1
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Coimbra FCP, Sanchez EE, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Fry BG. Blood Lines: Intraspecific and Interspecific Variations in Anticoagulant Actions of Agkistrodon Viperid Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:291. [PMID: 39057931 PMCID: PMC11281148 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the intraspecific and interspecific variability in the venom effects of Agkistrodon viperid snake species and subspecies (eleven venoms total) on plasma clotting times, fibrinogen levels, and fibrin clot strength. Significant delays in plasma clotting time were observed for A. conanti, A. contortrix mokasen, A. contortrix phaeogaster, A. howardgloydi, A. piscivorus leucostoma, and A. piscivorus piscivorus. Notably, the phylogenetically disjunct lineages A. conanti, A. contortrix mokasen, and A. howardgloydi exhibited the most potent anticoagulant effects, indicating the independent amplification of a basal trait. Inhibition assays with the activated clotting enzymes Factors XIa, IXa, Xa, and IIa (thrombin) revealed that FXa inhibition is another basal trait amplified independently on multiple occasions within the genus, but with A. howardgloydi, notably more potent than all others. Phospholipid degradation and zymogen destruction were identified as mechanisms underlying the variability in venom effects observed experimentally and in previous clinical reports. Thromboelastography demonstrated that the venoms did not clot fibrinogen directly but affected fibrin clot strength by damaging fibrinogen and that thrombin was subsequently only able to cleave into weak, unstable clots. The ability to activate Protein C, an endogenous anticoagulant enzyme, varied across species, with some venoms exceeding that of A. contortrix contortrix, which previously yielded the protein diagnostic agent Protac®. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that both fibrinogen degradation and Protein C activation were each amplified multiple times within the genus, albeit with negative correlation between these two modes of action. This study highlights the evolutionary, clinical, and biodiscovery implications of venom variability in the Agkistrodon species, underscoring their dynamic evolution, emphasising the need for tailored clinical approaches, and highlighting the potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic developments inspired by the unique properties of snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C. P. Coimbra
- Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Elda E. Sanchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA;
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; (B.L.); (J.M.G.)
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; (B.L.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Juan J. Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Bryan G. Fry
- Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
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2
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Whyte CS. All tangled up: interactions of the fibrinolytic and innate immune systems. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1212201. [PMID: 37332750 PMCID: PMC10272372 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1212201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemostatic and innate immune system are intertwined processes. Inflammation within the vasculature promotes thrombus development, whilst fibrin forms part of the innate immune response to trap invading pathogens. The awareness of these interlinked process has resulted in the coining of the terms "thromboinflammation" and "immunothrombosis." Once a thrombus is formed it is up to the fibrinolytic system to resolve these clots and remove them from the vasculature. Immune cells contain an arsenal of fibrinolytic regulators and plasmin, the central fibrinolytic enzyme. The fibrinolytic proteins in turn have diverse roles in immunoregulation. Here, the intricate relationship between the fibrinolytic and innate immune system will be discussed.
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3
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Braï MA, Hannachi N, El Gueddari N, Baudoin JP, Dahmani A, Lepidi H, Habib G, Camoin-Jau L. The Role of Platelets in Infective Endocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087540. [PMID: 37108707 PMCID: PMC10143005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) has increased, with a change in the frequency of causative bacteria. Early evidence has substantially demonstrated the crucial role of bacterial interaction with human platelets, with no clear mechanistic characterization in the pathogenesis of IE. The pathogenesis of endocarditis is so complex and atypical that it is still unclear how and why certain bacterial species will induce the formation of vegetation. In this review, we will analyze the key role of platelets in the physiopathology of endocarditis and in the formation of vegetation, depending on the bacterial species. We provide a comprehensive outline of the involvement of platelets in the host immune response, investigate the latest developments in platelet therapy, and discuss prospective research avenues for solving the mechanistic enigma of bacteria-platelet interaction for preventive and curative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Abdeljalil Braï
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nadji Hannachi
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie et Pharmacotechnie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif I, Sétif 19000, Algeria
| | - Nabila El Gueddari
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Abderrhamane Dahmani
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Gilbert Habib
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Camoin-Jau
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
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4
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Xie Q, Xing H, Wen X, Liu B, Wei Y, Yu Y, Xie X, Song D, Shao G, Xiong Q, Feng Z. Identification of the multiple roles of enolase as an plasminogen receptor and adhesin in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105934. [PMID: 36481292 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent underlying porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease worldwide. The recruitment of plasminogen to the surface and subsequently promotion of plasmin conversion by the surface-located receptor, have been reported to assist the adhesion and invasion of Mycoplasmas. The surface localization and plasminogen-binding ability of M. hyopneumoniae enolase were previously confirmed; however, the biological functions were not be determined, especially the role as a plasminogen receptor. Here, using ELISA and SPR analyses, we confirmed the stable binding of M. hyopneumoniae enolase to plasminogen in a dose-dependent manner. The facilitation of the activation of plasminogen in the presence of tPA and direct activation of plasminogen at low efficiency without tPA addition by M. hyopneumoniae enolase were also determined using a plasmin-specific chromogenic substrate. Notably, the C-terminal and N-terminal regions located in M. hyopneumoniae enolase play an important role in plasminogen binding and activation. Additionally, we demonstrate that M. hyopneumoniae enolase can competitively inhibit the adherence of M. hyopneumoniae to PK15 cells. These results provide insight into the role of enolase in M. hyopneumoniae infection, a mechanism that manipulates the proteolytic system of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Huixuan Xing
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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5
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Risser F, López-Morales J, Nash MA. Adhesive Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus Resist Digestion by Coagulation Proteases Thrombin and Plasmin. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:586-599. [PMID: 36573096 PMCID: PMC9782320 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an invasive and life-threatening pathogen that has undergone extensive coevolution with its mammalian hosts. Its molecular adaptations include elaborate mechanisms for immune escape and hijacking of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. These capabilities are enacted by virulence factors including microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) and the plasminogen-activating enzyme staphylokinase (SAK). Despite the ability of S. aureus to modulate coagulation, until now the sensitivity of S. aureus virulence factors to digestion by proteases of the coagulation system was unknown. Here, we used protein engineering, biophysical assays, and mass spectrometry to study the susceptibility of S. aureus MSCRAMMs to proteolytic digestion by human thrombin, plasmin, and plasmin/SAK complexes. We found that MSCRAMMs were highly resistant to proteolysis, and that SAK binding to plasmin enhanced this resistance. We mapped thrombin, plasmin, and plasmin/SAK cleavage sites of nine MSCRAMMs and performed biophysical, bioinformatic, and stability analysis to understand structural and sequence features common to protease-susceptible sites. Overall, our study offers comprehensive digestion patterns of S. aureus MSCRAMMs by thrombin, plasmin, and plasmin/SAK complexes and paves the way for new studies into this resistance and virulence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Risser
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Department
of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joanan López-Morales
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Department
of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Nash
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Department
of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,E-mail:
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6
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Wang J, Yu Y, Li Y, Li S, Wang L, Wei Y, Wu Y, Pillay B, Olaniran AO, Chiliza TE, Shao G, Feng Z, Xiong Q. A multifunctional enolase mediates cytoadhesion and interaction with host plasminogen and fibronectin in Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Vet Res 2022; 53:26. [PMID: 35337383 PMCID: PMC8951703 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis may cause systemic inflammation of pigs, typically polyserositis and arthritis, and is also associated with several types of human cancer. However, the pathogenesis of M. hyorhinis colonizing and breaching the respiratory barrier to establish systemic infection is poorly understood. Glycolytic enzymes are important moonlighting proteins and virulence-related factors in various bacteria. In this study, we investigated the functions of a glycolytic critical enzyme, enolase in the infection and systemic spread of M. hyorhinis. Bacterial surface localization of enolase was confirmed by flow cytometry and colony hybridization assay. Recombinant M. hyorhinis enolase (rEno) was found to adhere to pig kidney (PK-15) cells, and anti-rEno serum significantly decreased adherence. The enzyme was also found to bind host plasminogen and fibronectin, and interactions were specific and strong, with dissociation constant (KD) values of 1.4 nM and 14.3 nM, respectively, from surface plasmon resonance analysis. Activation of rEno-bound plasminogen was confirmed by its ability to hydrolyze plasmin-specific substrates and to degrade a reconstituted extracellular matrix. To explore key sites during these interactions, C-terminal lysine residues of enolase were replaced with leucine, and the resulting single-site and double-site mutants show significantly reduced interaction with plasminogen in far-Western blotting and surface plasmon resonance tests. The binding affinities of all mutants to fibronectin were reduced as well. Collectively, these results imply that enolase moonlights as an important adhesin of M. hyorhinis, and interacts with plasminogen and fibronectin. The two lysine residues in the C-terminus are important binding sites for its multiple binding activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yuzi Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bala Pillay
- College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Thamsanqa E Chiliza
- College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China. .,College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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7
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Li Y, Wang J, Liu B, Yu Y, Yuan T, Wei Y, Gan Y, Shao J, Shao G, Feng Z, Tu Z, Xiong Q. DnaK Functions as a Moonlighting Protein on the Surface of Mycoplasma hyorhinis Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842058. [PMID: 35308339 PMCID: PMC8927758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is a common pathogen of swine and is also associated with various human tumors. It causes systemic inflammation, typically polyserositis and polyarthritis, in some infected pigs. However, the pathogenic mechanism of M. hyorhinis remains unclear. DnaK is a highly conserved protein belonging to the heat-shock protein 70 family of molecular chaperones, which plays important roles as a moonlighting protein in various bacteria. In the present study, we identified the surface exposure of M. hyorhinis DnaK. Two virulent strains expressed more DnaK on their surface than the avirulent strain. Thereafter, the potential moonlighting functions of DnaK were investigated. Recombinant M. hyorhinis DnaK (rMhr-DnaK) was found to be able to adhere to swine PK-15 cells and human NCI-H292 cells. It also bound to four extracellular matrix components-fibronectin, laminin, type IV collagen, and vitronectin-in a dose-dependent manner. ELISA demonstrated an interaction between rMhr-DnaK and plasminogen, which was significantly inhibited by a lysine analog, ε-aminocaproic acid. rMhr-DnaK-bound plasminogen was activated by tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), and the addition of rMhr-DnaK significantly enhanced the activation. Finally, a DnaK-specific antibody was detected in the serum of pigs immunized with inactivated vaccines, which indicated good immunogenicity of it. In summary, our findings imply that DnaK is an important multifunctional moonlighting protein in M. hyorhinis and likely participates extensively in the infection and pathogenesis processes of M. hyorhinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yuan Gan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Tu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China.,College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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8
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The versatile role of the contact system in cardiovascular disease, inflammation, sepsis and cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112429. [PMID: 34801854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human contact system consists of plasma proteins, which - after contact to foreign surfaces - are bound to them, thereby activating the zymogens of the system into enzymes. This activation mechanism gave the system its name - contact system. It is considered as a procoagulant and proinflammatory response mechanism, as activation finally leads to the generation of fibrin and bradykinin. To date, no physiological processes have been described that are mediated by contact activation. However, contact system factors play a pathophysiological role in numerous diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, colitis, sepsis, and cancer. Contact system factors are therefore an interesting target for new therapeutic options in different clinical conditions.
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9
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In silico analyses of predicted substitutions in fibrinolytic protein ‘Lumbrokinase-6’ suggest enhanced activity. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Coppolino F, Romeo L, Pietrocola G, Lentini G, De Gaetano GV, Teti G, Galbo R, Beninati C. Lysine Residues in the MK-Rich Region Are Not Required for Binding of the PbsP Protein From Group B Streptococci to Plasminogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:679792. [PMID: 34568085 PMCID: PMC8455988 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.679792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to plasminogen (Plg) enables bacteria to associate with and invade host tissues. The cell wall protein PbsP significantly contributes to the ability of group B streptococci, a frequent cause of invasive infection, to bind Plg. Here we sought to identify the molecular regions involved in the interactions between Plg and PbsP. The K4 Kringle domain of the Plg molecule was required for binding of Plg to whole PbsP and to a PbsP fragment encompassing a region rich in methionine and lysine (MK-rich domain). These interactions were inhibited by free L-lysine, indicating the involvement of lysine binding sites in the Plg molecule. However, mutation to alanine of all lysine residues in the MK-rich domain did not decrease its ability to bind Plg. Collectively, our data identify a novel bacterial sequence that can interact with lysine binding sites in the Plg molecule. Notably, such binding did not require the presence of lysine or other positively charged amino acids in the bacterial receptor. These data may be useful for developing alternative therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking interactions between group B streptococci and Plg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Coppolino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Letizia Romeo
- Department of Human Pathology and Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology and Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology and Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Scylla Biotech Srl, Messina, Italy
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11
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Zhou Y, Yan K, Sun C, Liu F, Peng W, Chen H, Yuan F, Bei W, Li J. Binding of Plasminogen to Streptococcus suis Protein Endopeptidase O Facilitates Evasion of Innate Immunity in Streptococcus suis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:694103. [PMID: 34305859 PMCID: PMC8297593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.694103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterial species Streptococcus suis is an important porcine and human pathogen that causes severe life-threatening diseases associated with high mortality rates. However, the mechanisms by which S. suis evades host innate immunity remain elusive, so identifying novel virulence factors involved in immune evasion is crucial to gain control over this threatening pathogen. Our previous work has shown that S. suis protein endopeptidase O (SsPepO) is a novel fibronectin-binding protein. Here, we identified that recombinant SsPepO binds human plasminogen in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the binding of SsPepO and plasminogen, upon the activation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, generated plasmin, which could cleave complement C3b, thus playing an important role in complement control. Additionally, a SspepO-deficient mutant showed impaired adherence to plasminogen as well as impaired adherence to and invasion of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells compared with the wildtype strain. We further found that the SspepO-deficient mutant was efficiently killed by human serum and blood. We also confirmed that the SspepO-deficient mutant had a lower mortality rate than the wildtype strain in a mouse model. In conclusion, these results indicate that SsPepO is a novel plasminogen-binding protein that contributes to S. suis immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Serek P, Lewandowski Ł, Dudek B, Pietkiewicz J, Jermakow K, Kapczyńska K, Krzyżewska E, Bednarz-Misa I. Klebsiella pneumoniae enolase-like membrane protein interacts with human plasminogen. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151518. [PMID: 34237624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many models assessing the risk of sepsis utilize the knowledge of the constituents of the plasminogen system, as it is proven that some species of bacteria can activate plasminogen, as a result of interactions with bacterial outer membrane proteins. However, much is yet to be discovered about this interaction since there is little information regarding some bacterial species. This study is aimed to check if Klebsiella pneumoniae, one of the major factors of nosocomial pneumonia and a factor for severe sepsis, has the ability to bind to human plasminogen. The strain used in this study, PCM 2713, acted as a typical representative of the species. With use of various methods, including: electron microscopy, 2-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting and peptide fragmentation fingerprinting, it is shown that Klebsiella pneumoniae binds to human plasminogen, among others, due to plasminogen-bacterial enolase-like protein interaction, occurring on the outer membrane of the bacterium. Moreover, the study reveals, that other proteins, such as: phosphoglucomutase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase act as putative plasminogen-binding factors. These information may virtually act as a foundation for future studies investigating: the: pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae and means for prevention from the outcomes of Klebsiella-derived sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Serek
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Lewandowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Pietkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jermakow
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kapczyńska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Eva Krzyżewska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
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13
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Pathogen Moonlighting Proteins: From Ancestral Key Metabolic Enzymes to Virulence Factors. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061300. [PMID: 34203698 PMCID: PMC8232316 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting and multitasking proteins refer to proteins with two or more functions performed by a single polypeptide chain. An amazing example of the Gain of Function (GoF) phenomenon of these proteins is that 25% of the moonlighting functions of our Multitasking Proteins Database (MultitaskProtDB-II) are related to pathogen virulence activity. Moreover, they usually have a canonical function belonging to highly conserved ancestral key functions, and their moonlighting functions are often involved in inducing extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling. There are three main questions in the context of moonlighting proteins in pathogen virulence: (A) Why are a high percentage of pathogen moonlighting proteins involved in virulence? (B) Why do most of the canonical functions of these moonlighting proteins belong to primary metabolism? Moreover, why are they common in many pathogen species? (C) How are these different protein sequences and structures able to bind the same set of host ECM protein targets, mainly plasminogen (PLG), and colonize host tissues? By means of an extensive bioinformatics analysis, we suggest answers and approaches to these questions. There are three main ideas derived from the work: first, moonlighting proteins are not good candidates for vaccines. Second, several motifs that might be important in the adhesion to the ECM were identified. Third, an overrepresentation of GO codes related with virulence in moonlighting proteins were seen.
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14
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Ho JD, Takara LEM, Monaris D, Gonçalves AP, Souza-Filho AF, de Souza GO, Heinemann MB, Ho PL, Abreu PAE. GroEL protein of the Leptospira spp. interacts with host proteins and induces cytokines secretion on macrophages. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:99. [PMID: 33789603 PMCID: PMC8011160 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with spirochetes from Leptospira genus. It has been classified into at least 17 pathogenic species, with more than 250 serologic variants. This wide distribution may be a result of leptospiral ability to colonize the renal tubules of mammalian hosts, including humans, wildlife, and many domesticated animals. Previous studies showed that the expression of proteins belonging to the microbial heat shock protein (HSP) family is upregulated during infection and also during various stress stimuli. Several proteins of this family are known to have important roles in the infectious processes in other bacteria, but the role of HSPs in Leptospira spp. is poorly understood. In this study, we have evaluated the capacity of the protein GroEL, a member of HSP family, of interacting with host proteins and of stimulating the production of cytokines by macrophages. RESULTS The binding experiments demonstrated that the recombinant GroEL protein showed interaction with several host components in a dose-dependent manner. It was also observed that GroEL is a surface protein, and it is secreted extracellularly. Moreover, two cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) were produced when macrophages cells were stimulated with this protein. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that GroEL protein may contribute to the adhesion of leptospires to host tissues and stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines during infection. These features might indicate an important role of GroEL in the pathogen-host interaction in the leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Dias Ho
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Denize Monaris
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Francisco Souza-Filho
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonosis, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Bioindustrial Division, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Medcalf RL, Keragala CB. Fibrinolysis: A Primordial System Linked to the Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3406. [PMID: 33810275 PMCID: PMC8037105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system provides an essential means to remove fibrin deposits and blood clots. The actual protease responsible for this is plasmin, formed from its precursor, plasminogen. Fibrin is heralded as it most renowned substrate but for many years plasmin has been known to cleave many other substrates, and to also activate other proteolytic systems. Recent clinical studies have shown that the promotion of plasmin can lead to an immunosuppressed phenotype, in part via its ability to modulate cytokine expression. Almost all immune cells harbor at least one of a dozen plasminogen receptors that allows plasmin formation on the cell surface that in turn modulates immune cell behavior. Similarly, a multitude of pathogens can also express their own plasminogen activators, or contain surface proteins that provide binding sites host plasminogen. Plasmin formed under these circumstances also empowers these pathogens to modulate host immune defense mechanisms. Phylogenetic studies have revealed that the plasminogen activating system predates the appearance of fibrin, indicating that plasmin did not evolve as a fibrinolytic protease but perhaps has its roots as an immune modifying protease. While its fibrin removing capacity became apparent in lower vertebrates these primitive under-appreciated immune modifying functions still remain and are now becoming more recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School Melbourne, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
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16
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Alves E Silva TL, Radtke A, Balaban A, Pascini TV, Pala ZR, Roth A, Alvarenga PH, Jeong YJ, Olivas J, Ghosh AK, Bui H, Pybus BS, Sinnis P, Jacobs-Lorena M, Vega-Rodríguez J. The fibrinolytic system enables the onset of Plasmodium infection in the mosquito vector and the mammalian host. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/6/eabe3362. [PMID: 33547079 PMCID: PMC7864569 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites must migrate across proteinaceous matrices to infect the mosquito and vertebrate hosts. Plasmin, a mammalian serine protease, degrades extracellular matrix proteins allowing cell migration through tissues. We report that Plasmodium gametes recruit human plasminogen to their surface where it is processed into plasmin by corecruited plasminogen activators. Inhibition of plasminogen activation arrests parasite development early during sexual reproduction, before ookinete formation. We show that increased fibrinogen and fibrin in the blood bolus, which are natural substrates of plasmin, inversely correlate with parasite infectivity of the mosquito. Furthermore, we show that sporozoites, the parasite form transmitted by the mosquito to humans, also bind plasminogen and plasminogen activators on their surface, where plasminogen is activated into plasmin. Surface-bound plasmin promotes sporozoite transmission by facilitating parasite migration across the extracellular matrices of the dermis and of the liver. The fibrinolytic system is a potential target to hamper Plasmodium transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Luiz Alves E Silva
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Andrea Radtke
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Amanda Balaban
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tales Vicari Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Zarna Rajeshkumar Pala
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Patricia H Alvarenga
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Yeong Je Jeong
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Janet Olivas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Anil K Ghosh
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hanhvy Bui
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brandon S Pybus
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Photini Sinnis
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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17
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Chen SM, Zou Z, Guo SY, Hou WT, Qiu XR, Zhang Y, Song LJ, Hu XY, Jiang YY, Shen H, An MM. Preventing Candida albicans from subverting host plasminogen for invasive infection treatment. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2417-2432. [PMID: 33115324 PMCID: PMC7646593 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1840927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen in humans that colonizes the skin and mucosal surfaces of the majority healthy individuals. How C. albicans disseminates into the bloodstream and causes life-threatening systemic infections in immunocompromised patients remains unclear. Plasminogen system activation can degrade a variety of structural proteins in vivo and is involved in several homeostatic processes. Here, for the first time, we characterized that C. albicans could capture and “subvert” host plasminogen to invade host epithelial cell surface barriers through cell-wall localized Eno1 protein. We found that the “subverted” plasminogen system plays an important role in development of invasive infection caused by C. albicans in mice. Base on this finding, we discovered a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) 12D9 targeting C. albicans Eno1, with high affinity to the 254FYKDGKYDL262 motif in α-helices 6, β-sheet 6 (H6S6) loop and direct blocking activity for C. albicans capture host plasminogen. mAb 12D9 could prevent C. albicans from invading human epithelial and endothelial cells, and displayed antifungal activity and synergistic effect with anidulafungin or fluconazole in proof-of-concept in vivo studies, suggesting that blocking the function of cell surface Eno1 was effective for controlling invasive infection caused by Candida spp. In summary, our study provides the evidence of C. albicans invading host by “subverting” plasminogen system, suggesting a potential novel treatment strategy for invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zui Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Tong Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Ran Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao-Mao An
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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18
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Lichota A, Gwozdzinski K, Szewczyk EM. Microbial Modulation of Coagulation Disorders in Venous Thromboembolism. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:387-400. [PMID: 32801832 PMCID: PMC7406375 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s258839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is the third leading cause of cardiovascular death in the world. Important risk factors of thrombosis include bed restraint, surgery, major trauma, long journeys, inflammation, pregnancy, and oral contraceptives, previous venous thromboembolism, cancer, and bacterial infections. Sepsis increases the risk of blood clot formation 2–20 times. In this review, we discussed various mechanisms related to the role of bacteria in venous thrombosis also taking into consideration the role of the human microbiome. Many known bacteria, such as Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, causing infections may increase the risk of thrombotic complications through platelet activation or may lead to an inflammatory reaction involving the fibrinolytic system. Additionally, the bacteria participate in the production of factors causing or increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. An example can be trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) but also uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) phytoestrogens, and bile acids. Finally, we presented the involvement of many bacteria in the development of venous thromboembolism and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lichota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gwozdzinski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Eligia M Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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19
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Moraes CTP, Longo J, Silva LB, Pimenta DC, Carvalho E, Morone MSLC, da Rós N, Serrano SMT, Santos ACM, Piazza RMF, Barbosa AS, Elias WP. Surface Protein Dispersin of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Binds Plasminogen That Is Converted Into Active Plasmin. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1222. [PMID: 32625178 PMCID: PMC7315649 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispersin is a 10.2 kDa-immunogenic protein secreted by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC). In the prototypical EAEC strain 042, dispersin is non-covalently bound to the outer membrane, assisting dispersion across the intestinal mucosa by overcoming electrostatic attraction between the AAF/II fimbriae and the bacterial surface. Also, dispersin facilitates penetration of the intestinal mucus layer. Initially characterized in EAEC, dispersin has been detected in other E. coli pathotypes, including those isolated from extraintestinal sites. In this study we investigated the binding capacity of purified dispersin to extracellular matrix (ECM), since dispersin is exposed on the bacterial surface and is involved in intestinal colonization. Binding to plasminogen was also investigated due to the presence of conserved carboxy-terminal lysine residues in dispersin sequences, which are involved in plasminogen binding in several bacterial proteins. Moreover, some E. coli components can interact with this host protease, as well as with tissue plasminogen activator, leading to plasmin production. Recombinant dispersin was produced and used in binding assays with ECM molecules and coagulation cascade compounds. Purified dispersin bound specifically to laminin and plasminogen. Interaction with plasminogen occurred in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. In the presence of plasminogen activator, bound plasminogen was converted into plasmin, its active form, leading to fibrinogen and vitronectin cleavage. A collection of E. coli strains isolated from human bacteremia was screened for the presence of aap, the dispersin-encoding gene. Eight aap-positive strains were detected and dispersin production could be observed in four of them. Our data describe new attributes for dispersin and points out to possible roles in mechanisms of tissue adhesion and dissemination, considering the binding capacity to laminin, and the generation of dispersin-bound plasmin(ogen), which may facilitate E. coli spread from the colonization site to other tissues and organs. The cleavage of fibrinogen in the bloodstream, may also contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis caused by dispersin-producing E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Longo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludmila B Silva
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Pimenta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eneas Carvalho
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana S L C Morone
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology - Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nancy da Rós
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology - Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology - Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina M Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Angela S Barbosa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldir P Elias
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Liesenborghs L, Meyers S, Vanassche T, Verhamme P. Coagulation: At the heart of infective endocarditis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:995-1008. [PMID: 31925863 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening and enigmatic disease with a mortality of 30% and a pathophysiology that is poorly understood. However, at its core, an endocarditis lesion is mainly a fibrin and platelet blood clot infested with bacteria, clinging at the cardiac valves. Infective endocarditis therefore serves as a paradigm of immunothrombosis gone wrong. Immunothrombosis refers to the entanglement of the coagulation system with innate immunity and the role of coagulation in the isolation and clearance of invading pathogens. However, in the case of infective endocarditis, instead of containing the infection, immunothrombosis inadvertently creates the optimal shelter from the immune system and allows some bacteria to grow almost unimpeded. In every step of the disease, the coagulation system is heavily involved. It mediates the initial adhesion of bacteria to the leaflets, fuels the growth and maturation of a vegetation, and facilitates complications such as embolization and valve destruction. In addition, the number one cause of infective endocarditis, Staphylococcus aureus, has proven to be a true manipulator of immunothrombosis and thrives in the fibrin rich environment of an endocarditis vegetation. Considering its central role in infective endocarditis, the coagulation system is an attractive therapeutic target for this deadly disease. There is, however, a very delicate balance at play and the use of antithrombotic drugs in patients with endocarditis is often accompanied with a high bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Liesenborghs
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Severien Meyers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanassche
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Peptidylarginine Deiminase of Porphyromonas gingivalis Modulates the Interactions between Candida albicans Biofilm and Human Plasminogen and High-Molecular-Mass Kininogen. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072495. [PMID: 32260245 PMCID: PMC7177930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that create mixed-species biofilms in the human oral cavity include, among others, the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans and the key bacterial pathogen in periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Both species use arsenals of virulence factors to invade the host organism and evade its immune system including peptidylarginine deiminase that citrullinates microbial and host proteins, altering their function. We assessed the effects of this modification on the interactions between the C. albicans cell surface and human plasminogen and kininogen, key components of plasma proteolytic cascades related to the maintenance of hemostasis and innate immunity. Mass spectrometry was used to identify protein citrullination, and microplate tests to quantify the binding of modified plasminogen and kininogen to C. albicans cells. Competitive radioreceptor assays tested the affinity of citrullinated kinins to their specific cellular receptors. The citrullination of surface-exposed fungal proteins reduced the level of unmodified plasminogen binding but did not affect unmodified kininogen binding. However, the modification of human proteins did not disrupt their adsorption to the unmodified fungal cells. In contrast, the citrullination of kinins exerted a significant impact on their interactions with cellular receptors reducing their affinity and thus affecting the role of kinin peptides in the development of inflammation.
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Riesbeck K. Complement evasion by the human respiratory tract pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2586-2597. [PMID: 32053211 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All infective bacterial species need to conquer the innate immune system in order to colonize and survive in their hosts. The human respiratory pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are no exceptions and have developed sophisticated mechanisms to evade complement-mediated killing. Both bacterial species carry lipooligosaccharides preventing complement attacks and attract and utilize host complement regulators C4b binding protein and factor H to inhibit the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, respectively. In addition, the regulator of the terminal pathway of complement activation, vitronectin, is hijacked by both bacteria. An array of different outer membrane proteins (OMP) in H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis simultaneously binds complement regulators, but also plasminogen. Several of the bacterial complement-binding proteins are important adhesins and contain highly conserved regions for interactions with the host. Thus, some of the OMP are viable targets for new therapeutics, including vaccines aimed at preventing respiratory tract diseases such as otitis media in children and exacerbations in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Vieira ML, Herwald H, Nascimento ALTO. The interplay between host haemostatic systems and Leptospira spp. infections. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:121-135. [PMID: 32141788 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1735299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemostasis is a defence mechanism that protects the integrity of the vascular system and is comprised of the coagulation cascade, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation, and vascular endothelium. Besides the primary function in preserving the vascular integrity, the haemostatic system cooperates with immune and inflammatory processes to eliminate invading pathogens during microbial infections. Under pathological manifestations, hemostasis must therefore interact in a coordinated manner with inflammatory responses and immune reactions. Several pathogens can modulate these host-derived countermeasures by specifically targeting certain haemostatic components for their own benefit. Thus, the ability to modulate host defence systems has to be considered as an essential bacterial virulence mechanism. Complications that bacterial pathogens can induce are therefore often the consequence of evoked host responses. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms triggered in infectious processes may help to develop prophylactic methods and novel therapies for the patients suffering from a particular infectious disease. This review aims to provide a critical updated compiling of recent studies on how the pathogenic Leptospira can interact with and manipulate the host haemostatic systems and the consequences for leptospirosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Vieira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Heiko Herwald
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Kopeckova M, Pavkova I, Stulik J. Diverse Localization and Protein Binding Abilities of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Pathogenic Bacteria: The Key to its Multifunctionality? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:89. [PMID: 32195198 PMCID: PMC7062713 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial proteins exhibiting two or more unrelated functions, referred to as moonlighting proteins, are suggested to contribute to full virulence manifestation in pathogens. An expanding number of published studies have revealed the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to be a multitasking protein with virulence impact in a number of pathogenic bacteria. This protein can be detected on the bacterial surface or outside the bacterial cell, where it interacts with host proteins. In this way, GAPDH is able to modulate various pathogenic processes. Moreover, it has been shown to be involved in non-enzymatic processes inside the bacterial cell. In this mini review, we summarize main findings concerning the multiple localization and protein interactions of GAPDH derived from bacterial pathogens of humans. We also briefly discuss problems associated with using GAPDH as a vaccine antigen and endeavor to inspire further research to fill gaps in the existing knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kopeckova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Science, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Ivona Pavkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Science, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jiri Stulik
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Science, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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Arora S, Li X, Hillhouse A, Konganti K, Little SV, Lawhon SD, Threadgill D, Shelburne S, Hook M. Staphylococcus epidermidis MSCRAMM SesJ Is Encoded in Composite Islands. mBio 2020; 11:e02911-19. [PMID: 32071265 PMCID: PMC7029136 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02911-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of nosocomial infections in patients with a compromised immune system and/or an implanted medical device. Seventy to 90% of S. epidermidis clinical isolates are methicillin resistant and carry the mecA gene, present in a mobile genetic element (MGE) called the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element. Along with the presence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes, MGEs can also contain genes encoding secreted or cell wall-anchored virulence factors. In our earlier studies of S. epidermidis clinical isolates, we discovered S. epidermidis surface protein J (SesJ), a prototype of a recently discovered subfamily of the microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) group. MSCRAMMs are major virulence factors of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report that the sesJ gene is always accompanied by two glycosyltransferase genes, gtfA and gtfB, and is present in two MGEs, called the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) element. The presence of the sesJ gene was associated with the left-hand direct repeat DR_B or DR_E. When inserted via DR_E, the sesJ gene was encoded in the SCC element. When inserted via DR_B, the sesJ gene was accompanied by the genes for the type 1 restriction modification system and was encoded in the ACME. Additionally, the SCC element and ACME carry different isoforms of the SesJ protein. To date, the genes encoding MSCRAMMs have been seen to be located in the bacterial core genome. Here, we report the presence of an MSCRAMM in an MGE in S. epidermidis clinical isolates.IMPORTANCES. epidermidis is an opportunistic bacterium that has established itself as a successful nosocomial pathogen. The modern era of novel therapeutics and medical devices has extended the longevity of human life, but at the same time, we also witness the evolution of pathogens to adapt to newly available niches in the host. Increasing antibiotic resistance among pathogens provides an example of such pathogen adaptation. With limited opportunities to modify the core genome, most of the adaptation occurs by acquiring new genes, such as virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants present in MGEs. In this study, we describe that the sesJ gene, encoding a recently discovered cell wall-anchored protein in S. epidermidis, is present in both ACME and the SCC element. The presence of virulence factors in MGEs can influence the virulence potential of a specific strain. Therefore, it is critical to study the virulence factors found in MGEs in emerging pathogenic bacteria or strains to understand the mechanisms used by these bacteria to cause infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishtee Arora
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiqi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Hillhouse
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara V Little
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David Threadgill
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel Shelburne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Magnus Hook
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sochaj-Gregorczyk A, Ksiazek M, Waligorska I, Straczek A, Benedyk M, Mizgalska D, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ, Potempa J. Plasmin inhibition by bacterial serpin: Implications in gum disease. FASEB J 2019; 34:619-630. [PMID: 31914706 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901490rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is a periodontopathogen that expresses miropin, a protease inhibitor in the serpin superfamily. In this study, we show that miropin is also a specific and efficient inhibitor of plasmin; thus, it represents the first proteinaceous plasmin inhibitor of prokaryotic origin described to date. Miropin inhibits plasmin through the formation of a stable covalent complex triggered by cleavage of the Lys368-Thr369 (P2-P1) reactive site bond with a stoichiometry of inhibition of 3.8 and an association rate constant (kass) of 3.3 × 105 M-1s-1. The inhibition of the fibrinolytic activity of plasmin was nearly as effective as that exerted by α2-antiplasmin. Miropin also acted in vivo by reducing blood loss in a mice tail bleeding assay. Importantly, intact T. forsythia cells or outer membrane vesicles, both of which carry surface-associated miropin, strongly inhibited plasmin. In intact bacterial cells, the antiplasmin activity of miropin protects envelope proteins from plasmin-mediated degradation. In summary, in the environment of periodontal pockets, which are bathed in gingival crevicular fluid consisting of 70% of blood plasma, an abundance of T. forsythia in the bacterial biofilm can cause local inhibition of fibrinolysis, which could have possible deleterious effects on the tooth-supporting structures of the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Irena Waligorska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Straczek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Benedyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Danuta Mizgalska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
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27
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Keramati M, Aslani MM, Roohvand F. In silico design and in vitro validation of a novel PCR-RFLP assay for determination of phylogenetic clusters of streptokinase gene alleles in streptococci groups. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103862. [PMID: 31707080 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptokinase (SK), a heterogeneous plasminogen (Pg) activator protein secreted by groups A, C and G streptococci (GAS/GCS/GGS) is a virulence factor composed of three structural domains; SKα/SKβ/SKγ. Phylogenetic analysis of the major variable region of SKβ (sk-V1; nucleotides 448-791; 343bp) which classifies the SK alleles into SK1/SK2 clusters and SK2a/SK2b sub-clusters, is an approved assay to categorize clinical/natural streptococcal-isolates into co-related functional/pathogenesis groups. Herein, we describe a novel PCR-RFLP assay that in combination with Numerical Taxonomy and multivariate analysis System (NTSYS) resulted to dendrograms with complete adaption to that of the phylogenetic analysis of sk-V1-based clustering. In silico analyses by 30 restriction enzymes on GenBank-acquired sk-V1 sequences of known streptococcal clusters, resulted to the selection of "BsrI, MseI and Tsp45I″ enzymes that produced proper patterns to construct the expected dendrograms. In vitro analysis of the selected enzymes on clinical isolates of GAS/GCS/GGS validated the production of the same in silico-observed digestion patterns. Comparison of the constructed dendrogram and phylogenetic trees of selected GenBank and clinical isolates of streptococci indicated complete adaptation. Assessment of Pg-activation activity in selected clinical isolates indicated the expected co-related functionalities of the classified SK-clusters by the invented PCR-RFLP/NTSYS method. The simplicity of the assay relieves the need of sequencing/phylogenetic analyses for SK-clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Keramati
- Nano-Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), No. 69, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Aslani
- Microbiology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), No. 69, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), No. 69, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.
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Ingmer H, Gerlach D, Wolz C. Temperate Phages of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0058-2018. [PMID: 31562736 PMCID: PMC10921950 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0058-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Staphylococcus aureus isolates carry multiple bacteriophages in their genome, which provide the pathogen with traits important for niche adaptation. Such temperate S. aureus phages often encode a variety of accessory factors that influence virulence, immune evasion and host preference of the bacterial lysogen. Moreover, transducing phages are primary vehicles for horizontal gene transfer. Wall teichoic acid (WTA) acts as a common phage receptor for staphylococcal phages and structural variations of WTA govern phage-host specificity thereby shaping gene transfer across clonal lineages and even species. Thus, bacteriophages are central for the success of S. aureus as a human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Gerlach
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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29
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Draxler DF, Awad MM, Hanafi G, Daglas M, Ho H, Keragala C, Galle A, Roquilly A, Lyras D, Sashindranath M, Medcalf RL. Tranexamic Acid Influences the Immune Response, but not Bacterial Clearance in a Model of Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Pneumonia. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3297-3308. [PMID: 31140372 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid (TXA), an inhibitor of plasmin formation, currently is evaluated to reduce bleeding in various conditions, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because plasmin is implicated in inflammation and immunity, we investigated the effects of plasmin inhibition on the immune response after TBI in the presence or absence of induced pneumonia. Wild-type mice treated with vehicle or TXA or mice deficient in plasminogen (plg-/-) underwent TBI using the controlled cortical impact model. Mice were then subjected to Staphylococcus aureus induced pneumonia and the degree of immune competence determined. Significant baseline changes in the innate immune cell profile were seen in plg-/- mice with increases in spleen weight and white blood cell counts, and elevation in plasma interleukin-6 levels. The plg-/- mice subjected to TBI displayed no additional changes in these parameters at the 72 h or one week time point post-TBI. The plg-/- mice subjected to TBI did not exhibit any further increase in susceptibility to endogenous infection. Pneumonia was induced by intratracheal instillation of S. aureus. The TBI did not worsen pneumonia symptoms or delay recovery in plg-/- mice. Similarly, in wild type mice, treatment with TXA did not impact on the ability of mice to counteract pneumonia after TBI. Administration of TXA after TBI and subsequent pneumonia, however, altered the number and surface marker expression of several myeloid and lymphoid cell populations, consistent with enhanced immune activation at the 72 h time point. This investigation confirms the immune-modulatory properties of TXA, thereby highlighting its effects unrelated to inhibition of fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik F Draxler
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Milena M Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gryselda Hanafi
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Daglas
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi Ho
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charithani Keragala
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Galle
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Anaesthesia Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maithili Sashindranath
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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The Role of Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Exotoxins and Proteases in Human Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060332. [PMID: 31212697 PMCID: PMC6628391 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are critical clinical conditions characterized by extensive necrosis of any layer of the soft tissue and systemic toxicity. Group A streptococci (GAS) and Staphylococcus aureus are two major pathogens associated with monomicrobial NSTIs. In the tissue environment, both Gram-positive bacteria secrete a variety of molecules, including pore-forming exotoxins, superantigens, and proteases with cytolytic and immunomodulatory functions. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about streptococcal and staphylococcal toxins in NSTIs with a special focus on their contribution to disease progression, tissue pathology, and immune evasion strategies.
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31
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Yersinia pestis Pla Protein Thwarts T Cell Defense against Plague. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00126-19. [PMID: 30804102 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00126-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague is a rapidly lethal human disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis This study demonstrated that the Y. pestis plasminogen activator Pla, a protease that promotes fibrin degradation, thwarts T cell-mediated defense against fully virulent Y. pestis Introducing a single point mutation into the active site of Pla suffices to render fully virulent Y. pestis susceptible to primed T cells. Mechanistic studies revealed essential roles for fibrin during T cell-mediated defense against Pla-mutant Y. pestis Moreover, the efficacy of T cell-mediated protection against various Y. pestis strains displayed an inverse relationship with their levels of Pla activity. Together, these data indicate that Pla functions to thwart fibrin-dependent T cell-mediated defense against plague. Other important human bacterial pathogens, including staphylococci, streptococci, and borrelia, likewise produce virulence factors that promote fibrin degradation. The discovery that Y. pestis thwarts T cell defense by promoting fibrinolysis suggests novel therapeutic approaches to amplifying T cell responses against human pathogens.
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Rossini AD, Teixeira AF, Souza Filho A, Souza GO, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Romero EC, Nascimento ALTO. Identification of a novel protein in the genome sequences of Leptospira interrogans with the ability to interact with host's components. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 53:163-175. [PMID: 30713004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an infectious disease that affects humans and animals worldwide. The etiological agents of this disease are the pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. The mechanisms involved in the leptospiral pathogenesis are not full understood. The elucidation of novel mediators of host-pathogen interaction is important in the detection of virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis. OBJECTIVE This work focused on identification and characterization of a hypothetical protein of Leptospira encoded by the gene LIC10920. METHODS The protein of unknown function was predicted to be surface exposed. Therefore, the LIC10920 gene was cloned and the protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Star pLysS strain. The recombinant protein was purified by metal affinity chromatography and evaluated with leptospirosis human serum samples. The interaction with host components was also performed. RESULTS The recombinant protein was recognized by antibodies present in leptopsirosis human serum, suggesting its expression during infection. Immunofluorescence and intact bacteria assays indicated that the bacterial protein is surface-exposed. The recombinant protein interacted with human laminin, in a dose-dependent and saturable manner and was named Lsa24.9, for Leptospiral surface adhesin, followed by its molecular mass. Lsa24.9 also binds plasminogen (PLG) in a dose-dependent and saturable fashion, fulfilling receptor ligand interaction. Moreover, Lsa24.9 has the ability to acquire PLG from normal human serum, exhibiting similar profile as observed with the human purified component. PLG bound Lsa24.9 was able of generating plasmin, which could increase the proteolytic power of the bacteria. CONCLUSIONS This novel leptospiral protein may function as an adhesin at the colonization steps and may help the invasion process by plasmin generation at the bacterial cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Rossini
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas-Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, ICB, USP, Avenida Prof. LineuPrestes, 1730, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A F Teixeira
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas-Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A Souza Filho
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - G O Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Romero
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 355, CEP 01246-902, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A L T O Nascimento
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas-Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Organization of multi-binding to host proteins: The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Microbiol Res 2019; 218:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae resides intracellularly within porcine epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17697. [PMID: 30523267 PMCID: PMC6283846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic pneumonia incurs major economic losses to pork production globally. The primary pathogen and causative agent, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, colonises ciliated epithelium and disrupts mucociliary function predisposing the upper respiratory tract to secondary pathogens. Alleviation of disease is reliant on antibiotics, vaccination, and sound animal husbandry, but none are effective at eliminating M. hyopneumoniae from large production systems. Sustainable pork production systems strive to lower reliance on antibiotics but lack of a detailed understanding of the pathobiology of M. hyopneumoniae has curtailed efforts to develop effective mitigation strategies. M. hyopneumoniae is considered an extracellular pathogen. Here we show that M. hyopneumoniae associates with integrin β1 on the surface of epithelial cells via interactions with surface-bound fibronectin and initiates signalling events that stimulate pathogen uptake into clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) and caveosomes. These early events allow M. hyopneumoniae to exploit an intracellular lifestyle by commandeering the endosomal pathway. Specifically, we show: (i) using a modified gentamicin protection assay that approximately 8% of M. hyopneumoniae cells reside intracellularly; (ii) integrin β1 expression specifically co-localises with the deposition of fibronectin precisely where M. hyopneumoniae cells assemble extracellularly; (iii) anti-integrin β1 antibodies block entry of M. hyopneumoniae into porcine cells; and (iv) M. hyopneumoniae survives phagolysosomal fusion, and resides within recycling endosomes that are trafficked to the cell membrane. Our data creates a paradigm shift by challenging the long-held view that M. hyopneumoniae is a strict extracellular pathogen and calls for in vivo studies to determine if M. hyopneumoniae can traffic to extrapulmonary sites in commercially-reared pigs.
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Singh V, Phukan UJ. Interaction of host and Staphylococcus aureus protease-system regulates virulence and pathogenicity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:585-607. [PMID: 30483863 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes various health care- and community-associated infections as well as certain chronic TH2 driven inflammatory diseases. It is a potent pathogen with serious virulence and associated high morbidity. Severe pathogenicity is accredited to the S. aureus secreted virulence factors such as proteases and host protease modulators. These virulence factors promote adhesion and invasion of bacteria through damage of tight junction barrier and keratinocytes. They inhibit activation and transmigration of various immune cells such as neutrophils (and neutrophil proteases) to evade opsono-phagocytosis and intracellular bacterial killing. Additionally, they protect the bacteria from extracellular killing by disrupting integrity of extracellular matrix. Platelet activation and agglutination is also impaired by these factors. They also block the classical as well as alternative pathways of complement activation and assist in spread of infection through blood and tissue. As these factors are exquisite factors of S. aureus mediated disease development, we have focused on review of diversification of various protease-system associated virulence factors, their structural building, diverse role in disease development and available therapeutic counter measures. This review summarises the role of protease-associated virulence factors during invasion and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigyasa Singh
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Ujjal Jyoti Phukan
- School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Schulz A, Chuquimia OD, Antypas H, Steiner SE, Sandoval RM, Tanner GA, Molitoris BA, Richter-Dahlfors A, Melican K. Protective vascular coagulation in response to bacterial infection of the kidney is regulated by bacterial lipid A and host CD147. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5210089. [PMID: 30476069 PMCID: PMC7297223 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of the kidney leads to a rapid cascade of host protective responses, many of which are still poorly understood. We have previously shown that following kidney infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), vascular coagulation is quickly initiated in local perivascular capillaries that protects the host from progressing from a local infection to systemic sepsis. The signaling mechanisms behind this response have not however been described. In this study, we use a number of in vitro and in vivo techniques, including intravital microscopy, to identify two previously unrecognized components influencing this protective coagulation response. The acylation state of the Lipid A of UPEC lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is shown to alter the kinetics of local coagulation onset in vivo. We also identify epithelial CD147 as a potential host factor influencing infection-mediated coagulation. CD147 is expressed by renal proximal epithelial cells infected with UPEC, contingent to bacterial expression of the α-hemolysin toxin. The epithelial CD147 subsequently can activate tissue factor on endothelial cells, a primary step in the coagulation cascade. This study emphasizes the rapid, multifaceted response of the kidney tissue to bacterial infection and the interplay between host and pathogen during the early hours of renal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Schulz
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga D Chuquimia
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haris Antypas
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svava E Steiner
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush VAMC, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - George A Tanner
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush VAMC, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keira Melican
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Frick IM, Shannon O, Neumann A, Karlsson C, Wikström M, Björck L. Streptococcal inhibitor of complement (SIC) modulates fibrinolysis and enhances bacterial survival within fibrin clots. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13578-13591. [PMID: 30002122 PMCID: PMC6120194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Some strains of the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes secrete protein SIC (streptococcal inhibitor of complement), including strains of the clinically relevant M1 serotype. SIC neutralizes the effect of a number of antimicrobial proteins/peptides and interferes with the function of the host complement system. Previous studies have shown that some S. pyogenes proteins bind and modulate coagulation and fibrinolysis factors, raising the possibility that SIC also may interfere with the activity of these factors. Here we show that SIC interacts with both human thrombin and plasminogen, key components of coagulation and fibrinolysis. We found that during clot formation, SIC binds fibrin through its central region and that SIC inhibits fibrinolysis by interacting with plasminogen. Flow cytometry results indicated that SIC and plasminogen bind simultaneously to S. pyogenes bacteria, and fluorescence microscopy revealed co-localization of the two proteins at the bacterial surface. As a consequence, SIC-expressing bacteria entrapped in clots inhibit fibrinolysis, leading to delayed bacterial escape from the clots as compared with mutant bacteria lacking SIC. Moreover, within the clots SIC-expressing bacteria were protected against killing. In an animal model of subcutaneous infection, SIC-expressing bacteria exhibited a delayed systemic spread. These results demonstrate that the bacterial protein SIC interferes with coagulation and fibrinolysis and thereby enhances bacterial survival, a finding that has significant implications for S. pyogenes virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Maria Frick
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Ariane Neumann
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Christofer Karlsson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Mats Wikström
- the University of Copenhagen, Protein Function and Interactions Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Björck
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden and
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Abstract
The name human contact system is related to its mode of action, as "contact" with artificial negatively charged surfaces triggers its activation. Today, it is generally believed that the contact system is an inflammatory response mechanism not only against artificial material but also against misfolded proteins and foreign organisms. Upon activation, the contact system is involved in at least two distinct (patho)physiologic processes:i. the trigger of the intrinsic coagulation via factor XI and ii. the cleavage of high molecular weight kininogen with release of bradykinin and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Bradykinin is involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes, vascular permeability, and blood pressure. Due to the release of AMPs, the contact system is regarded as a branch of the innate immune defense against microorganisms. There is an increasing list of pathogens that interact with contact factors, in addition to bacteria also fungi and viruses bind and activate the system. In spite of that, pathogens have developed their own mechanisms to activate the contact system, resulting in manipulation of this host immune response. In this up-to-date review, we summarize present research on the interaction of pathogens with the human contact system, focusing particularly on bacterial and viral mechanisms that trigger inflammation via contact system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Juliane Köhler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Abstract
Invasive bacterial pathogens can capture host plasminogen (Plg) and allow it to form plasmin. This process is of medical importance as surface-bound plasmin promotes bacterial spread by cleaving tissue components and favors immune evasion by degrading opsonins. In Staphylococcus aureus, Plg binding is in part mediated by cell surface fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs), but the underlying molecular mechanism is not known. Here, we use single-cell and single-molecule techniques to demonstrate that FnBPs capture Plg by a sophisticated activation mechanism involving fibrinogen (Fg), another ligand found in the blood. We show that while FnBPs bind to Plg through weak (∼200-pN) molecular bonds, direct interaction of the adhesins with Fg through the high-affinity dock, lock, and latch mechanism dramatically increases the strength of the FnBP-Plg bond (up to ∼2,000 pN). Our results point to a new model in which the binding of Fg triggers major conformational changes in the FnBP protein, resulting in the buried Plg-binding domains being projected and exposed away from the cell surface, thereby promoting strong interactions with Plg. This study demonstrated a previously unidentified role for a ligand-binding interaction by a staphylococcal cell surface protein, i.e., changing the protein orientation to activate a cryptic biological function. Staphylococcus aureus captures human plasminogen (Plg) via cell wall fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs), but the underlying molecular mechanism is not known. Here we show that the forces involved in the interaction between Plg and FnBPs on the S. aureus surface are weak. However, we discovered that binding of fibrinogen to FnBPs dramatically strengthens the FnBP-Plg bond, therefore revealing an unanticipated role for Fg in the capture of Plg by S. aureus. These experiments favor a model where Fg-induced conformational changes in FnBPs promote their interaction with Plg. This work uncovers a previously undescribed activation mechanism for a staphylococcal surface protein, whereby ligand-binding elicits a cryptic biological function.
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Riesbeck K. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Associated With Pneumococci in Children—An Elusive Mystery Now Explained? J Infect Dis 2017; 217:341-343. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Pietrocola G, Nobile G, Rindi S, Speziale P. Staphylococcus aureus Manipulates Innate Immunity through Own and Host-Expressed Proteases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:166. [PMID: 28529927 PMCID: PMC5418230 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, complement system and skin collectively represent the main elements of the innate immune system, the first line of defense of the host against many common microorganisms. Bacterial pathogens have evolved strategies to counteract all these defense activities. Specifically, Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, secretes a variety of immune evasion molecules including proteases, which cleave components of the innate immune system or disrupt the integrity of extracellular matrix and intercellular connections of tissues. Additionally, S. aureus secretes proteins that can activate host zymogens which, in turn, target specific defense components. Secreted proteins can also inhibit the anti-bacterial function of neutrophils or complement system proteases, potentiating S. aureus chances of survival. Here, we review the current understanding of these proteases and modulators of host proteases in the functioning of innate immunity and describe the importance of these mechanisms in the pathology of staphylococcal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Pietrocola
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Nobile
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Rindi
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
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Pietrocola G, Nobile G, Gianotti V, Zapotoczna M, Foster TJ, Geoghegan JA, Speziale P. Molecular Interactions of Human Plasminogen with Fibronectin-binding Protein B (FnBPB), a Fibrinogen/Fibronectin-binding Protein from Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18148-62. [PMID: 27387503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.731125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacterium that has the ability to cause superficial and deep-seated infections. Like several other invasive pathogens, S. aureus can capture plasminogen from the human host where it can be converted to plasmin by host plasminogen activators or by endogenously expressed staphylokinase. This study demonstrates that sortase-anchored cell wall-associated proteins are responsible for capturing the bulk of bound plasminogen. Two cell wall-associated proteins, the fibrinogen- and fibronectin-binding proteins A and B, were found to bind plasminogen, and one of them, FnBPB, was studied in detail. Plasminogen captured on the surface of S. aureus- or Lactococcus lactis-expressing FnBPB could be activated to the potent serine protease plasmin by staphylokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Plasminogen bound to recombinant FnBPB with a KD of 0.532 μm as determined by surface plasmon resonance. Plasminogen binding did not to occur by the same mechanism through which FnBPB binds to fibrinogen. Indeed, FnBPB could bind both ligands simultaneously indicating that their binding sites do not overlap. The N3 subdomain of FnBPB contains the full plasminogen-binding site, and this includes, at least in part, two conserved patches of surface-located lysine residues that were recognized by kringle 4 of the host protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Pietrocola
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy and
| | - Giulia Nobile
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy and
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy and
| | - Marta Zapotoczna
- the Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Timothy J Foster
- the Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- the Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pietro Speziale
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy and
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