1
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Osada N, Kikuchi J, Okada Y, Matsuoka S, Morishita K, Nakasone H, Furukawa Y. Cytotoxicity of bendamustine, alone and in combination with novel agents, toward adult T-cell leukemia cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0309533. [PMID: 39348376 PMCID: PMC11441677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) develops from the infection of T cells with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). There are an estimated 5-20 million HTLV-1 carriers worldwide and the patients are frequently observed in subtropical Africa, the Caribbean, Middle East, South America, and South West Japan. The prognosis of ATL remains dismal due to rapid acquired resistance to treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. In particular, the development of novel therapies for relapsed or refractory (R/R) ATL is an unmet need. Previous clinical trials revealed that bendamustine (BDM) was effective as the first-line treatment for indolent lymphoma and R/R cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Its major advantage is that it has few side effects such as hair loss and peripheral neuropathy, and does not impair the quality of life. However, its efficacy has not been verified for ATL in pre-clinical or clinical studies. In this study, we have shown the cytotoxicity of BDM alone and in combination with novel agents including the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor tucidinostat, the enhancer of zeste homolog 1/2 (EZH1/2) dual inhibitor valemetostat, and the Bcl2 family inhibitor ABT-737. The combined in vitro effects of BDM and tucidinostat were reproduced in a murine model without any obvious hematological toxicity. Our present results suggest that the combination of tucidinostat and BDM could additively prolong the survival of patients with R/R progressive ATL. The efficacy and safety of this combination are thus worthy of investigation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Osada
- Division of Emerging Medicine for Integrated Therapeutics (EMIT), Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Jiro Kikuchi
- Division of Emerging Medicine for Integrated Therapeutics (EMIT), Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okada
- Division of Emerging Medicine for Integrated Therapeutics (EMIT), Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sae Matsuoka
- Division of Emerging Medicine for Integrated Therapeutics (EMIT), Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- HTLV-1/ATL Research, Education and Medical Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Project for Advanced Medical Research and Development, Project Research Division, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakasone
- Division of Emerging Medicine for Integrated Therapeutics (EMIT), Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Division of Emerging Medicine for Integrated Therapeutics (EMIT), Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Kobayashi Y, Ando K, Imaizumi Y, Sakamoto H, Kitanosono H, Taguchi M, Mishima H, Kinoshita A, Bekytbek S, Baba M, Kato T, Horai M, Itonaga H, Sato S, Yoshiura KI, Miyazaki Y. RUNX1 expression is regulated by a super-enhancer and is a therapeutic target in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39219309 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2393258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Super-enhancers (SEs) play an important role in regulating tumor-specific gene expression. JQ1, a Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor, exerts antitumor effects by disrupting SE-mediated regulation of gene expression. We investigated the anti-adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) effects of JQ1. JQ1 induced apoptosis and inhibited ATL cell proliferation. JQ1 suppressed RUNX1expression through the disruption of SE-mediated gene regulation. In the previous reports, it was shown that IC50s of AI-10-104 and Ro5-3335, RUNX1 inhibitors were 1-10 µM for lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines carrying RUNX1 mutations. In the present study, we demonstrated that IC50s of AI-10-104 and Ro5-3335 were also 1-10 µM or lower for ATL cell lines. Simultaneously, AI-10-104 suppressed MYC proto-oncogene (c-MYC) expression. RUNX1 is a potential therapeutic target for ATL that promotes c-MYC expression. We showed that RUNX1 expression is regulated via SEs in ATL and that RUNX1 may be a novel therapeutic target for ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kobayashi
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imaizumi
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sakamoto
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kitanosono
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masataka Taguchi
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Kinoshita
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shara Bekytbek
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Maki Baba
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kato
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Makiko Horai
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Itonaga
- Transfusion and Cell Therapy Unit, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences and Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Transfusion and Cell Therapy Unit, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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3
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Sakamoto H, Ando K, Imaizumi Y, Mishima H, Kinoshita A, Kobayashi Y, Kitanosono H, Kato T, Sawayama Y, Sato S, Hata T, Nakashima M, Yoshiura KI, Miyazaki Y. Alvocidib inhibits IRF4 expression via super-enhancer suppression and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cell growth. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:4092-4103. [PMID: 36047964 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an intractable hematological malignancy with extremely poor prognosis. Recent studies have revealed that super-enhancers (SE) play important roles in controlling tumor-specific gene expression and are potential therapeutic targets for neoplastic diseases including ATL. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) 9 is a component of a complex comprising transcription factors (TFs) that bind the SE region. Alvocidib is a CDK9 inhibitor that exerts antitumor activity by inhibiting RNA polymerase (Pol) II phosphorylation and suppressing SE-mediated, tumor-specific gene expression. The present study demonstrated that alvocidib inhibited the proliferation of ATL cell lines and tumor cells from patients with ATL. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) disclosed that SE regulated IRF4 in the ATL cell lines. Previous studies showed that IRF4 suppression inhibited ATL cell proliferation. Hence, IRF4 is a putative alvocidib target in ATL therapy. The present study revealed that SE-mediated IRF4 downregulation is a possible mechanism by which alvocidib inhibits ATL proliferation. Alvocidib also suppressed ATL in a mouse xenograft model. Hence, the present work demonstrated that alvocidib has therapeutic efficacy against ATL and partially elucidated its mode of action. It also showed that alvocidib is promising for the clinical treatment of ATL and perhaps other malignancies and neoplasms as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Sakamoto
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imaizumi
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Kinoshita
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Kobayashi
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kitanosono
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kato
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sawayama
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hata
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences and Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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4
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Moritsubo M, Miyoshi H, Matsuda K, Yoshida N, Nakashima K, Yanagida E, Yamada K, Takeuchi M, Suzuki T, Muta H, Umeno T, Furuta T, Seto M, Ohshima K. TACC3 expression as a prognostic factor in aggressive types of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma patients. Int J Lab Hematol 2020; 42:842-848. [PMID: 32744749 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a malignant peripheral T-cell neoplasm associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). The acute and lymphoma subtypes are regarded as aggressive ATLLs, and the overall survival (OS) of patients remains poor. Transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 (TACC3) regulates microtubules, which are associated with cancer-related proteins overexpressed in various cancers. Such a relationship has not been reported in hematopoietic tumors, including ATLL. METHODS We examined tissue microarrays of histological samples from 92 cases of aggressive ATLL and assessed clinical features, including TACC3 protein expression levels. RESULTS Compared with TACC3-low, TACC3-high ATLL patients were significantly older (P < .001), with a tendency toward pleomorphic variant over other morphological classifications (P = .019). TACC3-high patients (median survival time [MST] 10.6 months, confidence interval [CI] [6.27-15.6]) had poorer OS compared to TACC3-low patients (MST 20 months, CI [9.43-38.5]) (P = .0168). Moreover, multivariate analysis on TACC3 expression levels suggests that TACC3-high is an independent significant prognostic factor (HR, 1.700; 95% CI, 1.037-2.753; P = .0355). CONCLUSION Certain drugs that inhibit TACC3-overexpressing neoplastic cells are used clinically. Further studies might highlight a key role for TACC3 in the oncogenesis and progression of ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Moritsubo
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic surgery, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Nakashima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Yanagida
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mai Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takaharu Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Muta
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Umeno
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Seto
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Futsch N, Prates G, Mahieux R, Casseb J, Dutartre H. Cytokine Networks Dysregulation during HTLV-1 Infection and Associated Diseases. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120691. [PMID: 30563084 PMCID: PMC6315340 DOI: 10.3390/v10120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a neural chronic inflammation, called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and of a malignant lymphoproliferation, called the adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The mechanisms through which the HTLV-1 induces these diseases are still unclear, but they might rely on immune alterations. HAM/TSP is associated with an impaired production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, CXCL9, or CXCL10. ATLL is associated with high levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. These immunosuppressive cytokines could promote a protumoral micro-environment. Moreover, HTLV-1 infection impairs the IFN-I production and signaling, and favors the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 expression. This contributes both to immune escape and to infected cells proliferation. Here, we review the landscape of cytokine dysregulations induced by HTLV-1 infection and the role of these cytokines in the HTLV-1-associated diseases progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- Équipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe Labellisée «FRM», CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Gabriela Prates
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP 01246-100, Brazil.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Équipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe Labellisée «FRM», CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP 01246-100, Brazil.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Équipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe Labellisée «FRM», CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
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6
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Rajaei T, Farajifard H, Rezaee SA, Azarpazhooh MR, Mahmoudi M, Valizadeh N, Rafatpanah H. Different roles of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:641-650. [PMID: 30341468 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the prominent features of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is the excessive recruitment of leukocytes to the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to an inflammatory response-with chemokines and their receptors playing the main role in this recruitment. The aim of the study was to examine the relation of CXCR1 and CXCR2, both of which are involved in the trafficking of lymphocytes into the CNS, with the outcome of HTLV-1 infection. The mRNA levels of CXCR1 and CXCR2 were examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HAM/TSP patients, HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and healthy controls (HCs). Furthermore, the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CXCR1 and CXCR2 was evaluated in the studied groups. The results of the present study showed a substantial increase in the mean mRNA expression of CXCR2 in the HAM/TSP patients compared to the HCs and ACs (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was also found between PVL and CXCR2 mRNA expression in the total population of HTLV-1-infected subjects (R = 0.526, p < 0.001). Moreover, the percentage of CD8+ CXCR2-expressing cells was higher in HAM/TSP patients compared to ACs and HCs (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Although the percentage of CD4+ CXCR2-expressing cells was higher in HAM/TSP patients than in ACs and HCs, a significant difference was only found between HAM/TSP patients and HCs (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the CXCR1 mRNA expression was observed in the studied groups. The frequency of the CD8+ CXCR1- and CD4+ CXCR1-expressing cells was significantly lower in HAM/TSP patients than in ACs and HCs (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, the high frequency of CXCR2 CD8+ T cells and the high levels of CXCR2 mRNA expression in HAM/TSP patients are associated with disease pathogenesis, while the high frequencies of CXCR1 T cells in ACs might suggest that these cells act as effector CD8 T cells and are involved in controlling the viral spread and modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Rajaei
- Immunology Research Center, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Farajifard
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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7
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Vicario M, Mattiolo A, Montini B, Piano MA, Cavallari I, Amadori A, Chieco-Bianchi L, Calabrò ML. A Preclinical Model for the ATLL Lymphoma Subtype With Insights Into the Role of Microenvironment in HTLV-1-Mediated Lymphomagenesis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1215. [PMID: 29951044 PMCID: PMC6008390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a mature T cell malignancy associated with Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Among its four main clinical subtypes, the prognosis of acute and lymphoma variants remains poor. The long latency (3–6 decades) and low incidence (3–5%) of ATLL imply the involvement of viral and host factors in full-blown malignancy. Despite multiple preclinical and clinical studies, the contribution of the stromal microenvironment in ATLL development is not yet completely unraveled. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of the host microenvironment, and specifically fibroblasts, in ATLL pathogenesis and to propose a murine model for the lymphoma subtype. Here we present evidence that the oncogenic capacity of HTLV-1-immortalized C91/PL cells is enhanced when they are xenotransplanted together with human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) in immunocompromised BALB/c Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Moreover, cell lines derived from a developed lymphoma and their subsequent in vivo passages acquired the stable property to induce aggressive T cell lymphomas. In particular, one of these cell lines, C91/III cells, consistently induced aggressive lymphomas also in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγc KO (NSG) mice. To dissect the mechanisms linked to this enhanced tumorigenic ability, we quantified 45 soluble factors released by these cell lines and found that 21 of them, mainly pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, were significantly increased in C91/III cells compared to the parental C91/PL cells. Moreover, many of the increased factors were also released by human fibroblasts and belonged to the known secretory pattern of ATLL cells. C91/PL cells co-cultured with HFF showed features reminiscent of those observed in C91/III cells, including a similar secretory pattern and a more aggressive behavior in vivo. On the whole, our data provide evidence that fibroblasts, one of the major stromal components, might enhance tumorigenesis of HTLV-1-infected and immortalized T cells, thus throwing light on the role of microenvironment contribution in ATLL pathogenesis. We also propose that the lymphoma induced in NSG mice by injection with C91/III cells represents a new murine preclinical ATLL model that could be adopted to test novel therapeutic interventions for the aggressive lymphoma subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Vicario
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Adriana Mattiolo
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Montini
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Piano
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cavallari
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Amadori
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Chieco-Bianchi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Calabrò
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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8
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Targetable vulnerabilities in T- and NK-cell lymphomas identified through preclinical models. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2024. [PMID: 29789628 PMCID: PMC5964252 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T- and NK-cell lymphomas (TCL) are a heterogenous group of lymphoid malignancies with poor prognosis. In contrast to B-cell and myeloid malignancies, there are few preclinical models of TCLs, which has hampered the development of effective therapeutics. Here we establish and characterize preclinical models of TCL. We identify multiple vulnerabilities that are targetable with currently available agents (e.g., inhibitors of JAK2 or IKZF1) and demonstrate proof-of-principle for biomarker-driven therapies using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). We show that MDM2 and MDMX are targetable vulnerabilities within TP53-wild-type TCLs. ALRN-6924, a stapled peptide that blocks interactions between p53 and both MDM2 and MDMX has potent in vitro activity and superior in vivo activity across 8 different PDX models compared to the standard-of-care agent romidepsin. ALRN-6924 induced a complete remission in a patient with TP53-wild-type angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, demonstrating the potential for rapid translation of discoveries from subtype-specific preclinical models. T- and NK-cell lymphomas (TCL) are a group of lymphoid malignancies characterized by poor prognosis, but the absence of appropriate pre-clinical models has hampered the development of effective therapies. Here the authors establish several pre-clinical models and identify vulnerabilities that could be further exploited to treat patients afflicted by these diseases.
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9
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Gazon H, Barbeau B, Mesnard JM, Peloponese JM. Hijacking of the AP-1 Signaling Pathway during Development of ATL. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2686. [PMID: 29379481 PMCID: PMC5775265 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a fatal malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). One way to address the pathology of the disease lies on conducting research with a molecular approach. In addition to the analysis of ATL-relevant signaling pathways, understanding the regulation of important and relevant transcription factors allows researchers to reach this fundamental objective. HTLV-1 encodes for two oncoproteins, Tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine-zipper factor, which play significant roles in the cellular transformation and the activation of the host's immune responses. Activating protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor has been linked to cancer and neoplastic transformation ever since the first representative members of the Jun and Fos gene family were cloned and shown to be cellular homologs of viral oncogenes. AP-1 is a dimeric transcription factor composed of proteins belonging to the Jun (c-Jun, JunB, and JunD), Fos (c-Fos, FosB, Fra1, and Fra2), and activating transcription factor protein families. Activation of AP-1 transcription factor family by different stimuli, such as inflammatory cytokines, stress inducers, or pathogens, results in innate and adaptive immunity. AP-1 is also involved in various cellular events including differentiation, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Deregulated expression of AP-1 transcription factors is implicated in various lymphomas such as classical Hodgkin lymphomas, anaplastic large cell lymphomas, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, and adult T-cell leukemia. Here, we review the current thinking behind deregulation of the AP-1 pathway and its contribution to HTLV-induced cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Gazon
- Belgium Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Mesnard
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Peloponese
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Mohammed TO, Chagan-Yasutan H, Ashino Y, Nakayama W, Takahashi Y, Shimomura T, Fujimoto T, Watanabe Y, Niki T, Suzushima H, Hattori T. Galectin-9 as a Predictive Marker for the Onset of Immune-Related Adverse Effects Associated with Anti-CCR4 MoAb Therapy in Patients with Adult T Cell Leukemia. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 241:201-208. [PMID: 28321034 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.241.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL/ATLL) is one of the most malignant lymphomas with poor prognosis. ATL/ATLL cells express CC chemokine receptor 4, and mogamulizumab (anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody) exhibits strong cytotoxicity for ATL/ATLL cells. We analyzed plasma samples of 6 patients with ATL/ATLL treated with chemotherapy followed by mogamulizumab therapy (mogatherapy) for changes in the levels of biomarkers in relation to immune-related adverse effects. As treatment is often associated with skin eruptions, we investigated the profiles of inflammatory cytokines, including galectin-9 (Gal-9), which becomes increased in various infectious diseases and allergic patients. Gal-9, soluble interleukin (IL)-2 receptor, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-10 levels were increased before chemotherapy, and Gal-9 levels were associated with the sIL-2 receptor, which reflects tumor burden. Inflammatory levels decreased after chemotherapy. After mogatherapy, 5 of 6 patients attained complete remission (CR), whereas 1 patient showed no response (NR) and died. Among 5 patients with CR, the biomarkers remained low during mogatherapy, except for a 3-5-fold increment in Gal-9 (associated with skin eruptions). A skin biopsy showed infiltration by inflammatory cells and Gal-9 synthesis in areas with CD8 cell infiltration. In the patient with NR, increased levels of Gal-9 and the aforementioned biomarkers were noted 3 days after mogatherapy, followed by opportunistic infections resembling immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Therefore, an increased Gal-9 plasma level in ATL/ATLL indicates tumor burden and reflects immune activation by mogatherapy. These findings may indicate that an increase in the Gal-9 level, a novel immune checkpoint molecule, can reflect immune-related adverse effects of various biotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareg Omer Mohammed
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
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11
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Lam BQ, Dai L, Qin Z. The role of HGF/c-MET signaling pathway in lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:135. [PMID: 27923392 PMCID: PMC5141645 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), has been implicated in tumorigenesis and represented a promising therapeutic target for developing anticancer agents. In contrast to other solid tumors, there are limited data describing the functional role of HGF/c-MET signaling pathway in lymphoma. In the current review, we summarize recent findings about the expression, cellular mechanisms/functions, and therapeutic application of HGF/c-MET in different types of lymphoma, especially B cell lymphoma, T and NK cell lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma. We also discuss the existing problems and future directions about studying the HGF/c-MET pathway in lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Quoc Lam
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Suite 902, 1700 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Lu Dai
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Suite 902, 1700 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Department of Oncology, Research Center for Translational Medicine and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Suite 902, 1700 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Research Center for Translational Medicine and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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12
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Moles R, Bai XT, Chaib-Mezrag H, Nicot C. WRN-targeted therapy using inhibitors NSC 19630 and NSC 617145 induce apoptosis in HTLV-1-transformed adult T-cell leukemia cells. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:121. [PMID: 27829440 PMCID: PMC5103433 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a lymphoproliferative malignancy with a dismal prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Recent evidence shows that HTLV-1-transformed cells present defects in both DNA replication and DNA repair, suggesting that these cells might be particularly sensitive to treatment with a small helicase inhibitor. Because the “Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase” encoded by the WRN gene plays important roles in both cellular proliferation and DNA repair, we hypothesized that inhibition of WRN activity could be used as a new strategy to target ATLL cells. Methods Our analysis demonstrates an apoptotic effect induced by the WRN helicase inhibitor in HTLV-1-transformed cells in vitro and ATL-derived cell lines. Inhibition of cellular proliferation and induction of apoptosis were demonstrated with cell cycle analysis, XTT proliferation assay, clonogenic assay, annexin V staining, and measurement of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Results Targeted inhibition of the WRN helicase induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HTLV-1-transformed leukemia cells. Treatment with NSC 19630 (WRN inhibitor) induces S-phase cell cycle arrest, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. These events were associated with activation of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in ATL cells. We identified some ATL cells, ATL-55T and LMY1, less sensitive to NSC 19630 but sensitive to another WRN inhibitor, NSC 617145. Conclusions WRN is essential for survival of ATL cells. Our studies suggest that targeting the WRN helicase with small inhibitors is a novel promising strategy to target HTLV-1-transformed ATL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - X T Bai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - H Chaib-Mezrag
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - C Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Moles R, Bellon M, Nicot C. STAT1: A Novel Target of miR-150 and miR-223 Is Involved in the Proliferation of HTLV-I-Transformed and ATL Cells. Neoplasia 2016; 17:449-62. [PMID: 26025667 PMCID: PMC4468372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported on the deregulation of cellular microRNAs involved in hematopoiesis and inflammation in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I)–transformed cells. In this study, we demonstrate that miR-150 and miR-223 specifically target the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) 3′ untranslated region, reducing STAT1 expression and dampening STAT1-dependent signaling in human T cells. The effects of miR-150 and miR-223 on endogenous STAT1 were confirmed using inducible cell lines. Our studies also showed that miR-150 expression is upregulated by interleukin-2 signaling in adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) cells. HTLV-I–transformed and ATL-derived cells have reduced levels of miR150 and miR223 expression, which coincide with increased STAT1 expression and STAT1-dependent signaling. Knockdown of STAT1 by short hairpin RNA demonstrated that the constitutive activation of STAT1 is required for the continuous proliferation of HTLV-I–transformed cells. Our studies further demonstrate that increased expression of STAT1 in ATL cells is associated with higher levels of major histocompatibility complex class I expression. Previous studies have demonstrated that the pressure exerted by natural killer (NK) cells in vivo can edit leukemic tumor cells by forcing an increased expression of major histocompatibility complex class I to escape immune clearance. STAT1-expressing tumor cells produce more aggressive tumors because they cannot be eliminated by NK cells. Our results suggest that therapeutic approaches using combined targeting of STAT1 and MHC class I may be an effective approach to activate NK cell–mediated clearance of ATL tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Moles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Chaves DG, Sales CC, de Cássia Gonçalves P, da Silva-Malta MCF, Romanelli LC, Ribas JG, de Freitas Carneiro-Proietti AB, Martins ML. Plasmatic proinflammatory chemokines levels are tricky markers to monitoring HTLV-1 carriers. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1438-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonçalves Chaves
- Research Service; Minas Gerais State Blood Center (Fundação Hemominas); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Camila Campos Sales
- Pharmacy College; Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Cláudio Romanelli
- Research Service; Minas Gerais State Blood Center (Fundação Hemominas); Belo Horizonte Brazil
- GIPH (Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Ribas
- GIPH (Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Anna Bárbara de Freitas Carneiro-Proietti
- Research Service; Minas Gerais State Blood Center (Fundação Hemominas); Belo Horizonte Brazil
- GIPH (Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marina Lobato Martins
- Research Service; Minas Gerais State Blood Center (Fundação Hemominas); Belo Horizonte Brazil
- GIPH (Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group); Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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15
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Taniguchi H, Hasegawa H, Sasaki D, Ando K, Sawayama Y, Imanishi D, Taguchi J, Imaizumi Y, Hata T, Tsukasaki K, Uno N, Morinaga Y, Yanagihara K, Miyazaki Y. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 exerts potent activity against adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma cells. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1601-8. [PMID: 25263741 PMCID: PMC4317953 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia–lymphoma (ATL), an aggressive neoplasm etiologically associated with HTLV-1, is a chemoresistant malignancy. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is involved in folding and functions as a chaperone for multiple client proteins, many of which are important in tumorigenesis. In this study, we examined NVP-AUY922 (AUY922), a second generation isoxazole-based non-geldanamycin HSP90 inhibitor, and confirmed its effects on survival of ATL-related cell lines. Analysis using FACS revealed that AUY922 induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis; it also inhibited the growth of primary ATL cells, but not of normal PBMCs. AUY922 caused strong upregulation of HSP70, a surrogate marker of HSP90 inhibition, and a dose-dependent decrease in HSP90 client proteins associated with cell survival, proliferation, and cell cycle in the G1 phase, including phospho-Akt, Akt, IKKα, IKKβ, IKKγ, Cdk4, Cdk6, and survivin. Interestingly, AUY922 induced downregulation of the proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) in ATL cells. The PIM family (PIM-1, -2, -3) is made up of oncogenes that encode a serine/threonine protein kinase family. As PIM kinases have multiple functions involved in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis, their downregulation could play an important role in AUY922-induced death of ATL cells. In fact, SGI-1776, a pan-PIM kinase inhibitor, successfully inhibited the growth of primary ATL cells as well as ATL-related cell lines. Our findings suggest that AUY922 is an effective therapeutic agent for ATL, and PIM kinases may be a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Hematology, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Japan; Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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16
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Higuchi M, Takahashi M, Tanaka Y, Fujii M. Downregulation of proapoptotic Bim augments IL-2-independent T-cell transformation by human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 Tax. Cancer Med 2014; 3:1605-14. [PMID: 25175936 PMCID: PMC4298387 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), an etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia, immortalizes and transforms primary human T cells in vitro in both an interleukin (IL)-2-dependent and IL-2-independent manner. Expression of the HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax transforms the growth of the mouse T-cell line CTLL-2 from being IL-2-dependent to IL-2-independent. Withdrawal of IL-2 from normal activated T cells induces apoptosis, which is mediated through the inducible expression of several proapoptotic proteins, including Bim. In this study, we found that Tax protects IL-2-depleted T cells against Bim-induced apoptosis. Withdrawal of IL-2 from CTLL-2 cells induced a prominent increase in the level of Bim protein in CTLL-2 cells, but not in Tax-transformed CTLL-2 cells. This inhibition of Bim in Tax-transformed CTLL-2 cells was mediated by two mechanisms: downregulation of Bim mRNA and posttranscriptional reduction of Bim protein. Transient expression of Tax in CTLL-2 cells also inhibited IL-2 depletion–induced expression of Bim, however, this decrease in Bim protein expression was not due to downregulation of Bim mRNA, thus indicating that Bim mRNA downregulation in Tax-transformed CTLL-2 occurs only after long-term expression of Tax. Transient expression of Tax in CTLL-2 cells also induced Erk activation, however, this was not involved in the reduction of Bim protein. Knockdown of Bim expression in CTLL-2 cells augmented Tax-induced IL-2-independent transformation. HTLV-1 infection of human T cells also reduced their levels of Bim protein, and restoring Bim expression in HTLV-1-infected cells reduced their proliferation by inducing apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that Tax-induced downregulation of Bim in HTLV-1-infected T cells promotes their IL-2-independent growth, thereby supporting the persistence of HTLV-1 infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Higuchi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is causally associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive T-cell malignancy with a poor prognosis. To elucidate ATL pathogenesis in vivo, a variety of animal models have been established; however, the mechanisms driving this disorder remain poorly understood due to deficiencies in each of these animal models. Here, we report a novel HTLV-1-infected humanized mouse model generated by intra-bone marrow injection of human CD133(+) stem cells into NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγc null (NOG) mice (IBMI-huNOG mice). Upon infection, the number of CD4(+) human T cells in the periphery increased rapidly, and atypical lymphocytes with lobulated nuclei resembling ATL-specific flower cells were observed 4 to 5 months after infection. Proliferation was seen in both CD25(-) and CD25(+) CD4 T cells with identical proviral integration sites; however, a limited number of CD25(+)-infected T-cell clones eventually dominated, indicating an association between clonal selection of infected T cells and expression of CD25. Additionally, HTLV-1-specific adaptive immune responses were induced in infected mice and might be involved in the control of HTLV-1-infected cells. Thus, the HTLV-1-infected IBMI-huNOG mouse model successfully recapitulated the development of ATL and may serve as an important tool for investigating in vivo mechanisms of ATL leukemogenesis and evaluating anti-ATL drug and vaccine candidates.
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Kawano H, Wakahashi K, Ebara S, Ishii S, Suzuki T, Kawano Y, Sada A, Minagawa K, Matsui T, Kawakami F, Hayashi Y, Itoh T, Katayama Y. Unusual hepatic involvement with significant fibrosis in adult T cell leukemia. Ann Hematol 2013; 93:897-8. [PMID: 23942637 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kawano
- Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan,
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19
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Read SA, Douglas MW. Virus induced inflammation and cancer development. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:174-81. [PMID: 23941825 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation as a result of viral infection significantly increases the likelihood of cancer development. A handful of diverse viruses have confirmed roles in cancer development and progression, but the list of suspected oncogenic viruses is continually growing. Viruses induce cancer directly and indirectly, by activating inflammatory signalling pathways and cytokines, stimulating growth of infected cells and inhibiting apoptosis. Although oncogenic viruses induce inflammation by various mechanisms, it is generally mediated by the MAPK, NFκB and STAT3 signalling pathways. This review will explore the unique mechanisms by which different oncogenic viruses induce inflammation to promote cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Read
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark W Douglas
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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SOX4 is a direct target gene of FRA-2 and induces expression of HDAC8 in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2013; 121:3640-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-441022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
SOX4 is consistently expressed in ATL, is involved in ATL cell growth, and induces genes such as GCRK, NAP1, and HDAC8 in ATL. FRA-2/JUND and SOX4 form an important oncogenic cascade in ATL, leading to upregulation of genes such as HDAC8.
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Yamagishi M, Watanabe T. Molecular hallmarks of adult T cell leukemia. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:334. [PMID: 23060864 PMCID: PMC3444139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular hallmarks of adult T cell leukemia (ATL) comprise outstanding deregulations of signaling pathways that control the cell cycle, resistance to apoptosis, and proliferation of leukemic cells, all of which have been identified by early excellent studies. Nevertheless, we are now confronted the therapeutic difficulties of ATL that is a most aggressive T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Using next-generation strategies, emerging molecular characteristics such as specific surface markers and an additional catalog of signals affecting the fate of leukemic cells have been added to the molecular hallmarks that constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of ATL. Although human T cell leukemia virus type 1 is undoubtedly involved in ATL leukemogenesis, most leukemic cells do not express the viral protein Tax. Instead, cellular gene expression changes dominate homeostasis disorders of infected cells and characteristics of ATL. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of ATL molecular pathology, which supports the biological properties of leukemic cells. In addition, we discuss the recent discovery of two molecular hallmarks of potential generality; an abnormal microRNA pattern and epigenetic reprogramming, which strongly involve the imbalance of the molecular network of lymphocytes. Global analyses of ATL have revealed the functional impact of crosstalk between multifunctional pathways. Clinical and biological studies on signaling inhibitory agents have also revealed novel oncogenic drivers that can be targeted in future. ATL cells, by deregulation of such pathways and their interconnections, may become masters of their own destinies. Recognizing and understanding of the widespread molecular applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of novel strategies for treating ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kohno T, Kubo Y, Yasui K, Haraguchi M, Shigematsu S, Chua KJ, Matsuyama T, Hayashi H. Serum starvation activates NF-κB through G protein β2 subunit-mediated signal. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1636-44. [PMID: 22917497 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cell stresses induce nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, which include irradiation, oxidation, and UV. Interestingly, serum-starving stress-induced NF-κB activation in COS cells, but not in COS-A717 cells. COS-A717 is a mutant cell line of COS cells that is defective of the NF-κB signaling pathway. We isolated genes with compensating activity for the NF-κB pathway and one gene encoded the G protein β2 (Gβ2). Gβ2 is one of the G protein-coupled receptor signaling effectors. In COS-A717 cells, Gβ2 expression is significantly reduced. In Gβ2 cDNA-transfected COS-A717 cells, the NF-κB activity was increased along with the recovery of Gβ2 expression. Furthermore, serum-starving stress induced the NF-κB activity in Gβ2-transfected COS-A717 cells. Consistently, the serum-starved COS cells with siRNA-reduced Gβ2 protein expression showed decreased NF-κB activity. These results indicate that Gβ2 is required for starvation-induced NF-κB activation and constitutive NF-κB activity. We propose that serum contains some molecule(s) that strongly inhibits NF-κB activation mediated through Gβ2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kohno
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Hasegawa H, Komoda M, Yamada Y, Yonezawa S, Tsutsumida H, Nagai K, Atogami S, Tsuruda K, Osaka A, Sasaki D, Yanagihara K, Imaizumi Y, Tsukasaki K, Miyazaki Y, Kamihira S. Aberrant overexpression of membrane-associated mucin contributes to tumor progression in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1108-17. [PMID: 21599593 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.559671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant overexpression of membrane-associated mucin (MUC1) is implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, particularly of adenocarcinomas. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), an aggressive neoplasm etiologically associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), exhibits invasive tropism into various organs, resulting in disease progression and resistance to treatment. In the present study, we showed that MUC1 is overexpressed exclusively in cells of ATL among hematological malignancies. Furthermore, increased expression of MUC1 correlated with a poor prognosis, suggesting MUC1 to be a prognostic marker in ATL. Various functional analyses with knockdown experiments using a specific siRNA for MUC1 revealed that MUC1 is involved in cell growth, cell aggregation, and resistance to apoptosis. Although it has been shown that the anti-adhesive properties of MUC1 facilitate migration and metastasis of tumor cells, our findings indicated that MUC1 contributes to cell-cell adhesion. Mucins thus seem to play a role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Nakayama-Ichiyama S, Yokote T, Hiraoka N, Iwaki K, Takayama A, Kobayashi K, Akioka T, Oka S, Miyoshi T, Takubo T, Tsuji M, Hanafusa T. Expression of multiple cytokines and CCR4 in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells infiltrating the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:e95-e96. [PMID: 21839312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taiji Yokote
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuya Hiraoka
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Iwaki
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayami Takayama
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Toshikazu Akioka
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoko Oka
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuji Miyoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Takubo
- Division of Comprehensive Diagnostic and Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motomu Tsuji
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hanafusa
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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NK314 potentiates antitumor activity with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma cells by inhibition of dual targets on topoisomerase II{alpha} and DNA-dependent protein kinase. Blood 2011; 117:3575-84. [PMID: 21245486 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-02-270439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive disease, incurable by standard chemotherapy. NK314, a new anticancer agent possessing inhibitory activity specific for topoisomerase IIα (Top2α), inhibited the growth of various ATL cell lines (50% inhibitory concentration: 23-70nM) with more potent activity than that of etoposide. In addition to the induction of DNA double-strand breaks by inhibition of Top2α, NK314 induced degradation of the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs), resulting in impaired DNA double-strand break repair. The contribution of DNA-PK to inhibition of cell growth was affirmed by the following results: NK314 inhibited cell growth of M059J (a DNA-PKcs-deficient cell line) and M059K (a cell line with DNA-PKcs present) with the same potency, whereas etoposide exhibited weak inhibition of cell growth with M059K cells. A DNA-PK specific inhibitor, NU7026, enhanced inhibitory activity of etoposide on M059K as well as on ATL cells. These results suggest that NK314 is a dual inhibitor of Top2α and DNA-PK. Because ATL cells express a high amount of DNA-PKcs, NK314 as a dual molecular targeting anticancer agent is a potential therapeutic tool for treatment of ATL.
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26
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Sasaki D, Imaizumi Y, Hasegawa H, Osaka A, Tsukasaki K, Choi YL, Mano H, Marquez VE, Hayashi T, Yanagihara K, Moriwaki Y, Miyazaki Y, Kamihira S, Yamada Y. Overexpression of Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 with trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma as a target for epigenetic therapy. Haematologica 2011; 96:712-9. [PMID: 21228036 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.028605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 is a component of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 that mediates chromatin-based gene silencing through trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3. This complex plays vital roles in the regulation of development-specific gene expression. DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, a comparative microarray analysis of gene expression in primary adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma samples was performed, and the results were evaluated for their oncogenic and clinical significance. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 and RING1 and YY1 binding protein transcripts with enhanced levels of trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 were found in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells compared with those in normal CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, there was an inverse correlation between the expression level of Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 and that of miR-101 or miR-128a, suggesting that the altered expression of the latter miRNAs accounts for the overexpression of the former. Patients with high Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 or RING1 and YY1 binding protein transcripts had a significantly worse prognosis than those without it, indicating a possible role of these genes in the oncogenesis and progression of this disease. Indeed, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells were sensitive to a histone methylation inhibitor, 3-deazaneplanocin A. Furthermore, 3-deazaneplanocin A and histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat showed a synergistic effect in killing the cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells have deregulated Polycomb repressive complex 2 with over-expressed Enhancer of zeste homolog 2, and that there is the possibility of a new therapeutic strategy targeting histone methylation in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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Downregulation of ZEB1 and overexpression of Smad7 contribute to resistance to TGF-β1-mediated growth suppression in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Oncogene 2010; 29:4157-69. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Jin Z, Nagakubo D, Shirakawa AK, Nakayama T, Shigeta A, Hieshima K, Yamada Y, Yoshie O. CXCR7 is inducible by HTLV-1 Tax and promotes growth and survival of HTLV-1-infected T cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2229-35. [PMID: 19623653 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), encodes the potent transcriptional activator Tax, which is required for HTLV-1-induced immortalization of T cells. CXCR7 is an atypical chemokine receptor frequently expressed by tumor cells and known to promote cell growth and survival. We found that HTLV-1-immortalized T cells expressing Tax consistently expressed CXCR7. Induction of Tax in JPX-9 upregulated CXCR7. Wild-type Tax efficiently activated the CXCR7 promoter via a proximal NF-kappaB site, while a mutant Tax selectively defective in NF-kappaB activation did not. CCX754, a synthetic CXCR7 antagonist, inhibited cell growth and increased apoptosis of HTLV-1-immortalized T cells. Knockdown of CXCR7 by small interfering RNA also reduced cell growth. Stable expression of CXCR7 in a CXCR7-negative ATL cell line promoted cell growth and survival. Taken together, CXCR7 is inducible by Tax and may play an important role in HTLV-1-induced immortalization of T cells by promoting growth and survival of HTLV-1-infected T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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29
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Nakahata S, Saito Y, Hamasaki M, Hidaka T, Arai Y, Taki T, Taniwaki M, Morishita K. Alteration of enhancer of polycomb 1 at 10p11.2 is one of the genetic events leading to development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:768-76. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is highly expressed in human adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and chemotherapy changes tryptophan catabolism in serum and reduced activity. Leuk Res 2008; 33:39-45. [PMID: 18639341 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the l-tryptophan (l-TRP)-degrading enzyme, plays a key role in the powerful immunomodulatory effects of several different types of immune cells. In this study, we investigated the IDO expression in ATLL cells and the effect of chemotherapy on IDO-initiating l-TRP catabolism in patients with ATLL. Serum l-kynurenine (l-KYN) concentrations, l-KYN/l-TRP ratio, and the level of IDO mRNA expression in ATLL cells were significantly increased in ATLL patients compared to those in healthy and HTLV-positive carrier subjects. On the other hand, l-TRP level was significantly decreased in ATLL patients compared to that in healthy subjects. In the immunohistochemical staining, IDO was strongly expressed in cytoplasm of ATLL cells. Interestingly, serum l-KYN as well as soluble IL-2 receptor concentrations was significantly reduced, and l-TRP concentrations were significantly increased after chemotherapy. These data provide evidence that IDO is highly expressed in ATLL cells, and that IDO-initiating l-TRP catabolism changes with chemotherapy.
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31
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Down-regulation of TCF8 is involved in the leukemogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2008; 112:383-93. [PMID: 18467597 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-131185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is caused by latent human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection. To clarify the molecular mechanism underlying leukemogenesis after viral infection, we precisely mapped 605 chromosomal breakpoints in 61 ATLL cases by spectral karyotyping and identified frequent chromosomal breakpoints in 10p11, 14q11, and 14q32. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), genetic, and expression analyses of the genes mapped within a common breakpoint cluster region in 10p11.2 revealed that in ATLL cells, transcription factor 8 (TCF8) was frequently disrupted by several mechanisms, including mainly epigenetic dysregulation. TCF8 mutant mice frequently developed invasive CD4(+) T-cell lymphomas in the thymus or in ascitic fluid in vivo. Down-regulation of TCF8 expression in ATLL cells in vitro was associated with resistance to transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), a well-known characteristic of ATLL cells, suggesting that escape from TGF-beta1-mediated growth inhibition is important in the pathogenesis of ATLL. These findings indicate that TCF8 has a tumor suppressor role in ATLL.
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32
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Isogawa M, Higuchi M, Takahashi M, Oie M, Mori N, Tanaka Y, Aoyagi Y, Fujii M. Rearranged NF-kappa B2 gene in an adult T-cell leukemia cell line. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:792-8. [PMID: 18377428 PMCID: PMC11159331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive type of leukemia, originating from T-cells infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Accumulating evidence suggests the aberrant activation of NF-kappaB to be a causative factor mediating the abnormal proliferation of leukemic cells, thus resulting in the development of ATL. A rearranged NF-kappa B2/p100 gene was isolated from an ATL-derived cell line, which was generated by a chromosomal translocation. The isolated NF-kappa B2 mutant is fused with the with no (lysine) deficient protein kinase 1 gene, coding for a 58 kDa protein that retains the DNA binding Rel homology domain, but it lacks the entire ankyrin repeat inhibitory domain, thus suggesting its constitutive activation. This rearranged NF-kappa B2 gene product (p58) was localized in the nucleus, and formed a complex with NF-kappaB p65 or RelB. Moreover, a T-cell line expressing p58 increased the amount of an NF-kappa B2-inducible gene, NF-kappa B2/p100 by itself. These results suggest that such NF-kappa B2 gene rearrangement may therefore be a factor in the constitutive activation of NF-kappaB in ATL, and thereby playing a role in the ATL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Isogawa
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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33
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Aberrant expression of Fra-2 promotes CCR4 expression and cell proliferation in adult T-cell leukemia. Oncogene 2007; 27:3221-32. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Mizobe T, Tsukada J, Higashi T, Mouri F, Matsuura A, Tanikawa R, Minami Y, Yoshida Y, Tanaka Y. Constitutive association of MyD88 to IRAK in HTLV-I-transformed T cells. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1812-22. [PMID: 17920759 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constitutive activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is a common feature of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-transformed T cells. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity reduces cell growth and induces apoptosis of HTLV-I-transformed T cells, suggesting a central role of NF-kappaB in their proliferation and survival. In this study, we investigated whether MyD88, an adaptor protein of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, contributes to constitutive NF-kappaB activation in HTLV-I-transformed T cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Activation status of MyD88 and interleukin (IL)-1R-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) in HTLV-I-transformed human T cells, MT2, MT4, and HUT102 was examined by using Western blot and immunoprecipitation. TLR expression was evaluated with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. An expression vector encoding a dominant negative MyD88 with a deletion of its death domain (MyD88dn) was transfected into MT2 cells to evaluate roles of MyD88 in spontaneous activation of cytokine gene promoters and transcription factors, proliferation, and apoptosis in HTLV-I-transformed T cells. RESULTS Constitutive association of MyD88 with IRAK1 was observed in all three of HTLV-I-transformed T cells, but not in HTLV-I-negative T cells, such as Jurkat, HUT78, and MOLT4. MT2 cells showed expression of TLR-1, -6, and -10 mRNAs. Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and NF-IL-6 and cytokine gene promoters, such as IL-1alpha, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in MT2 cells was inhibited by MyD88dn expression. MyD88dn reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis of MT2 cells. HTLV-I Tax enhanced TLR expression and synergistically activated NF-kappaB with wild-type MyD88. CONCLUSION Our results show a novel pathway in NF-kappaB activation in HTLV-I-transformed T cells and further demonstrate a critical role of MyD88 in their dysregulated gene activation, survival, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Mizobe
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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35
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Akamatsu N, Yamada Y, Hasegawa H, Makabe K, Asano R, Kumagai I, Murata K, Imaizumi Y, Tsukasaki K, Tsuruda K, Sugahara K, Atogami S, Yanagihara K, Kamihira S. High IL-21 receptor expression and apoptosis induction by IL-21 in follicular lymphoma. Cancer Lett 2007; 256:196-206. [PMID: 17624663 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We surveyed IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) in leukemia and lymphoma and found that follicular lymphoma cells showed exceptionally high IL-21R expression. Notably, IL-21 showed divergent effects depending on the cell origin: growth stimulation in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma cell lines but induction of apoptosis in B lymphoma cell lines with t(14;18)(q32;q21), a marker karyotype of follicular lymphoma. IL-21 activated caspase-8 and -3 and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. More importantly, IL-21 decreased Bcl-2 expression but increased Bax expression. These results support a new therapeutic approach using the IL-21/IL-21R system in follicular lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Akamatsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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36
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Harasawa H, Yamada Y, Hieshima K, Jin Z, Nakayama T, Yoshie O, Shimizu K, Hasegawa H, Hayashi T, Imaizumi Y, Ikeda S, Soda H, Soda H, Atogami S, Takasaki Y, Tsukasaki K, Tomonaga M, Murata K, Sugahara K, Tsuruda K, Kamihira S. Survey of chemokine receptor expression reveals frequent co-expression of skin-homing CCR4 and CCR10 in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 47:2163-73. [PMID: 17071491 DOI: 10.1080/10428190600775599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a malignancy of mature T-cell origin with multi-organ involvement. Because the chemokine receptors play crucial roles in tissue-specific homing of mature lymphocytes, particular chemokine receptors expressed on ATLL cells may be involved in their tissue infiltration. We thus performed a comprehensive survey on the chemokine receptor expression in ATLL. ATLL cells expressed transcripts of CCR1, CCR4, CCR7, CCR8, CCR10 and CXCR4 but hardly expressed those of CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, CCR6, CCR9, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3 and CXCR5. These results were confirmed at the protein level by flow cytometric analysis. Notably, patients who have skin lesions showed significantly higher levels of CCR10 mRNA expression than patients without skin lesions. ATLL cells migrated efficiently to the CCR4 ligand, CCL22, and moderately to the CCR10 ligands, CCL27 and CCL28. Moreover, ATLL skin lesions consistently contained transcripts of CCR10 and its ligands CCL27 and CCL28 besides those of CCR4 and its ligands CCL17 and CCL22 that have been reported previously. Collectively, the frequent co-expression of CCR4 and CCR10, the known pair of skin-homing chemokine receptors, may play an important role in ATLL invasion into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Harasawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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37
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Takasaki Y, Iwanaga M, Tsukasaki K, Kusano M, Sugahara K, Yamada Y, Kamihira S, Ikeda S, Tomonaga M. Impact of visceral involvements and blood cell count abnormalities on survival in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Leuk Res 2006; 31:751-7. [PMID: 17188352 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2006] [Revised: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple visceral involvements and various blood cell count abnormalities are frequently manifested in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) at diagnosis. We evaluated the effects of four visceral involvement (bone marrow (BM), skin, liver, spleen) and six blood cell count abnormalities (anemia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, monocytosis, eosinophilia, basophilia) on the overall survival of 168 ATLL patients. In the aggressive type, BM involvement, skin involvement and monocytosis were significantly poor prognostic factors. Furthermore, concomitant involvement of BM and additional visceral organs worsened the prognosis. These data support that multiple organ involvements represent a poor prognostic factor for ATLL and provide clinical significance for BM examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Takasaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan
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38
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Choi YL, Tsukasaki K, O'Neill MC, Yamada Y, Onimaru Y, Matsumoto K, Ohashi J, Yamashita Y, Tsutsumi S, Kaneda R, Takada S, Aburatani H, Kamihira S, Nakamura T, Tomonaga M, Mano H. A genomic analysis of adult T-cell leukemia. Oncogene 2006; 26:1245-55. [PMID: 16909099 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an intractable malignancy of CD4+ T cells that is etiologically associated with infection by human T-cell leukemia virus-type I. Most individuals in the chronic stage of ATL eventually undergo progression to a highly aggressive acute stage. To clarify the mechanism responsible for this stage progression, we isolated CD4+ cells from individuals in the chronic (n=19) or acute (n=22) stages of ATL and subjected them to profiling of gene expression with DNA microarrays containing >44,000 probe sets. Changes in chromosome copy number were also examined for 24 cell specimens with the use of microarrays harboring approximately 50,000 probe sets. Stage-dependent changes in gene expression profile and chromosome copy number were apparent. Furthermore, expression of the gene for MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), was shown to be specific to the acute stage of ATL, and the plasma concentration of HGF was increased in individuals in either the acute or chronic stage. HGF induced proliferation of a MET-positive ATL cell line, and this effect was blocked by antibodies to HGF. The HGF-MET signaling pathway is thus a potential therapeutic target for ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Choi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, Japan
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Inagaki A, Ishida T, Ishii T, Komatsu H, Iida S, Ding J, Yonekura K, Takeuchi S, Takatsuka Y, Utsunomiya A, Ueda R. Clinical significance of serum Th1-, Th2- and regulatory T cells-associated cytokines in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: high interleukin-5 and -10 levels are significant unfavorable prognostic factors. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:3054-61. [PMID: 16425276 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) are in a severely immunocompromised state. Therefore, it is assumed that ATLL cells either express particular cytokines or induce their expression in host immune cells, disrupting the balanced production of cytokines and causing the host's immune system to break down. We examined the levels of serum cytokines including T helper type 1- (Th1-) associated cytokines [IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-2], Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4, -5 and -6) and regulatory T cell-associated cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-beta1) in 94 ATLL patients, 39 asymptomatic human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) carriers and 50 healthy adult volunteers, to clarify whether elevated levels of particular cytokines are associated with the prognosis of ATLL patients. On multivariate analysis, high IL-5 and IL-10 levels were independent and significant unfavorable prognostic factors among the ATLL patients. The IL-10 level significantly increased with disease progression at each step from asymptomatic HTLV-1 carrier to ATLL of the indolent variant (chronic and smoldering subtypes) to ATLL of the aggressive variant (acute and lymphoma subtypes). Furthermore, high IL-10 was significantly associated with high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating that the IL-10 level reflects the tumor burden. The IL-5 level was not associated with disease progression nor LDH. Among ATLL patients with the aggressive variant, high IL-5, but not high IL-10, was an independent and significant unfavorable prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. Measurement of serum IL-5 and IL-10 levels is useful for predicting the prognosis and for determining a suitable treatment strategy for ATLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Inagaki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
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40
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Murata K, Hayashibara T, Sugahara K, Uemura A, Yamaguchi T, Harasawa H, Hasegawa H, Tsuruda K, Okazaki T, Koji T, Miyanishi T, Yamada Y, Kamihira S. A novel alternative splicing isoform of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 bZIP factor (HBZ-SI) targets distinct subnuclear localization. J Virol 2006; 80:2495-505. [PMID: 16474156 PMCID: PMC1395368 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.5.2495-2505.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is associated with prior infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1); however, the mechanism by which HTLV-1 causes adult T-cell leukemia has not been fully elucidated. Recently, a functional basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein coded in the minus strand of HTLV-1 genome (HBZ) was identified. We report here a novel isoform of the HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), HBZ-SI, identified by means of reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) in conjunction with 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). HBZ-SI is a 206-amino-acid-long protein and is generated by alternative splicing between part of the HBZ gene and a novel exon located in the 3' long terminal repeat of the HTLV-1 genome. Consequently, these isoforms share >95% amino acid sequence identity, and differ only at their N termini, indicating that HBZ-SI is also a functional protein. Duplex RT-PCR and real-time quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that the mRNAs of these isoforms were expressed at equivalent levels in all ATL cell samples examined. Nonetheless, we found by Western blotting that the HBZ-SI protein was preferentially expressed in some ATL cell lines examined. A key finding was obtained from the subcellular localization analyses of these isoforms. Despite their high sequence similarity, each isoform was targeted to distinguishable subnuclear structures. These data show the presence of a novel isoform of HBZ in ATL cells, and in addition, shed new light on the possibility that each isoform may play a unique role in distinct regions in the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Murata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
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Nagasaki M, Zhang J, Morikawa S, Harada T, Nabika T, Tanaka Y. Human leukocyte antigen-class II-negative long-term cultured human T-cell leukemia virus type-I-infected T-cell lines with progressed cytological properties significantly induce superantigen-dependent normal T-cell proliferation. Pathol Int 2005; 55:264-72. [PMID: 15871724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2005.01823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While most human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I)-infected T cells express abundant class II antigens, some aggressive-type adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells lose their expression. To investigate the significance of the class II antigen of HTLV-I infected cells, the progressiveness of HTLV-I-infected long-term cultured T-cell lines was evaluated, and then their antigen-presenting capacity was examined using a superantigen, staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB). Among the cell lines derived from peripheral blood, HPB-ATL-T (ATL-T), HPB-ATL-2 (ATL-2) and HPB-ATL-O were more progressed than Tax exclusively expressing HPB-CTL-I (CTL-I), because the former deleted p16 gene (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) and strongly transcribed survivin (reverse transcriptase-PCR). Notably, interferon gamma-independent loss of class II expression of ATL-T and ATL-2 was found. In antigen-presenting experiments, however, both cell lines induced SEB-dependent significant T-cell proliferation estimated by [(3)H] thymidine uptake. No class II-re-expressed ATL-2 cells were observed in the SEB-presenting cultures by indirect immunofluorescence, and only minimum inhibition of SEB-dependent T-cell response by anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR monoclonal antibody was observed. These findings suggest that both ATL-T and ATL-2 very effectively present SEB to T cells less dependently on class II molecules. These less immunogenic leukemic cells of aggressive ATL may contribute to disease aggression.
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Kwon H, Ogle L, Benitez B, Bohuslav J, Montano M, Felsher DW, Greene WC. Lethal cutaneous disease in transgenic mice conditionally expressing type I human T cell leukemia virus Tax. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:35713-22. [PMID: 16105841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504848200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) is etiologically linked with adult T cell leukemia, an aggressive and usually fatal expansion of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes that frequently traffic to skin. T cell transformation induced by HTLV-I involves the action of the 40-kDa viral Tax transactivator protein. Tax both stimulates the HTLV-I long terminal repeat and deregulates the expression of select cellular genes by altering the activity of specific host transcription factors, including cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB)/activating transcription factor, NF-kappaB/Rel, and serum response factor. To study initiating events involved in HTLV-I Tax-induced T cell transformation, we generated "Tet-off" transgenic mice conditionally expressing in a lymphocyte-restricted manner (EmuSR alpha promoter-enhancer) either wild-type Tax or mutant forms of Tax that selectively compromise the NF-kappaB (M22) or CREB/activating transcription factor (M47) activation pathways. Wild-type Tax and M47 Tax-expressing mice, but not M22-Tax expressing mice, developed progressive alopecia, hyperkeratosis, and skin lesions containing profuse activated CD4 T cell infiltrates with evidence of deregulated inflammatory cytokine production. In addition, these animals displayed systemic lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. These findings suggest that Tax-mediated activation of NF-kappaB plays a key role in the development of this aggressive skin disease that shares several features in common with the skin disease occurring during the preleukemic stage in HTLV-I-infected patients. Of note, this skin disease completely resolved when Tax transgene expression was suppressed by administration of doxycycline, emphasizing the key role played by this viral oncoprotein in the observed pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakju Kwon
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a malignancy of mature T cells that is etiologically associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The frequent manifestation of ATL is infiltration of leukemic cells into various organs. Besides certain cell adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteineses, chemokine receptors may play important roles in tissue infiltration of ATL. Identification of a unique set of chemokine receptors expressed by ATL would thus provide valuable information about the molecular mechanism of tissue infiltration of ATL. This may also reveal that ATL frequently develops from a certain subset of T cells that express a particular set of chemokine receptors. Since HTLV-1 encodes a potent viral transcriptional activator Tax, which is known to induce various cellular genes, expression of some chemokine receptors may be affected by Tax. This, however, may relate more to HTLV-1-infected T cells, since ATL cells usually do not express Tax. Finally, identification of a unique set of chemokine receptors expressed by ATL may also provide a new therapeutic target. These considerations prompted us to examine the chemokine receptor expression in ATL. We found that in the majority of ATL cases, leukemic cells consistently express CCR4. Since CCR4 is known to be involved in T cell migration into skin, this may in part explain the frequent skin infiltration in ATL. Furthermore, CCR4 is known to be selectively expressed by Th2 and regulatory T cells. Thus, the majority of ATL may predominantly originate from either Th2 or regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yoshie
- Department of Microbiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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Kohno T, Yamada Y, Akamatsu N, Kamihira S, Imaizumi Y, Tomonaga M, Matsuyama T. Possible origin of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells from human T lymphotropic virus type-1-infected regulatory T cells. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:527-33. [PMID: 16108835 PMCID: PMC11159675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder caused by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I). Although ATLL cells display an activated helper/inducer T-cell phenotype, CD4+ and CD25+, they are known to exhibit strong immunosuppressive activity. As regulatory T cells (Treg cells) express CD4+ and CD25+ molecules and possess potent immune response suppressive activity, we investigated a possible link between ATLL cells and Treg cells. In primary ATLL cells, the expression levels of the Treg cell marker molecules Foxp3 and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family related protein (GITR) were significantly higher than in those from healthy adults. Furthermore, ATLL cells are unresponsive in vitro to concanavalin A stimulation and suppress the proliferation of normal T cells. GITR mRNA expression was induced by the HTLV-I transactivator Tax, and GITR promoter analyses revealed that this induction depends on the kappaB site from -431 bp to -444 bp upstream of the putative transcription site. Taken together, ATLL cells may originate from HTLV-I-infected Treg cells, and GITR seems to be involved in the progression to ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kohno
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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45
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Uemura A, Sugahara K, Nagai H, Murata K, Hasegawa H, Hirakata Y, Tsukasaki K, Yamada Y, Kamihira S. An ATL cell line with an IgH pseudo-rearranged band pattern by southern blotting: a pitfall of genetic diagnosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:8-13. [PMID: 15790547 DOI: 10.1532/lh96.04061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), which is a mature T-cell malignancy that develops from human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1)-infected T-cells, is diagnosed based on morphologic, immunophenotypic, serologic, and genetic characteristics. In particular, Southern blot hybridization (SBH) and polymerase chain reaction analyses for antigen receptor genes and the retrovirus of HTLV-1 provide a diagnostic hallmark for the clonality of leukemic cells and the causative agent of the disease. We report here a case of an ATL cell line, designated as SO4 cells, established from primary ATL cells presenting with an irrational genetic abnormality of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH)-rearranged band in spite of harboring a clonally rearranged T-cell receptor gene and a clonally integrated provirus of HTLV-1 within their genomic DNA. Moreover, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using the IgH (14q32) dual-color break-apart probe revealed 3 pair-signals of colocalizing red and green spots, implying 2 intact and 1 amplified 14q32 regions without translocation, where the region contains the IgH gene locus. Although the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated, some alteration of a portion of the amplified 14q32 region seems to have a role in the false-positive band pattern in the SBH. The SO4 cells, in the hematology laboratory, will provide a lesson about the pitfalls of genetic tests for mature T-cell neoplasms and contribute to the genetic elucidation of leukomogenesis as an in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Uemura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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46
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Shimauchi T, Imai S, Hino R, Tokura Y. Production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine and macrophage-derived chemokine by CCR4+ adult T-cell leukemia cells. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:2427-35. [PMID: 15788694 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cell malignancy caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type I. The tumor cells frequently infiltrate in the skin, lymph nodes and other organs and especially form prominent cutaneous masses. Recently, ATL cells have been shown to express Th2 chemokine receptor CCR4. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility that CCR4 ligands, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), are produced by CCR4(+) ATL cells per se. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CD4(+) or CD4(+)CD14(-) cells were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 11 ATL patients with cutaneous involvement and normal healthy volunteers. Tissue-infiltrating cells were isolated from skin tumors. The expression of chemokine receptors on these cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The production of chemokines and cytokines by the neoplastic cells was assessed by ELISA and reverse transcription-PCR after cultivation for 96 hours in the presence or absence of anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies. Finally, TARC and CCR4 expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ATL cells highly expressed CCR4 but did not necessarily exhibit the Th2 cytokine profile. The cells also produced TARC and MDC. The production level of MDC was higher in the skin tumor formation group than that in the nontumor group. Immunohistochemically, both CCR4 and TARC were expressed by the tumor cells in the lesional skin. CONCLUSIONS ATL cells not only express CCR4 but also produce TARC and MDC. The skin tumor formation as well as the monoclonal integration of proviral DNA are the factors that are associated with the high production of Th2 chemokines by ATL cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL22
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Ligands
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, CCR4
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/cytology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Shimauchi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseogaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyusyu 807-8555, Japan.
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Higuchi M, Matsuda T, Mori N, Yamada Y, Horie R, Watanabe T, Takahashi M, Oie M, Fujii M. Elevated expression of CD30 in adult T-cell leukemia cell lines: possible role in constitutive NF-kappaB activation. Retrovirology 2005; 2:29. [PMID: 15876358 PMCID: PMC1274245 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). HTLV-1 encoded Tax1 oncoprotein activates the transcription of genes involved in cell growth and anti-apoptosis through the NF-κB pathway, and is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ATL. While Tax1 expression is usually lost or minimal in ATL cells, these cells still show high constitutive NF-κB activity, indicating that genetic or epigenetic changes in ATL cells induce activation independent of Tax1. The aim of this study was to identify the molecules responsible for the constitutive activation of NF-κB in ATL cells using a retroviral functional cloning strategy. Results Using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression and blasticidin-resistance as selection markers, several retroviral cDNA clones exhibiting constitutive NF-κB activity in Rat-1 cells, including full-length CD30, were obtained from an ATL cell line. Exogenous stable expression of CD30 in Rat-1 cells constitutively activated NF-κB. Elevated expression of CD30 was identified in all ATL lines examined, and primary ATL cells from a small number of patients (8 out of 66 cases). Conclusion Elevated CD30 expression is considered one of the causes of constitutive NF-κB activation in ATL cells, and may be involved in ATL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Higuchi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takehiro Matsuda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Yamada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 825-8501, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Horie
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-109, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayasu Oie
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujii
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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48
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Tsuji T, Sugahara K, Tsuruda K, Uemura A, Harasawa H, Hasegawa H, Hamaguchi Y, Tomonaga M, Yamada Y, Kamihira S. Clinical and oncologic implications in epigenetic down-regulation of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV in adult T-cell leukemia cells. Int J Hematol 2005; 80:254-60. [PMID: 15540901 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.04066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), a T-cell-activation antigen, is a 110-kD type II surface glycoprotein expressed on various types of normal cells. CD26/DPPIV is considered a multifunction housekeeping protein. Malignant cells often show altered CD26/DPPIV expression or no CD26/DPPIV expression, thus suggesting a useful marker for assessing some T-cell malignancies. In this study, cell surface protein and messenger RNA expression profiles for CD26/DPPIV were examined in 49 patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), 10 carriers of human T-lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-I), and 4 HTLV-I-infected cell lines to assess the utility of CD26/DPPIV expression as a useful molecular marker for ATL pathology. In contrast to normal lymphocytes, ATL cells and HTLV-I-infected cell lines apparently down-regulated or completely lost the CD26/DPPIV antigen. Furthermore, the positive rate and antigen density for CD26/DPPIV in ATL cells gradually declined along with the advancement of ATL stage. Analysis of genomic DNA and the CD26/DPPIV transcript showed that CD26- ATL cells possessed faintly detected transcripts of the gene that were aberrantly methylated at the CpG islands within the promoter region in parallel with the advancement of ATL, a finding supported by a rescue experiment for transcript reexpression using 5-azacytidine as demethylation agent. Moreover, there was no relationship between loss of CD26/DPPIV and HTLV-I tax expression. These results indicate that ATL cells down-regulate CD26 antigens by means of epigenetic machinery and that this antigen abnormality is a useful molecular marker for the pathology of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tsuji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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49
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Fukushima N, Nishiura Y, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Kohno S, Eguchi K. Involvement of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in IFN-γ and HTLV-I expression in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 159:196-202. [PMID: 15652420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the relationship between the expression of interferon (IFN)-gamma and HTLV-I p19 antigen and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in two HTLV-I-infected T cell lines derived from two patients (HCT-1 and HCT-4) with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and three HTLV-I-infected T cell lines derived from three patients with adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Expression of phosphorylated (activated)-p38 MAPK was markedly increased concomitant with high levels of both IFN-gamma and HTLV-I p19 antigen expression in both HCT-1 and HCT-4 compared with cell lines derived from ATL patients. Treatment with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, suppressed IFN-gamma and HTLV-I p19 antigen expression levels in HCT-1, HCT-4 and peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells of HAM/TSP patients. These findings strongly suggest that activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the up-regulation of IFN-gamma expression with high HTLV-I proviral load in HAM/TSP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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50
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Hasegawa H, Yamada Y, Harasawa H, Tsuji T, Murata K, Sugahara K, Tsuruda K, Ikeda S, Imaizumi Y, Tomonaga M, Masuda M, Takasu N, Kamihira S. Sensitivity of adult T-cell leukaemia lymphoma cells to tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Br J Haematol 2005; 128:253-65. [PMID: 15638862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in many transformed cells, but not in normal cells, and hence TRAIL has recently emerged as a novel anti-cancer agent. Adult T-cell leukaemia lymphoma (ATLL) is a neoplasm of T-lymphocyte origin aetiologically associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), and is resistant to standard anti-cancer therapy. We thus characterized the sensitivity of ATLL cells to TRAIL in this study. Although most primary ATLL cells and cell lines expressed TRAIL death receptors on their surface, they showed only restricted sensitivity to TRAIL. Among the 10 ATLL cell lines examined, one was sensitive, but two had insufficient death-receptor expression, two had an unknown resistant mechanism with abrogation of the death signal upstream of caspase-8, and the remaining five showed attenuation of the signal in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways by X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL respectively. Furthermore, the level of HTLV-I tax expression was significantly correlated to TRAIL resistance. Interestingly, ATLL cells themselves expressed TRAIL on the cell surface. Constitutive production of TRAIL may offer resistance, thus allowing the development of TRAIL-resistant ATLL cells. Consequently, the resistant mechanism in ATLL cells against TRAIL was assigned to multiple factors and was not explained by a definitive single agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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