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Larriba E, de Juan Romero C, García-Martínez A, Quintanar T, Rodríguez-Lescure Á, Soto JL, Saceda M, Martín-Nieto J, Barberá VM. Identification of new targets for glioblastoma therapy based on a DNA expression microarray. Comput Biol Med 2024; 179:108833. [PMID: 38981212 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive perspective on the deregulated pathways and impaired biological functions prevalent in human glioblastoma (GBM). In order to characterize differences in gene expression between individuals diagnosed with GBM and healthy brain tissue, we have designed and manufactured a specific, custom DNA microarray. The results obtained from differential gene expression analysis were validated by RT-qPCR. The datasets obtained from the analysis of common differential expressed genes in our cohort of patients were used to generate protein-protein interaction networks of functionally enriched genes and their biological functions. This network analysis, let us to identify 16 genes that exhibited either up-regulation (CDK4, MYC, FOXM1, FN1, E2F7, HDAC1, TNC, LAMC1, EIF4EBP1 and ITGB3) or down-regulation (PRKACB, MEF2C, CAMK2B, MAPK3, MAP2K1 and PENK) in all GBM patients. Further investigation of these genes and enriched pathways uncovered in this investigation promises to serve as a foundational step in advancing our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underpinning GBM pathogenesis. Consequently, the present work emphasizes the critical role that the unveiled molecular pathways likely play in shaping innovative therapeutic approaches for GBM management. We finally proposed in this study a list of compounds that target hub of GBM-related genes, some of which are already in clinical use, underscoring the potential of those genes as targets for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Larriba
- Human and Mammalian Genetics Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Camino de Juan Romero
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, Spain.
| | - Araceli García-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Unidad de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain
| | - Teresa Quintanar
- Servicio de Oncología Médica. Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez-Lescure
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Servicio de Oncología Médica. Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; School of Medicine. Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche. Investigator, Spanish Breast Cancer Research Group (GEICAM), Spain
| | - José Luis Soto
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Unidad de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel Saceda
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, Spain
| | - José Martín-Nieto
- Human and Mammalian Genetics Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Víctor M Barberá
- Human and Mammalian Genetics Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Unidad de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain.
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Vilar JB, Christmann M, Tomicic MT. Alterations in Molecular Profiles Affecting Glioblastoma Resistance to Radiochemotherapy: Where Does the Good Go? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102416. [PMID: 35626024 PMCID: PMC9139489 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is a type of brain cancer that remains incurable. Despite multiple past and ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials, involving adjuvants to the conventional therapy and based on molecular targeting, no relevant benefit for patients’ survival has been achieved so far. The current first-line treatment regimen is based on ionizing radiation and the monoalkylating compound, temozolomide, and has been administered for more than 15 years. Glioblastoma is extremely resistant to most agents due to a mutational background that elicits quick response to insults and adapts to microenvironmental and metabolic changes. Here, we present the most recent evidence concerning the molecular features and their alterations governing pathways involved in GBM response to the standard radio-chemotherapy and discuss how they collaborate with acquired GBM’s resistance. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor characterized by high heterogeneity, diffuse infiltration, aggressiveness, and formation of recurrences. Patients with this kind of tumor suffer from cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems, beyond exhibiting dismal survival rates. Current treatment comprises surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with the methylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ). GBMs harbor intrinsic mutations involving major pathways that elicit the cells to evade cell death, adapt to the genotoxic stress, and regrow. Ionizing radiation and TMZ induce, for the most part, DNA damage repair, autophagy, stemness, and senescence, whereas only a small fraction of GBM cells undergoes treatment-induced apoptosis. Particularly upon TMZ exposure, most of the GBM cells undergo cellular senescence. Increased DNA repair attenuates the agent-induced cytotoxicity; autophagy functions as a pro-survival mechanism, protecting the cells from damage and facilitating the cells to have energy to grow. Stemness grants the cells capacity to repopulate the tumor, and senescence triggers an inflammatory microenvironment favorable to transformation. Here, we highlight this mutational background and its interference with the response to the standard radiochemotherapy. We discuss the most relevant and recent evidence obtained from the studies revealing the molecular mechanisms that lead these cells to be resistant and indicate some future perspectives on combating this incurable tumor.
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Immune System-Related Changes in Preclinical GL261 Glioblastoma under TMZ Treatment: Explaining MRSI-Based Nosological Imaging Findings with RT-PCR Analyses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112663. [PMID: 34071393 PMCID: PMC8199490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GB) are brain tumours with poor prognosis even after aggressive therapy. Previous work suggests that magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) could act as a biomarker of efficient immune system attack onto GB, presenting oscillatory changes. Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) constitute the most abundant non-tumour cell type within the GB and can be polarised into anti-tumour (M1) or pro-tumour (M2) phenotypes. One of the mechanisms to mediate immunosuppression in brain tumours is the interaction between programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1). We evaluated the subpopulations of GAMs in responding and control GB tumours to correlate PD-L1 expression to GAM polarisation in order to explain/validate MRSI-detected findings. Mice were evaluated by MRI/MRSI to assess the extent of response to treatment and with qPCR for GAMs M1 and M2 polarisation analyses. M1/M2 ratios and PD-L1 expression were higher in treated compared to control tumours. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with the M1/M2 ratio. The oscillatory change in the GAMs prevailing population could be one of the key causes for the differential MRSI-detected pattern, allowing this to act as immune system activity biomarker in future work.
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Villamañan L, Martínez-Escardó L, Arús C, Yuste VJ, Candiota AP. Successful Partnerships: Exploring the Potential of Immunogenic Signals Triggered by TMZ, CX-4945, and Combined Treatment in GL261 Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073453. [PMID: 33810611 PMCID: PMC8036897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relevance of the cancer immune cycle in therapy response implies that successful treatment may trigger the exposure or the release of immunogenic signals. Previous results with the preclinical GL261 glioblastoma (GB) showed that combination treatment of temozolomide (TMZ) + CX-4945 (protein kinase CK2 inhibitor) outperformed single treatments, provided an immune-friendly schedule was followed. Our purpose was to study possible immunogenic signals released in vitro by GB cells. METHODS GL261 GB cells were treated with TMZ and CX-4945 at different concentrations (25 µM-4 mM) and time frames (12-72 h). Cell viability was measured with Trypan Blue and propidium iodide. Calreticulin exposure was assessed with immunofluorescence, and ATP release was measured with bioluminescence. RESULTS TMZ showed cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects, while CX-4945 showed remarkable cytotoxic effects already at low concentrations. Calreticulin exposure after 24 h was detected with TMZ treatment, as well as TMZ/CX-4945 low concentration combined treatment. ATP release was significantly higher with CX-4945, especially at high concentrations, as well as with TMZ/CX-4945. CONCLUSIONS combined treatment may produce the simultaneous release of two potent immunogenic signals, which can explain the outperformance over single treatments in vivo. A word of caution may be raised since in vitro conditions are not able to mimic pharmacokinetics observed in vivo fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Villamañan
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (L.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Laura Martínez-Escardó
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (L.M.-E.); (V.J.Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (C.I.B.E.R.N.E.D.), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carles Arús
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (L.V.); (C.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Victor J. Yuste
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (L.M.-E.); (V.J.Y.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (C.I.B.E.R.N.E.D.), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ana P. Candiota
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (L.V.); (C.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Xiong J, Guo G, Guo L, Wang Z, Chen Z, Nan Y, Cao Y, Li R, Yang X, Dong J, Jin X, Yang W, Huang Q. Amlexanox Enhances Temozolomide-Induced Antitumor Effects in Human Glioblastoma Cells by Inhibiting IKBKE and the Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4289-4299. [PMID: 33644550 PMCID: PMC7906592 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ), as the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), often fails to improve the prognosis of GBM patients due to the quick development of resistance. The need for more effective management of GBM is urgent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of combined therapy with TMZ and amlexanox, a selective inhibitor of IKBKE, for GBM. We found that the combined treatment resulted in significant induction of cellular apoptosis and the inhibition of cell viability, migration, and invasion in primary glioma cells and in the human glioma cell line, U87 MG. As expected, TMZ enhanced the expression of p-AMPK and amlexanox led to the reduction of IKBKE, with no impact on p-AMPK. Furthermore, we demonstrated that compared to other groups treated with each component alone, TMZ combined with amlexanox effectively reversed the TMZ-induced activation of Akt and inhibited the phosphorylation of mTOR. In addition, the combination treatment also clearly reduced in vivo tumor volume and prolonged median survival time in the xenograft mouse model. These results suggest that amlexanox sensitized the primary glioma cells and U87 MG cells to TMZ at least partially through the suppression of IKBKE activation and the attenuation of TMZ-induced Akt activation. Overall, combined treatment with TMZ and amlexanox may provide a promising possibility for improving the prognosis of glioblastoma patients in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Xiong
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Gaochao Guo
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and
Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lianmei Guo
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and
Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zengguang Wang
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and
Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zhijuan Chen
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and
Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yang Nan
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and
Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ruilong Li
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and
Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and
Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department
of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital
of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Xun Jin
- Tianjin
Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- National
Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin’s
Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
- . Tel: (+86)13820763396
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University
General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Key
Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central
Nervous System, Ministry of Education and
Tianjin City, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and
Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
- . Tel: (+86)13820689221
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Mazurek M, Litak J, Kamieniak P, Kulesza B, Jonak K, Baj J, Grochowski C. Metformin as Potential Therapy for High-Grade Glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010210. [PMID: 31952173 PMCID: PMC7016983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MET), 1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride, is a biguanide drug used as the first-line medication in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The recent years have brought many observations showing metformin in its new role. The drug, commonly used in the therapy of diabetes, may also find application in the therapy of a vast variety of tumors. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in colon, breast, prostate, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, melanoma, lung and endometrial carcinoma, as well as in gliomas. This is especially important in light of the poor options offered to patients in the case of high-grade gliomas, which include glioblastoma (GBM). A thorough understanding of the mechanism of action of metformin can make it possible to discover new drugs that could be used in neoplasm therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mazurek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Jakub Litak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Bartłomiej Kulesza
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Department of Foregin Languages, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Shojaei S, Koleini N, Samiei E, Aghaei M, Cole LK, Alizadeh J, Islam MI, Vosoughi A, Albokashy M, Butterfield Y, Marzban H, Xu F, Thliveris J, Kardami E, Hatch GM, Eftekharpour E, Akbari M, Hombach‐Klonisch S, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Simvastatin increases temozolomide‐induced cell death by targeting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. FEBS J 2019; 287:1005-1034. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME) Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) University of Victoria Canada
| | - Navid Koleini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences St‐Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre Winnipeg Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Ehsan Samiei
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME) Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) University of Victoria Canada
| | - Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Laura K. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Md Imamul Islam
- Regenerative Medicine Program Spinal Cord Research Centre Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Amir‐reza Vosoughi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Mohammed Albokashy
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Yaron Butterfield
- Genome Sciences Centre BC Cancer Vancouver Canada
- Patient Advocate and Research Committee Brain Tumour Foundation of Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Fred Xu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - James Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Elissavet Kardami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences St‐Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre Winnipeg Canada
| | - Grant M. Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program Spinal Cord Research Centre Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME) Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) University of Victoria Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach‐Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology CancerCare Manitoba University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology CancerCare Manitoba University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Biology of Breathing Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences Winnipeg Canada
- Health Policy Research Center Institute of Health Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran
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Kitabayashi T, Dong Y, Furuta T, Sabit H, Jiapaer S, Zhang J, Zhang G, Hayashi Y, Kobayashi M, Domoto T, Minamoto T, Hirao A, Nakada M. Identification of GSK3β inhibitor kenpaullone as a temozolomide enhancer against glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10049. [PMID: 31296906 PMCID: PMC6624278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are associated with chemoresistance and rapid recurrence of malignant tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM). Although temozolomide (TMZ) is the most effective drug treatment for GBM, GBM cells acquire resistance and become refractory to TMZ during treatment. Therefore, glioma stem cell (GSC)-targeted therapy and TMZ-enhancing therapy may be effective approaches to improve GBM prognosis. Many drugs that suppress the signaling pathways that maintain GSC or enhance the effects of TMZ have been reported. However, there are no established therapies beyond TMZ treatment currently in use. In this study, we screened drug libraries composed of 1,301 existing drugs using cell viability assays to evaluate effects on GSCs, which led to selection of kenpaullone, a kinase inhibitor, as a TMZ enhancer targeting GSCs. Kenpaullone efficiently suppressed activity of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β. Combination therapy with kenpaullone and TMZ suppressed stem cell phenotype and viability of both GSCs and glioma cell lines. Combination therapy in mouse models significantly prolonged survival time compared with TMZ monotherapy. Taken together, kenpaullone is a promising drug for treatment of GBM by targeting GSCs and overcoming chemoresistance to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kitabayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hemragul Sabit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shabierjiang Jiapaer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jiakang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Domoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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9
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Liang C, Ma Y, Yong L, Yang C, Wang P, Liu X, Zhu B, Zhou H, Liu X, Liu Z. Y-box binding protein-1 promotes tumorigenesis and progression via the epidermal growth factor receptor/AKT pathway in spinal chordoma. Cancer Sci 2018; 110:166-179. [PMID: 30426615 PMCID: PMC6317961 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are rare bone tumors with a poor prognosis and no approved targeted therapy. Y‐box binding protein‐1 (YBX1) promotes tumor growth, invasion and drug resistance. However, the role of YBX1 in chordoma is unclear. In this study, we examined the expression of YBX1 using immunohistochemistry and found that YBX1 was significantly upregulated in 32 chordoma tissues compared to distant normal tissues. In addition, YBX1 upregulation was associated with surrounding tissue invasion, recurrence and poor prognosis. Biological function studies demonstrated that YBX1 promoted cell proliferation and invasion, accelerated G1/S phase transition, and inhibited apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that YBX1 enhanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transcription by directly binding to its promoter in chordoma cells. YBX1 regulated protein expression of p‐EGFR, p‐AKT and its downstream target genes that influenced cell apoptosis, cell cycle transition and cell invasion. YBX1 activated the EGFR/AKT pathway in chordoma and YBX1‐induced elevated expression of key molecules in the EGFR/AKT pathway were downregulated by EGFR and AKT pathway inhibitors. These in vitro results were further confirmed by in vivo data. These data showed that YBX1 promoted tumorigenesis and progression in spinal chordoma via the EGFR/AKT pathway. YBX1 might serve as a prognostic and predictive biomarker, as well as a rational therapeutic target, for chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Center for Pain Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yong
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenlong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Center for Pain Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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10
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Khani P, Nasri F, Khani Chamani F, Saeidi F, Sadri Nahand J, Tabibkhooei A, Mirzaei H. Genetic and epigenetic contribution to astrocytic gliomas pathogenesis. J Neurochem 2018; 148:188-203. [PMID: 30347482 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytic gliomas are the most common and lethal form of intracranial tumors. These tumors are characterized by a significant heterogeneity in terms of cytopathological, transcriptional, and (epi)genomic features. This heterogeneity has made these cancers one of the most challenging types of cancers to study and treat. To uncover these complexities and to have better understanding of the disease initiation and progression, identification, and characterization of underlying cellular and molecular pathways related to (epi)genetics of astrocytic gliomas is crucial. Here, we discuss and summarize molecular and (epi)genetic mechanisms that provide clues as to the pathogenesis of astrocytic gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Khani
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Nasri
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Khani Chamani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzane Saeidi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tabibkhooei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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11
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Trejo-Solís C, Serrano-Garcia N, Escamilla-Ramírez Á, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Jimenez-Farfan D, Palencia G, Calvillo M, Alvarez-Lemus MA, Flores-Nájera A, Cruz-Salgado A, Sotelo J. Autophagic and Apoptotic Pathways as Targets for Chemotherapy in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123773. [PMID: 30486451 PMCID: PMC6320836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant and aggressive type of brain tumor, with a mean life expectancy of less than 15 months. This is due in part to the high resistance to apoptosis and moderate resistant to autophagic cell death in glioblastoma cells, and to the poor therapeutic response to conventional therapies. Autophagic cell death represents an alternative mechanism to overcome the resistance of glioblastoma to pro-apoptosis-related therapies. Nevertheless, apoptosis induction plays a major conceptual role in several experimental studies to develop novel therapies against brain tumors. In this review, we outline the different components of the apoptotic and autophagic pathways and explore the mechanisms of resistance to these cell death pathways in glioblastoma cells. Finally, we discuss drugs with clinical and preclinical use that interfere with the mechanisms of survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and cell death of malignant cells, favoring the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, or the inhibition of the latter leading to cell death, as well as their therapeutic potential in glioma, and examine new perspectives in this promising research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Norma Serrano-Garcia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Secretaria de Salud, C.P. 71256 Oaxaca, Mexico.
| | | | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Palencia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Minerva Calvillo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Mayra A Alvarez-Lemus
- División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, C.P. 86040 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Athenea Flores-Nájera
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Secretaria de Salud, 14000 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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12
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Bi Y, Li H, Yi D, Sun Y, Bai Y, Zhong S, Song Y, Zhao G, Chen Y. Cordycepin Augments the Chemosensitivity of Human Glioma Cells to Temozolomide by Activating AMPK and Inhibiting the AKT Signaling Pathway. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4912-4925. [PMID: 30336060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most commonly encountered subtype of deadly brain cancer in human adults. It has a high recurrence rate and shows aggressive proliferation. The novel cytotoxic agent temozolomide (TMZ) is now frequently applied as the first-line chemotherapeutic treatment for GBM; however, a considerable number of patients treated with TMZ turn out to be refractory to this drug. Hence, a more effective therapeutic approach is urgently required to overcome this critical issue. Accumulating evidence has shown that both AMPK and AKT are activated by TMZ, while only AMPK contributes to apoptosis via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition. Accordingly, AKT increases the tumorigenicity and chemoresistance of various tumor cells. In addition, AKT overexpression increases the resistance of glioma cells to TMZ. Cordycepin, a major bioactive component in Cordyceps militaris, exhibits immunomodulatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, among other therapeutic effects. To date, whether GBM sensitivity to TMZ can be enhanced by cordycepin largely remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of the combined use of cordycepin and TMZ in the treatment of GBM and explored the molecular mechanisms. Notably, we found that treatment with cordycepin led to inhibition of cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as cellular apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in glioma cell lines in vitro. Likewise, the combined treatment with both cordycepin and TMZ synergistically resulted in inhibition of cellular growth, migration, and tumor metastasis as well as induction of cellular apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, we also demonstrated that cordycepin effectively enhanced the activation of AMPK and suppressed the activity of AKT, whose activation was only induced by TMZ. Furthermore, there was an apparent reduction in the expression levels of p-mTOR, p-p70S6K, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 in the group treated with both cordycepin and TMZ, in comparison with those in the groups treated with either cordycepin or TMZ alone. In vivo, the combination therapy also obviously reduced the tumor volume as well as prolonged the median survival time of xenograft models. In brief, our results suggested that cordycepin augments TMZ sensitivity in human glioma cells at least partially through activation of AMPK and suppression of the AKT signaling pathway. Overall, the combination therapy of cordycepin and TMZ potentially provides a novel option for a better prognosis of patients with GBM in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of Jilin University , 130000 Changchun , China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , The Second Hospital of Jilin University , 130000 Changchun , China
| | - Dazhuang Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of Jilin University , 130000 Changchun , China
| | - Yuxue Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of Jilin University , 130000 Changchun , China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of Jilin University , 130000 Changchun , China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of Jilin University , 130000 Changchun , China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of Jilin University , 130000 Changchun , China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of Jilin University , 130000 Changchun , China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of Jilin University , 130000 Changchun , China
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13
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Zhang J, Liu L, Xue Y, Ma Y, Liu X, Li Z, Li Z, Liu Y. Endothelial Monocyte-Activating Polypeptide-II Induces BNIP3-Mediated Mitophagy to Enhance Temozolomide Cytotoxicity of Glioma Stem Cells via Down-Regulating MiR-24-3p. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:92. [PMID: 29632473 PMCID: PMC5879952 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary studies have shown that endothelial-monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) and temozolomide (TMZ) alone can exert cytotoxic effects on glioma cells. This study explored whether EMAP-II can enhance the cytotoxic effects of TMZ on glioma stem cells (GSCs) and the possible mechanisms associated with Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)-mediated mitophagy facilitated by miR-24-3p regulation. The combination of TMZ and EMAP-II significantly inhibited GSCs viability, migration, and invasion, resulting in upregulation of the autophagy biomarker microtubule-associated protein one light chain 3 (LC3)-II/I but down-regulation of the proteins P62, TOMM 20 and CYPD, changes indicative of the occurrence of mitophagy. BNIP3 expression increased significantly in GSCs after treatment with the combination of TMZ and EMAP-II. BNIP3 overexpression strengthened the cytotoxic effects of EMAP-II and TMZ by inducing mitophagy. The combination of EMAP-II and TMZ decreased the expression of miR-24-3p, whose target gene was BNIP3. MiR-24-3p inhibited mitophagy and promoted proliferation, migration and invasion by down-regulating BNIP3 in GSCs. Furthermore, nude mice subjected to miR-24-3p silencing combined with EMAP-II and TMZ treatment displayed the smallest tumors and the longest survival rate. According to the above results, we concluded that EMAP-II enhanced the cytotoxic effects of TMZ on GSCs' proliferation, migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Shenyang, China
| | - Yawen Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China
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14
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Suo L, Chang X, Zhao Y. The Orexin-A-Regulated Akt/mTOR Pathway Promotes Cell Proliferation Through Inhibiting Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:647. [PMID: 30429828 PMCID: PMC6220114 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin-A and its receptors are associated with many physiological processes in peripheral organs and the central nervous system and play important roles in a series of human diseases, including narcolepsy, obesity, and drug addiction. Increasing evidence has indicated high expression of orexin-A and OX1 receptor (OX1R) in malignant tumors, suggesting that the stimulation of OX1R might be essential for tumorigenesis. Here, we attempted to clarify the correlation between orexin-A expression and malignancy in pancreatic cancer. Our results indicated that the stimulation of OX1R promotes cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer PANC1 cells. Additionally, orexin-A treatment can protect PANC1 cells from apoptosis, whereas inhibition of the stimulation of OX1R results in apoptosis through regulating pancreatic cancer cell expression levels of Bcl-2, caspase-9, and c-myc, which are key apoptotic factors. Further investigation revealed that orexin-A treatment activates theAkt/mTOR signaling pathway to promote cell proliferation byinhibiting Bcl-2/caspase-9/c-myc-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Our findings revealed that the stimulation of OX1R might be important for tumorigenesis in pancreatic cancer and is a potential target for the treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Suo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaocen Chang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuyan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yuyan Zhao
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15
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Temozolomide treatment of a malignant pheochromocytoma and an unresectable MAX-related paraganglioma. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 29:102-105. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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16
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Jing D, Zhang Q, Yu H, Zhao Y, Shen L. Identification of WISP1 as a novel oncogene in glioblastoma. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1261-1270. [PMID: 28902353 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor and has a high mortality in humans. However, mechanisms and factors involved in the progression of glioblastoma remain elusive. WISP1 (WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1), has been suggested to be a critical regulator of cancer development. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of WISP1 in regulating the progression of glioblastoma. Clinicopathological characteristics of glioblastoma were assessed, and higher levels of WISP1 were positively associated with advanced clinical stage and a poor prognosis. Consistently, WISP1 expression was significantly upregulated in glioblastoma tissue and cell lines compared with normal tissue and cells. Additionally, inhibition of WISP1 greatly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of glioblastoma cells. Further study indicated that downregulation of WISP1 suppressed cell proliferation associated with the gene expression of c‑myc and cyclin D1 and cellular signaling such as through the ERK pathway, while inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and MMP9. Finally, knockdown of WISP1 markedly suppressed in vivo tumor growth and sensitized glioblastoma cells to temozolomide. This study identified WISP1 as an oncogene in glioblastoma and suggests that WISP1 may serve as a potential molecular marker and treatment target for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jing
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Teaching and Research Section of Surgery, Xiangnan University Affiliated Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Haiming Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial Peopel's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Yajie Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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17
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Al-Saffar NMS, Agliano A, Marshall LV, Jackson LE, Balarajah G, Sidhu J, Clarke PA, Jones C, Workman P, Pearson ADJ, Leach MO. In vitro nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolic biomarkers for the combination of temozolomide with PI3K inhibition in paediatric glioblastoma cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180263. [PMID: 28704425 PMCID: PMC5509135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental data showed that the PI3K pathway contributes to resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) in paediatric glioblastoma and that this effect is reversed by combination treatment of TMZ with a PI3K inhibitor. Our aim is to assess whether this combination results in metabolic changes that are detectable by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, potentially providing metabolic biomarkers for PI3K inhibition and TMZ combination treatment. Using two genetically distinct paediatric glioblastoma cell lines, SF188 and KNS42, in vitro 1H-NMR analysis following treatment with the dual pan-Class I PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PI-103 resulted in a decrease in lactate and phosphocholine (PC) levels (P<0.02) relative to control. In contrast, treatment with TMZ caused an increase in glycerolphosphocholine (GPC) levels (P≤0.05). Combination of PI-103 with TMZ showed metabolic effects of both agents including a decrease in the levels of lactate and PC (P<0.02) while an increase in GPC (P<0.05). We also report a decrease in the protein expression levels of HK2, LDHA and CHKA providing likely mechanisms for the depletion of lactate and PC, respectively. Our results show that our in vitro NMR-detected changes in lactate and choline metabolites may have potential as non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring response to combination of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors with TMZ during clinical trials in children with glioblastoma, subject to further in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M. S. Al-Saffar
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Agliano
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lynley V. Marshall
- Divisions of Cancer Therapeutics and Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Divisions of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - L. Elizabeth Jackson
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geetha Balarajah
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmin Sidhu
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Clarke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Jones
- Divisions of Cancer Therapeutics and Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. J. Pearson
- Divisions of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin O. Leach
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Yu Z, Zhao G, Xie G, Zhao L, Chen Y, Yu H, Zhang Z, Li C, Li Y. Metformin and temozolomide act synergistically to inhibit growth of glioma cells and glioma stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32930-43. [PMID: 26431379 PMCID: PMC4741740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive brain tumor in adults. In spite of advances in diagnosis and therapy, the prognosis of patients with GBM has remained dismal. The fast recurrence and multi-drug resistance are some of the key challenges in combating brain tumors. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) which are considered the source of relapse and chemoresistance, the need for more effective therapeutic options is overwhelming. In our present work, we found that combined treatment with temozolomide (TMZ) and metformin (MET) synergistically inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in both glioma cells and GSCs. Combination of TMZ and MET significantly reduced the secondary gliosphere formation and expansion of GSCs. We first demonstrated that MET effectively inhibited the AKT activation induced by TMZ, and a combination of both drugs led to enhanced reduction of mTOR, 4EBP1 and S6K phosphorylation. In addition, the combination of the two drugs was accompanied with a powerful AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, while this pathway is not determinant. Xenografts performed in nude mice demonstrate in vivo demonstrated that combined treatment significantly reduced tumor growth rates and prolonged median survival of tumor-bearing mice. In conclusion, TMZ in combination with MET synergistically inhibits the GSCs proliferation through downregulation of AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. The combined treatment of two drugs inhibits GSCs self-renewal capability and partly eliminates GSCs in vitro and in vivo. This combined treatment could be a promising option for patients with advanced GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guifang Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liyan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunqian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wang P, Ye JA, Hou CX, Zhou D, Zhan SQ. Combination of lentivirus-mediated silencing of PPM1D and temozolomide chemotherapy eradicates malignant glioma through cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2544-2552. [PMID: 27633132 PMCID: PMC5055212 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is approved for use as first-line treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, GBM shows chemoresistance shortly after the initiation of treatment. In order to detect whether silencing of human protein phosphatase 1D magnesium dependent (PPM1D) gene could increase the effects of TMZ in glioma cells, glioma cells U87-MG were infected with lentiviral shRNA vector targeting PPM1D silencing. After PPM1D silencing was established, cells were treated with TMZ. The multiple functions of human glioma cells after PPM1D silencing and TMZ chemotherapy were detected by flow cytometry and MTT assay. Significantly differentially expressed genes were distinguished by microarray-based gene expression profiling and analyzed by gene pathway enrichment analysis and ontology assessment. Western blotting was used to establish the protein expression of the core genes. PPM1D gene silencing improves TMZ induced cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. When PPM1D gene silencing combined with TMZ was performed in glioma cells, 367 genes were upregulated and 444 genes were downregulated compared with negative control. The most significant differential expression pathway was pathway in cancer and IGFR1R, PIK3R1, MAPK8 and EP300 are core genes in the network. Western blotting showed that MAPK8 and PIK3R1 protein expression levels were upregulated and RB1 protein expression was decreased. It was consistent with that detected in gene expression profiling. In conclusion, PPM1D gene silencing combined with TMZ eradicates glioma cells through cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. PIK3R1/AKT pathway plays a role in the multiple functions of glioma cells after PPM1D silencing and TMZ chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jing-An Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Xian Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Quan Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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20
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Lee CY, Lai HY, Chiu A, Chan SH, Hsiao LP, Lee ST. The effects of antiepileptic drugs on the growth of glioblastoma cell lines. J Neurooncol 2016; 127:445-53. [PMID: 26758059 PMCID: PMC4835521 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of antiepileptic drug compounds on glioblastoma cellular growth, we exposed glioblastoma cell lines to select antiepileptic drugs. The effects of selected antiepileptic drugs on glioblastoma cells were measured by MTT assay. For compounds showing significant inhibition, cell cycle analysis was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The antiepileptic compounds selected for screening included carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, magnesium sulfate, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, primidone, tiagabine, topiramate, valproic acid, and vigabatrin. Dexamethasone and temozolomide were used as a negative and positive control respectively. Our results showed temozolomide and oxcarbazepine significantly inhibited glioblastoma cell growth and reached IC50 at therapeutic concentrations. The other antiepileptic drugs screened were unable to reach IC50 at therapeutic concentrations. The metabolites of oxcarbazepine were also unable to reach IC50. Dexamethasone, ethosuximide, levetiracetam, and vigabatrin showed some growth enhancement though they did not reach statistical significance. The growth enhancement effects of ethosuximide, levetiracetam, and vigabatrin found in the study may indicate that these compounds should not be used for prophylaxis or short term treatment of epilepsy in glioblastoma. While valproic acid and oxcarbazepine were effective, the required dose of valproic acid was far above that used for the treatment of epilepsy and the metabolites of oxcarbazepine failed to reach significant growth inhibition ruling out the use of oral oxcarbazepine or valproic acid as monotherapy in glioblastoma. The possibility of using these compounds as local treatment is a future area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Angela Chiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - She-Hung Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ping Hsiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tseng Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, 5 Fu-Shing Street, 333, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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21
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Yu Z, Zhao G, Li P, Li Y, Zhou G, Chen Y, Xie G. Temozolomide in combination with metformin act synergistically to inhibit proliferation and expansion of glioma stem-like cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2792-2800. [PMID: 27073554 PMCID: PMC4812167 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and most aggressive brain tumor in adults. The introduction of temozolomide (TMZ) has advanced chemotherapy for malignant gliomas, but it is not curative. The difficulties in treating glioblastoma may be as a result of the presence of glioma stem cells (GSCs), which are a source of relapse and chemoresistance. Another reason may be that endogenous Akt kinase activity may be activated in response to clinically relevant concentrations of TMZ. Akt activation is correlated with the increased tumorigenicity, invasiveness and stemness of cancer cells and overexpression of an active form of Akt increases glioma cell resistance to TMZ. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that cancer stem cells are preferentially sensitive to an inhibitor of Akt and down-regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway may enhance the cytotoxicity of TMZ. Metformin (MET), the first-line drug for treating diabetes, it has been proved that it reduces AKT activation and selectively kills cancer stem cells, but whether it can potentiate the cytotoxicity of TMZ for GSCs remains unknown. In the present study, the GSCs isolated from human glioma cell line U87 and Rat glioma cell line C6, in vitro treatment with TMZ either alone or with MET. The present study demonstrates that MET acts synergistically with TMZ in inhibiting GSCs proliferation and generating the highest apoptotic rates when compared to either drug alone. These findings implicate that GSCs cytotoxicity mediated by TMZ may be stimulated by MET, have a synergistic effect, but the definite mechanisms remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Pengliang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yunqian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guangtong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guifang Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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22
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Paul-Samojedny M, Pudełko A, Kowalczyk M, Fila-Daniłow A, Suchanek-Raif R, Borkowska P, Kowalski J. Combination Therapy with AKT3 and PI3KCA siRNA Enhances the Antitumor Effect of Temozolomide and Carmustine in T98G Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells. BioDrugs 2016; 30:129-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-016-0160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Ishida J, Kurozumi K, Ichikawa T, Otani Y, Onishi M, Fujii K, Shimazu Y, Oka T, Shimizu T, Date I. Evaluation of extracellular matrix protein CCN1 as a prognostic factor for glioblastoma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26201842 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-015-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, research efforts in identifying prognostic molecular biomarkers for malignant glioma have intensified. Cysteine-rich protein 61 (CCN1) is one of the CCN family of matricellular proteins that promotes cell growth and angiogenesis in cancers through its interaction with several integrins. In this study, we investigated the relationships among CCN1, O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression, the tumor removal rate, and prognosis in 46 glioblastoma patients treated at the Okayama University Hospital. CCN1 expression was high in 31 (67 %) of these patients. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) times of patients with high CCN1 expression was significantly shorter than those of patients with low CCN1 expression (p < 0.005). In a multivariate Cox analysis, CCN1 proved to be an independent prognostic factor for patient survival [PFS, hazard ratio (HR) = 3.53 (1.55-8.01), p = 0.003 and OS, HR = 3.05 (1.35-6.87), p = 0.007]. Moreover, in the 31 patients who underwent gross total resection, the PFS and OS times of those with high CCN1 expression were significantly shorter than those with low CCN1 expression. It was concluded that CCN1 might emerge as a significant prognostic factor regarding the prognosis of glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Ishida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kurozumi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Tomotsugu Ichikawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Manabu Onishi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fujii
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimazu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Oka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shimizu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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24
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Kusabe Y, Kawashima H, Ogose A, Sasaki T, Ariizumi T, Hotta T, Endo N. Effect of temozolomide on the viability of musculoskeletal sarcoma cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2511-2518. [PMID: 26622881 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal sarcomas (MSS) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with relatively high mortality rates. The prognosis for patients with MSS is poor, with few drugs inducing measurable activity. Alkylating agents, namely ifosfamide and dacarbazine, which act nonspecifically on proliferating cells, are the typical therapy prescribed for advanced MSS. A novel alkylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ), has several advantages over existing alkylating agents. TMZ induces the formation of O6-methylguanine in DNA, thereby inducing mismatches during DNA replication and the subsequent activation of apoptotic pathways. However, due to conflicting data in the literature, the mechanism of TMZ action has remained elusive. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate apoptosis in MSS cells treated with TMZ, and to evaluate the correlation between TMZ action and survival pathways, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Cell proliferation was evaluated by performing an XTT (sodium 3'-[1-(phenylaminocarbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis (4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzene sulfonic acid hydrate) assay. Apoptotic morphological changes, for example chromatin condensation, were evaluated by fluorescence confocal microscopy. The expression of the apoptosis-associated proteins caspase-3, poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP), Akt and ERK1/2, was determined by western blotting. The results of the present study indicated that, in certain MSS cells, the IC50 value was lower than that in TMZ-sensitive U-87 MG cells. Furthermore, TMZ treatment was associated with apoptotic morphological changes and the expression levels of pro-apoptotic cleaved caspase-3 and PARP were also increased in TMZ-treated MSS cells. In addition, the results indicated that PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 MAPK were constitutively phosphorylated in MSS cells, and phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt was suppressed in certain cells, and maintained in other cells, by TMZ. These observations emphasized the plasticity of MSS cells, and suggested that this plasticity may contribute to the variance in cell sensitivity to TMZ and TMZ-resistance in MSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kusabe
- School of Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 851-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawashima
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 851-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Ogose
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 851-8510, Japan
| | - Taro Sasaki
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 851-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Ariizumi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Cancer Center Hospital, Niigata 951-8566, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hotta
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 851-8510, Japan
| | - Naoto Endo
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 851-8510, Japan
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25
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Yu Z, Xie G, Zhou G, Cheng Y, Zhang G, Yao G, Chen Y, Li Y, Zhao G. NVP-BEZ235, a novel dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitor displays anti-glioma activity and reduces chemoresistance to temozolomide in human glioma cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 367:58-68. [PMID: 26188279 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and most aggressive brain tumor in adults. The introduction of temozolomide (TMZ) has advanced chemotherapy for malignant gliomas. However, a considerable number of GBM cases are refractory to TMZ, the need for more effective therapeutic options is overwhelming. Mounting evidence shows that endogenous AKT (protein kinase B) activity can be activated in response to clinically relevant concentrations of TMZ. AKT activation correlated with the increased tumorigenicity, invasiveness and stemness and overexpression of an active form of AKT increases glioma cell resistance to TMZ. Previous studies also show that TMZ contributes to glioma cell apoptosis by inhibiting mTOR signaling. Thus, we hypothesized that the dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 may act as antitumor agent against gliomas and potentiate the cytotoxicity of TMZ. In the present study, we found that NVP-BEZ235 treatment of glioma cell lines led to G1 cell cycle arrest, and induced apoptosis. Combination treatment with both TMZ and NVP-BEZ235 resulted in synergistically inhibited glioma cell growth and induced apoptosis (combination index CI<1) in a subset of glioma cell lines, as shown in the increased levels of Bax, and active Caspase-3, and decreased level of Bcl-2. Furthermore, NVP-BEZ235 treatment reversed p-AKT levels enhanced by TMZ. Inhibition of mTOR (p70S6K) signaling with the combination of TMZ and NVP-BEZ235 can be augmented beyond that achieved using each agent individually. In vivo xenograft models in mice, the combinatorial treatment with TMZ and NVP-BEZ235 significantly reduced tumor growth rates and prolonged median survival of tumor-bearing mice. These findings exhibit that TMZ in combination with NVP-BEZ235 act synergistically to inhibit proliferation of glioma cells by down-regulating of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, suggesting TMZ and NVP-BEZ235 combination therapy may be an option for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guifang Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangtong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangming Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yunqian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Wang G, Wang J, Zhao H, Wang J, Tony To SS. The role of Myc and let-7a in glioblastoma, glucose metabolism and response to therapy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 580:84-92. [PMID: 26151775 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is thought to result from an imbalance between glucose metabolism and tumor growth. The Myc oncogene and lethal-7a microRNA (let-7a miRNA) have been suggested to cooperatively regulate multiple downstream targets leading to changes in chromosome stability, gene mutations, and/or modulation of tumor growth. Here, we review the roles of Myc and let-7a in glucose metabolism and tumor growth and addresses their future potential as prognostic markers and therapeutic tools in GBM. We focus on the functions of Myc and let-7a in glucose uptake, tumor survival, proliferation, and mobility of glioma cells. In addition, we discuss how regulation of different pathways by Myc or let-7a may be useful for future GBM therapies. A large body of evidence suggests that targeting Myc and let-7a may provide a selective mechanism for the deregulation of glucose metabolic pathways in glioma cells. Indeed, Myc and let-7a are aberrantly expressed in GBM and have been linked to the regulation of cell growth and glucose metabolism in GBM. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Targeting alternative glucose metabolism and regulate pathways in GBM cells for future glioblastoma therapies".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200235, China; Hubei University of Medicine, No. 30 People South Road, Shiyan City, Hubei Province 442000, China.
| | - JunJie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200235, China; Hubei University of Medicine, No. 30 People South Road, Shiyan City, Hubei Province 442000, China
| | - HuaFu Zhao
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shing Shun Tony To
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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27
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Cerquetti L, Sampaoli C, De Salvo M, Bucci B, Argese N, Chimento A, Vottari S, Marchese R, Pezzi V, Toscano V, Stigliano A. C-MYC modulation induces responsiveness to paclitaxel in adrenocortical cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2231-40. [PMID: 25708932 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C-MYC is overexpressed in many types of cancer linked to poor prognosis. We examined the c-Myc protein expression in adrenocortical cancer (ACC) cells to investigate the role of this protein in the neoplasm, its involvement in chemotherapy and finally to determine whether c-Myc could be considered a prognostic factor in patients with ACC. H295R and SW13 cell lines were treated with paclitaxel. c-Myc overexpressing cell clones were achieved by transfecting the H295R cell line with the pcDNA3-hMYC plasmid expressing the full-lengh C-MYC coding sequence. The SW13 cell line was transfected with siRNA oligonucleotides for C-MYC. Cell cycle analysis was evaluated by flow cytometry. c-Myc, cyclin B1 and pro caspase expression levels were evaluated by western blot analysis. We found that expression of c-Myc was highly expressed in the SW13 cells, whereas the protein was undetectable in the H295R cells. Different doses of paclitaxel were required in the two ACC cell line to induce a block in the G2 phase, characterized by increased cyclin B1 levels and to induce apoptosis by pro-caspase-3 activation. Interestingly, the silencing of C-MYC mRNA prevented paclitaxel induced apoptosis in SW13 cells, whereas in the H295R cells the overexpression of C-MYC rendered the cells more prone to growth inhibition after paclitaxel exposure. The present study directly demonstrates that C-MYC plays a central role in controlling proliferation in ACC cells after paclitaxel treatment and that c-Myc could be considered as a marker for predicting response to chemotherapeutic agents in ACC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Cerquetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Sampaoli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicola Argese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Chimento
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Vottari
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Toscano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Stigliano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Rajagopalan V, Vaidyanathan M, Janardhanam VA, Bradner JE. Pre-clinical analysis of changes in intra-cellular biochemistry of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells due to c-Myc silencing. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:1059-69. [PMID: 25056450 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive form of brain Tumor that has few cures. In this study, we analyze the anti-proliferative effects of a new molecule JQ1 against GBMs induced in Wistar Rats. JQ1 is essentially a Myc inhibitor. c-Myc is also known for altering the biochemistry of a tumor cell. Therefore, the study is intended to analyze certain other oncogenes associated with c-Myc and also the change in cellular biochemistry upon c-Myc inhibition. The quantitative analysis of gene expression gave a co-expressive pattern for all the three genes involved namely; c-Myc, Bcl-2, and Akt. The cellular biochemistry analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed high glycogen and lipid aggregation in Myc inhibited cells and excessive autophagy. The study demonstrates the role of c-Myc as a central metabolic regulator and Bcl-2 and Akt assisting in extending c-Myc half-life as well as in regulation of autophagy, so as to regulate cell survival on the whole. The study also demonstrates that transient treatment by JQ1 leads to aggressive development of tumor and therefore, accelerating death, emphasizing the importance of dosage fixation, and duration for clinical use in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Rajagopalan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India,
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MicroRNA as potential modulators in chemoresistant high-grade gliomas. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 21:395-400. [PMID: 24411131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas account for 70% of human malignant primary brain tumours. The most common form is glioblastoma multiforme, World Health Organization grade IV. Despite the implementation of post-operative adjuvant radiotherapy with concurrent temozolomide (TMZ), the disease's overall prognosis remains dismal. TMZ is currently the only mono-chemotherapeutic agent for newly-diagnosed high-grade glioma patients and acquired resistance inevitably occurs in the majority of such patients, further limiting treatment options. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in TMZ resistance, a critical step to developing effective, targeted treatments. An emerging body of evidence suggests the intimate involvement of a novel class of nucleic acid, microRNA (miRNA), in tumorigenesis and disease progression for a number of human malignancies, including primary brain tumours. miRNA are short, single-stranded, non-coding RNA (∼22 nucleotides) that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. This review provides an overview of the key treatment obstacles faced in patients with high-grade gliomas, especially in the context of recurrent, chemoresistant tumours and the potential roles of miRNA in chemoresistance and management of this disease.
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Cenci T, Martini M, Montano N, D’Alessandris QG, Falchetti ML, Annibali D, Savino M, Bianchi F, Pierconti F, Nasi S, Pallini R, Larocca LM. Prognostic relevance of c-Myc and BMI1 expression in patients with glioblastoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 138:390-6. [PMID: 22912356 DOI: 10.1309/ajcprxhnjqlo09qa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the c-Myc oncogene is frequently deregulated in human cancer, its involvement in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma is not clear. We conducted immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of c-Myc, polycomb ring finger oncogene (BMI1), and acetylation of the lysine 9 (H3K9Ac) of histone 3 in 48 patients with glioblastoma who underwent surgery followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide treatment. The expression of c-Myc, BMI1, and H3K9ac was correlated with clinical characteristics and outcome. We found that overexpression of c-Myc was significantly associated with that of BMI1 (P = .009), and that patients who harbored glioblastomas overexpressing c-Myc and BMI1 showed significantly longer overall survival (P < .0001 and P = .0009, respectively). Our results provide the first evidence of the prognostic value of c-Myc and associated genes in patients with glioblastoma. The favorable effect of c-Myc and BMI1 expression on survival is likely mediated by the sensitization of cancer cells to radiotherapy and temozolomide through the activation of apoptotic pathways.
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Abstract
Myc proteins are often deregulated in human brain tumors, especially in embryonal tumors that affect children. Many observations have shown how alterations of these pleiotropic Myc transcription factors provide initiation, maintenance, or progression of tumors. This review will focus on the role of Myc family members (particularly c-myc and Mycn) in tumors like medulloblastoma and glioma and will further discuss how to target stabilization of these proteins for future brain tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik J Swartling
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.
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