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Kar A, Nutting T, Ikram M, Sullivan C. The clozapine conundrum: Navigating neutropenia and the pursuit of effective care in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Int J Psychiatry Med 2024; 59:536-544. [PMID: 37971414 DOI: 10.1177/00912174231214647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: This case explores the challenges encountered in managing treatment-resistant paranoid schizophrenia, focusing on the limitations of using clozapine due to the risk of neutropenia. The United Kingdom Clozapine Patient Monitoring Service (UK CPMS) and its eligibility criteria are discussed, highlighting the potential benefits of expanding access to clozapine for patients who could potentially benefit from this medication. The integration of clozapine genetic testing as a personalized approach is explored, emphasizing the importance of identifying patients with a favorable genetic profile for clozapine response.Methods: Case report.Results: The case presentation of Mr. X exemplifies the difficulties faced in managing treatment-resistant schizophrenia when access to clozapine is restricted, leading to persistent negative symptoms.Conclusion: The article underscores the importance of innovative solutions and personalized care to enhance the treatment outcomes for patients with treatment-resistant paranoid schizophrenia. It acknowledges that certain restrictions of clozapine use may limit the effective management of patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Kar
- Wotton Lawn Hospital, Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Thomas Nutting
- Wotton Lawn Hospital, Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Mohammad Ikram
- Wotton Lawn Hospital, Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Charles Sullivan
- Wotton Lawn Hospital, Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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de Brabander E, Kleine Schaars K, van Amelsvoort T, van Westrhenen R. Influence of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 on side effects of aripiprazole and risperidone: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 174:137-152. [PMID: 38631139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Variability in hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as 2C19 and 2D6 may influence side-effect and efficacy outcomes for antipsychotics. Aripiprazole and risperidone are two commonly prescribed antipsychotics, metabolized primarily through CYP2D6. Here, we aimed to provide an overview of the effect of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 on side-effects of aripiprazole and risperidone, and expand on existing literature by critically examining methodological issues associated with pharmacogenetic studies. A PRISMA compliant search of six electronic databases (Pubmed, PsychInfo, Embase, Central, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) identified pharmacogenetic studies on aripiprazole and risperidone. 2007 publications were first identified, of which 34 were included. Quality of literature was estimated using Newcastle-Ottowa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) and revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. The average NOS score was 5.8 (range: 3-8) for risperidone literature and 5 for aripiprazole (range: 4-6). All RCTs on aripiprazole were rated as high risk of bias, and four out of six for risperidone literature. Study populations ranged from healthy volunteers to inpatient individuals in psychiatric units and included adult and pediatric samples. All n = 34 studies examined CYP2D6. Only one study genotyped for CYP2C19 and found a positive association with neurological side-effects of risperidone. Most studies did not report any relationship between CYP2D6 and any side-effect outcome. Heterogeneity between and within studies limited the ability to synthesize data and draw definitive conclusions. Studies lacked statistical power due to small sample size, selective genotyping methods, and study design. Large-scale randomized trials with multiple measurements, providing robust evidence on this topic, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma de Brabander
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Roos van Westrhenen
- Department of Psychiatry, Parnassia Groep BV, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neurosciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
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3
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Brouwer JMJL, Wardenaar KJ, Nolte IM, Liemburg EJ, Bet PM, Snieder H, Mulder H, Cath DC, Penninx BWJH. Association of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 metabolizer status with switching and discontinuing antidepressant drugs: an exploratory study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:394. [PMID: 38797832 PMCID: PMC11129450 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tailoring antidepressant drugs (AD) to patients' genetic drug-metabolism profile is promising. However, literature regarding associations of ADs' treatment effect and/or side effects with drug metabolizing genes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 has yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, our aim was to longitudinally investigate associations between CYP2D6 (poor, intermediate, and normal) and CYP2C19 (poor, intermediate, normal, and ultrarapid) metabolizer-status, and switching/discontinuing of ADs. Next, we investigated whether the number of perceived side effects differed between metabolizer statuses. METHODS Data came from the multi-site naturalistic longitudinal cohort Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). We selected depression- and/or anxiety patients, who used AD at some point in the course of the 9 years follow-up period (n = 928). Medication use was followed to assess patterns of AD switching/discontinuation over time. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 alleles were derived using genome-wide data of the NESDA samples and haplotype data from the PharmGKB database. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association of metabolizer status with switching/discontinuing ADs. Mann-Whitney U-tests were conducted to compare the number of patient-perceived side effects between metabolizer statuses. RESULTS No significant associations were observed of CYP metabolizer status with switching/discontinuing ADs, nor with the number of perceived side effects. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence for associations between CYP metabolizer statuses and switching/discontinuing AD, nor with side effects of ADs, suggesting that metabolizer status only plays a limited role in switching/discontinuing ADs. Additional studies with larger numbers of PM and UM patients are needed to further determine the potential added value of pharmacogenetics to guide pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan M J L Brouwer
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Center Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wilhelmina Hospital Assen, Assen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Martini Hospital Groningen, Van Swietenlaan 1, Groningen, 9728 NT, The Netherlands.
| | - Klaas J Wardenaar
- GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Center Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edith J Liemburg
- GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Center Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands
- Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre M Bet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Mulder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wilhelmina Hospital Assen, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle C Cath
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Center Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Honeycutt DC, Blom TJ, Ramsey LB, Strawn JR, Bruns KM, Welge JA, Patino LR, Singh MK, DelBello MP. Pharmacogenetic Factors Influence Escitalopram Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Events in Youth with a Family History of Bipolar Disorder: A Preliminary Study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2024; 34:42-51. [PMID: 38377518 PMCID: PMC10880264 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2023.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Escitalopram is an effective and generally well-tolerated antidepressant, but children of parents with bipolar disorder (BD) may be at increased risk for adverse events associated with antidepressants, including increased irritability, restlessness, impulsivity, and manic symptoms. This risk may be influenced by polymorphisms in genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP2C19 or CYP2D6), the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), and the serotonin receptor 2A subtype (HTR2A). We explored whether gene-drug interactions influence the emergence of adverse events in depressed and/or anxious youth with a family history of BD. Materials and Methods: Children and adolescents aged 12-17 years with a first-degree relative with bipolar I disorder were treated with escitalopram and monitored for adverse effects, underwent pharmacogenetic testing, and provided serum escitalopram levels. Emergence of adverse events was determined by study clinicians, and symptoms were tracked using the Treatment-Emergent Activation and Suicidality Assessment Profile (TEASAP) and Pediatric Adverse Events Rating Scale. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines were used to determine CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 phenotypes. Results: Slower CYP2C19 metabolizers had greater dose-normalized 24-hour area under the curve (AUC0-24; p = 0.025), trough concentrations (Ctrough; p = 0.013), and elimination half-lives (t1/2; p < 0.001). CYP2D6 phenotype was not significantly associated with any pharmacokinetic parameter. Slower CYP2D6 metabolizers had increased TEASAP akathisia (p = 0.015) scores. HTR2A A/A and A/G genotypes were associated with increased TEASAP "self-injury, suicidality, and harm to others" subscale scores (p = 0.017). Escitalopram maximum concentration, AUC0-24, CYP2C19 phenotype, and SLC6A4 genotype were not associated with adverse events. Conclusions: CYP2C19 phenotype influences escitalopram pharmacokinetics whereas CYP2D6 phenotype does not. Slower CYP2D6 metabolism was associated with increased akathisia, and HTR2A A/A or A/G genotypes were associated with increased risk of self-harm or harm to others. Larger cohorts are needed to identify associations between genetic test results and antidepressant-associated adverse events. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02553161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan C. Honeycutt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas J. Blom
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura B. Ramsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M. Bruns
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Welge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Luis R. Patino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Manpreet K. Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa P. DelBello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Scherf-Clavel M, Frantz A, Eckert A, Weber H, Unterecker S, Deckert J, Reif A, Hahn M. Effect of CYP2D6 pharmacogenetic phenotype and phenoconversion on serum concentrations of antidepressants and antipsychotics: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1107-1117. [PMID: 37166747 PMCID: PMC10600053 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacogenetics (PGx), especially in regard to CYP2D6, is gaining more importance in routine clinical settings. Including phenoconversion effects (PC) in result interpretation could maximize its potential benefits. However, studies on genetics of pharmacokinetic genes including the functional enzyme status are lacking. AIM The retrospective analyses of clinical routine data aimed to investigating how the CYP2D6 functional enzyme status affects serum concentrations and metabolite-to-parent ratios of seven common psychotropic drugs and allows an evaluation of the relevance of this information for patient care. METHOD Two patient cohorts (total n = 316; 44.2 ± 15.4 years) were investigated for the CYP2D6 functional enzyme status and its associations with drug exposure and metabolism of venlafaxine, amitriptyline, mirtazapine, sertraline, escitalopram, risperidone and quetiapine. RESULTS We found an increase in intermediate and poor metabolizers, as well as a decrease in normal metabolizers of CYP2D6 when including PC. Moreover, we found associations between amitriptyline exposure with the phenoconversion-corrected activity score of CYP2D6 (Spearman correlation; p = 0.03), and risperidone exposure with CYP2D6 functional enzyme status (Kruskal-Wallis test; p = 0.01), as well as between metabolite-to-parent ratio of venlafaxine and risperidone with CYP2D6 functional enzyme status (Kruskal-Wallis test; p < 0.001; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION The data stress the relevance of PC-informed PGx in psychopharmacological treatment and suggest that PC should be included in PGx result interpretation when PGx is implemented in routine clinical care, especially before initiating amitriptyline- or risperidone-treatment, to start with a dose adequate to the respective CYP2D6 functional enzyme status. Moreover, PGx and therapeutic drug monitoring should be used complementary but not alternatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Scherf-Clavel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Amelie Frantz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Eckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martina Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Mental Health, Varisano Hospital Frankfurt Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany
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Ye W, Xing J, Yu Z, Hu X, Zhao Y. Mechanism and treatments of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:423-433. [PMID: 36959286 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The long-term use of antipsychotics (APs) may cause a variety of diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG), and even obesity. This paper reviews the various mechanisms of AIWG and obesity in detail, involving genetics, the central nervous system, the neuroendocrine system, and the gut microbiome. The common drug and non-drug therapies used in clinical practice are also introduced, providing the basis for research on the molecular mechanisms and the future selection of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujie Ye
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingyu Xing
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zekai Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xingang Hu
- Internal encephalopathy of traditional Chinese medicine, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Hutchison SM, Brain U, Grunau RE, Kuzeljevic B, Irvine M, Mâsse LC, Oberlander TF. Associations between maternal depressive symptoms and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant treatment on internalising and anxiety behaviours in children: 12-year longitudinal study. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e26. [PMID: 36721917 PMCID: PMC9970165 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant exposure is associated with increased internalising and anxious behaviours in young children; whether this continues into early adolescence is unknown. Also, it is not well established whether it is the in utero exposure to SSRIs or the underlying maternal mood that contributes more to these associations. AIMS To examine associations between maternal depressive symptoms, prenatal SSRI antidepressant treatment and internalising and anxiety behaviours from childhood into pre-adolescence. METHOD From a prospective longitudinal cohort, measures of maternal depressive symptoms and SSRI use and child outcomes (n = 191 births) were obtained from the second trimester to 12 years. Maternal reports of internalising and anxiety behaviours in children were obtained at 3, 6 and 12 years. RESULTS Multilevel mixed-effects models revealed that maternal depressed mood at the third trimester assessment, not prenatal SSRI exposure, was associated with longitudinal patterns of higher levels of internalising and anxiety behaviours across childhood from 3 to 12 years of age. At each age, hierarchical regressions showed that maternal mood at the third trimester, compared with current maternal depression or prenatal SSRI exposure, explained a greater proportion of the variance in internalising and anxiety behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Even with prenatal SSRI treatment, maternal depressed mood during the third trimester still had an enduring effect as it was associated with increased levels of internalising and anxiety behaviours across childhood and into early adolescence. Importantly, we found no evidence of a 'main effect' association between prenatal SSRI exposure and internalising and anxiety behaviours in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Hutchison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ursula Brain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ruth E Grunau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Boris Kuzeljevic
- (deceased), Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mike Irvine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Louise C Mâsse
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tim F Oberlander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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A comparative study of postmortem distribution and postmortem diffusion of tramadol in rabbits. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1702. [PMID: 36717570 PMCID: PMC9886908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the cases of tramadol intoxication have become more frequent in many countries. However, most of the previous studies have been based on cases of tramadol intoxication, and the detailed information on the differences between postmortem distribution and diffusion of tramadol remains unclear. To investigate this issue systematically, we established a postmortem distribution model and two postmortem diffusion models. Then, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to measure the concentrations of tramadol in various biological specimens of fluids and tissues. In postmortem distribution, the results showed an uneven distribution of tramadol in various biological specimens, and the concentrations of tramadol in urine were significantly higher than those in other fluids. In postmortem diffusion, the results showed a dosage-dependent increase of tramadol concentration in most specimens; at all time points from 0.25 to 6 h after postmortem administration, the concentrations of tramadol in fluids were not significantly different from those in tissues, and the concentrations of tramadol in urine were lower than those in both tissues and other fluids in most time points. We recommend a quantitative examination of the specimens of both fluids and tissues to provide more evidence for the forensic identification, and the realization that there is a correlation between the concentrations of fluids and tissues is important for determining antemortem and postmortem administration of tramadol. This information can serve as ancillary data in inferring the contribution of a drug to death in cases of suspected tramadol poisoning.
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A Double-Blind Randomized Trial to Investigate Mechanisms of Antidepressant-Related Dysfunctional Arousal in Depressed or Anxious Youth at Familial Risk for Bipolar Disorder. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12061006. [PMID: 35743790 PMCID: PMC9225632 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12061006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants are standardly used to treat moderate to severe symptoms of depression and/or anxiety in youth but may also be associated with rare but serious psychiatric adverse events such as irritability, agitation, aggression, or suicidal ideation. Adverse events are especially common in youth with a family history of bipolar disorder (BD) who are at heightened risk for dysfunction in neurobiological systems that regulate emotion and arousal. To further understand this phenomenon, this study will examine (a) baseline risk factors associated with dysfunctional arousal in a sample of youth at high-risk for BD treated with or without an antidepressant, (b) whether antidepressant-related changes in arousal are mediated by changes in prefrontal-limbic circuitry, and (c) whether pharmacogenetic factors influence antidepressant-related changes in arousal. High-risk youth (aged 12-17 years with moderate to severe depressive and/or anxiety symptoms and at least one first-degree relative with bipolar I disorder) will be randomized to receive psychotherapy plus escitalopram or psychotherapy plus placebo. Neuroimaging and behavioral measures of arousal will be collected prior to randomization and at 4 weeks. Samples for pharmacogenetic analysis (serum escitalopram concentration, CYP2C19 metabolizer phenotype, and HTR2A and SLC6A4 genotypes) will be collected at 8 weeks. Youth will be followed for up to 16 weeks to assess change in arousal measures.
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Merino D, Fernandez A, Gérard AO, Ben Othman N, Rocher F, Askenazy F, Verstuyft C, Drici MD, Thümmler S. Adverse Drug Reactions of Olanzapine, Clozapine and Loxapine in Children and Youth: A Systematic Pharmacogenetic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060749. [PMID: 35745668 PMCID: PMC9230864 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Children and youth treated with antipsychotic drugs (APs) are particularly vulnerable to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and prone to poor treatment response. In particular, interindividual variations in drug exposure can result from differential metabolism of APs by cytochromes, subject to genetic polymorphism. CYP1A2 is pivotal in the metabolism of the APs olanzapine, clozapine, and loxapine, whose safety profile warrants caution. We aimed to shed some light on the pharmacogenetic profiles possibly associated with these drugs’ ADRs and loss of efficacy in children and youth. We conducted a systematic review relying on four databases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 recommendations and checklist, with a quality assessment. Our research yielded 32 publications. The most frequent ADRs were weight gain and metabolic syndrome (18; 56.3%), followed by lack of therapeutic effect (8; 25%) and neurological ADRs (7; 21.8%). The overall mean quality score was 11.3/24 (±2.7). In 11 studies (34.3%), genotyping focused on the study of cytochromes. Findings regarding possible associations were sometimes conflicting. Nonetheless, cases of major clinical improvement were fostered by genotyping. Yet, CYP1A2 remains poorly investigated. Further studies are required to improve the assessment of the risk–benefit balance of prescription for children and youth treated with olanzapine, clozapine, and/or loxapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Merino
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, 06200 Nice, France; (D.M.); (A.F.); (F.A.)
- CoBTek Laboratory, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, University Hospital of Nice, 06000 Nice, France; (A.O.G.); (N.B.O.); (F.R.); (M.-D.D.)
| | - Arnaud Fernandez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, 06200 Nice, France; (D.M.); (A.F.); (F.A.)
- CoBTek Laboratory, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Alexandre O. Gérard
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, University Hospital of Nice, 06000 Nice, France; (A.O.G.); (N.B.O.); (F.R.); (M.-D.D.)
| | - Nouha Ben Othman
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, University Hospital of Nice, 06000 Nice, France; (A.O.G.); (N.B.O.); (F.R.); (M.-D.D.)
| | - Fanny Rocher
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, University Hospital of Nice, 06000 Nice, France; (A.O.G.); (N.B.O.); (F.R.); (M.-D.D.)
| | - Florence Askenazy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, 06200 Nice, France; (D.M.); (A.F.); (F.A.)
- CoBTek Laboratory, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saclay, AP–HP, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- CESP/UMR-S1178, Inserm, Université Paris-Sud, 92290 Paris, France
| | - Milou-Daniel Drici
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, University Hospital of Nice, 06000 Nice, France; (A.O.G.); (N.B.O.); (F.R.); (M.-D.D.)
| | - Susanne Thümmler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, 06200 Nice, France; (D.M.); (A.F.); (F.A.)
- CoBTek Laboratory, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
- Correspondence:
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Arranz MJ, Salazar J, Bote V, Artigas-Baleri A, Serra-LLovich A, Triviño E, Roige J, Lombardia C, Cancino M, Hernandez M, Cendros M, Duran-Tauleria E, Maraver N, Hervas A. Pharmacogenetic Interventions Improve the Clinical Outcome of Treatment-Resistant Autistic Spectrum Disorder Sufferers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:999. [PMID: 35631585 PMCID: PMC9143818 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are severe neurodevelopmental alterations characterised by deficits in social communication and repetitive and restricted behaviours. About a third of patients receive pharmacological treatment for comorbid symptoms. However, 30-50% do not respond adequately and/or present severe and long-lasting side effects. METHODS Genetic variants in CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and SLC6A4 were investigated in N = 42 ASD sufferers resistant to pharmacological treatment. Clinical recommendations based on their pharmacogenetic profiles were provided within 24-48 h of receiving a biological sample. RESULTS A total of 39 participants (93%) improved after the pharmacogenetic intervention according to their CGI scores (difference in basal-final scores: 2.26, SD 1.55) and 37 participants (88%) according to their CGAS scores (average improvement of 20.29, SD 11.85). Twenty-three of them (55%) achieved symptom stability (CGI ≤ 3 and CGAS improvement ≥ 20 points), requiring less frequent visits to their clinicians and hospital stays. Furthermore, the clinical improvement was higher than that observed in a control group (N = 62) with no pharmacogenetic interventions, in which 66% responded to treatment (difference in CGI scores: -0.87, SD 9.4, p = 1 × 10-5; difference in CGAS scores: 6.59, SD 7.76, p = 5 × 10-8). CONCLUSIONS The implementation of pharmacogenetic interventions has the potential to significantly improve the clinical outcomes in severe comorbid ASD populations with drug treatment resistance and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Arranz
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (A.S.-L.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juliana Salazar
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Valentin Bote
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (V.B.); (M.C.); (A.H.)
| | | | - Alexandre Serra-LLovich
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (A.S.-L.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Emma Triviño
- Genetics Department, Catlab, Viladecavalls, 08232 Barcelona, Spain; (E.T.); (J.R.); (C.L.)
| | - Jordi Roige
- Genetics Department, Catlab, Viladecavalls, 08232 Barcelona, Spain; (E.T.); (J.R.); (C.L.)
| | - Carlos Lombardia
- Genetics Department, Catlab, Viladecavalls, 08232 Barcelona, Spain; (E.T.); (J.R.); (C.L.)
| | - Martha Cancino
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (V.B.); (M.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Marta Hernandez
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (A.S.-L.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
- School of Health Sciences Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, 08024 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Cendros
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (A.S.-L.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
- EUGENOMIC Genómica y Farmacogenética, 08029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Duran-Tauleria
- Institut Global d’Atenció Integral al Neurodesenvolupament (IGAIN), 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (E.D.-T.); (N.M.)
| | - Natalia Maraver
- Institut Global d’Atenció Integral al Neurodesenvolupament (IGAIN), 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (E.D.-T.); (N.M.)
| | - Amaia Hervas
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (V.B.); (M.C.); (A.H.)
- Institut Global d’Atenció Integral al Neurodesenvolupament (IGAIN), 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (E.D.-T.); (N.M.)
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12
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A cross-sectional study of the relationship between CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 variations and depression symptoms, for women taking SSRIs during pregnancy. Arch Womens Ment Health 2022; 25:355-365. [PMID: 34231053 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-021-01149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression during pregnancy affects 10-15% of women, and 5% of women take antidepressants during pregnancy. Clinical guidelines provide recommendations for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drug choice and dose based on CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype; however, they are based on evidence from non-pregnant cohorts. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that women with function-altering variants (increased, decreased, or no function) in these pharmacogenes, taking SSRIs prenatally, would have more depression symptoms than women whose pharmacogenetic variants are associated with normal SSRI metabolism. Comprehensive CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotyping using a range of methods, including gene copy number analysis, was performed as secondary analyses on two longitudinal cohorts of pregnant women (N = 83) taking the SSRIs paroxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, or sertraline. The Kruskal-Wallis test compared mean depression scores across four predicted metabolizer groups: poor (n = 5), intermediate (n = 10), normal (n = 53), and ultrarapid (n = 15). There were no significant differences between mean depression scores across the four metabolizer groups (H(3) = .73, p = .87, eta-squared = .029, epsilon-squared = .0089). This is the first study of the relationship in pregnancy between CYP2C19 pharmacogenetic variations and depression symptoms in the context of SSRI use. Findings from this initial study do not support the clinical use of pharmacogenetic testing for SSRI use during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy, but these findings should be confirmed in larger cohorts. There is an urgent need for further research to clarify the utility of pharmacogenetic testing for pregnant women, especially as companies offering direct-to-consumer genetic testing expand their marketing efforts.
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13
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Safiloo S, Mehrabi Y, Asadi S, Khodakarim S. Response to Fluvoxamine in the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients: Bayesian Ordinal Quantile Regression. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2021; 17:146-151. [PMID: 34880926 PMCID: PMC8595981 DOI: 10.2174/1745017902117010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder associated with unpleasant thoughts or mental images, making the patient repeat physical or mental behaviors to relieve discomfort. 40-60% of patients do not respond to Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, including fluvoxamine therapy. Introduction: The aim of the study is to identify the predictors of fluvoxamine therapy in OCD patients by Bayesian Ordinal Quantile Regression Model. Methods: This study was performed on 109 patients with OCD. Three methods, including Bayesian ordinal quantile, probit, and logistic regression models, were applied to identify predictors of response to fluvoxamine. The accuracy and weighted kappa were used to evaluate these models. Results: Our result showed that rs3780413 (mean=-0.69, sd=0.39) and cleaning dimension (mean=-0.61, sd=0.20) had reverse effects on response to fluvoxamine therapy in Bayesian ordinal probit and logistic regression models. In the 75th quantile regression model, marital status (mean=1.62, sd=0.47) and family history (mean=1.33, sd=0.61) had a direct effect, and cleaning (mean=-1.10, sd=0.37) and somatic (mean=-0.58, sd=0.27) dimensions had reverse effects on response to fluvoxamine therapy. Conclusion: Response to fluvoxamine is a multifactorial problem and can be different in the levels of socio-demographic, genetic, and clinical predictors. Marital status, familial history, cleaning, and somatic dimensions are associated with response to fluvoxamine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Safiloo
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Asadi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Khodakarim
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Scherf-Clavel M, Weber H, Deckert J, Erhardt-Lehmann A. The role of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of anxiety disorders and the future potential for targeted therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1249-1260. [PMID: 34643143 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1991912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anxiety disorders (AD) are among the most common mental disorders worldwide. Pharmacotherapy, including benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants is currently based on 'trial-and-error,' and is effective in a subset of patients or produces partial response only. Recent research proposes that treatment response and tolerability of the drugs are associated with genetic factors. AREAS COVERED In the present review, we provide information on pharmacogenetics (PGx) in AD, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes. Moreover, we discuss the future potential of PGx for personalized treatment. EXPERT OPINION In psychiatry, PGx testing is still in its infancy, especially in the treatment of AD. As of today, implementation in clinical routine is recommended only for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, mainly in terms of safety of treatment and potentially of treatment outcome in general. However, the evidence for PGx testing addressing pharmacodynamics for specific AD is limited to date. Nevertheless, PGx may develop into a valuable and promising tool to improve therapy in AD, but there is a need for more research to fully exploit its possibilities. Future perspectives include research into single genes, polygenic risk scores, and pharmacoepigenetics to provide targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Scherf-Clavel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Erhardt-Lehmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Translational Department, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, München, Germany
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15
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Su H, Li Y, Wu M, Sun T, Niu W, Jia J, Wei Z, Yun K. Dynamic Distribution and Postmortem Redistribution of Tramadol in Poisoned Rats. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:203-210. [PMID: 32451554 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past dozen years, the cases of tramadol intoxication have become frequent in many countries. Most previous studies focused on tramadol's pharmacology, such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics. However, the dynamic distribution and postmortem redistribution (PMR) of tramadol remain unclear. Our study aimed to investigate these two issues systematically in various specimens of 216 poisoned male rats. A validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was used in this study to measure the concentrations of tramadol. In the first part, 66 tramadol poisoned rats were sacrificed at 11 different time points and their organs were collected separately for the study of tramadol's dynamic distribution, which made it feasible to investigate its PMR later on. The results of this part showed that tramadol's concentrations varied according to the organ and time, and peaked 2 h after intragastric administration in the specimens of liver, kidney, spleen, lung, brain and heart-blood (except stomach and heart). Based on the results of the first part, the concentration of tramadol peaked 2 h in most tissues. Therefore, this time point was used for the study of tramadol's PMR. In the second part, the remaining 150 rats were sacrificed 2 h after intragastric administration of tramadol, and the carcasses were stored under three different conditions (-20, 4 and 20°C). The autopsy was carried out at eight different time points and their organs were collected separately. The results of this part showed that under storage temperatures of -20 and 4°C, the concentrations of tramadol in individual organs showed no significant changes at different time points whereas under a storage temperature of 20°C, the concentrations in certain organs (liver, kidney, spleen, lung, brain and heart-blood) increased significantly at the last few time points. PMR of tramadol was therefore confirmed. The process of PMR of tramadol could be slowed or stopped at lower storage temperatures (-20 or 4°C), which is significant in cases of suspected tramadol poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Su
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, No. 9 Qianmen East Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Hengyang Public Security Bureau, Criminal Science and Technology Institute, No. 28 Tianzhu Road, Huaxin Development Zone, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hengyang 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- The People's Procuratorate of Baoding, No. 106, Wusi West Road, Jingxiu District, Baoding, Baoding 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifen Niu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, No. 9 Qianmen East Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Jia
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, No. 9 Qianmen East Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Wei
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, No. 9 Qianmen East Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, No. 9 Qianmen East Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Beijing 100192, People's Republic of China
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16
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Zai G. Pharmacogenetics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Evidence-Update. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 49:385-398. [PMID: 33550565 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics has become increasingly important in the treatment of psychiatric disorders because approximately 50% of individuals who take psychotropic medications do not typically respond to them. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one such chronic and often debilitating mental illness with significant non-response to even the first-line medication, serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Precision medicine utilizing genetic testing panels has received significant attention based on the evidence that the variability of antidepressant response and adverse effects is partly due to the variability in an individual's genome. Thus, extensive research has investigated the role of genetic factors on antidepressant response in major depressive disorder (MDD) and their utility for guiding antidepressant treatment to significantly improving outcomes in individuals with MDD. However, limited progress remains in the pharmacogenetics of OCD. This chapter will provide an overview of the recent findings in the pharmacogenetics of OCD. Promising results with limited replications have been reported for the cytochrome P450 liver metabolism genes in addition to several serotonergic and glutamatergic system genes, which may play an important role in antidepressant response in the treatment of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Zai
- Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, and General Adult Psychiatry and Health Systems Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Shan X, Zhao W, Qiu Y, Wu H, Chen J, Fang Y, Guo W, Li L. Preliminary Clinical Investigation of Combinatorial Pharmacogenomic Testing for the Optimized Treatment of Depression: A Randomized Single-Blind Study. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:960. [PMID: 31572113 PMCID: PMC6753896 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the potential benefits of antidepressant drugs related to metabolic enzyme and drug-targeted genes, identify the optimal treatment of major depression, and provide a reference for individualized medication selection. A prospective randomized single-blind investigation was conducted for 8 weeks. A pharmacogenomic-based interpretive report was provided to the treating physician in the guided group. Patients in this group were informed that their medication selection was directed by DNA testing. In the unguided group, treatment was provided based on the clinical experience of the physician without the guidance of pharmacogenomic testing. Pharmacogenomic-based interpretive report was not provided to these patients until treatment completion. The 17-item Hamilton depression scale (HAMD-17), Hamilton anxiety scale, and treatment emergent symptom scale were used to assess the clinical efficacy and side effects at baseline and after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of treatment. Among the 80 initially enrolled patients with depression, 71 participated in the full data analysis sets and were designated into guided (31) and unguided (40) groups, respectively. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in HAMD-17 total scores, response and remission rates was found between the guided and unguided groups at the end of the treatment. The incidence rate of adverse reaction was 55.56% in guided group and 57.89% in the unguided group. Our study suggested that pharmacogenomic testing might not considerably improve the clinical efficiency and safety for the guided group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Haishan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Lehua Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
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18
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Genetic testing for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 suggests improved outcome for antidepressant and antipsychotic medication. Psychiatry Res 2019; 279:111-115. [PMID: 29699889 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals carrying genetic variants that result in non-extensive CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 enzyme activity seem to be more prone to non-response and side-effects of psychotropic medications. Therefore, tailoring prescriptions using genetic information may improve patient outcomes. This study examined treatment outcome in psychiatric care after CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genetic information was provided to patients and physicians. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotyping, assessment of side effects and medical histories were obtained from 80 subjects who were prescribed either antidepressant or antipsychotic medications. Our measure of outcome was mainly physicians' opinions however UKU side effects scores were also used. For CYP2D6, we calculated an activity score based on genotype and psychiatric medications. Correlation analysis was performed for CYP2D6 activity scores and UKU scores. Overall, we received supportive responses from physicians who enrolled patients in our study. Notably, while almost every fourth physician reported improvement in patient outcome, not a single physician indicated that their patient's symptoms worsened after they had used a pharmacogenetic report to guide treatment. We did not observe statistically significant differences in side effects. Overall, our results suggest improved patient outcome following pharmacogenetic testing; nonetheless, more research is required to assess the exact benefit of pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.
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19
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Arranz MJ, Gonzalez-Rodriguez A, Perez-Blanco J, Penadés R, Gutierrez B, Ibañez L, Arias B, Brunet M, Cervilla J, Salazar J, Catalan R. A pharmacogenetic intervention for the improvement of the safety profile of antipsychotic treatments. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:177. [PMID: 31346157 PMCID: PMC6658489 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs fail to achieve adequate response in 30-50% of treated patients and about 50% of them develop severe and lasting side effects. Treatment failure results in poorer prognosis with devastating repercussions for the patients, carers and broader society. Our study evaluated the clinical benefits of a pharmacogenetic intervention for the personalisation of antipsychotic treatment. Pharmacogenetic information in key CYP polymorphisms was used to adjust clinical doses in a group of patients who started or switched treatment with antipsychotic drugs (PharmG+, N = 123), and their results were compared with those of a group of patients treated following existing clinical guides (PharmG-, N = 167). There was no evidence of significant differences in side effects between the two arms. Although patients who had their antipsychotic dose adjusted according to CYPs polymorphisms (PharmG+) had a bigger reduction in side effects than those treated as usual (PharmG-), the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). However, PharmG+ patients treated with CYP2D6 substrates that were carriers of CYP2D6 UMs or PMs variants showed a significantly higher improvement in global, psychic and other UKU side effects than PharmG- patients (p = 0.02, p = 0.05 and p = 0.01, respectively). PharmG+ clozapine treated patients with CYP1A2 or CYP2C19 UM and PMs variants also showed higher reductions in UKU scores than PharmG- clozapine patients in general. However, those differences were not statistically significant. Pharmacogenetic interventions may improve the safety of antipsychotic treatments by reducing associated side effects. This intervention may be particularly useful when considering treatment with antipsychotics with one major metabolic pathway, and therefore more susceptible to be affected by functional variants of CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Arranz
- 0000 0004 1794 4956grid.414875.bFundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain ,Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- 0000 0000 9238 6887grid.428313.fDepartment of Mental Health, Parc Taulí University Hospital Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Perez-Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1768 8905grid.413396.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Penadés
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain ,Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Gutierrez
- 0000000121678994grid.4489.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Ibañez
- 0000 0004 1794 4956grid.414875.bFundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Barbara Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Department of Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Brunet
- 0000 0000 9635 9413grid.410458.cPharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Cervilla
- 0000000121678994grid.4489.1Department of Psychiatry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juliana Salazar
- 0000 0004 1768 8905grid.413396.aGenetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Catalan
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain. .,Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Poweleit EA, Aldrich SL, Martin LJ, Hahn D, Strawn JR, Ramsey LB. Pharmacogenetics of Sertraline Tolerability and Response in Pediatric Anxiety and Depressive Disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2019; 29:348-361. [PMID: 31066578 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether genetic variants in a pharmacokinetic gene (the number of CYP2C19 reduced function alleles [RFAs]), and in pharmacodynamic genes (HTR2A, SLC6A4, and GRIK4) influence sertraline tolerability and response in a cohort of pediatric patients with anxiety and depressive disorders. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed using the electronic medical record data of 352 patients <19 years of age being treated for anxiety and/or depressive disorders with sertraline and who underwent routine clinical CYP2C19 genotyping. Additional genotyping and analysis of variants in HTR2A, SLC6A4, and GRIK4 were conducted for 249 patients. Multivariate regression models testing for associations with CYP2C19 were adjusted for concomitant use of interacting medications. Combinatorial classification and regression tree (CART) analyses containing all pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes and clinical factors were performed. Results: The maximum sertraline dose during the initial titration period of sertraline was inversely associated with the number of CYP2C19 RFAs and sertraline dose at 60 (p = 0.025) and 90 days (p = 0.025). HTR2A rs6313 was associated with sertraline dose (p = 0.011) and time to the average maximum sertraline dose (p = 0.039). Regarding efficacy, the number of CYP2C19 RFAs was not associated with the sertraline dose at the time of response (p = 0.22), whereas for the pharmacodynamic genes, only HTR2A rs6313 was associated with response dose (p = 0.022). An association was observed between predicted expression levels of SLC6A4 and the duration on sertraline (p = 0.025). Combinatorial CART and multivariate regression analyses implicated that pharmacodynamic genes and clinical factors influence the maximum sertraline dose and response dose. The total number of side effects was not associated with any of the variants tested. Conclusion: Both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors, in addition to clinical and demographic components, influence sertraline dose, response, and tolerability, thereby necessitating further research to assess for the validity of these pharmacogenetic associations in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A Poweleit
- 1 Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stacey L Aldrich
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lisa J Martin
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,3 Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David Hahn
- 4 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- 5 Anxiety Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,6 Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Laura B Ramsey
- 1 Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,4 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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21
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Pharmacogenetics of Antidepressants: from Genetic Findings to Predictive Strategies. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2019. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2019-4.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The constantly growing contribution of depressive disorders to the global disease statistics calls for a growth of treatment effectiveness and optimization. Antidepressants are the most frequently prescribed medicines for depressive disorders. However, development of a standardized pharmacotherapeutic approach is burdened by the genomic heterogeneity, lack of reliable predictive biomarkers and variability of the medicines metabolism aggravated by multiple side effects of antidepressants. According to modern assessments up to 20 % of the genes expressed in our brain are involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Large-scale genetic and genomic research has found a number of potentially prognostic genes. It has also been proven that the effectiveness and tolerability of antidepressants directly depend on the variable activity of the enzymes that metabolize medicines. Almost all modern antidepressants are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 family enzymes. The most promising direction of research today is the GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Study) method that is aimed to link genomic variations with phenotypical manifestations. In this type of research genomes of depressive patients with different phenotypes are compared to the genomes of the control group containing same age, sex and other parameters healthy people. Notably, regardless of the large cohorts of patients analyzed, none of the GWA studies conducted so far can reliably reproduce the results of other analogous studies. The explicit heterogeneity of the genes associated with the depression pathogenesis and their pleiotropic effects are strongly influenced by environmental factors. This may explain the difficulty of obtaining clear and reproducible results. However, despite any negative circumstances, the active multidirectional research conducted today, raises the hope of clinicians and their patients to get a whole number of schedules how to achieve remission faster and with guaranteed results
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22
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Müller DJ, Brandl EJ, Degenhardt F, Domschke K, Grabe H, Gruber O, Hebebrand J, Maier W, Menke A, Riemenschneider M, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Schulze TG, Tebartz van Elst L, Tüscher O, Deckert J. [Pharmacogenetics in psychiatry: state of the art]. DER NERVENARZT 2019; 89:290-299. [PMID: 29383410 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-017-0479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the current literature on pharmacogenetics of antidepressants, antipsychotics and lithium are summarized by the section of Neurobiology and Genetics of the German Society of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology (DGPPN). The publications of international expert groups and regulatory authorities are reviewed and discussed. In Germany, a statement on pharmacogenetics was also made by the gene diagnostics committee of the Ministry of Health. The DGPPN supports two recommendations: 1) to perform CYP2D6 genetic testing prior to prescription of tricyclic antidepressants and 2) to determine the HLA-B*1502 genotype in patients of Asian origin before using carbamazepine. The main obstacle for a broad application of pharmacogenetic tests in psychiatry remains the lack of large prospective studies, for both single gene-drug pair and cobinatorial pharmacogenetic tests, to evaluate the benefits of genetic testing. Psychiatrists, geneticists and funding agencies are encouraged to increase their efforts for the future benefit of psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Müller
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., R132, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Kanada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Kanada.
| | - E J Brandl
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Deutschland.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - F Degenhardt
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland
| | - K Domschke
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - H Grabe
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie an der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Deutschland
| | - O Gruber
- Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - J Hebebrand
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - W Maier
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland
| | - A Menke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - M Riemenschneider
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland
| | - M Rietschel
- Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Deutschland
| | - D Rujescu
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Deutschland
| | - T G Schulze
- Institut für Psychiatrische Phänomik und Genomik (IPPG), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, München, Deutschland
| | - L Tebartz van Elst
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - O Tüscher
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - J Deckert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
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23
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Hoehe MR, Morris-Rosendahl DJ. The role of genetics and genomics in clinical psychiatry. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 30581286 PMCID: PMC6296395 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2018.20.3/mhoehe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The enormous successes in the genetics and genomics of many diseases have provided the basis for the advancement of precision medicine. Thus, the detection of genetic variants associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as treatment outcome, has raised growing expectations that these findings could soon be translated into the clinic to improve diagnosis, the prediction of disease risk and individual response to drug therapy. In this article, we will provide an introduction to the search for genes involved in psychiatric illness and summarize the present findings in major psychiatric disorders. We will review the genetic variants in genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes and specific drug targets which were found to be associated with variable drug response and severe side effects. We will evaluate the clinical translatability of these findings, whether there is currently any role for genetic testing and in this context, make valuable sources of information available to the clinician seeking guidance and advice in this rapidly developing field of psychiatric genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret R Hoehe
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Deborah J Morris-Rosendahl
- Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK, NHLI, Imperial College London, UK
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24
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Aldrich SL, Poweleit EA, Prows CA, Martin LJ, Strawn JR, Ramsey LB. Influence of CYP2C19 Metabolizer Status on Escitalopram/Citalopram Tolerability and Response in Youth With Anxiety and Depressive Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:99. [PMID: 30837874 PMCID: PMC6389830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In pediatric patients, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) escitalopram and citalopram (es/citalopram) are commonly prescribed for anxiety and depressive disorders. However, pharmacogenetic studies examining CYP2C19 metabolizer status and es/citalopram treatment outcomes have largely focused on adults. We report a retrospective study of electronic medical record data from 263 youth < 19 years of age with anxiety and/or depressive disorders prescribed escitalopram or citalopram who underwent routine clinical CYP2C19 genotyping. Slower CYP2C19 metabolizers experienced more untoward effects than faster metabolizers (p = 0.015), including activation symptoms (p = 0.029) and had more rapid weight gain (p = 0.018). A larger proportion of slower metabolizers discontinued treatment with es/citalopram than normal metabolizers (p = 0.007). Meanwhile, faster metabolizers responded more quickly to es/citalopram (p = 0.005) and trended toward less time spent in subsequent hospitalizations (p = 0.06). These results highlight a disparity in treatment outcomes with es/citalopram treatment in youth with anxiety and/or depressive disorders when standardized dosing strategies were used without consideration of CYP2C19 metabolizer status. Larger, prospective trials are warranted to assess whether tailored dosing of es/citalopram based on CYP2C19 metabolizer status improves treatment outcomes in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Aldrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ethan A. Poweleit
- Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Cynthia A. Prows
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Lisa J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Strawn
- Anxiety Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Laura B. Ramsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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25
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Solomon HV, Cates KW, Li KJ. Does obtaining CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 pharmacogenetic testing predict antidepressant response or adverse drug reactions? Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:604-613. [PMID: 30554109 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Treatment non-response and adverse reactions are common in patients receiving antidepressants. Personalizing psychiatric treatment based on pharmacogenetic testing has been proposed to help clinicians guide antidepressant selection and dosing. This systematic literature review assesses the two most robustly studied drug-metabolizing enzymes, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, and examines whether obtaining CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 testing can be used to predict antidepressant response or adverse drug reactions in order to improve clinical outcomes. In general, literature reviews published prior to 2013 indicated that results have been inconsistent linking CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 to antidepressant treatment outcomes, suggesting that more evidence is required to support the clinical implementation of genotyping to predict outcomes. We thus performed an extensive and systematic literature review, focusing on studies published from 2013 through 2018. Sixteen studies were found to be relevant. The results yielded inconsistent findings, suggesting that CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 testing may predict response in certain individuals, but it remains unclear if this will translate to improved clinical outcomes. Further research is required to determine when pharmacogenetic testing should be utilized and in which populations it is indicated. Randomized, controlled, prospective trials with adequate sample sizes would best clarify whether genotype-guided antidepressant selection will ultimately improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley V Solomon
- Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Brockton, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kevin W Cates
- Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Brockton, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin J Li
- Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Brockton, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Groessl EJ, Tally SR, Hillery N, Maciel A, Garces JA. Cost-Effectiveness of a Pharmacogenetic Test to Guide Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2018; 24:726-734. [PMID: 30058980 PMCID: PMC10397625 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2018.24.8.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical trials indicate that pharmacogenetic-guided treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) results in higher treatment response rates by genetically matching patients to medications and avoiding a trial-and-error process. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a pharmacogenetic test (IDGx) that has demonstrated effectiveness compared with standard of care (SOC) medication management among patients with varied MDD severity. METHODS Data from a large prospective, randomized controlled trial of treatment-naive patients or patients with inadequately controlled MDD in general practice and psychiatric treatment settings were used to build a Markov state-transition probability model. Analyses were conducted from the societal perspective. Treatment response rates, mortality rates, direct and indirect medical costs, and utility inputs were derived from the reference study and published scientific literature. The cost of the pharmacogenetic test was $2,000. A 3% discount rate was used to discount costs and effects. Univariate one-way sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the effect of input parameters on net monetary benefit. RESULTS For moderate to severe MDD, the model estimated a cumulative effect over 3 years of 2.07 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) for the pharmacogenetic-guided treatment group and 1.97 QALYs for the SOC group, including a lower probability of death from suicide (0.328% and 0.351%, respectively). Total costs over 3 years were $44,697 (IDGx) and $47,295 (SOC). This difference includes a savings of $2,918 in direct medical costs and $1,680 in indirect costs. Results were more pronounced when only severely depressed patients were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacogenetic testing among moderate to severe MDD patients improved QALYs and resulted in cost savings. Sensitivity analyses supported the robust nature of the current findings of the dominant IDGx test to guide treatment. DISCLOSURES Funding for this analysis was provided by AltheaDx, which is the manufacturer of the IDgenetix test. AltheaDx personnel assisted in the study design, data collection, and review of the manuscript. Maciel and Garces are employed by AltheaDx. Groessl has received funding as a consultant from American Specialty Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Groessl
- 1 Health Services Research Center, University of California, San Diego
| | - Steven R Tally
- 1 Health Services Research Center, University of California, San Diego
| | - Naomi Hillery
- 1 Health Services Research Center, University of California, San Diego
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27
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Mukerjee G, Huston A, Kabakchiev B, Piquette-Miller M, van Schaik R, Dorfman R. User considerations in assessing pharmacogenomic tests and their clinical support tools. NPJ Genom Med 2018; 3:26. [PMID: 30210808 PMCID: PMC6133969 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-018-0065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing is gaining recognition from physicians, pharmacists and patients as a tool for evidence-based medication management. However, seemingly similar PGx testing panels (and PGx-based decision support tools) can diverge in their technological specifications, as well as the genetic factors that determine test specificity and sensitivity, and hence offer different values for users. Reluctance to embrace PGx testing is often the result of unfamiliarity with PGx technology, a lack of knowledge about the availability of curated guidelines/evidence for drug dosing recommendations, and an absence of wide-spread institutional implementation efforts and educational support. Demystifying an often confusing and variable PGx marketplace can lead to greater acceptance of PGx as a standard-of-care practice that improves drug outcomes and provides a lifetime value for patients. Here, we highlight the key underlying factors of a PGx test that should be considered, and discuss the current progress of PGx implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Huston
- GeneYouIn Inc., 156 Front St. W., Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Boyko Kabakchiev
- GeneYouIn Inc., 156 Front St. W., Toronto, ON Canada.,2Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | | | - Ron van Schaik
- 4International Expert Center Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Gonda X, Petschner P, Eszlari N, Baksa D, Edes A, Antal P, Juhasz G, Bagdy G. Genetic variants in major depressive disorder: From pathophysiology to therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 194:22-43. [PMID: 30189291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In spite of promising preclinical results there is a decreasing number of new registered medications in major depression. The main reason behind this fact is the lack of confirmation in clinical studies for the assumed, and in animals confirmed, therapeutic results. This suggests low predictive value of animal studies for central nervous system disorders. One solution for identifying new possible targets is the application of genetics and genomics, which may pinpoint new targets based on the effect of genetic variants in humans. The present review summarizes such research focusing on depression and its therapy. The inconsistency between most genetic studies in depression suggests, first of all, a significant role of environmental stress. Furthermore, effect of individual genes and polymorphisms is weak, therefore gene x gene interactions or complete biochemical pathways should be analyzed. Even genes encoding target proteins of currently used antidepressants remain non-significant in genome-wide case control investigations suggesting no main effect in depression, but rather an interaction with stress. The few significant genes in GWASs are related to neurogenesis, neuronal synapse, cell contact and DNA transcription and as being nonspecific for depression are difficult to harvest pharmacologically. Most candidate genes in replicable gene x environment interactions, on the other hand, are connected to the regulation of stress and the HPA axis and thus could serve as drug targets for depression subgroups characterized by stress-sensitivity and anxiety while other risk polymorphisms such as those related to prominent cognitive symptoms in depression may help to identify additional subgroups and their distinct treatment. Until these new targets find their way into therapy, the optimization of current medications can be approached by pharmacogenomics, where metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms remain prominent determinants of therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Gonda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kutvolgyi Clinical Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Peter Petschner
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nora Eszlari
- NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Baksa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; SE-NAP 2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Edes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; SE-NAP 2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Antal
- Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; SE-NAP 2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Gyorgy Bagdy
- NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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29
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Abstract
The standard of care for antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder (MDD) is a trial-and-error approach. Patients often have to undergo multiple medication trials for weeks to months before finding an effective treatment. Clinical factors such as severity of baseline symptoms and the presence of specific individual (anhedonia or insomnia) or cluster (atypical, melancholic, or anxious) of symptoms are commonly used without any evidence of their utility in selecting among currently available antidepressants. Genomic and proteomic biomarker have gained recent attention for their potential in informing antidepressant medication selection. In this report, we have reviewed some of the major pharmacogenomics studies along with individual genetic and proteomic biomarker of antidepressant response. Additionally, we have reviewed the blood-based protein biomarkers that can inform selection of one antidepressant over another. Among all currently available biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) appears to be the most promising and pragmatic choice. Low CRP (<1 mg/L) in patients with MDD predicts better response to escitalopram while higher levels are associated with better response to noradrenergic/dopaminergic antidepressants. Future studies are needed to demonstrate the superiority of a CRP-based treatment assignment over high-quality measurement-based care in real-world clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Jha
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.
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30
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Improved efficacy with targeted pharmacogenetic-guided treatment of patients with depression and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial demonstrating clinical utility. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 96:100-107. [PMID: 28992526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pharmacogenetics-guided treatment on patients diagnosed with depression and/or anxiety, in a diverse set of clinical settings, as compared to the standard of care. The trial design followed a prospective, randomized, subject- and rater-blinded approach enrolling 685 patients from clinical providers specializing in Psychiatry, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Family Medicine. The NeuroIDgenetix® test uses a genetic variant panel of ten genes, along with concomitant medications, to make medication management recommendations based on gene-drug and drug-drug interactions for over 40 medications used in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Pharmacogenetic testing was performed at the initial screening visit and baseline patient assessments were determined using the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A). Following enrollment and randomization, pharmacogenetic results for subjects assigned to the experimental group were provided to physicians to guide treatment selection, while control subjects were treated according to the usual standard of care. HAM-D17 and HAM-A assessments were collected at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after baseline to assess the efficacy of therapeutic selection. In patients diagnosed with depression, response rates (p = 0.001; OR: 4.72 [1.93-11.52]) and remission rates (p = 0.02; OR: 3.54 [1.27-9.88]) were significantly higher in the pharmacogenetics-guided group as compared to the control group at 12 weeks. In addition, patients in the experimental group diagnosed with anxiety showed a meaningful improvement in HAM-A scores at both 8 and 12 weeks (p = 0.02 and 0.02, respectively), along with higher response rates (p = 0.04; OR: 1.76 [1.03-2.99]). From these results, we conclude that pharmacogenetic-guided medication selection significantly improves outcomes of patients diagnosed with depression or anxiety, in a variety of healthcare settings.
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31
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Torrellas C, Carril JC, Cacabelos R. Optimization of Antidepressant use with Pharmacogenetic Strategies. Curr Genomics 2017. [PMID: 29081699 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170426164940.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The response rate in the pharmacological treatment of depression has been estimated to be around 50%, achieving a remission in symptomatology in only one third of the patients. Suboptimal prescription of antidepressants has been proposed as a significant explanatory factor for this therapeutic inefficacy. The use of pharmacogenetic testing might favor the optimization of pharmacotherapy in emotional disorders. However, its implementation in the clinical routine requires studies which prove its efficacy. OBJECTIVE The aim is to explore the clinical effects obtained by means of the personalization of antidepressant treatment derived from the pharmacogenetic profile of the individual. METHOD A sample of 291 patients under antidepressant treatment was selected, and these patients were genotyped for the most common polymorphisms of the CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5 genes using RT-PCR and TaqMan® technology. 30 of them were subjected to psycho-affective assessment using the HDRS scale before and after a process of individualization of their psychopharmacological treatment in accordance with the genotype obtained. RESULTS 70% of the individuals treated using the traditional criterion of trial-and-error were not taking the active ingredient most suited to their pharmacogenetic profile. The inclusion of this genetic information in the choice of drug and its dosage entailed a significant, progressive reduction in depressive symptomatology, with an efficacy ratio of 80% and a remission of the pathology in almost 30% of the cases. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the prescription of pharmacogenetic profile-based strategies has a positive effect on the therapeutic response to antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Torrellas
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Sciences and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.,Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692- Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Carril
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Sciences and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.,Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692- Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Sciences and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.,Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692- Madrid, Spain
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Torrellas C, Carril JC, Cacabelos R. Optimization of Antidepressant use with Pharmacogenetic Strategies. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:442-449. [PMID: 29081699 PMCID: PMC5635649 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170426164940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The response rate in the pharmacological treatment of depression has been estimated to be around 50%, achieving a remission in symptomatology in only one third of the patients. Suboptimal prescription of antidepressants has been proposed as a significant explanatory factor for this therapeutic inefficacy. The use of pharmacogenetic testing might favor the optimization of pharmacotherapy in emotional disorders. However, its implementation in the clinical routine requires studies which prove its efficacy. Objective: The aim is to explore the clinical effects obtained by means of the personalization of antidepressant treatment derived from the pharmacogenetic profile of the individual. Method: A sample of 291 patients under antidepressant treatment was selected, and these patients were genotyped for the most common polymorphisms of the CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5 genes using RT-PCR and TaqMan® technology. 30 of them were subjected to psycho-affective assessment using the HDRS scale before and after a process of individualization of their psychopharmacological treatment in accordance with the genotype obtained. Results: 70% of the individuals treated using the traditional criterion of trial-and-error were not taking the active ingredient most suited to their pharmacogenetic profile. The inclusion of this genetic information in the choice of drug and its dosage entailed a significant, progressive reduction in depressive symptomatology, with an efficacy ratio of 80% and a remission of the pathology in almost 30% of the cases. Conclusion: These results suggest that the prescription of pharmacogenetic profile-based strategies has a positive effect on the therapeutic response to antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Torrellas
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Sciences and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.,Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692- Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Carril
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Sciences and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.,Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692- Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Sciences and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.,Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692- Madrid, Spain
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Pérez V, Salavert A, Espadaler J, Tuson M, Saiz-Ruiz J, Sáez-Navarro C, Bobes J, Baca-García E, Vieta E, Olivares JM, Rodriguez-Jimenez R, Villagrán JM, Gascón J, Cañete-Crespillo J, Solé M, Saiz PA, Ibáñez Á, de Diego-Adeliño J, Menchón JM. Efficacy of prospective pharmacogenetic testing in the treatment of major depressive disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:250. [PMID: 28705252 PMCID: PMC5513031 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 12-week, double-blind, parallel, multi-center randomized controlled trial in 316 adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing for drug therapy guidance. METHODS Patients with a CGI-S ≥ 4 and requiring antidepressant medication de novo or changes in their medication regime were recruited at 18 Spanish public hospitals, genotyped with a commercial PGx panel (Neuropharmagen®), and randomized to PGx-guided treatment (n = 155) or treatment as usual (TAU, control group, n = 161), using a computer-generated random list that locked or unlocked psychiatrist access to the results of the PGx panel depending on group allocation. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving a sustained response (Patient Global Impression of Improvement, PGI-I ≤ 2) within the 12-week follow-up. Patients and interviewers collecting the PGI-I ratings were blinded to group allocation. Between-group differences were evaluated using χ2-test or t-test, as per data type. RESULTS Two hundred eighty patients were available for analysis at the end of the 12-week follow-up (PGx n = 136, TAU n = 144). A difference in sustained response within the study period (primary outcome) was not observed (38.5% vs 34.4%, p = 0.4735; OR = 1.19 [95%CI 0.74-1.92]), but the PGx-guided treatment group had a higher responder rate compared to TAU at 12 weeks (47.8% vs 36.1%, p = 0.0476; OR = 1.62 [95%CI 1.00-2.61]), and this difference increased after removing subjects in the PGx-guided group when clinicians explicitly reported not to follow the test recommendations (51.3% vs 36.1%, p = 0.0135; OR = 1.86 [95%CI 1.13-3.05]). Effects were more consistent in patients with 1-3 failed drug trials. In subjects reporting side effects burden at baseline, odds of achieving a better tolerability (Frequency, Intensity and Burden of Side Effects Rating Burden subscore ≤2) were higher in the PGx-guided group than in controls at 6 weeks and maintained at 12 weeks (68.5% vs 51.4%, p = 0.0260; OR = 2.06 [95%CI 1.09-3.89]). CONCLUSIONS PGx-guided treatment resulted in significant improvement of MDD patient's response at 12 weeks, dependent on the number of previously failed medication trials, but not on sustained response during the study period. Burden of side effects was also significantly reduced. TRIAL REGISTRATION European Clinical Trials Database 2013-002228-18 , registration date September 16, 2013; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02529462 , retrospectively registered: August 19, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Pérez
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.fInstitut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions (INAD), Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Departament de Psiquiatria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jerónimo Saiz-Ruiz
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,0000 0000 9248 5770grid.411347.4Departament of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez-Navarro
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,0000 0001 2284 9230grid.410367.7University Psychiatric Hospital, Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Julio Bobes
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,0000 0001 2164 6351grid.10863.3cÁrea de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enrique Baca-García
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,grid.419651.eDepartamento de Psiquiatría, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, IIS FJD, Madrid, Spain ,0000000119578126grid.5515.4Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, Hospital General de Villalba, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,0000000419368729grid.21729.3fColumbia University, New York, USA
| | - Eduard Vieta
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Olivares
- 0000 0004 1757 0405grid.411855.cDepartment of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Instituto Biomédico Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain
| | - Roberto Rodriguez-Jimenez
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,0000 0001 1945 5329grid.144756.5Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Villagrán
- Psychiatric Hospitalization Unit, Hospital General de Jerez de la Frontera, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz Spain
| | - Josep Gascón
- 0000 0004 1794 4956grid.414875.bPsychiatric Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Josep Cañete-Crespillo
- 0000 0004 1770 3861grid.466613.0Mental Health Department, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Montse Solé
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,0000 0001 2284 9230grid.410367.7University Psychiatric Hospital, Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Pilar A. Saiz
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,0000 0001 2164 6351grid.10863.3cÁrea de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ángela Ibáñez
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,0000 0000 9248 5770grid.411347.4Departament of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier de Diego-Adeliño
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.fServei de Psiquiatria, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José M. Menchón
- grid.469673.9Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, Spain ,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Carretera de la Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Departament de Ciències Clíniques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Dubovsky SL. The Limitations of Genetic Testing in Psychiatry. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2017; 85:129-35. [PMID: 27043036 DOI: 10.1159/000443512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Dubovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y., and Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colo., USA
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Liu M, Wang P, Yu X, Dong G, Yue J. Intracerebral microdialysis coupled to LC-MS/MS for the determination tramadol and its major pharmacologically active metaboliteO-desmethyltramadol in rat brain microdialysates. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1243-1250. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Liu
- Department of Pharmacology; Basic Medical School of Wuhan University; No. 185 Donghu Road Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Peng Wang
- Inspection & Quarantine Technical Center; Hubei Entry-Exit Inspection Quarantine Bureau; No. 588 Qintai Road Wuhan 430050 China
| | - Xuming Yu
- Department of Pharmacology; Basic Medical School of Wuhan University; No. 185 Donghu Road Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Guicheng Dong
- School of Biological Sciences; Baotou Teachers' College of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology; No. 3 of Kexue Street, Qingshan District Baotou 014030 China
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology; Basic Medical School of Wuhan University; No. 185 Donghu Road Wuhan 430071 China
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Pharmacogenetics and Imaging-Pharmacogenetics of Antidepressant Response: Towards Translational Strategies. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:1169-1189. [PMID: 27752945 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation underlies both the response to antidepressant treatment and the occurrence of side effects. Over the past two decades, a number of pharmacogenetic variants, among these the SCL6A4, BDNF, FKBP5, GNB3, GRIK4, and ABCB1 genes, have come to the forefront in this regard. However, small effects sizes, mixed results in independent samples, and conflicting meta-analyses results led to inherent difficulties in the field of pharmacogenetics translating these findings into clinical practice. Nearly all antidepressant pharmacogenetic variants have potentially pleiotropic effects in which they are associated with major depressive disorder, intermediate phenotypes involved in emotional processes, and brain areas affected by antidepressant treatment. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the advances made in the field of pharmacogenetics of antidepressant efficacy and side effects, imaging findings of antidepressant response, and the latest results in the expanding field of imaging-pharmacogenetics studies. We suggest there is mounting evidence that genetic factors exert their impact on treatment response by influencing brain structural and functional changes during antidepressant treatment, and combining neuroimaging and genetic methods may be a more powerful way to detect biological mechanisms of response than either method alone. The most promising imaging-pharmacogenetics findings exist for the SCL6A4 gene, with converging associations with antidepressant response, frontolimbic predictors of affective symptoms, and normalization of frontolimbic activity following antidepressant treatment. More research is required before imaging-pharmacogenetics informed personalized medicine can be applied to antidepressant treatment; nevertheless, inroads have been made towards assessing genetic and neuroanatomical liability and potential clinical application.
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Daud ANA, Bergman JEH, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Groen H, Wilffert B. The Risk of Congenital Heart Anomalies Following Prenatal Exposure to Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors-Is Pharmacogenetics the Key? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081333. [PMID: 27529241 PMCID: PMC5000730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are often prescribed during pregnancy. Previous studies that found an increased risk of congenital anomalies, particularly congenital heart anomalies (CHA), with SRI use during pregnancy have created concern among pregnant women and healthcare professionals about the safety of these drugs. However, subsequent studies have reported conflicting results on the association between CHA and SRI use during pregnancy. These discrepancies in the risk estimates can potentially be explained by genetic differences among exposed individuals. In this review, we explore the potential pharmacogenetic predictors involved in the pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action of SRIs, and their relation to the risk of CHA. In general, the risk is dependent on the maternal concentration of SRIs and the foetal serotonin level/effect, which can be modulated by the alteration in the expression and/or function of the metabolic enzymes, transporter proteins and serotonin receptors involved in the serotonin signalling of the foetal heart development. Pharmacogenetics might be the key to understanding why some children exposed to SRIs develop a congenital heart anomaly and others do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizati N A Daud
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Jorieke E H Bergman
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Henk Groen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bob Wilffert
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Andersen RL, Johnson DJ, Patel JN. Personalizing supportive care in oncology patients using pharmacogenetic-driven treatment pathways. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:417-34. [PMID: 26871520 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients frequently suffer from disease- and treatment-related pain, nausea and depression, which severely reduces patients' quality of life. It is critical that clinicians are aware of drug-gene interactions and recognize the utility of applying pharmacogenetic information to personalize and improve supportive care. Pharmacogenetic-based algorithms may enhance clinical outcomes by allowing the clinician to select the 'least genetically vulnerable' drug. This review summarizes clinically relevant drug-gene interactions and presents pharmacogenetic-driven treatment pathways for depression, nausea/vomiting and pain. Ideally, this review provides a resource for clinicians to consult when selecting pharmacotherapy for a patient who presents with limited pharmacogenetic test results, with the hope of better controlling burdensome symptoms and improving the quality of life for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Andersen
- Wingate University School of Pharmacy, 515 N Main St, Wingate, NC 28174, USA
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, CB #7355, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jai N Patel
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, CB #7355, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, 1021 Morehead Medical Drive, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
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Arranz MJ, Gallego C, Salazar J, Arias B. Pharmacogenetic studies of drug response in schizophrenia. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1140554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Helton SG, Lohoff FW. Serotonin pathway polymorphisms and the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 16:541-53. [PMID: 25916524 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While antidepressants are widely used to treat major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders, only half of the patients will respond to antidepressant treatment and only a third of patients will experience a remission of symptoms. Identification of genetic biomarkers that predict antidepressant treatment response could thus greatly improve current clinical practice by providing guidance on which drug to use for which patient. Most antidepressant drugs for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders have effects on the serotonergic neurotransmitter system; thus, genetic polymorphisms in the genes involved in this pathway represent logical candidates for investigation. This article reviews recent findings on the pharmacogenetics of antidepressant drugs with a focus on serotonergic pathway polymorphisms and discusses future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Helton
- Section on Clinical Genomics & Experimental Therapeutics (CGET), Laboratory of Clinical & Translational Studies (LCTS), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1540, USA
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41
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The Role of Pharmacogenomics to Guide Treatment in Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-015-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Association studies of genomic variants with treatment response to risperidone, clozapine, quetiapine and chlorpromazine in the Chinese Han population. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:357-65. [PMID: 26282453 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a widespread mental disease with a prevalence of about 1% in the world population. Continuous long-term treatment is required to maintain social functioning and prevent symptom relapse of schizophrenia patients. However, there are considerable individual differences in response to the antipsychotic drugs. There is a pressing need to identify more drug-response-related markers. But most pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia have typically focused on a few candidate genes in small sample size. In this study, 995 subjects were selected for discovering the drug-response-related markers. A total of 77 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of 25 genes have been investigated for four commonly used antipsychotic drugs in China: risperidone, clozapine, quetiapine, and chlorpromazine. Significant associations with treatment response for several genes, such as CYP2D6, CYP2C19, COMT, ABCB1, DRD3 and HTR2C have been verified in our study. Also, we found several new candidate genes (TNIK, RELN, NOTCH4 and SLC6A2) and combinations (haplotype rs1544325-rs5993883-rs6269-rs4818 in COMT) that are associated with treatment response to the four drugs. Also, multivariate interactions analysis demonstrated the combination of rs6269 in COMT and rs3813929 in HTR2C may work as a predictor to improve the clinical antipsychotic response. So our study is of great significance to improve current knowledge on the pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia, thus promoting the implementation of personalized medicine in schizophrenia.The Pharmacogenomics Journal advance online publication, 18 August 2015; doi:10.1038/tpj.2015.61.
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Hicks JK, Bishop JR, Sangkuhl K, Müller DJ, Ji Y, Leckband SG, Leeder JS, Graham RL, Chiulli DL, LLerena A, Skaar TC, Scott SA, Stingl JC, Klein TE, Caudle KE, Gaedigk A. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 98:127-34. [PMID: 25974703 PMCID: PMC4512908 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are primary treatment options for major depressive and anxiety disorders. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms can influence the metabolism of SSRIs, thereby affecting drug efficacy and safety. We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting these associations and provide dosing recommendations for fluvoxamine, paroxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, and sertraline based on CYP2D6 and/or CYP2C19 genotype (updates at www.pharmgkb.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- JK Hicks
- Department of PharmacyCleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - JR Bishop
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Department of Experimental and Clinical PharmacologyMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - K Sangkuhl
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - DJ Müller
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Y Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyDivision of Laboratory GeneticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - SG Leckband
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Mental Health Care Line, University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of PsychiatrySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - JS Leeder
- Division of Clinical PharmacologyToxicology & Innovative Therapeutics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri and Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri‐Kansas CityKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | - RL Graham
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - DL Chiulli
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, San Jose DivisionSan JoseCaliforniaUSA
| | - A LLerena
- CICAB Clinical Research CenterExtremadura University Hospital and Medical SchoolBadajozSpain
| | - TC Skaar
- Division of Clinical PharmacologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - SA Scott
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - JC Stingl
- Federal Institute of Drugs and Medical DevicesBonnGermany
| | - TE Klein
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - KE Caudle
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - A Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical PharmacologyToxicology & Innovative Therapeutics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri and Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri‐Kansas CityKansas CityMissouriUSA
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44
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Altar CA, Carhart J, Allen JD, Hall-Flavin D, Winner J, Dechairo B. Clinical Utility of Combinatorial Pharmacogenomics-Guided Antidepressant Therapy: Evidence from Three Clinical Studies. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:145-55. [PMID: 27606312 DOI: 10.1159/000430915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA of 258 patients with treatment-resistant depression was collected in three 8-10 week, two-arm, prospective clinical trials. Forty-four allelic variations were measured in genes for the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP2D6, CYPC19, and CYP1A2, the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), and the 5-HT2A receptor (HTR2A). The combinatorial pharmacogenomic (CPGx™) GeneSight test results were provided to clinicians to support medication changes from baseline (guided arm), or they were provided at the end of each study to clinicians of unguided patients who were treated as usual (TAU). TAU subjects who at baseline were prescribed medications genetically discordant for them showed only a 12% symptom improvement, far less than the 32.5% or 28.5% improvements of the TAU subjects on yellow-category ('use with caution'; p = 0.002) or green-category medications ('use as recommended'; p = 0.02), respectively. The odds of a clinical response were increased 2.3-fold among all GeneSight-guided compared to all TAU subjects (p = 0.004), and overall, the guided group had a 53% greater improvement in depressive symptoms (p = 0.0002), a 1.7-fold relative improvement in response (p = 0.01), and a number needed to treat for one clinical response above that seen in the TAU group of 6.07.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Hall-Flavin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA
| | - Joel Winner
- AssureRx Health, Inc., Mason, Ohio, USA; Winner Psychiatry, Boulder, Colo., USA
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45
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Bet PM, Verbeek EC, Milaneschi Y, Straver DBM, Uithuisje T, Bevova MR, Hugtenburg JG, Heutink P, Penninx BWJH, Hoogendijk WJG. A common polymorphism in the ABCB1 gene is associated with side effects of PGP-dependent antidepressants in a large naturalistic Dutch cohort. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:202-8. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Brennan FX, Gardner KR, Lombard J, Perlis RH, Fava M, Harris HW, Scott R. A Naturalistic Study of the Effectiveness of Pharmacogenetic Testing to Guide Treatment in Psychiatric Patients With Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2015; 17:14m01717. [PMID: 26445691 PMCID: PMC4560190 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.14m01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of genetic testing in a real-world setting and to assess its impact on clinician treatment decisions. METHOD This was a naturalistic, unblinded, prospective analysis of psychiatric patients and clinicians who utilized a commercially available genetic test (between April and October of 2013), which incorporates 10 genes related to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychiatric medications. Each patient's genetic results were provided to participating clinicians, who completed a baseline survey including patient medications, history, and severity of illness. Clinicians were prompted to complete surveys within 1 week of receiving the genetic results and again 3 months later. Patients likewise completed assessments of depression, anxiety, medication side effects, and quality of life at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. RESULTS Data from 685 patients were collected. Approximately 70% and 29% of patients had primary diagnoses of either a mood or anxiety disorder, respectively. Clinician-reported data, as measured by the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale, indicated that 87% of patients showed clinically measurable improvement (rated as very much improved, much improved, or minimally improved), with 62% demonstrating clinically significant improvement. When analysis was restricted to the 69% of individuals with ≥ 2 prior treatment failures, 91% showed clinically measurable improvement. Patients also reported significant decreases in depression (P < .001), anxiety (P < .001), and medication side effects (P < .001) and increases in quality of life (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a substantial proportion of individuals receiving pharmacogenetic testing showed clinically significant improvements on multiple measures of symptoms, adverse effects, and quality of life over 3 months. In the absence of a treatment-as-usual comparator, the proportion of improvement attributable to the test cannot be estimated. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01507155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Brennan
- Genomind, Inc, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (Drs Brennan, Lombard, and Scott and Ms Gardner); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Drs Perlis and Fava); and North Carolina Elderly Psychiatric Services, Raleigh (Dr Harris)
| | - Kathryn R Gardner
- Genomind, Inc, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (Drs Brennan, Lombard, and Scott and Ms Gardner); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Drs Perlis and Fava); and North Carolina Elderly Psychiatric Services, Raleigh (Dr Harris)
| | - Jay Lombard
- Genomind, Inc, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (Drs Brennan, Lombard, and Scott and Ms Gardner); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Drs Perlis and Fava); and North Carolina Elderly Psychiatric Services, Raleigh (Dr Harris)
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Genomind, Inc, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (Drs Brennan, Lombard, and Scott and Ms Gardner); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Drs Perlis and Fava); and North Carolina Elderly Psychiatric Services, Raleigh (Dr Harris)
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Genomind, Inc, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (Drs Brennan, Lombard, and Scott and Ms Gardner); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Drs Perlis and Fava); and North Carolina Elderly Psychiatric Services, Raleigh (Dr Harris)
| | - Herbert W Harris
- Genomind, Inc, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (Drs Brennan, Lombard, and Scott and Ms Gardner); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Drs Perlis and Fava); and North Carolina Elderly Psychiatric Services, Raleigh (Dr Harris)
| | - Rachel Scott
- Genomind, Inc, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (Drs Brennan, Lombard, and Scott and Ms Gardner); Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Drs Perlis and Fava); and North Carolina Elderly Psychiatric Services, Raleigh (Dr Harris)
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47
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Thompson C, Steven P Hamilton, Catriona Hippman. Psychiatrist attitudes towards pharmacogenetic testing, direct-to-consumer genetic testing, and integrating genetic counseling into psychiatric patient care. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:68-72. [PMID: 25618469 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric treatment has not historically included genetic counseling or genetic testing. It has been shown that psychiatric patients and their families benefit from genetic counseling and pharmacogenetic testing for pharmacological treatment. To date, no study has investigated psychiatrists' attitudes towards incorporating pharmacogenetic testing and genetic counseling into patient treatment. This study employed a five item survey to solicit the opinions of psychiatrists on the benefit of pharmacogenetic data, direct to consumer (DTC) genetic testing, and genetic counseling. A total of 113 psychiatrists responded to the surveys. The vast majority (94.6%) indicated that genetic data would be useful in making pharmaceutical decisions, and 86% felt that pharmacogenetic testing would become standard of care. Attitudes were split towards the benefit of direct to consumer genetic testing; 55.8% of respondents would refer a patient for DTC genetic testing that might help with treatment decisions. The majority (72.6%) believed that it would be beneficial to include genetic counselors in psychiatric patient care. The results of our study suggest there is potential for collaboration between psychiatrists and genetic counselors to enhance patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Steven P Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catriona Hippman
- Women's Health Research Institute, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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48
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Pharmacogenetics informed decision making in adolescent psychiatric treatment: a clinical case report. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4416-28. [PMID: 25710722 PMCID: PMC4394428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances made in genetic testing and tools applied to pharmacogenetics are increasingly being used to inform clinicians in fields such as oncology, hematology, diabetes (endocrinology), cardiology and expanding into psychiatry by examining the influences of genetics on drug efficacy and metabolism. We present a clinical case example of an adolescent male with anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder who did not tolerate numerous medications and dosages over several years in attempts to manage his symptoms. Pharmacogenetics testing was performed and DNA results on this individual elucidated the potential pitfalls in medication use because of specific pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences specifically involving polymorphisms of genes in the cytochrome p450 enzyme system. Future studies and reports are needed to further illustrate and determine the type of individualized medicine approach required to treat individuals based on their specific gene patterns. Growing evidence supports this biological approach for standard of care in psychiatry.
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49
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Clinical validity: Combinatorial pharmacogenomics predicts antidepressant responses and healthcare utilizations better than single gene phenotypes. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 15:443-51. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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50
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Sun MY, Du HY, Zhu AN, Liang HY, de Garibay GR, Li FX, Li M, Yang XX. Genetic polymorphisms in estrogen-related genes and the risk of breast cancer among Han Chinese women. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4121-35. [PMID: 25689428 PMCID: PMC4346947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16024121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of estrogen is considered an important risk factor for susceptibility to breast cancer. Common polymorphisms in genes that affect estrogen levels may be associated with breast cancer risk, but no comprehensive study has been performed among Han Chinese women. In the present study, 32 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in estrogen-related genes were genotyped using the MassARRAY IPLEX platform in 1076 Han Chinese women. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were compared between case and control groups. Unconditional logistic regression was used to assess the effects of SNPs on breast cancer risk. Associations were also evaluated for breast cancer subtypes stratified by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status. Case-control analysis showed a significant relation between heterozygous genotypes of rs700519 and rs2069522 and breast cancer risk (OR = 0.723, 95% CI = 0.541-0.965, p = 0.028 and OR = 1.500, 95% CI = 1.078-2.087, p = 0.016, respectively). Subgroup comparisons revealed that rs2446405 and rs17268974 were related to ER status, and rs130021 was associated with PR status. Our findings suggest that rs700519 and rs2069522 are associated with susceptibility to breast cancer among the Han Chinese population and have a cumulative effect with three other identified SNPs. Further genetic and functional studies are needed to identify additional SNPs, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ying Sun
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China.
| | - Hong-Yan Du
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - An-Na Zhu
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Hui-Ying Liang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China.
| | - Gorka Ruiz de Garibay
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Barcelona 08908, Spain.
| | - Fen-Xia Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xue-Xi Yang
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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