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Goyal K, Goel H, Baranwal P, Dixit A, Khan F, Jha NK, Kesari KK, Pandey P, Pandey A, Benjamin M, Maurya A, Yadav V, Sinh RS, Tanwar P, Upadhyay TK, Mittan S. Unravelling the molecular mechanism of mutagenic factors impacting human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61993-62013. [PMID: 34410595 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental mutagens are chemical and physical substances in the environment that has a potential to induce a wide range of mutations and generate multiple physiological, biochemical, and genetic modifications in humans. Most mutagens are having genotoxic effects on the following generation through germ cells. The influence of germinal mutations on health will be determined by their frequency, nature, and the mechanisms that keep a specific mutation in the population. Early prenatal lethal mutations have less public health consequences than genetic illnesses linked with long-term medical and social difficulties. Physical and chemical mutagens are common mutagens found in the environment. These two environmental mutagens have been associated with multiple neurological disorders and carcinogenesis in humans. Thus in this study, we aim to unravel the molecular mechanism of physical mutagens (UV rays, X-rays, gamma rays), chemical mutagens (dimethyl sulfate (DMS), bisphenol A (BPA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 5-chlorocytosine (5ClC)), and several heavy metals (Ar, Pb, Al, Hg, Cd, Cr) implicated in DNA damage, carcinogenesis, chromosomal abnormalities, and oxidative stress which leads to multiple disorders and impacting human health. Biological tests for mutagen detection are crucial; therefore, we also discuss several approaches (Ames test and Mutatox test) to estimate mutagenic factors in the environment. The potential risks of environmental mutagens impacting humans require a deeper basic knowledge of human genetics as well as ongoing research on humans, animals, and their tissues and fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Goyal
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsh Goel
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pritika Baranwal
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Dixit
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Avanish Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mercilena Benjamin
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Maurya
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana Suryauday Sinh
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda, India
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences & Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| | - Sandeep Mittan
- Department of Cardiology, Ichan School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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DeMarini DM, Linak WP. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of combustion emissions are impacted more by combustor technology than by fuel composition: A brief review. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:135-150. [PMID: 35253926 PMCID: PMC9311424 DOI: 10.1002/em.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies during the past 50 years have characterized the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of extractable organic material (EOM) of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air and from combustion emissions. We have summarized conclusions from these studies and present data supporting those conclusions for 50 combustion emissions, including carcinogenic potencies on mouse skin (papillomas/mouse/mg EOM), mutagenic potencies (revertants/μg EOM) in the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay, and mutagenicity emission factors (revertants/kg fuel or revertants/MJthermal ) in Salmonella. Mutagenic potencies of EOM from PM in ambient air and combustion emissions span 1-2 orders of magnitude, respectively. In contrast, the revertants/m3 span >5 orders of magnitude due to variable PM concentrations in ambient air. Carcinogenic potencies of EOM from combustion emissions on mouse skin and EOM-associated human lung cancer risk from those emissions both span ~3 orders of magnitude and are highly associated. The ubiquitous presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitroarenes, and aromatic amines results in mutagenic and carcinogenic potencies of PM that span only 1-3 orders of magnitude; most PM induces primarily G to T mutations. Mutagenicity emission factors of combustion emissions span 3-5 orders of magnitude and correlate with PAH emission factors (r > 0.9). Mutagenicity emission factors were largely a function of how material was burned (highly efficient modern combustors versus open burning) rather than what materials were burned. Combustion systems that minimize kinetic and mass-transfer limitations and promote complete oxidation also minimize the mutagenicity of their emissions. This fundamental engineering principle can inform environmental and public health assessments of combustion emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. DeMarini
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and ModelingU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - William P. Linak
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and ModelingU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
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Abstract
Firefighters are the professional force at high risk of suffering potential health consequences due to their chronic exposure to numerous hazardous pollutants during firefighting activities. Unfortunately, determination of fire emission exposure is very challenging. As such, the identification and development of appropriate biomarkers is critical in meeting this need. This chapter presents a critical review of current information related with the use of different urinary biomarkers of effect and exposure in occupationally exposed firefighters over the last 25 years. Evidence suggests that urinary isoprostanes and mutagenicity testing are promising biomarkers of early oxidative stress. Data indicate that firefighters participating in firefighting activities present with increased urinary biomarkers of exposure. These include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and metalloids, organo-chlorine and -phosphorus compounds, environmental phenols, phthalates, benzene and toluene. More studies are urgently needed to better evaluate firefighter occupational safety and health and to support the implementation of preventive measures and mitigation strategies to promote the protection of this chronically exposed group of workers.
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Nieto Marín V, Echavarría Mazo LV, Londoño Berrio M, Orozco Jiménez LY, Estrada Vélez V, Isaza JP, Ortiz-Trujillo IC. Genotoxicity of organic material extracted from particulate matter of alternative fuels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:17844-17852. [PMID: 33400118 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for energy is rapidly increasing, and resources for the production of petroleum-based fuels are running out. For this, renewable fuels like biodiesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil biofuel are considered important alternatives to replace such fuels. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro genotoxicity effect on HepG2 cells of organic material extracted from particulate matter emissions of an engine fueled with conventional diesel or mixtures of diesel with 10% of biomass. The emissions were collected in two operational modes, 2410 rpm (slope simulation) and 1890 rpm (plane). Genotoxicity was evaluated through two methods, chromosomal aberration test and the alkaline comet assay. The former did not show any genotoxic effect, but the latter exhibited a statistically significant effect despite the operational mode of the engine and the concentration organic material extracted. In conclusion, regardless of the concentration of organic material extracted from particulate matter, the operational mode of the engine, or the fuel used, a significant damage of the DNA was found. In general, at the physicochemical level, a decrease in the amount of emissions of the used fuels is not directly related to a decrease in the genotoxicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Nieto Marín
- Grupo de Investigación Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1ra 70-01, Campus Laureles, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Leidy Vanessa Echavarría Mazo
- Grupo de Investigación Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1ra 70-01, Campus Laureles, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maritza Londoño Berrio
- Grupo de Investigación Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1ra 70-01, Campus Laureles, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Luz Yaneth Orozco Jiménez
- Grupo de Investigación Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1ra 70-01, Campus Laureles, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Verónica Estrada Vélez
- Grupo de Investigación Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1ra 70-01, Campus Laureles, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Juan Pablo Isaza
- Grupo de Investigación Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1ra 70-01, Campus Laureles, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Isabel Cristina Ortiz-Trujillo
- Grupo de Investigación Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1ra 70-01, Campus Laureles, Medellin, Colombia.
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Champion WM, Warren SH, Kooter IM, Preston W, Krantz QT, DeMarini DM, Jetter JJ. Mutagenicity- and pollutant-emission factors of pellet-fueled gasifier cookstoves: Comparison with other combustion sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139488. [PMID: 32526531 PMCID: PMC7676151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from solid-fuel burning cookstoves are associated with 3 to 4 million premature deaths annually and contribute significantly to impacts on climate. Pellet-fueled gasifier stoves have some emission factors (EFs) approaching those of gas-fuel (liquid petroleum gas) stoves; however, their emissions have not been evaluated for biological effects. Here we used a new International Organization for Standardization (ISO) testing protocol to determine pollutant- and mutagenicity-EFs for a stove designed for pellet fuel, the Mimi Moto, and for two other forced-draft stoves, Xunda and Philips HD4012, burning pellets of hardwood or peanut hulls. The Salmonella assay-based mutagenicity-EFs (revertants/megajouledelivered) spanned three orders of magnitude and correlated highly (r = 0.99; n = 5) with EFs of the sum of 32 particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Mimi Moto/hardwood pellet combination had total-PAH- and mutagenicity-EFs 99.2 and 96.6% lower, respectively, compared to data published previously for the Philips stove burning non-pelletized hardwood, and 100 and 99.8% lower, respectively, compared to those of a wood-fueled three-stone fire. The Xunda burning peanut hull pellets had the highest fuel energy-based mutagenicity-EF (revertants/megajoulethermal) of the pellet stove/fuel combinations tested, which was between that of diesel exhaust, a known human carcinogen, and a natural-draft wood stove. Although the Mimi Moto burning hardwood pellets had the lowest fuel energy-based mutagenicity-EF, this value was between that of utility coal and utility wood boilers. This advanced stove/fuel combination has the potential to greatly reduce emissions in contrast to a traditional stove, but adequate ventilation is required to approach acceptable levels of indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt M Champion
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
| | - Sarah H Warren
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analyses, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Q Todd Krantz
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - David M DeMarini
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - James J Jetter
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Botero ML, Mendoza C, Arias S, Hincapié OD, Agudelo JR, Ortiz IC. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and DNA damage induced by particle matter and gaseous emissions from a medium-duty diesel vehicle under real driving conditions using palm oil biodiesel blends. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115034. [PMID: 32806412 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of palm oil biodiesel content on the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of particle- and gas-phase diesel vehicle emissions was investigated. The emissions were collected on-board of a EURO IV diesel truck, fuelled with mixtures of 10% (B10), 20% (B20) and 100% (B100) of palm oil biodiesel, under real driving conditions. Organic extracts of the particulate matter (PM) and gases were characterised for 17 PAH (including EPA priority) and used for the biological assay. Increasing biodiesel content in the fuel mixture results in a decrease in the PM and PAH emission factors, both in the particulate and gas-phase. The majority of the PAH are present in the gas-phase. The mutagenic potencies, in TA98 bacteria, are higher for B20 in both phases, whereas the mutagenicity emission factor, that takes into account the lower emission of PM and PAH, is not significantly different between the fuels. Higher direct mutagenicity (TA98 + S9) is observed in all the tested fuels, indicating the action of carcinogenic compounds other than non-substituted PAH. The gas-phase extracts present higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in lung epithelial cell A549, which may be related to the higher PAH content in the gas-phase. The increase in biodiesel content have a different impact on cytotoxicity, being larger in the gas-phase and lower in the particle-phase. This indicates that pulmonary toxicity may be higher for the gaseous emissions, due to the role of different toxic compounds compared to the PM. The adverse biological effects when biodiesel content increases are not consequent with the reduction of the PAH characterised, indicating that other toxic compounds are more relevant. Further investigations to identify these compounds are required in order to update and focus the efforts regarding emission targets and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Botero
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Antioquia, Colombia.
| | | | - Silvana Arias
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Antioquia, Colombia; School of Environment, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Oscar D Hincapié
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - John R Agudelo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Isabel C Ortiz
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Bolivarian University, Colombia
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Agarwal AK, Singh AP, Gupta T, Agarwal RA, Sharma N, Pandey SK, Ateeq B. Toxicity of exhaust particulates and gaseous emissions from gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline)-fuelled spark ignition engines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1540-1553. [PMID: 32573620 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last couple of decades, blending of oxygenated additives with gasoline has been advocated to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and to reduce hazardous health effects of gaseous emissions and particulate matter (PM) emitted by internal combustion (IC) engines in the transport sector worldwide. The primary objective of this research was to carry out a comparative analysis of exhaust PM emitted by gasohol (gasoline blended with 10% ethanol, v/v)-fulled spark ignition (SI) engine with that of baseline gasoline-fuelled SI engine. To assess the PM toxicity, physical, chemical and biological characterizations of PM were carried out using the state-of-the-art instruments and techniques. Measurements of regulated and unregulated gaseous species were also carried out at part/full loads. The results showed that the gasohol-fuelled engine emitted relatively lower concentrations of unregulated gaseous species such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), isocyanic acid (HNCO), etc. Physical characterization of exhaust particles revealed that the gasohol-fuelled engine emitted a significantly lower number of particles compared to the gasoline-fuelled engine. The presence of harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and higher trace metal concentrations in PM emitted from the gasoline-fuelled engine was another important finding of this study. Biological characterizations showed that PM emitted from the gasohol-fuelled engine were less cytotoxic and had lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation potential. Mutagenicity of PM emitted from the gasohol-fuelled engine was also lower compared to that from the gasoline-fuelled engine. Overall, this study demonstrated that utilization of gasohol in SI engines led to the reduction in emissions, and lowering of PM toxicity, in addition to partial replacement of fossil fuels with renewable fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar Agarwal
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India
| | - Akhilendra Pratap Singh
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India
| | | | - Nikhil Sharma
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India
| | - Swaroop Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
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Møller P, Scholten RH, Roursgaard M, Krais AM. Inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses to biodiesel emissions in cultured mammalian cells and animals. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:383-401. [PMID: 32543270 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a consequence of delivery of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress and inflammation. We have reviewed articles from 2002 to 2019 (50% of the articles since 2015) that have described toxicological effects in terms of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation of biodiesel exhaust exposure in humans, animals and cell cultures. The studies have assessed first generation biodiesel from different feedstock (e.g. rapeseed and soy), certain second generation fuels (e.g. waste oil), and hydrogenated vegetable oil. It is not possible to rank the potency of toxicological effects of specific biodiesel fuels. However, exposure to biodiesel exhaust causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Three studies in animals have not indicated genotoxicity in lung tissue. The database on oxidative stress and inflammation in animal studies is larger (13 studies); ten studies have reported increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers or inflammation, although the effects have been modest in most studies. The cell culture and animal studies have not consistently shown a different potency in effect between biodiesel and petrodiesel exhausts. Both increased and decreased potency have been reported, which might be due to differences in feedstock or combustion conditions. In conclusion, combustion products from biodiesel and petrodiesel fuel may evoke similar toxicological effects on genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Harnung Scholten
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Mutagenicity emission factors of canola oil and waste vegetable oil biodiesel: Comparison to soy biodiesel. Mutat Res 2019; 846:403057. [PMID: 31585630 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Canola (or rapeseed) oil and waste vegetable oil (WVO) are used commonly to make biodiesel fuels composed completely from these oils (B100) or as blends with petroleum diesel (B0). However, no studies have reported the mutagenic potencies of the particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) or the mutagenicity emission factors, such as revertants/MJthermal (rev/MJth) for these biodiesel emissions. Using strains TA98 and TA100 with the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay, we determined these metrics for organic extracts of PM2.5 of emissions from biodiesel containing 5% soy oil (soy B5); 5, 20, 50, and 100% canola (canola B5, B20, B50, B100), and 100% waste vegetable oil (WVO B100). The mutagenic potencies (rev/mg PM2.5) of the canola B100 and WVO B100 emissions were generally greater than those of B0, whereas the mutagenicity emission factors (rev/MJth, rev/kg fuel, and rev/m3) were less, reflecting the lower PM emissions of the biodiesels relative to B0. Nearly all the rev/mg PM2.5 and rev/MJth values were greater in TA98 with S9 than without S9, indicating a relatively greater role for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which require S9, than nitroarenes, which do not. In TA100 -S9, the rev/mg PM2.5 and rev/MJth for the biodiesels were generally ≥ to those of B0, indicating that most of these biodiesels produced more direct-acting, base-substitution mutagenic activity than did B0. For B100 biodiesels and petroleum diesel, the rev/MJth in TA98 + S9 ranked: petroleum diesel > canola > WVO > soy. The diesel emissions generally had rev/MJth values orders of magnitude higher than those of large utility-scale combustors (natural gas, coal, oil, or wood) but orders of magnitude lower than those of inefficient open burning (e.g., residential wood fireplaces). These comparative data of the potential health effects of a variety of biodiesel fuels will help inform the life-cycle assessment and use of biodiesel fuels.
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Adetona AM, Martin WK, Warren SH, Hanley NM, Adetona O, Zhang JJ, Simpson C, Paulsen M, Rathbun S, Wang JS, DeMarini DM, Naeher LP. Urinary mutagenicity and other biomarkers of occupational smoke exposure of wildland firefighters and oxidative stress. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:73-87. [PMID: 30985217 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1600079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Wildland firefighters conducting prescribed burns are exposed to a complex mixture of pollutants, requiring an integrated measure of exposure. Objective: We used urinary mutagenicity to assess if systemic exposure to mutagens is higher in firefighters after working at prescribed burns versus after non-burn work days. Other biomarkers of exposure and oxidative stress markers were also measured. Methods: Using a repeated measures study design, we collected urine before, immediately after, and the morning after a work shift on prescribed burn and non-burn work days from 12 healthy subjects, and analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-isoprostane, 1-hydroxypyrene (OH-pyrene), and mutagenicity in Salmonella YG1041 +S9. Particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured by personal monitoring. Light-absorbing carbon (LAC) of PM2.5 was measured as a surrogate for black carbon exposure. Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess cross-work shift changes in urinary biomarkers. Results: No significant differences occurred in creatinine-adjusted urinary mutagenicity across the work shift between burn days and non-burn days. Firefighters lighting fires had a non-significant, 1.6-fold increase in urinary mutagenicity for burn versus non-burn day exposures. Positive associations were found between cross-work shift changes in creatinine-adjusted urinary mutagenicity and MDA (p = 0.0010), OH-pyrene (p = 0.0001), and mass absorption efficiency which is the LAC/PM2.5 ratio (p = 0.2245), respectively. No significant effect of day type or work task on cross-work shift changes in MDA or 8-isoprostane was observed. Conclusion: Urinary mutagenicity may serve as a suitable measure of occupational smoke exposures among wildland firefighters, especially among those lighting fires for prescribed burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Adetona
- a Department of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - W. Kyle Martin
- b Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Oak Ridge , TN , USA
| | - Sarah H Warren
- c Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Nancy M Hanley
- c Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Olorunfemi Adetona
- d Division of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- e Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Christopher Simpson
- f Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Mike Paulsen
- f Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Stephen Rathbun
- g Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- a Department of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- c Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Luke P Naeher
- a Department of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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Martin WK, Tennant AH, Conolly RB, Prince K, Stevens JS, DeMarini DM, Martin BL, Thompson LC, Gilmour MI, Cascio WE, Hays MD, Hazari MS, Padilla S, Farraj AK. High-Throughput Video Processing of Heart Rate Responses in Multiple Wild-type Embryonic Zebrafish per Imaging Field. Sci Rep 2019; 9:145. [PMID: 30644404 PMCID: PMC6333808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate assays in wild-type zebrafish embryos have been limited to analysis of one embryo per video/imaging field. Here we present for the first time a platform for high-throughput derivation of heart rate from multiple zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos per imaging field, which is capable of quickly processing thousands of videos and ideal for multi-well platforms with multiple fish/well. This approach relies on use of 2-day post fertilization wild-type embryos, and uses only bright-field imaging, circumventing requirement for anesthesia or restraint, costly software/hardware, or fluorescently-labeled animals. Our original scripts (1) locate the heart and record pixel intensity fluctuations generated by each cardiac cycle using a robust image processing routine, and (2) process intensity data to derive heart rate. To demonstrate assay utility, we exposed embryos to the drugs epinephrine and clonidine, which increased or decreased heart rate, respectively. Exposure to organic extracts of air pollution-derived particulate matter, including diesel or biodiesel exhausts, or wood smoke, all complex environmental mixtures, decreased heart rate to varying degrees. Comparison against an established lower-throughput method indicated robust assay fidelity. As all code and executable files are publicly available, this approach may expedite cardiotoxicity screening of compounds as diverse as small molecule drugs and complex chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kyle Martin
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alan H Tennant
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rory B Conolly
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Joey S Stevens
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brandi L Martin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Leslie C Thompson
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Wayne E Cascio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael D Hays
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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12
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Agarwal AK, Singh AP, Gupta T, Agarwal RA, Sharma N, Rajput P, Pandey SK, Ateeq B. Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity of Particulate Matter Emitted from Biodiesel-Fueled Engines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14496-14507. [PMID: 30512948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel engines produce several intermediate species, which can potentially harm the human health. The concentration of these species and their health risk potential varies depending on engine technology, fuel, and engine operating condition. In this study, experiments were performed on a large number of engines having different configurations (emissions norms/fuel used), which were operated at part load/full load using B20 (20% v/v biodiesel blended with mineral diesel) and mineral diesel. Experiments included measurement of gaseous emissions, and physical, chemical, and biological characterization of exhaust particulate matter (PM). Chemical characterization of PM was carried out for detecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) and PM bound trace metals. The biological toxicity associated with PM was assessed using human embryonic kidney 293T cells (HEK 293T). The mutagenic potential of the PM was tested at three different concentrations (500, 100, and 50 μg/mL) using two different Salmonella strains, TA98 and TA100, with and without liver S9 metabolic enzyme fraction. PM samples exhibited cytotoxic effect on HEK 293T cells (IC50 < 100 μg/mL) and there was significant potential for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Comparison of different engines showed that modern engines (Euro-III and Euro-IV compliant) produced relatively cleaner exhaust compared to older engines (Euro-II compliant). Biodiesel-fueled engines emitted lower number of particles compared to diesel-fueled engines. However, chemical characterization revealed that biodiesel-fueled engines exhaust PM contained several harmful PAHs and trace metals, which affected the biological activity of these PM, as reflected in the biological investigations. Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of PM from biodiesel-fueled engines were relatively higher compared to their diesel counterparts, indicating the need for exhaust gas after-treatment.
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13
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Lankoff A, Brzoska K, Czarnocka J, Kowalska M, Lisowska H, Mruk R, Øvrevik J, Wegierek-Ciuk A, Zuberek M, Kruszewski M. A comparative analysis of in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particles from combustion of 1st- and 2nd-generation biodiesel fuels in relation to their physicochemical properties-the FuelHealth project. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19357-19374. [PMID: 28674953 PMCID: PMC5556143 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesels represent more carbon-neutral fuels and are introduced at an increasing extent to reduce emission of greenhouse gases. However, the potential impact of different types and blend concentrations of biodiesel on the toxicity of diesel engine emissions are still relatively scarce and to some extent contradictory. The objective of the present work was to compare the toxicity of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) from combustion of two 1st-generation fuels: 7% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME; B7) and 20% FAME (B20) and a 2nd-generation 20% FAME/HVO (synthetic hydrocarbon biofuel (SHB)) fuel. Our findings indicate that particulate emissions of each type of biodiesel fuel induce cytotoxic effects in BEAS-2B and A549 cells, manifested as cell death (apoptosis or necrosis), decreased protein concentrations, intracellular ROS production, as well as increased expression of antioxidant genes and genes coding for DNA damage-response proteins. The different biodiesel blend percentages and biodiesel feedstocks led to marked differences in chemical composition of the emitted DEP. The different DEPs also displayed statistically significant differences in cytotoxicity in A549 and BEAS-2B cells, but the magnitude of these variations was limited. Overall, it seems that increasing biodiesel blend concentrations from the current 7 to 20% FAME, or substituting 1st-generation FAME biodiesel with 2nd-generation HVO biodiesel (at least below 20% blends), affects the in vitro toxicity of the emitted DEP to some extent, but the biological significance of this may be moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lankoff
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 15 Swietokrzyska Str., 25-406, Kielce, Poland.
- Center for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Brzoska
- Center for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Czarnocka
- Automotive Industry Institute, 55 Jagiellońska Str., 03-301, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kowalska
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 15 Swietokrzyska Str., 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Halina Lisowska
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 15 Swietokrzyska Str., 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 166 Nowoursynowska Str., 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division of Environmental Medicine Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aneta Wegierek-Ciuk
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 15 Swietokrzyska Str., 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Mariusz Zuberek
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Center for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
- Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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14
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Karavalakis G, Gysel N, Schmitz DA, Cho AK, Sioutas C, Schauer JJ, Cocker DR, Durbin TD. Impact of biodiesel on regulated and unregulated emissions, and redox and proinflammatory properties of PM emitted from heavy-duty vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:1230-1238. [PMID: 28148458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The emissions and the potential health effects of particulate matter (PM) were assessed from two heavy-duty trucks with and without emission control aftertreatment systems when operating on CARB ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and three different biodiesel blends. The CARB ULSD was blended with soy-based biodiesel, animal fat biodiesel, and waste cooking oil biodiesel at 50vol%. Testing was conducted over the EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) in triplicate for both trucks. The aftertreatment controls effectively decreased PM mass and number emissions, as well as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compared to the uncontrolled truck. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhibited increases with the biodiesel blends, showing some feedstock dependency for the controlled truck. The oxidative potential of the emitted PM, measured by means of the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, showed reductions with the use of biodiesel blends relative to CARB ULSD for the uncontrolled truck. Overall, the cellular responses to the particles from each fuel were reflective of the chemical content, i.e., particles from CARB ULSD were the most reactive and exhibited the highest cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Karavalakis
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Nicholas Gysel
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Debra A Schmitz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arthur K Cho
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David R Cocker
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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15
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DeMarini DM, Warren SH, Lavrich K, Flen A, Aurell J, Mitchell W, Greenwell D, Preston W, Schmid JE, Linak WP, Hays MD, Samet JM, Gullett BK. Mutagenicity and oxidative damage induced by an organic extract of the particulate emissions from a simulation of the deepwater horizon surface oil burns. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:162-171. [PMID: 28370325 PMCID: PMC6121736 DOI: 10.1002/em.22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from oil fires associated with the "Deepwater Horizon" explosion and oil discharge that began on April 20, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed chemically to only a limited extent at the time but were shown to induce oxidative damage in vitro and in mice. To extend this work, we burned oil floating on sea water and performed extensive chemical analyses of the emissions (Gullett et al., Marine Pollut Bull, in press, ). Here, we examine the ability of a dichloromethane extract of the particulate material with an aerodynamic size ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5 ) from those emissions to induce oxidative damage in human lung cells in vitro and mutagenicity in 6 strains of Salmonella. The extract had a percentage of extractable organic material (EOM) of 7.0% and increased expression of the heme oxygenase (HMOX1) gene in BEAS-2B cells after exposure for 4 hr at 20 µg of EOM/ml. However, the extract did not alter mitochondrial respiration rate as measured by extracellular flux analysis. The extract was most mutagenic in TA100 +S9, indicative of a role for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), reflective of the high concentrations of PAHs in the emissions (1 g/kg of oil consumed). The extract had a mutagenicity emission factor of 1.8 ± 0.1 × 105 revertants/megajoulethermal in TA98 +S9, which was greater than that of diesel exhaust and within an order of magnitude of open burning of wood and plastic. Thus, organics from PM2.5 of burning oil can induce oxidative responses in human airway epithelial cells and are highly mutagenic. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:162-171, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Katelyn Lavrich
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alexis Flen
- Student Services Contractor, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - William Mitchell
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dale Greenwell
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Judith E. Schmid
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - William P. Linak
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michael D. Hays
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - James M. Samet
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Brian K. Gullett
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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16
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Cervena T, Rossnerova A, Sikorova J, Beranek V, Vojtisek-Lom M, Ciganek M, Topinka J, Rossner P. DNA Damage Potential of Engine Emissions Measured In Vitro
by Micronucleus Test in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121 Suppl 3:102-108. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Cervena
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Rossnerova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Sikorova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
- Institute for Environmental Studies; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vit Beranek
- Center of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Czech Technical University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vojtisek-Lom
- Center of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Czech Technical University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology; Veterinary Research Institute; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
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17
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Mutlu E, Warren SH, Ebersviller SM, Kooter IM, Schmid JE, Dye JA, Linak WP, Gilmour MI, Jetter JJ, Higuchi M, DeMarini DM. Mutagenicity and Pollutant Emission Factors of Solid-Fuel Cookstoves: Comparison with Other Combustion Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:974-82. [PMID: 26895221 PMCID: PMC4937857 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1509852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emissions from solid fuels used for cooking cause ~4 million premature deaths per year. Advanced solid-fuel cookstoves are a potential solution, but they should be assessed by appropriate performance indicators, including biological effects. OBJECTIVE We evaluated two categories of solid-fuel cookstoves for eight pollutant and four mutagenicity emission factors, correlated the mutagenicity emission factors, and compared them to those of other combustion emissions. METHODS We burned red oak in a 3-stone fire (TSF), a natural-draft stove (NDS), and a forced-draft stove (FDS), and we combusted propane as a liquified petroleum gas control fuel. We determined emission factors based on useful energy (megajoules delivered, MJd) for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), black carbon, methane, total hydrocarbons, 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PM2.5, levoglucosan (a wood-smoke marker), and mutagenicity in Salmonella. RESULTS With the exception of NOx, the emission factors per MJd were highly correlated (r ≥ 0.97); the correlation for NOx with the other emission factors was 0.58-0.76. Excluding NOx, the NDS and FDS reduced the emission factors an average of 68 and 92%, respectively, relative to the TSF. Nevertheless, the mutagenicity emission factor based on fuel energy used (MJthermal) for the most efficient stove (FDS) was between those of a large diesel bus engine and a small diesel generator. CONCLUSIONS Both mutagenicity and pollutant emission factors may be informative for characterizing cookstove performance. However, mutagenicity emission factors may be especially useful for characterizing potential health effects and should be evaluated in relation to health outcomes in future research. An FDS operated as intended by the manufacturer is safer than a TSF, but without adequate ventilation, it will still result in poor indoor air quality. CITATION Mutlu E, Warren SH, Ebersviller SM, Kooter IM, Schmid JE, Dye JA, Linak WP, Gilmour MI, Jetter JJ, Higuchi M, DeMarini DM. 2016. Mutagenicity and pollutant emission factors of solid-fuel cookstoves: comparison with other combustion sources. Environ Health Perspect 124:974-982; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509852.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seth M. Ebersviller
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ingeborg M. Kooter
- Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analyses, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith E. Schmid
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janice A. Dye
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - William P. Linak
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James J. Jetter
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Higuchi
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to D.M. DeMarini, U.S. EPA, B105-03, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-1510. E-mail:
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18
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Madden MC. A paler shade of green? The toxicology of biodiesel emissions: Recent findings from studies with this alternative fuel. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2856-62. [PMID: 27261091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel produced primarily from plants and algal feedstocks is believed to have advantages for production and use compared to petroleum and to some other fuel sources. There is some speculation that exposure to biodiesel combustion emissions may not induce biological responses or health effects or at a minimum reduce the effects relative to other fuels. In evaluating the overall environmental and health effects of biodiesel production to end use scenario, empirical data or modeling data based on such data are needed. SCOPE OF REVIEW This manuscript examines the available toxicology reports examining combustion derived biodiesel emissions since approximately 2007, when our last review of the topic occurred. Toxicity derived from other end uses of biodiesel - e.g., spills, dermal absorption, etc. - are not examined. Findings from biodiesel emissions are roughly divided into three areas: whole non-human animal model exposures; in vitro exposures of mammalian and bacterial cells (used for mutation studies primarily); and human exposures in controlled or other exposure fashions. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Overall, these more current studies clearly demonstrate that biodiesel combustion emission exposure- to either 100% biodiesel or a blend in petroleum diesel- can induce biological effects. There are reports that show biodiesel exposure generally induces more effects or a greater magnitude of effect than petroleum diesel, however there are also a similar number of reports showing the opposite trend. It is unclear whether effects induced by exposure to a blend are greater than exposure to 100% biodiesel. Taken together, the evidence suggest biodiesel emissions can have some similar effects as diesel emissions on inflammatory, vascular, mutagenic, and other responses. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE While acute biodiesel exposures can show toxicity with a variety of endpoints, the potential effects on human health need further validation. Additionally there are few or no findings to date on whether biodiesel emissions can induce effects or even a weaker response that petroleum diesel with repeated exposure scenarios such as in an occupational setting. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Air Pollution, edited by Wenjun Ding, Andrew J. Ghio and Weidong Wu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
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19
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Madden MC. Comparative toxicity and mutagenicity of soy-biodiesel and petroleum-diesel emissions: overview of studies from the U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:511-4. [PMID: 26514779 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1107153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel use as a fuel is increasing globally as an alternate to petroleum sources. To comprehensively assess the effects of the use of biodiesel as an energy source, end stage uses of biodiesel such as the effects of inhalation of combusted products on human health must be incorporated. To date, few reports concerning the toxicological effects of the emissions of combusted biodiesel or blends of biodiesel on surrogates of health effects have been published. The relative toxicity of the combusted biodiesel emissions compared to petroleum diesel emissions with short term exposures is also not well known. To address the paucity of findings on the toxicity of combusted biodiesel emissions, studies were undertaken at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratories in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The studies used a variety of approaches with nonhuman animal models to examine biological responses of the lung and cardiovascular systems induced by acute and repeated exposures to pure biodiesel and biodiesel blended with petroleum diesel. Effects of the emissions on induction of mutations in bacterial test strains and mammalian DNA adducts were also characterized and normalized to engine work load. The emissions were characterized as to the physicochemical composition in order to determine the magnitude of the differences among the emissions utilized in the studies. This article summarizes the major finding of these studies which are contained within this special issue of Inhalation Toxicology. The findings provided in these articles provide information about the toxicity of biodiesel emissions relative to petroleum diesel emissions and which can be utilized in a life cycle analyses of the effects of increased biodiesel usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Madden
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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20
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Mutlu E, Warren SH, Matthews PP, Schmid JE, Kooter IM, Linak WP, Ian Gilmour M, DeMarini DM. Health effects of soy-biodiesel emissions: bioassay-directed fractionation for mutagenicity. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:597-612. [PMID: 26514787 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Soy biodiesel is the predominant biodiesel in the USA, but there is little understanding of the classes of chemicals responsible for the mutagenicity of its emissions. OBJECTIVE We determined some of the chemical classes responsible for the mutagenicity of the particulate matter (PM) of the emissions from petroleum diesel (B0) and biodiesel containing increasing concentrations of soy methyl esters (B20, B50, and B100). MATERIALS AND METHODS We subjected organic extracts of the PM to bioassay-directed fractionation by sequential elution on silica gel with solvents of increasing polarity to produce four fractions per fuel. We injected these onto high performance liquid chromatography to produce 62 sub-fractions per fraction based on chemical polarity and evaluated all fractions and sub-fractions for mutagenicity in Salmonella. We correlated the results with the concentrations of 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the fractions. RESULTS The mutagenicity-emission factors of the fractions generally decreased with increasing concentrations of soy in the fuel. Despite the different chemical compositions of the fuels, the extractable organics of all four emissions had similar features: ∼60% of the mass was nonpolar, non-mutagenic compounds; most of the PAHs were polar; and most of the mutagenicity was due to weakly polar and polar compounds. Some of the mutagenicity of B20 was due to highly polar compounds. CONCLUSIONS The PM from soy biodiesel emissions was less mutagenic than that from petroleum diesel, and this reduction was associated with reduced concentrations of various weakly polar, polar, and highly polar mutagens, including PAHs, aromatic amines, nitroarenes, and oxy-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Sarah H Warren
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Peggy P Matthews
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Judith E Schmid
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- c Department of Applied Environmental Chemistry , TNO , Utrecht , The Netherlands , and
| | - William P Linak
- d National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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