown of TOP1 prevented NC, TPT, and SN-38 from enhancing IL-10 expression. Thus, NC promoted IL-10 production by inhibiting TOP1. In LPS-induced endotoxemic mice, NC and TOP1 inhibitors increased IL-10 production, suppressed inflammatory responses, and reduced mortality remarkably. The anti-inflammatory activities of TOP1 inhibition were markedly reduced by IL-10-neutralizing antibody and largely absent in IL-10-deficient mice. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in peritoneal macrophages from endotoxemic mice, NC and TOP1 inhibitors significantly enhanced the activation of Akt, a critical signal transducer for IL-10 production, and inhibition of Akt prevented these compounds from enhancing IL-10 production and ameliorating endotoxemia. These data indicated that NC and TOP1 inhibitors are able to exert anti-inflammatory action through enhancing Akt-mediated IL-10 production and may assist with the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Rifampicin and Its Derivative Rifampicin Quinone Reduce Microglial Inflammatory Responses and Neurodegeneration Induced In Vitro by α-Synuclein Fibrillary Aggregates. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080776. [PMID: 31349736 PMCID: PMC6721546 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
: Aggregated forms of the synaptic protein α-synuclein (αS) have been proposed to operate as a molecular trigger for microglial inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration in Parkinson´s disease. Here, we used brain microglial cell cultures activated by fibrillary forms of recombinant human αS to assess the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities of the antibiotic rifampicin (Rif) and its autoxidation product rifampicin quinone (RifQ). Pretreatments with Rif and RifQ reduced the secretion of prototypical inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6) and the burst of oxidative stress in microglial cells activated with αS fibrillary aggregates. Note, however, that RifQ was constantly more efficacious than its parent compound in reducing microglial activation. We also established that the suppressive effects of Rif and RifQ on cytokine release was probably due to inhibition of both PI3K- and non-PI3K-dependent signaling events. The control of oxidative stress appeared, however, essentially dependent on PI3K inhibition. Of interest, we also showed that RifQ was more efficient than Rif in protecting neuronal cells from toxic factors secreted by microglia activated by αS fibrils. Overall, data with RifQ are promising enough to justify further studies to confirm the potential of this compound as an anti-parkinsionian drug.
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